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Human Muscle Modeling Human Muscle Modeling using Generalized using Generalized
Cylinders for Volume ConsiderationssCylinders for Volume Considerationss
SK SemwalSK SemwalBill WatsonBill Watson
Debra McCulloughDebra McCulloughUniversity of Colorado, Colorado University of Colorado, Colorado
SpringsSprings
Topics of PresentationTopics of Presentation
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background Generalized CylindersGeneralized Cylinders Volume ConsiderationsVolume Considerations ResultsResults ConclusionsConclusions
Introduction Introduction
Need:Need: Long standing research problemLong standing research problem Generalized cylinders: simple and Generalized cylinders: simple and
intuitiveintuitive Volume considerations for musclesVolume considerations for muscles Intersection with adjacent Intersection with adjacent
muscles/bones lead to suitable muscles/bones lead to suitable deformationsdeformations
Previous WorkPrevious Work
Since 1968Since 1968 Chen-Zeltzer - BiomechanicalChen-Zeltzer - Biomechanical Badler’s work – human bodyBadler’s work – human body Nadia and Daniel Thalmann – human Nadia and Daniel Thalmann – human
bodybody Semwal and Dow’s GC Muscle modelsSemwal and Dow’s GC Muscle models
Generalized CylindersGeneralized Cylinders
Shani and Ballard Shani and Ballard Set of cross sectionsSet of cross sections Set of generalized axisSet of generalized axis
Dow and SemwalDow and Semwal Model upper and lower arm using GCsModel upper and lower arm using GCs
ExtensionsExtensions
Leg MuslesLeg Musles Polygons. NURBS, Shades choicesPolygons. NURBS, Shades choices
Animation sequences – leg exercisesAnimation sequences – leg exercises Tension on the musclesTension on the muscles Speech recognition front-endSpeech recognition front-end Models contraction/deformations using Models contraction/deformations using
volumevolume
ModelsModels
Femur or thigh bone – longest and Femur or thigh bone – longest and heaviest bone – hip to tibia heaviest bone – hip to tibia
Tibia or shin bone – next heavy bone Tibia or shin bone – next heavy bone transfers the weight to ankles from hiptransfers the weight to ankles from hip
Fibula – parallel to tibia on the outside Fibula – parallel to tibia on the outside lateral – attached to several muscles – lateral – attached to several muscles – acts a pulley to tendons behind ankleacts a pulley to tendons behind ankle
Generalized CylindersGeneralized Cylinders Model 2D planar contours from Medical Model 2D planar contours from Medical
Books (Tortara, Gardner and CatedBooks (Tortara, Gardner and Cated Define these 2D planar contours along GC axisDefine these 2D planar contours along GC axis NURBS defined using n points on contoursNURBS defined using n points on contours
Rendered on SGI/OpenGL codeRendered on SGI/OpenGL code
Intersection Testing and Intersection Testing and Intersection Resolution Intersection Resolution
Use cross sectionsUse cross sections Move the intruding point away from the Move the intruding point away from the
adjacent muscle/bones polygonal area adjacent muscle/bones polygonal area between contoursbetween contours
VolumeVolume Two cross sections Aavg = (Ai + Ai+1)/2 Two cross sections Aavg = (Ai + Ai+1)/2 Distance between the two GC-axis point for Distance between the two GC-axis point for
the two cross sectionsthe two cross sections Volume between two cross sections = Aavg * d Volume between two cross sections = Aavg * d Repeat for all cross sections pair for that GCRepeat for all cross sections pair for that GC
DeformationDeformation
pct_chg = (curr_vol - init_vol) / pct_chg = (curr_vol - init_vol) / init_volinit_vol
rel_chg = (cum_sum (curr_vol - rel_chg = (cum_sum (curr_vol - init_vol))/cum_suminit_vol))/cum_sum
rel_change acts as a guide based upon rel_change acts as a guide based upon tolerance in changing the cross tolerance in changing the cross section pointssection points
Points next to bone and other muscle Points next to bone and other muscle not modified not modified
ResultsResults
Precise timing can Precise timing can be achievebe achieve
Smoothing Smoothing introduces “lag”introduces “lag”
Summary Summary
GC model provided a good method GC model provided a good method for modeling bones and muscles for modeling bones and muscles
Volume considerations allow good Volume considerations allow good deformation effects deformation effects
Biomechanical analysis and Biomechanical analysis and animationanimation
Future WorkFuture Work
Model animationsModel animations Realistic biomechanical based Realistic biomechanical based
renderingrendering Automatic detection from CT data Automatic detection from CT data
and creating GCsand creating GCs