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Hasimah Azit
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction occurs when a new individual is formed through the union of two sex cells (gametes). produce zygote Haploid gametes formed by meiosis in sex organs
(gonads). Asexual reproduction occurs when genetically
identical cells are produced from a single parent cell by mitosis. fission or budding
Adi Ahmad Danish
Gametogenesis
Gamete production By meiosis The chromosomal number in gamete is half of
chromosomal number in parent cell Gamete will carry different genetic constitution
-Testis is located in scrotum, outside the body to maintain the low temperature [suitable for gamete production]-Inside the testes, seminiferous tubule is densely coiled, connected to epididymis that connected to vas deferans that connected to semenal vesicle.
Male Reproductive SystemMale accessory sex organs
epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles prostate gland urethra
Spermatogenesis
Testis and Spermatogenesis
spermatogenesisSpermatogonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Differentiation
Differentiation
sperm
Male Reproductive SystemSpermatozoa
Head encloses nucleus and capped by an acrosome - contains enzymes that aid in egg penetration.body and tail provide propulsion
Epididymis -
• Nonmotile sperm arrive in Epididymus - Tubules on outer surface of testis where sperm mature (18 hrs.) and are stored.
Epididymus
1. Prostate gland - large gland behind urinary bladder and produces seminal fluid.
2. Seminal vesicles - paired glands at bases of vas deferentia and produce seminal fluid.
Seminal fluid serves as a lubricant, pH buffer, and nutrient (high in sugars) seminal
vesicle
prostate
Male Reproductive SystemHormonal control of male reproduction
FSH stimulates the Sertoli to facilitate sperm development.
LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.Principle negative feedback inhibition applies
to FSH and LH secretion.
UTERUS and OVARY
Ovari
Oogenesis
Ovum production processOccurs in ovaryOocyte develop simultaneously with
the development of follicle.
Female Reproductive System
Menstrual and estrous cycles At birth, a female’s ovaries contain
approximately 2 million follicles.Some follicles are stimulated to
develop each cycle.Human menstrual cycle lasts
approximately one month, and is commonly divided into a follicular phase and a luteal phase.
I want to learn to some more Please …..
Oogenesis
Oogonium
Oocyte primer
Secondary oocyte + polar body
mitosis
Meiosis I
Ovum + polar body
Sperm Meiosis II
Graafian follicle
Inside the fallopian tube
Secondary Oocyte
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
NOTES
QUIZ
Ovum and sperm
Mitosis
Oooh… overdosed already
5 weeks 6 weeks 7 weeks
8 weeks 9 weeks 12 weeks
24 weeks20 weeks
18 weeks16 weeks14 weeks
Baby grow?
Before birth After birth
Placenta
Substances that able to diffuse across the placenta from mother to fetus:
OxygenAmino AcidGlucoseFatty acid and glycerolVitaminAntibodyAny virus, drugs, alchohol.
Substances that able to diffuse across the placenta from fets to mother blood:Carbon dioxideUric acidUrea
Milk production
Normal delivery
Problems in reproduction
Infertility in male and female
----find the causes
Ectopic pregnancy
Family planning
Ectopic pregnancy
Procidentia
Placenta abnormal position
Hormone involve
Pituitary secretes: FSH [Follicle Stimulating Hormone] stimulate the
development of follicle in the ovary LH [Luteinizing – stimulate ovulation
From ovary: Follicle cells produce Estrogen- – stimulate the endometrial wall (uterine lining) after
menstrual Corpus luteum produces Progestrone - – stimulate and maintain the thickness of endometrial.
Compilation of graph
Identical twin
Produce after fertilization of an ovum by a sperm Membentuk satu zigot Diperingkat morula berlaku pemisahan tisu kepada dua – dua fetus
berkembang serentak Berkongsi plasenta Ciri-ciri:
Jantina sama Rupa paras sama
Fraternal / non-identical twin
Fraternal twin
Two ovum produce at a time Fertilezed by two sperm Two zigotes formed Not sharing the plasenta Developed into two babies with:
Same or different gender Different feature
Siamese twin
Group discussion:
1 Male and female infertility 2 Sperm bank3 Invitro fertilization4 GIFT5 IVF6 Surrogate mother7 Family planning
Natural way….
Infertility has been defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without the use of contraceptives. The definition has also come to include couples who are able to conceive but, due to repeated miscarriages, are unable to carry a pregnancy to term.
causes of infertility
>>>In men, these include environmental and hormonal factors that affect the production of healthy, motile sperm and normal semen, as well asblockages that affect the delivery of sperm
>>>In women, the causes are more varied since she plays a greater role in reproduction. First, one of the organs involved in reproduction may be absent, mal-formed or non-functional. Second, the organs may be normal, but the complex hormonal feedback system that is necessary to support follicular development, ovulation and implantation of the fertilized egg may be disrupted
If there are enough sperms ?
>>less than 20 million sperm per ml, this is considered to be a low sperm count. >>Less than 10 million is very low.
# Whether the sperms are moving well or not
Grade a ( fast progressive) sperms are thosewhich swim forward fast in a straight line
Grade b ( slow progressive) sperms swim forward, but either in a curved or crooked line,
Grade c ( nonprogressive) sperms move their tails, but do not move forward ( local motility only).
Grade d ( immotile ) sperms do not move at all
Whether the sperms are normally shaped or not >> a good sperm should have a regular oval head, with a connecting mid-piece and a long straight tail.
>> abnormal
* round heads; * pin heads; * very large heads; * double heads; * absent tails