HUMAN SYSTEMS

INTEGUMENTARY

• skin most important organ• 20lbs. or 16% total body weight• heaviest organ• skin, hair, nails, and specialized sweat and oil

producing glands• controlled by many tiny specialized sense

organs

FUNCTION

•PROTECTION

• Protection from: –Disease–Mechanical damage to underlying

organs–Chemicals–Regulation of body temp.

SKELETAL• Includes bones, cartilage, ligaments,

and joints• FUNCTION: –support –protection–storage (minerals)–formation of red blood cells

• flexibility

MUSCULAR

• voluntary (striated) and involuntary (smooth)• recall tendons attach muscle to

bone• voluntary muscles (contractions)

tend to move bones

NERVOUS

• brain, spinal cord, and nerves are the organs• extensive network of nerves

• FUNCTIONS:–Communication between body

functions–Integration of body functions–Control of body function–Recognition of sensory stimuli

• achieved by nerve impulses: rapid and precise• can also recognize stimuli: heat,

light, pressure

ENDOCRINE

• specialized glands (ductless) that secrete hormones directly into blood

• FUNCTION–Communication–Integrations–Control

• similar to NS• slower, but longer-lasting control• main regulators of : growth,

metabolism, reproduction

• widely distributed organs: pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas (testes and ovaries)

CARDIOVASCULAR

• heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries• closed system• blood, pumped by heart,

circulates body

• FUNCTION:–Transportation (oxygen, carbon

dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes)–Regulation of body temp–Immunity

LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS

• includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and special organs (tonsils, thymus gland, spleen)• vessels are filled with lymph, rather

blood

LYMPH

• a whitish, water fluid that contain lymphocytes, proteins, and some fatty molecules

• formed from the fluid around the body cells and diffuses into the lymph vessels

• is not a closed system• at some point lymph enters the circulatory

system by passing through large ducts, like thoracic duct

• this in turn connect with veins• collections of lymph nodes are

found in axillary (armpit) and inguinal (groin) areas

• FUNCTION:

–Movement of fluids and large molecules from matrices –Movement of the fat-related

nutrients from digestive tract• ALL back to blood

• the immune system protects us from disease-causing microorganisms, toxins, foreign tissue cell, and our own cells that have become malignant• some immune cells can attack, engulf,

and destroy micro. by phagocytosis• most other cells secrete proteins –

antibodies and complements

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• organs include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs• permits the movement of air into

alveoli

• FUNCTION:–Movement of oxygen and carbon

dioxide–Air warmed and humidified–Removes inhaled irritants–Regulation of acid-base balance of

body

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• two groups• primary and secondary• primary organs form tube, open at

both ends, called GASTROINTESTNAL (GI tract)

• FUNCTION:–Digestion of nutrients–Absorption of nutrients–Excretion of wastes (feces)

URINARY SYSTEM

• organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

• kidneys FUNCTION:–clean blood of wastes produced by

cells–maintain electrolyte, water, and

acid-base balance• waste = urine

REPRODUCTION

• male: gonads (testes), ducts (vas deferens), gland (prostate) and genitalia (penis and scrotum)• urethra is part of urinary and

reproductive systems• testes produce sperm (gamete)

and prostate add fluids to sperm

• female: gonads (ovaries), ducts (fallopian tubes), accessory organs (uterus, vagina), and genitalia (vulva)• gamete: ova

• mammary glands considered external accessory organs• fertilization is union of gametes

(sperm and ova)• once fertilized the ova implants in

uterus for development