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Josephine Josephine E. E.
PatersonPaterson
BiographyRetired in 1985 as a clinical nurse specialist at the Northport Veterans Administration Medical Center at Northport, NY.
Graduated at Lenox Hill Hospital School of Graduated at Lenox Hill Hospital School of Nursing and St. John’s University.Nursing and St. John’s University.
Received Received master's master's degree from degree from Johns Hopkins Johns Hopkins School of School of Hygiene and Hygiene and Public Health, Public Health, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland.Maryland.
Boston University School of Nursing, Boston, Boston University School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts Specialized in mental and Massachusetts Specialized in mental and
psychiatric nursing.psychiatric nursing.
Conceptualized and taught humanistic nursing to graduate students, faculty, and staff in a variety of settings. Served on the faculty of the State University of New York at Stony brook.
Loretta T. Zderad
Retired in 1985 as the Associate Chief for Nursing Education at the Northport Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY.
Graduated at St. Bernard's Hospital School of Nursing and of Loyola University.
Recieved her Master of Science
degree from Catholic
University, Washington DC
Doctor of Philosophy from Georgetown University, Washington DC.
She has taught in several universities and has led groups on humanistic nursing.Served as the faculty of the State University of New York at Stony brook.
Definition of terms:Definition of terms:Humanistic nursing
-Nursing response to the humanistic movement in psychology-Nursing response to the humanistic movement in psychology-Alternative to the two dominant psychological views of -Alternative to the two dominant psychological views of
time.time.*Freudian psychology*Freudian psychology*Behavioral psychology *Behavioral psychology
-Tries to take a broader view of the potential of human beings, trying to -Tries to take a broader view of the potential of human beings, trying to understand them from the context of their experience of living in the world.understand them from the context of their experience of living in the world.
-Concerned with phenomenological experiences of individual, the -Concerned with phenomenological experiences of individual, the
exploration of human experiences.exploration of human experiences.
-Rooted in the existential thought-Rooted in the existential thought
Existentialism-a philosophical approach to understanding life.-individual
- choices-Determine the direction and meaning of one's life
-response to psychology of positivism and determinism-Individuals needed to understand life.-Choice
-each act we choose is significant and gives meaning to our lives.
-error
-Emphasis on self determination, free choice and self responsibility
-Requires analysis of the human situation from the perspective of individuals own experience
Corey (1991)Corey (1991)1.) Having the capacity for self awareness1.) Having the capacity for self awareness2.) having freedom and responsibility2.) having freedom and responsibility3.) Striving to find their own identity while 3.) Striving to find their own identity while
being in relationship with othersbeing in relationship with others4.) Being involve in a search for meaning in 4.) Being involve in a search for meaning in
life.life.5.) Having to experience anxiety or dread if 5.) Having to experience anxiety or dread if
they are going to assume responsibility for they are going to assume responsibility for their own livestheir own lives
6.) Being aware of the reality of death in order 6.) Being aware of the reality of death in order to experience the significance of living.to experience the significance of living.
Phenomenology
- study of meaning of phenomenon to a particular individual
HUMANISTIC NURSING"Humanistic nursing embraces more than a
benevolent technically competent subject-object one-way relationship guided by
nursing behalf of another. Rather it dictates that nursing is a responsible searching, transactional relationship
whose meaningfulness demands conceptualization founded on a nurse's
existential awareness of self and of other" (Paterson and Zderad, 2008)
Humanistic
nursing theory is multidimensional (Kleiman, 2001)
In humanistic nursing theory the In humanistic nursing theory the components identified as human components identified as human are the patient ( can refer to the are the patient ( can refer to the
person, family, community or person, family, community or humanity); and the nurse humanity); and the nurse
Patients sends call for help Patients sends call for help person receiving and person receiving and
recognizing is the nurse.recognizing is the nurse.
Nurse has made a decision and dedicated themselves to helping others with their health care needs
• Nurses and patient have their own Nurses and patient have their own concept of wholeness.concept of wholeness.
• Nurse bring their whole self when Nurse bring their whole self when helping in patient treatment, helping in patient treatment, (experience, education, etc, to (experience, education, etc, to create a type of mosaic to use with create a type of mosaic to use with nursing interventions.)nursing interventions.)
• This theory accepts the likeness in This theory accepts the likeness in our difference in each other or our our difference in each other or our essence of nursingessence of nursing
"Man is an individual being "Man is an individual being necessarily related to other men necessarily related to other men in time and space. As every man in time and space. As every man is beholden to other men for his is beholden to other men for his
birth and development, birth and development, interdependence is inherent in interdependence is inherent in the human situations... Human the human situations... Human
existence is coexistence."existence is coexistence."
• Matter of personal survival
• It is a process of finding meaning in life.
It is the nurturing response of one person to another in time of need that aims towers the development of well-being and more being
Dialogue•Meeting•Relating•Call and Response
MeetingMeeting• Coming together of
human beings
RelatingRelating• The process of nurse-nurse “doing”
with each other.
• 2 Types– Subject-object
• How human use objects and others through How human use objects and others through abstractions, conceptualizations, abstractions, conceptualizations, categorizing, labeling, etc.categorizing, labeling, etc.
– Subject-subject• Two person open to each other as a fully Two person open to each other as a fully
human.human.
PresencePresence• The quality of
being open, receptive, ready and available to another person in a reciprocal manner.
Call and ResponseCall and Response• Transactional• Sequential• Simultaneous
Community• It is two or more person It is two or more person
striving together, living-striving together, living-dying all at once.dying all at once.
Phenomenologic Nursology
-Develop by Paterson and Zderad-methodology for understanding and describing
nursing situations-assumes a perceived health need by an individual
who is involved in an interaction with a health care provider.
-Concerned with the nature of the facts and what they mean to individual..
-describes phenomena but does not attempt to explain or predict their occurrence.
Paterson and Zderad describe
five phases in their study of nursing:
1.) Preparation of the nurse knower for
coming to know2.) Nurse knowing the other intuitively3.) Nurse knowing the other
scientifically4.) Nurse Complimentary Synthesizing
Known others5.) Succession with the nurse from the
many to the paradoxical one.
Preparation of the nurse knower for coming to know
-understanding own viewpoint/angle helps make sense and aid in acquiring meaning of experience
-By identifying own views they can be withheld, so that they do not interfere with one's attempts to describe the experiences of another.
-By being open to new and different ideas/understandings is a necessary of another
-Being open to new and different ideas/understanding is a necessary position in being able to get to know the other intuitively.
Nurse knowing the other intuitively
- "moving back and forth between the impressions the nurse becomes aware of herself and the recollected real experience of the other" (Paterson and Zderad, 1976)
- dialogue back and forth between patient and nurse allows for clearer understanding further generalization in developing process
Nurse knowing the other scientifically
-Implies need for objectivity in coming to know the other scientifically-Reflective practice validates patterns and themes-"This is the time when the nurse mulls over, analyses, sorts out, compares, contrasts, relates, interprets, gives names to and categories
Nurse Complimentary Synthesizing Known others
-The ability of the nurse to develop or see themselves as a source of knowledge, to continually develop the nursing community through education, and increased understanding of their owned learned experiences.
Succession with the nurse from the many to the paradoxical
one.-"Nurse comes up with a conception or abstraction that is inclusive of and beyond the multiplicities and contradictions“
- Process that allows reflection, correction and expansion of own angular interpretation
- Implies universal understanding from the simplest to the most complex dialogue and interactions between the nurse and assimilates patient experience is the same as before
-Coming together of patient and nurse
Nursing ProcessStep 1
-assessment-collection of subjective and objective
data - through observation,
interaction, and information from the other sources.
Step 2-Diagnosing
-make a problem statement
Step 3-planning and implementation
-nursing process describes a goal or outcome to be reached by the client with steps to accomplish toward the goal.
Step 4-Evaluation
-Phase of nursing process is deciding whether the client behavior has change as measured by the goals and objectives.
Paterson and Zderad’s Work
and the Characteristic of
Theory
1.) Theories can interrelate concept in such a way as
to create a different way of looking at a particular
phenomenon.
2.) Theories must be logical in
nature
3.) Theories should be logical in nature.
4.) Theories can be the bases for hypotheses that can be tested or
for theory to be generated.
5.) Theories contribute to
and assist in increasing the general body of
knowledge within the discipline through the
research implemented to validate them.
6.) Theories can be used by practitioners to
guide and improve their practice.
7.) Theories must be consistent with other
validated theories, laws, and principles but will leave open unanswered
questions that need investigation.
