Name: _____________________________ Date:_____________ Per. ________ Unit 3- The Cell Notes SWBAT: Scientists & Microscope Identify the scientists that helped develop the cell theory and tell what their contributions were. Identify the parts of a compound microscope and their uses. Use a microscope to observe and compare at least 3 types of cells SWBAT: The Cell Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Analyze a cell from a drawing or description to determine if it’s prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and tell why Identify from a drawing and describe the functions of cell organelles such as: mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi body, nucleus, centrioles, lysosomes, . . . Construct a representation of each cell type (plant, animal and bacteria?) and compare the structures and functions of the organelles across cell types. SWBAT: Virus Describe the structure of a virus Compare and contrast the structures of a virus and a cell Explain how viruses reproduce. Differentiate between the lysogenic and lytic cycles
Transcript
Name: _____________________________ Date:_____________ Per. ________Unit 3- The Cell Notes
SWBAT: Scientists & Microscope
Identify the scientists that helped develop the cell theory and tell what their contributions were.
Identify the parts of a compound microscope and their uses.
Use a microscope to observe and compare at least 3 types of cells
SWBAT: The Cell
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Analyze a cell from a drawing or description to determine if it’s
prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and tell why Identify from a drawing and describe the functions of cell organelles
Construct a representation of each cell type (plant, animal and bacteria?) and compare the structures and functions of the organelles across cell types.
SWBAT: Virus
Describe the structure of a virus Compare and contrast the structures of a virus and
a cell Explain how viruses reproduce. Differentiate
between the lysogenic and lytic cycles Diagram the cycles of viral reproduction
The Cell (pp.182- 200)I. Cell Discovery:
A. History of Cell Discovery (pp. 182-183)1.Robert Hooke – 1665- Used a microscope to examine thin slices of cork. He
called the tiny boxes he saw cells. He chose the name "cells" because the chambers he saw reminded him of the small rooms in a monastery, which were called cells
2.Anton van Leeuwenhoek- 1683 - He looked at pond water through his lenses and discovered single-celled, animal-like organisms. He called these organisms “animalcules” or “wee beasties” They are now known as protozoans.
3.Robert Brown- 1833, Observed plant cells under the microscope, observed a dark structure inside each cell and coined the term “nucleus”.
4.Matthias Schleiden- 1838, Concluded that all plants are made up of cells.5.Theodore Schwann- 1839, Concluded that all animals are made up of cells.6.Rudolf Virchow- 1855, Studied cell reproduction and concluded that all cells
come from preexisting cells.
B. Cell Theory (pp. 182-183)One of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and include the following 3 principles:
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living
organisms.3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of
their genetic material on to their daughter cells.
II. Modern Microscope (pp.184 & 1113)There are several types of modern microscopes
1.Compound light microscope- Contain more than one lens and uses light rays bent through glass to magnify objects.
2.Electron microscope- Uses a beam of electrons. Specimen must be kept in a vacuum. Offers the advantage of much greater magnification but specimen must be non-living.
a. s canning electron microscope or SEM- traces the surface of the specimen and forms a 3D image
b. t ransmission electron microscope or TEM- aims electron beam through specimen
3.How to use a microscope (pp. 1113) When carrying support the base and the neck Place the slide on the stage and hold it in place by using the stage clips. Rotate the nose piece to the low objective for viewing and scanning
Draw the pictures from the board and identify which scientist belongs to which picture:
Write the cell Theory in your own words
Which type of microscope do we use in class?
Compound light microscope uses-
Electron microscope uses-
If you want to see a detailed image of a fly which one would you use?
If you want to see inside a cell of a fly, which one would you use?
Label the microscope
What power (number) does the eye piece have?What power (number) does the low power obj have?
So when using low power you have _________ magnification(eye piece x low power obj)
Focus using the coarse adjustment knob After focusing with the coarse adjustment knob, fine-tune it with the fine
adjustment knob. If you have to adjust the light turn the diaphragm For higher magnification, turn the nose piece to the high power objective Focus using the fine adjustment knob If you can’t find what you are looking at go back to low power & focus
III. Types of cells (pp.186)All living things are made of cells and all cells can be divided into two groups
Venn Diagram Pro vs. Eu
What power (number) does the eye piece have?What power (number) does the low power obj have?
So when using low power you have _________ magnification(eye piece x low power obj)
The Great Cell DebateYou will be assigned a group and a cell organelle. You and your group will be responsible for preparing for multiple debates over the importance of your cell organelle vs cell organelles. (Why is your organelle more important than the other structures?) Record your prepared debate information on the following pages. Record the winner of each round in the brackets below. After each debate is complete, the class will anonymously vote to determine which argument was best and will continue. If your cell organelle wins the debate then you will receive extra credit on the test! You will be required to take notes and keep track of the winners.
Record the winners of each round
The Great Cell Debate Notes pageUse this space to prepare for your debate. All members of the group must speak at least once. During the debate, you will have an opening statement
and two rebuttals. Be prepared to move on, so do your research against all possible topics!
•Research the topic and prepare logical arguments. • Gather supporting evidence and examples for position taken. • Anticipate counter arguments and prepare rebuttals. • Team members plan order and content of speaking in debate._________________________________________________________
IV. Cell Boundaries (187-190 & 198)A. Cell Wall (pp. 198)
The outermost boundary in plants, fungi and bacteria NOT found in animal cells Primary function of the cell wall is to provide structure and support DO NOT regulate what enters and leaves the cell
1.Cell walls of plants are made up of cellulose
Pp. 198- Draw the cell wall
Describe the cell wall’s function in your own words (pg. 199)
2.Cell walls of fungi are made up of chitin
B. Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane EVERY cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (plasma membrane) Made up of phospholipids Selectively Permeable- only lets some things in and some things out Maintains homeostasis
pp. 188- Draw & Label the cell membrane
V. Inside a Eukaryotic Cell (pp.191-199)A. Cytoplasm-
Includes the cytosol or “cell gel” and the organelles, which means “little organs”.
B. Cytoskeleton- A supporting network of long, think protein fivers that form a framework for
the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell. Functions in cell movement and other cellular activities Made up of:
1.Microtubules – long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances with in the cell
2.Microfilaments- thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move
C. Cell Structures: (pp.192-199)Illustration: Draw a picture of each organelle
Structure Plant, Animal, Both, Bacteria or all 3
Function Write Function in your own words:
Nuclear Envelope
Plant, Animal Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus that has nuclear pores which allow RNA to leave the nucleus.
Nucleus Plant, Animal Control center of the cell. Genetic information is found as chromatin, which is DNA wrapped
Pp. 198- Draw the cell wall
Describe the cell wall’s function in your own words (pg. 199)
in protein
Nucleolus Plant, Animal Small, sense region in the nucleus. Site of ribosome production
Ribosomes Plant, Animal& Bacteria
Tiny, granulated organelles located on the Endoplasmic reticulum or found in the cytosol. Site of protein production. Made up of two components- RNA and protein- and are not bound by a membrane.All cells (pro & eu) have ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Plant, Animal Continuation of the nuclear envelope. Called “rough” because it has ribosomes attached. Functions to modify and transport proteins. Most of these proteins are packaged into vesicles (like bubbles or sacs) and shuttled to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Plant, Animal
Similar to rough ER in structure, except it does NOT have ribosomes. Manufactures lipids, breaks down glycogen, detoxifies poisons, and stores calcium.
Golgi Apparatus
Plant, Animal
Flattened, round sacs that look like a stack of pancakes. Receives, modifies and ships products by way of vesicles into the cytosol then to the cell membrane
VacuolePlant, Animal
Sacs that may be used as storage for water, proteins, carbohydrates, salts or wastes. Plants have a large central vacuole.
Lysosome Plant, Animal Vesicles that contain enzymes that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles. They also digest bacteria and viruses that have entered the cell.
Centrioles
Animal
Made up of groups of microtubules that function during cell division.
Mitochondria Plant, Animal The “Powerhouse” of the cell. Cell generators that convert fuel particles (glucose) into useable energy (ATP). This process is known as Cellular Respiration.
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATPChloroplast Plant Capture light energy and convert
it to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.
CO2 + H2O + Light C6H12O6 + H2O
Cilia (pilli) & Flagella
Some animal & Bacteria
Some cells have these. Project outside the plasma membrane. Cilia are short, numerous projections that look like hairs. Flagella are longer and less numerous. These projections move with a whiplike motion
Venn Diagram of the Cell Organelles:
Label & Color the following Cells: (pp. 192)Cell Wall – Light GreenCell Membrane- BlackCytoplasm- Leave whiteChloroplasts- Dark GreenMitochondria- RedGolgi Apparatus- Light BlueMicrotubules- Dark BrownNuclear Membrane- Dark purpleNucleolus- tanNucleoplasm- grayRibosomes- orangeRough ER- Dark BlueSmooth ER- PinkVacuole- YellowLysosome- Light GreenCentrioles- Light Purple
VI. Viruses: (pp.525-531) One theory of their origin is that viruses came from parts of cells. Scientists have
found that the genetic material of viruses is similar to cellular genes. These genes somehow developed the ability to exist outside of the cell
A. Discovery1.In Russia, Dmitri Ivanovsky was asked to investigate a disease
affecting tobacco plants2.He found juice from one plant infected other plants, even when
passed through fine filters3.He found no cells in this “juice” and concluded that the disease
was caused by a “poison”4.Later it was suggested that the infecting agent was a very tiny
particle5.One scientists isolated virus crystals inferring that these virus
particles were not living
B. What is it?1.Nonliving stand of genetic material with a protein coat2.Not considered alive because it does not exhibit all characteristics of life
a. Not made up of cellsb. Cannot reproduce on their ownc. Does not take in or use energy
3.Some of the smallest disease-causing structures that are known.a. About 10,000 cold viruses can fit in the period of this
sentence.
C. How is a Virus Classified?1.Type of nucleic Acid- DNA or RNA2.Shape of Protein Coat (called a Capsid)3.Retrovirus
a. Class of RNA viruses that changes its RNA into DNA when injected into a host cell
b. Contains reverse transcriptase enzymes
D. How do they infect?1.Viruses us a host cell to reproduce. The virus must inject their
genetic material into a host cell, so it can instruct the host cell to make new virus particles
2.Viruses are specific to the type of cell it can infect3.A Virus is specific in the type of cell it invades because it
attaches to specific binding sites called Receptors on the host cell
E. Hijacking a Host Cell to Reproduce:1.The virus attaches to a receptor on the host cell2.Genetic info is inserted into the host cell3.Host Cell is forced to make virus genetic material (DNA or
RNA) and proteins (capsid)4.Viruses are assembled (put together)5.New virus particles break out of the host cell killing it
*(Some viruses bud out without destroying the host cell. -ex. HIV
(pp. 526-527)Draw and label the 4 viral examples:
What is an example of a Retrovirus?
Hepatitis virus only infects ____________ cellsHIV only affects ______________Bacteriophage virus only infects ________________
Lytic Cycle: Viral reproduction occurs immediately and host cell death in most cases
Lysogenic Cycle:• Viral DNA hides out by inserting itself into the host DNA.• Prophage (or Provirus): viral DNA that has been inserted into the host’s
DNA.• It may lay dormant (inactive) for a period of time or it may periodically
