Hurricane Thermodynamics
Alex MacIntoshCam MateusSteve Lazar
Costliest Hurricanes
1. Katrina – 2005 – $81 Billion2. Andrew – 1992 – $26.5 Billion3. Wilma – 2005 – $20.6 Billion4. Charley – 2004 – $15 Billion• Difficult to study: immense power• About 48 of 80 tropical cyclones qualify
in terms of intensity
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/Deadliest_Costliest.shtml
Physical Structure
• Storms form in the tropics
• Three main parts– The eye– Eyewall– Rainbands
• Axisymmetric Vortex• Hydrostatic and
Rotational Balancehttp://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tropics/tc_structure.htm
Carnot Engines
• Thermodynamic disequilibrium
• Four Sequences– Isothermal Expansion– Adiabatic Expansion– Isothermal
Compression– Adiabatic
Compression http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics
Equations
• Efficiency of Carnot Engine• Carnot’s Theorem to
predict maximum wind speed
1
2
1
2 11TT
hhCC
TTT
VD
hMax
*
2
212
dtdQ
dtdW
dtdQ 21
dtdQ
TTT
dtdW 10
2
21
Climate Change
• Greenhouse gases and effects on hurricanes
• Carnot’s Theorem: Temperature difference and intensity of hurricane– Adiabatic expansion increased– Greater wind velocity
How Temperature Variation Effects Wind Velocity
When T1 = 25C, the Vmax is ~ 5.85 m/sWhen T1 = 30C, the Vmax is ~ 8.34 m/s
This is a stunning 50% increase in the wind velocity!
hhCC
TTT
VD
hMax
*
2
212
How?
• Apply a cryogenic coolant– Nitrogen gas– Carbon Dioxide– Air– Water
• Transport and deliver coolant using – Plane– Ship – BargeRemotely Controlled?
Thermal Updrafts
Strongest Thermal UpdraftAt the down tilt right region of Hurricane
Apply Coolant There
From Nat. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/Smagorinsky/hurricane_emily650.html
What?
• Coolant does:– Decreases updraft temperature– Increase wind shear w/ large solid coolant
pieces• Higher the wind shear---weaker the storm
From www.fema.gov
Clausius-Clapeyron
Citations
• Emanuel, K.A., The Theory of Hurricanes. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23 (1991) 179-196
•Tropical Cyclone Structure. [cited November 27, 2008]; Available from: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tropics/tc_structure.htm
•Kondepudi, Dilip. Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008.
•Emanuel, K.A., Tropical Cyclones. Annu. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci., 31 (2003) 75-104.
•Atmospheric thermodynamics. [cited November 26, 2008]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics.
•Mooney, C. The Truth About the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season. 2007 [cited October 26, 2008]; Available from: http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/blogs/hurricanes-storms/7889.
•O’Keefe, D.R., Hurricane Abatement Method and System, U.P.T. Office, Editor. 2007: USA