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© Md Shamiur Rahman
Email: [email protected]
Power Management and Control of a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy
Resources and Electric Vehicles
Md Shamiur Rahman
(S2925282)
Supervisors:
Professor Junwei Lu
&
Dr. Jahangir Hossain
Griffith School of Engineering •1
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Objectives
4. Methodology
5. Preliminary Results
6. Project Timeline
7. Conclusion
* Details and bibliographies are provided in the Confirmation of PhD Candidature report
•2
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Hybrid AC/DC microgrid: Building blocks of ‘Smart Grid’
Renewable Energy Resources
Utility Grid
Compressed Air System
Electric Vehicles
PCC
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
Electric Vehicles Flywheel
WT
Intellegent Bypass Switch
DC Coupled Subsystem
AC Bus
DC Bus
Interfacing Converter
•3 Source: Aalborg University
Communication
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Hybrid AC/DC microgrid:
Renewable Energy Resources
Utility Grid
Compressed Air System
Electric Vehicles
PCC
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
Electric Vehicles Flywheel
WT
Intellegent Bypass Switch
DC Coupled Subsystem
Interfacing Converter
Island Mode
•4 Source: Aalborg University
AC Bus
DC Bus
Communication
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Hybrid AC/DC microgrid:
Renewable Energy Resources
Utility Grid
Compressed Air System
Electric Vehicles
PCC
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
Electric Vehicles Flywheel
WT
Intellegent Bypass Switch
DC Coupled Subsystem
Interfacing Converter
Grid-tied Mode
•5 Source: Aalborg University
AC Bus
DC Bus
Communication
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction What is the Difference Between
a ‘Microgrid’ and a ‘Smart Grid’ ??
Smart Grid
•6
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction
•7
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Microgrids: Australia Perspective
Source: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
•8
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Microgrids: Pilot Projects in Australia
Source: CSIRO
Microgrid detail States Primary Energy
Resource
Capacity (kW)
Purpose
CSIRO, Newcastle New South Wales PV 110 Research
King Island Tasmania PV
110 Remote Community
Kings Canyon Northern Territory PV
225 Tourism
Coral Bay Western Australia Wind 825 Remote Community
Bremer Bay Western Australia Wind 660 Remote Community
Denham Western Australia Wind 920 Remote Community
Esperence Western Australia Wind 3600 Remote Community
Hopetoun Western Australia Wind 1200 Remote Community
Rottnest Island Western Australia Wind 600 Remote Community
In Queensland, GU, QUT and UQ have microgrid
research test bed
•9
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Renewable Electricity Generation:
Challenges
• High Capital Cost
• Intermittency
• Storage Requirements
• Low Efficiency
• Unable to Produce in Large Quantities of Energy
• Large Area Requirement
• Low Inertia
Advantages
• Abundant Source of
Energy
• Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Low Operational Cost
• Stable Energy Prices
• Microgrid Operation
Resources
• Wind power
• Hydropower
• Solar Energy
• Biomass
• Biofuel
• Geothermal Energy
•10
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Global New Investments in Renewable Energy:
•11
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Global Cumulative PV Capacity:
•12
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity:
•13
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Renewable Policies: In Europe, the UK is targeting for 15% by the end of 2015/16 and
Germany is directing towards 25-30% within 2020 and aiming for 50% by 2030 of their total electricity generation to be generated
In Australia, renewable energy target (RET) is set for 20% by the end of 2020 which is presently 9.6%
In New Zealand, 72% of total electricity is generated through renewable sources and they are targeting towards 90% by the end of 2025.
100% or all renewable electricity generation is considered in countries like Costa Rica (by 2021), Fiji (by 2030), Denmark (by 2050), Scotland (by 2020)
•14
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Renewable Policies: Feed-in-tariff policies have been enacted in total 98
countries/states around the world In Australia, South Australia, Queensland, Canberra, New South
Wales and Victoria have their feed-in-tariff policies. Regulation standards like Renewable Portfolio Standards
(RPS)/Quota policies have been introduced in Australia in 2001
•15
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Electric Vehicles: Australia Perspective
Model 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 895 0 0 0 0
Nissan Leaf 173 188 77 19 0
Mitsubishi i MiEV 0 15 95 30 112
Holden Volt 58 101 80 0 0
BMW i3 33 0 0 0 0
Tesla Model S 22 0 0 0 0
Tesla Roadster 0 0 5 6 0
Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model
•16
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Electric Vehicles: Australia Perspective
Mitsubishi Outlander
P-HEV
Nissan Leaf
Mitsubishi i-MiEV Chevrolet/Holden Volt BMW i3 Tesla Model S
Tesla Roadster
•17
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Electric Vehicles (EV): Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
Challenges
• Stochastic charging pattern
• Storage lifecycle degradation
• Fast charging
• Smart coordinated charging
• Voltage fluctuation
• Harmonic distortion
• Peak demand management
• Additional infrastructure requirements
Advantages
• Active power regulation
• Reactive power support
• Load balancing
• Load shifting via valley filling
• Tracking of renewable energy sources
• Peak load shaving
• Current harmonics filtering
• Voltage regulation
• Frequency regulation
•18
Charging Power Level for Electric Vehicles
Level Voltage Rating
Charger Location
Power Level
Level - 1 Opportunity
120 V/230 V On-board 1-phase
Up to 2 kW
Level - 2 Primary
240 V/400 V On-board
1 or 3 phase
4 - 20 kW
Level - 3 Commercial
Fast Charging
480 V - 600 V (DC Fast
Charging)
Off-board 3-phase
50- 100 kW
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Introduction Statement of the Problems Unpredictable impacts of renewable resources like PV and
wind as distributed generator (DG) units and EV as loads in microgrid operation
Extracting the advantages of V2G operation by utilizing EV-energy storage systems (EV-ESS)
Dynamic load management through proper control and power sharing of DG units and EV-ESS
Seamless transition of microgrid operational modes Fault fortification Quality power (low harmonics)
•19
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Impact Analysis: PV, Wind and EV
Representative Literatures
Year Identified Issues
PV M. Thomson et al.
2007
• High capital cost • Intermittency • Storage requirements • Low efficiency • Low inertia • Voltage and frequency fluctuation • Reliable forecasting • Distorted power
Wind
Wei Li et al. 2006
J. Charles Smith et al. 2007
By Le Xie et al. 2011
EV
Murat Yilmaz et al. 2013 • Increased peak load demand • Negative effects on power system components i.e. transformers,
distribution cables etc. • Increased system losses • Voltage deviation at EV interconnection points • Unbalanced phase condition due to single phase AC charging or slow
charging • Harmonics injection due to power electronics based charging interface • Stability issue
Jia Ying Yong et al. 2015
•20
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Vehicle-to-Grid: V2G
Representative Literatures
Year Purpose
Tan Ma et al. 2014
Active Power Management Luc´ıa Igualada et al. 2014
Fabian Kennel et al. 2013
Mithat C. Kisacikoglu et al. 2015 Reactive Power Operation
Jia Ying Yong et al 2015
M. Kesler et al. 2014
Sekyung Han et al. 2010 Frequency Regulation
Hui Liu et al. 2013
Chenye Wu et al. 2012 Voltage Regulation
Baosen Zhang et al. 2015
F. R. Islam et al. 2014 Filter Operation
•21
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid
Representative Literatures
Year Contribution Inadequacies
Xiong Liu et al. 2011 Coordination control of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with PV, WT and storage is proposed
V2G facility has not been explored
A. A. A. Radwan et al.
2012 Interaction dynamics in hybrid ac/dc has been analysed to asses stability
Impacts of large capacity storages like EV's have not been explored
A. Mohamed et al. 2012 An energy management scheme is proposed based on • a nonlinear regression based PV and load
data forecasting • Fuzzy based control of storages • Pulse load mitigation
Other renewable sources like wind has not been considered and EV fast charging and scheduling is not considered
J. M. Guerrero et al. 2013 Unbalanced condition has been considered Large number of EV penetration can affect the control algorithm
P.C. Loh et al. 2013 Droop based power sharing is proposed in presence of storage system
Dynamic power sharing capability of energy storages like EV-ESS is not properly explained
•22
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid
Representative Literatures
Year Contribution Inadequacies
R Majumder 2014 Back to back interfacing converter with droop control strategy has been proposed
No V2G application is considered
Xiaonan Lu and J. M. Guerrero et al.
2014 A hierarchical control structure is developed for hybrid AC/DC microgrid
No V2G application is considered
N. Eghtedarpour et al. 2014 Droop based power sharing is proposed including overloaded condition
No storage and unbalanced condition is considered
Teimourzadeh Baboli et al.
2014 Mixed integer linear model based energy management scheme is proposed
No V2G application is considered
Peng Wang et al. 2015 Distributed control strategies have been proposed for hybrid AC/DC/DS structure
• A complicated structure • The DS bus can be extended for
multiple EV penetration
•23
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review
1. Level 3 (Tertiary Control)
2. Level 2 (Secondary Control)
3. Level 1 (Primary Control)
4. Level 0 (Inner Control Loops)
Hierarchical Microgrid Control
•24
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Primary Control: Local Control (LC) Objectives:
Droop Based Method
•Conventional Droop Control
•Adjustable Load Sharing Control
•VPD/FQB Droop Control
•Virtual Frame Transformation Method
•Virtual Output Impedance Method
•Adaptive Voltage Droop Control
•Signal Injection Method
•Non-linear Load Sharing
Non-Droop Based Method
•Centralized control
•Master-slave control
•Average load sharing control
•Circular chain control (3C)
•25
• Parallel power sharing among multiple DG units
• Bus voltages and system frequency stabilization
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Secondary Control: Microgrid EMS Objectives:
Methods
• Genetic Algorithms (GA)
• Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
• Model Predictive Control (MPC)
• Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
• Potential Function Based Control
• Voltage Unbalance Compensator Technique
• Multi-Agent (MAS) Concept
• Gossip-Based Technique
• Distributed Cooperative Control
•26
• Microgrid Energy Management System (EMS)
• Maintaining all electrical levels within acceptable range
• Synchronization or restoration of microgrid with grid
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Secondary Control
•27 Centralized EMS Operation
N-Period Forecasting of Non-Dispatchable
Generation
N-Period Forecasting of Electrical/Thermal Load
• SOC of EV-ESS
• Operational Limits
• Security and Reliability Constraints
• Main Grid interconnection Status
• Energy Price Forecasting
Microgrid Centralized EMS
Microgrid Model, Settings
and Policies
Command to Controllable Loads (DSM)
On/Off/Shift
Set Points for dispatchable DER for Next
Period
Inputs
Outputs
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Secondary Control
•28 Multi-Agent Based EMS Operation
Microgrid Central Controller
Primary/Local Controller
Primary/Local Controller
Primary/Local Controller
Service
Agents
Service
Agents
Database
Forecasting
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Tertiary Control: Host Grid Objectives:
Methods
• Equal Marginal Cost Based Approach
• Gossiping Algorithm
• Game Theory Based Approach
•29
• Sets ‘Optimal’ set points as per requirements of the host grid
• Coordinates the operation of multiple microgrids
• Import and export power to/from the grid
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Inner Loop Control: Objectives:
Methods
• Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
• Proportional-Resonant (PR) Control
• Predictive Control
• Dead-Beat (DB) Control
• Hysteresis Control
• LQG/LQR Control
•30
• Handling stability and regulation issues
• Maintaining performance parameters which includes rise time, settling time, steady-state error, damping etc.
• Sliding Mode (SM) Control
• 𝑯∞ Control
• Repetitive Control
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Control
• Fuzzy Logic (FL) Control
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Standards: IEEE-1547 Series
System response to abnormal
voltage condition
System response to abnormal
frequency condition
•31
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Standards: IEEE-1547 Series
Maximum harmonic distortion of PCC voltage and current
•32
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Literature Review Standards: Australia
Islanding condition within Australia
•33
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Research Objectives
Impact analysis of EV penetration considering hybrid AC/DC microgrid paradigm
Grid-connected power control and management algorithm for interfacing converter/STATCOM and EV-ESS
Islanded power control and management algorithm for interfacing converter/STATCOM and EV-ESS
Simulation of the developed algorithms in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid model for validation
Performing technical and economical optimization •34
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Methodology
Impact Analysis
Literature Review
Impacts on load profile, voltage profile, phase
unbalance, harmonics and stability
Grid-connected
Power Control and Management
Islanded
Power Control and Management
Input and Output Identification
Constraints determination
Theoretical Model
Development
Mathematical Validation
Technique Selection
Simulation and Microgrid Modelling
Data collection of Griffith Microgrid Model
System Operation and
Testing
Model Development
Optimization
Technical
Economical
Experimental Validation
Article - 1
Article - 2
Article - 3
Article - 4
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid: Schematics
•36
40 kW 50 kW
50 kW
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid: Simulink Model
•37
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Developed Grid-tied Control Strategies
•38
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results Proposed Energy Storage Charge/Discharge Algorithm:
•39
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Variable Loading
•40
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Variable Loading
Active Power Profile Reactive Power Profile
Balanced by the Grid
•41
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Variable Loading
AC and DC Bus Voltage EV-ESS State-of-Charge (SOC)
•42
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Variable Loading
PCC Voltage Harmonics PCC Current Harmonics
•43
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Variable Loading
System Frequency in Hz
•44
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Variable Loading
Inverter Output Voltage
Before 𝑳𝑪𝑳 Filter
Inverter Output Voltage
After 𝑳𝑪𝑳 Filter
•45
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Real life Irradiation Variance
Irradiation Profile and PV output power
•46
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Real life Irradiation Variance
Active Power Profile
•47
Reactive Power Profile
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Preliminary Results
Case Studies: Real life Irradiation Variance
•48
AC and DC Bus Voltage
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Future Aims
•49
Future Microgrid Model in Griffith University
Nathan Campus
Challenges and Design Requirements
N44: Highly unbalanced load profile
N05: DC fast charging of Evs
N74: Contains critical loads and requires UPS Operation
Four-legged STATCOM operation
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Future Aims
•50
Grid-tied Mode Island Mode
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Project Timeline
•51
© Md Shamiur Rahman
List of Publications Book Chapter: 1. Md Shamiur Rahman, F. H. M. Rafi , M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Power Control and Monitoring
of Smart Grid with EVs”, in Vehicle-to-Grid: Linking Electric Vehicles to the Smart Grid, IET Publication. (Published)
Conference Papers: 1. Md Shamiur Rahman, M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Utilization of Parked EV-ESS for Power
Management in a Grid-Tied Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid”, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference(AUPEC), 2015. (Submitted)
2. Md Shamiur Rahman, M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Frequency Regulation and Power Balancing in an Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid with EV-ESS”, IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference(IEEE PES APPEEC), 2015. (Writing in progress)
3. F. H. M. Rafi, Md Shamiur Rahman, M. J. Hossain and J. Lu, “Implementation of Smart Inverter for Real Time Radiation and Temperature Variation Effects on AC/DC Microgrid with PV System”, IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2015. (Accepted)
•52
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Conclusions
This presentation presents:
• The concept of multi bus hybrid AC/DC microgrid
• Impacts and challenges of EV penetration and features of V2G
• A generalized hybrid AC/DC microgrid has been designed in MATLAB/SIMULINK
• A reactive power controller and an EV-ESS charge/discharge controller has been proposed
• Both controllers have been exposed to variable scenarios
• In future the model will be extended to Griffith University microgrid model for practical validation
•53
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Conclusions
Expected Contributions of the Research
• Impact analysis of renewable resources and emerging EV loads in microgrid paradigm
• A novel power sharing technique for microgrid in all operational mode utilizing V2G operation with fault tolerance and unbalanced condition handling capability
• A novel energy management scheme for hybrid AC/DC microgrid to ensure economic and reliable operation
• Experimental validation
•54
© Md Shamiur Rahman
Thank You
•55