Hybrid Island Initiativefor Integrating Renewable Energy

in Pacific Islands

Tadayuki OGAWAJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

1. Power supply in Pacific Island Countries

Inflating expenditure for imported fossil fuel

Low energy independence& High energy cost

Decreasing power demand and sales

Mostly depend on Diesel Engine Generator (DEG)

Tuvalu

Limited human and institutional capacity

Low electricity access

High electricity tariff

High share of fuel imports

2. JICA’s Cooperation in Energy Sector

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JICA has been assisting Pacific Island Countries through various cooperation in energy sector, mainly on supply side.

Knowledge from Okinawa has been particularly utilized in recent projects.

The Project for Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Home System (LED included) (2012)

Grant Aid Project for Introduction of Micro-Grid System with Renewable Energy (2015)

Dissemination Program of Typhoon-Resistant Wind Power Turbines (2014-15)

Tonga

Master Plan Survey for the Effective and Efficient Use of Renewable Energy Resources (2013-15)

Fiji

Master Plan Survey for Formulation of Self-Sufficient Energy Supply System (2013-15)

Marshall

Study on the Dissemination and Feasibility of Grid-connected PV Generation System (2013-15)

Solomon

Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants (-2014)

Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid (2014-)

All

Ex. 1) Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants/ Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid

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Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power PlantsObjective : The methodology of economical load distribution among multiple diesel generators will be disseminated in electric power companies and the local government, which works on the improvement of the power generation efficiency.Project Component : 1) To learn mechanism of a diesel generator2) To learn theory and methodology of economic operation3) To conduct the economic load distribution4) To formulate an action plan for dissemination

Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro GridObjective : Each participant formulates the idea to promote the hybrid power generation system (renewable energy connecting with diesel) in each country.Project Component : 1) To learn history and current situation of PV introduction in Japan2) To learn how to identify necessary conditions to promote PV introduction 3) To formulate a preliminary plan for disseminating PV systems in each country

Ex. 2) Grant Aid Project for Introduction of Micro-Grid System with Renewable Energy in TONGA

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Objective : To enable stable electricity supply, integrating various energy resources with micro-grid

system Project Component : 1) Power generation by RE (solar PV: 1MW)2) Micro-grid controller3) Lithium-ion capacitor (10 kWh, 2 units)

PV arrayMicro-grid controller

Li-ion capacitor

Ex. 3) Master Plan Survey for Formulation of Self-Sufficient Energy Supply System in MARSHALL

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Objective :To enhance the capacity to establish sustainable and self-sufficient energy supply

system Output : Self-sufficient energy supply system by conducting;

1) Institutional arrangement to introduce RE2) Evaluation on allowable capacity of grid-connected RE3) Planning and designing of DEG-PV hybrid grid system4) Economical operation of DEG

““Hybrid Islands Initiative” Hybrid Islands Initiative” ～～ Smart Energy Integration for Smart Energy Integration for Resilient IslandsResilient Islands

Fuel Reduction Unstable Output Disaster Risks

+Appropriate & Economical

O&M

Reliable power supply (as Base Load and Back-up)

Fuel Reduction Expansion of

RE Allowable Capacity

Renewable Energy

Hybrid Grid System for Fossil Fuel Reduction maintaining Reliable Power Supply

Demand

WindPV

Efficient Diesel

Optimization for Reliable, Sustainable and Affordable Grid

Micro GridTraining

RegionalT/A on

Diesel O&M

Grant Project forGrid Stabilization

(incl. DG, Micro Grid)

Master PlanStudy on

RE Introduction

JICA’s possible collaboration

> > > Hybrid System for Fossil Fuel Reduction and Energy Security

High dependency on imported fossil fuel⇒ High tariff, and fluctuation risk of oil prices ⇒ low energy security

Excessive promotion of Renewable Energy ⇒ Unstable outputs associated with weather, disaster risks, and adverse impact on existing generators ⇒ unreliable power supply

Grant Projects in Island Regions: PV power plants, micro grid system including grid stabilizer ,Efficient DEG power plants,

Capacity Development by Technical Cooperation: Master Plan of RE, DEG O&M enhancement, Training

Utilization of Knowledge from Remote Islands in Japan: PV w/ simple O&M, etc.

JICA’

sJIC

A’ s

RESO

URC

ERE

SOU

RCE

Development of Renewable Energy (RE) Solid Effect on Fuel Reduction

Unstable Power Output↓

“Optimal Development of RE”(ex. Development within allowable capacity of grid,

Development associated with grid stabilizer)

Efficient Diesel Generation (DEG) Cost-Effective Method

Important Role as Base Load Power Source↓

“Appropriate and EconomicalO&M on DEG”

CHAL

LEN

GE

STRA

TEG

Y &

CO

NCE

PT ““Hybrid Islands Initiative” Hybrid Islands Initiative” ～～ Smart Energy Integration for Resilient IslandsSmart Energy Integration for Resilient Islands

Measures against long-term Measures against long-term output variationoutput variation

RE

pen

etra

tio

n (

ind

icat

ive)

RE

pen

etra

tio

n (

ind

icat

ive)

0%0%

20%20%

40%40%

60%60%

Capacity of energy storage system Capacity of energy storage system

Measures Measures against against voltage and voltage and current current capacity of capacity of distribution distribution lineslines

Capital Capital costcost

Fuel Fuel costcost

UPUP

DownDown

LowLow

HighHigh

LargeLarge

SmallSmall

Optimum penetration of RE shall be determined in consideration Optimum penetration of RE shall be determined in consideration of total capital cost (up) & fuel cost (down) of Diesel Engine of total capital cost (up) & fuel cost (down) of Diesel Engine Generators (DEG).Generators (DEG).

4. Smart integration of RE with DEG

Measures against short-term Measures against short-term output variationoutput variation

Storage Storage capacitycapacity

Smart integration of RE with DEG

① Capacity of T&D (especially distribution) system needs to be upgraded.

Transmission Line Substation Distribution Line

Cu

rren

t ca

pac

ity

Cu

rren

t ca

pac

ity

(in

dic

ativ

e)(i

nd

icat

ive)

DistanceDistance

G

14

Substation

VoltageLight Load

Heavy LoadAppropriateVoltage Range

Distance from Substation

Grid-connected PV System

Over / Under VoltageVoltage deviation

② Service voltage shall be maintained through replacing conductors, transformers & changing network configuration.

Smart integration of RE with DEG

Out

put/

load

flu

ctua

tion

Frequency fluctuation

A few minutes 10+ minutes

GF: Governor Free (~a few minutes)Small deviation of revolution speed is automatically and immediately detected by the governor of generators.

LFC: Load Frequency Control(a few minutes ~ 10+ minutes) Generator output is automatically controlled by detecting the imbalance and sending feedback signal to generators.

EDC: Economic Dispatch Control(more than 10+ minutes)Generators are dispatched in accordance with the load forecast to achieve the minimum cost in longer period.

③ Measures against short-term output variation;(i) Increase the sensitivity of DEGs by improving GF(ii) Increase the capacity of LFC(iii) Examine coordination between GF and LFC (iv) Introduction of storage system (capacitor, battery,

etc.)

Smart integration of RE with DEG

④ Measures against long-term output variation;(i) Increase adjustability of DEG minimum output(ii) Introduction of energy storage system

(battery, pump, electric water heater, etc.)

Minimum demand during daytime (e.g. weekend)

DEGDEG

RE

Without RE Maximum RE penetration

DEG rated output

DEG minimum output

(40 ～ 50%)

Possible RE capacity

Smart integration of RE with DEG

Pmin≧DEGmin + REmax DEGmin ≦ Pmin- REmax

STEP 1: Improving O&M of existing DEG Reduction of fuel consumption by EDC Establishment of sustainable O&M system

STEP 2: Reinforcement of DEG and T&D system Increase adjustability of DEG output (especially minimum) Improve flexibility of DEG (GF, LFC, etc.) Reinforce capacity of conductors and transformers

STEP 3: Integrating RE without storage system RE can be integrated by fully utilizing the adjustability

and sensitivity of DEG

STEP 4: Compensation for short-term variation RE penetration can be increased by introducing energy

storage (high-power density, e.g. Li-ion battery and capacitor)

STEP 5: Compensation for long-term variation RE penetration can be increased by introducing energy

storage (high-energy density, e.g. lead acid battery)

Year

Generation Cost (indicative)

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 5

STEP 4

Roadmap for Smart integration

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

[CONTACT]Tadayuki OGAWA

Ogawa.Tadayuki@jica.go.jp