Hybridization ofAtomic Orbitals
PGCC CHM 101 Sinex
Illustrating hybridization
Shockwave animation of hybridizationclick here
Chime site with atomic and hybrid orbitals
click here
Now let’s make some bonds!
hybrid orbitals – sp, sp2, or sp3
formation of bond
remaining p orbitals from sp or sp2
bond
formation of bond
Planar molecule (each carbon is trigonal planar) with cloud above and below the plane
bond hinders rotation about the carbon-to-carbon bond
Bond formation from hybridization
• Single bond - sigma bond
• Double bond – sigma bond + pi bond
• Triple bond – sigma bond + pi bond + pi
bond How are the two pi bonds in the triple bond oriented?
end-to-end
side-to-side
How about the electron density around a carbon-carbon bond?
C2H6
C2H4C2H2
single bond double bond triple bond Spartan 02
Polar orNon-polar
H+
attack?
1
2
3
45
6
7
What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?
sp3 – 2, 5tetrahedral
sp2 – 1, 3, 4trigonal planar
sp – 6, 7linear
What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?
1
2
3
4
Draw the Lewis dot structure – C3H4
Remember to chain the carbon atoms and fill the octet of the center carbon atom in the chain first.
You should have come up with one of these structures:
H:C:C:::C:H
H
H
..
..C::C::C
H
H
..
..
H
H
..
..
Build the molecular model.
Allene, H2C=C=CH2
The clouds of the two double bonds are oriented perpendicular to each other. Hence the hydrogens are turned 90o. The is due to the original orientation of the p orbitals on the center carbon atom.
What is the hybridization?
Spartan 02