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Slide 1
HybridizationClass XI
A.K.Gupta, PGT ChemistryKVS ZIET Bhubaneswar
CHM 101Sinex1
What is hybridization?Hybridisation(orhybridization) is the concept of mixingatomic orbitalsinto newhybrid orbitals(with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to formchemical bondsinvalence bond theory. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Types of hybridisationsp3
C1s2s2p2p2p
C*1s2s2p2p2p
C*1ssp3sp3sp3sp3
C atom ground stateC atom excited stateC atom sp3 hybridized
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
sp3 HybridizationA.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
sp3 Hybridization
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Bonding in Methane (CH4)
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Summarysp3 hybridization occurs when a C has 4 attached groupssp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s and 75% p characterthe 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron at 109.28o to each othereach sp3 hybrid orbital is involved in bond foprmation.A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Formation of Sigma Bond
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
hybrid orbitals sp, sp2, or sp3
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Formation of s bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
sp2 Hybridization
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Formation of bond
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Remaining p orbitals from sp or sp2
s bond
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Formation of p bond
Planar molecule (each carbon is trigonal planar) with p cloud above and below the plane
p bond hinders free rotation about the carbon-to-carbon bond
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
sp2 hybridization occurs when a C has 3 attached groupssp2 hybrid orbital has 33% s and 67% p characterthe 3 sp2 hybrids point towards the corners of a triangle at 120o to each othereach sp2 hybrid orbital is involved in a bond formation and the remaining p orbital forms the bonda double bond as a + bondSummaryA.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Bonding in Ethene (H2C=CH2)
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
sp Hybridization
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSRPure p orbitalSp hybrid orbital
Bonding in Acetylene
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
sp Hybridization
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Bonding in Acetylene
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Summary Sp hybridization occurs when a C has 2 attached groupssp hybrid orbital has 50% s and 50% p characterthe 2 sp hybrids are oriented at an angle of 180o to each othereach sp hybrid orbital is involved in a bond formation and the remaining two p orbital forms two bondsa triple bond = one + two bondsA.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Bond formation from hybridizationSingle bond - sigma bondDouble bond sigma bond + pi bondTriple bond sigma bond + pi bond + pi bond How are the two pi bonds in the triple bond oriented?end-to-end
side-to-side
A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
1234567What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?sp3 2, 5tetrahedral sp2 1, 3, 4trigonal planarsp 6, 7linear = Oxygen atom = Carbon atom = Hydrogen atom
What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?1234A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
Draw the Lewis dot structure C3H4
Remember to chain the carbon atoms and fill the octet of the center carbon atom in the chain first.You should have come up with one of these structures:H:C:C:::C:HHH....C::C::CHH....HH....A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
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