1

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

A presentation on

2

Topics: We will discuss-1. DAM2. BRIDGES3. CULVERTS4. SLUICE GATES5. AQUEDUCTS6. SIPHONS

Presented By-Nusrat Nasreen Khan, Syeda Khushnuma Wasim, M A Rafsan Mazumder,Faisal Razy Anqur, A. S. M. Akram Samrat

3

DAM

4

What is Dam? A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground steams. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations.

5

Watertight Sufficient Strength

Releasing Water Flood Water Flow

How Does Dam

Work?

A dam must be watertight so that water does not leak out of the dam and escape downstream.

A dam wall must have sufficient strength to stand permanently under its own weight especially when at least part of the dam wall is saturated with water and to resist the water pressure in the lake upstream of the dam.

A dam must have some way of releasing water in controlled amounts as it is needed an outlet valve of some type.

A dam must have some means whereby these large volumes of flood water can flow around the dam without causing damage to the dam itself.

6

CROSS SECTION

7

8

9

Storage Capacity of 350×106 m3

producing up to 250,000 tons a day of tailingsEmbankment ratio about 4:1

Syncrude Tailings Dam, Canada

Holding 11,600,000 acre feet of waterDischarge capacity of 18,406 cubic meters/sThe main dam wall stretching 2,743 meters

Tarbela Dam, Pakistan

SOME OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST DAMS

10

Why Dam is

Important?

To provide a supply of water for

towns, cities and

mining sites

To generate electricity in hydro-electric power

stations

To help control or mitigate floods

To provide a supply of water for

the irrigation of crops

11

BRIDGES

12

What is a BRIDGE?A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle.

13

Fluid Travelling

to Mid-Span

Varying Loads

Pinned Connectio

nHorizontal Sideway Direction

As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge.

A bridge has the ability to handle varying loads (wind/ice) and possesses smooth acceleration and deceleration

In Arch based bridges the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction.

In arch bridges at the

midpoint of the arch there

is a pinned connection, essentially making it a

three hinged arch

How Does a Bridge Work?

14

15

16

CROSS SECTION

17

18

19

Pedestrian

Footbridge

Water Transport

ation Vehicular Transport

ation

Light Vehicles

The Uses of Hydraulic Bridges

20

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco

Sydney Harbor Bridge

World’s Famous Bridge

21

CULVERTS

22

A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material.

What is a CULVERT?

23

TYPES OF CULVERTS

Box culvert

Arch culvert

Pipe culvertBridge culvert

Pipe Single or MultiplePipe Arch Single or MultipleBox Culvert Single or MultipleBridge CulvertArch Culvert

24

How Does a Culvert Work?

Performance Curves

Inlet and Outlet Control

Roadway Overtoppin

g

For inlet control, the control section is at the upstream end of the barrel, whereas

for outlet control, it is at the downstream end of the culvert

Roadway overtopping

deals with the rising of

headwater to the elevation of

the roadway

The culvert performance

curve is made up of the controlling portions of the inlet, outlet and

roadway overtopping performance

curve

25

CROSS SECTION

26

27

28

Carrying traffic

Safe Passag

e in arable farm

Conveying

Water

Culvert is used to form a bridge-like structure to

carry traffic.

Culvert is used to convey water from one area to another, usually from oneside of a road to the other side.

Culvert is an integral part of any arable

farm providing a safe

passage over ditch fields into arable

fields

The Uses of

Culvert

29

SLUICE GATE

30

What is Sluice Gate?

A sluice gate is a mechanism used to cut off or obstruct the passage of a fluid, normally water. They have three main parts: a gate, a frame and a power mechanism. They can be designed for different loads of water and operating heights, according to the requirements of the installation.

A gate

A power mechanis

mA frame

31

Threaded rod system

Hydraulic System

Manual Raise and Lowering Electrically driven

hoisting systemHow Does

Sluice Gate

Work?

Many sluice gates are moved by means of a threaded rod system, which needs to be regularly cleaned and greased.

When gates are used in applications with a large

amount of water pressure, they are raised and lowered by

hydraulic systems to control the sluice gate flow.

Sometimes in smaller uses, such as in

cranberry bogs, the gates are raised and lowered manually.

At other times than manual, an electrically-

driven hoisting system is used.

32

33

CROSS SECTION

34

35

36

Irrigation Channels Sewage Treatment Stations (WWTP)

Drinking Water Treatment Stations

(ETAP)

Sewers andReservoirs

What is the Use of Sluice Gate?

37

AQUEDUCT

38

What is an AQUEDUCT?

An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to convey water. The term aqueduct is used

for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The simplest aqueducts are small

ditches cut into the earth. Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines.

39

40

CROSS SECTION

41

OPEN CHANNEL

PIPEUNDER

GROUND TUNNEL

Usually the smaller

waterway’s discharge passes above the large

one.

carries the discharge of one waterway above

the other.

Aqueduct is a structure

constructed at the intersection

of two waterways.

How does an aqueduct work?

42

43

Irrigation of

croplands Supply drinking

water

Help drought prone

areas with water

supplies

Control flood

uses of aqueducts

44

SIPHON

45

What is Siphon?

Siphon refer to a wide variety of devices that

involve the flow of liquids through tubes,

but in the narrower sense it refers

specifically to a tube in an inverted U shape

which causes a liquid to flow uphill, above the

surface of the reservoir, without pumps, powered by the fall of the liquid

as it flows down the tube under the pull of

gravity and is discharged at a level

lower than the surface of the reservoir whence

it came.

46

Bernoulli’s

Principle

Unlike a Manomet

er

Energy Differenc

e

A restatement of conservation of

energy principle in that the sum of all

energy at any given point in the siphon flow is constant.

Operates as a measurement of two pressures in static balance when the

inlet and the outlet are at the same level.

A siphon works because gravitational

potential energy difference between liquid in the upper reservoir and lower

reservoir leaves reduced pressure at the top of the siphon proportional to the height differences.

How Siphon Works

47

SIPHONFUNCTIO

N PROCESS

48

CROSS SECTION

49

50

51

Evacuating Water

Transferring Water

Waterworks and Industry

Self-constructed siphons, made of pipes or tubes, can be used to evacuate water

from cellars after flooding.Siphoning is

common in irrigated fields to

transfer a controlled amount

of water from a ditch, over the ditch wall, into

furrows.Large siphons are used in municipal waterworks and industry. Their size requires

control via valves at the intake and

outlet of the siphon.

How Siphon is Important?

52

THANK YOU