Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony Hegemony across the division line:across the division line:
tales from Cyprustales from Cyprus
Anthi Dionissia BroumaSOAS, London Water Research Group
3rd Hydro-Hegemony WorkshopLondon, 12-13 May 2007
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
Cyprus Map Cyprus Map 3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
Cyprus Map Cyprus Map 3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
Cyprus: geographyCyprus: geography3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
-2 mountain ranges: Troodos & Kerynia- Mesaoria Plain- 14 rivers: none with perennial flow- Dependence on rainfall and groundwater resources- Precipitation unevenly distributed in space and time: 500mm in the South – 400 in the North- Decrease of mean annual rainfall after 1970- Water Supply (2000): 370 Mm³ in the South – 183.8 Mm³ in the North- Water Demand (2000): 265.9 Mm³ in the South – 161.8 Mm³ in the North - Agricultural demand for water over 70% for both sides
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
Cyprus: history & politicsCyprus: history & politics3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
- 9th Century BC: first signs of civilisation
- Complex Mosaic with imprints from various administrations: Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Frankish, Venetian, Ottoman
- 1878 – 1960: British Rule
- 1960: Zurich Agreements – 16th August: Republic of Cyprus
- July 1974: Greek military junta staged coup - Turkish invasion/ “intervention”
- 15th November 1983: self-declaration of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus – no international recognition except from Turkey
- April 2003: opening of first gate between the two sides since 1974
- 24th April 2004: simultaneous
referenda on the Annan Plan V
- 1st May 2004: Republic of Cyprus joins
the EU
- Current political situation:
standstill or deadlock?
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Hydro-Hegemony Framework Applicable but with particularities in the case of Cyprus
- All affairs affected by the de facto division- Political question & water scarcity: 2 top
agenda issues for both sides -There is no transboundary water resources
management -There are two hydro-hegemons in action
- No water conflict because of political situation and external intervention
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Hydro-Hegemon I: the Greek-Cypriots
- Titanic dam construction: over 100 dams, 327 Mm³, 1st in Europe according to WCD- Other waterworks: Southern Conveyor Project- Desalination: 2 plants with total capacity 33 Mm³/y- Wastewater Treatment Plants: Mia Milia/ Haspolat, VathiaGonia & Anthoupoli- Existing capacity: human, capital & technological- Infrastructure location: strategically chosen- Political pressure exercised through the EU
Water, Food & State securityWater, Food & State security
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Hydro-Hegemon II: Turkey
-Strategic interest in the area, maintain and secure influence, “protect” the Turkish-Cypriots- Provision of financial and technical expertise- Dam construction: 18 small dams, 16.5 Mm³ of capacity- No desalination plants so far- Water transfer: water-bags, tankers, undersea pipeline (agreed, will provide 75 Mm³/y)- Political pressure through US, UK and the Arab World
Sphere of influenceSphere of influence
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
STRATEGIES & TACTICS APPLICABILITYVarying intensities of conflict YES
Power Relations YES
Issue Linkage YES
Resource Capture YES
Integration NO
Containment NO
Military Force YES
Covert Operations NOT ANYMORE
Coercion-pressure YES
Time manipulation YES
Use of silence YES
Incentives YES
Treaties NO
Securitisation YES
Knowledge Construction YES
International support, financial mobilisation, human capital
YES – but only for the South
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Cyprus hydro-hegemony situation: more of a vicious
circle between hydro-hegemony and counter hydro-
hegemony that is sustained by the actors
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
Ways out of the hydro-hegemony vicious circle:
Promote the joint project on the upgrading of the Mia Milia/ Haspolatsewage treatment plant
Explore the possibility of a dam on the Karyotis/ Camlikoy River
Invest on capacity building and joint training courses
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
HydroHydro--Hegemony & CyprusHegemony & Cyprus3rd Hydro-Hegemony Workshop
London, 12-13 May 2007
KEY POINTS
- Two major issues in Cyprus: political question & water- Cyprus faces severe conditions of water scarcity- Reduced rainfall patterns, aquifer depletion and/or salinisation, surface water fully used- No external sources of water thus, solution needs to be found from within- 1974 events exacerbated the water scarcity conditions- Two hydro-hegemons operate in the island- Hydro-Hegemony framework applicable –for most part- in Cyprus
Third International Workshop on Hydro-Hegemony, LSE, May 2007 Do not cite without author’s permission.
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
