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Hydrocarbon Derivatives molecular compounds of carbon and
hydrogen that contain at least one other element.
ex) alkyl halide, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ester
Alkyl Halidesone or more hydrogen atoms are
replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).
Many of these are carcinogenic or toxic.
Compounds include CFC’s, Teflon coatings and insecticides.
Naming Organic Halidesnumber parent chain from end closest
to halogen, for a cycloalkane, start numbering at halogen
use shortened names, put in alphabetical order and use prefixes as needed: bromo, chloro, fluoro, and iodo.
name and number alkyl groups
Ex. 1,2-dichloroethane
Alcoholscontain an hydroxyl (-OH) functional group-is
polar
higher boiling point than alkanes because of hydrogen bonds. Chains up to 12 C are liquid.
short chain alcohols (methanol,ethanol) are very soluble in water due to polarity
Longer chains become more non polar and do not dissolve in water but with non polar compounds
Naming Alcoholsname alkanes but replace the ending –e
with the ending –ol unless there is a prefix then leave the –e and add –ol after prefix
number closest to the OH
the position of the OH group(s) is indicated with a number(s) before the –ol.
use prefixes to indicate the number of OH groups
name and number alkyl groups
Examplesethanol
2-methylpropan-2-ol
propane-1,2,3-triol
rubbing alcohol propan-2-ol
Carboxylic Acids
contain a carboxyl (- COOH) carboxyl is polar, easily form hydrogen
bonds.
higher boiling points than other hydrocarbons and derivatives
short chains are liquids and soluble in water, longer chains are waxy solids and not soluble
hydrogen on the hydroxyl is acidic.
found in sour fruits and vinegar Ex. Ethanoic acid = vinegar
Naming Carboxylic AcidsReplace the alkane ending, –e, with the
ending -oic acid. Carboxyl is position 1
Name and number alkyl chains
Ex. butanoic acid
Some carboxylic acids have more than one carboxylic acid group, so they are given common names
Ex) oxalic acid and citric acid.
Estersfunctional group is similar to carboxyl except
that the hydrogen on the hydroxyl is replaced with a carbon chain.
responsible for the smells of many fruits and vegetables (volatile so create aromas)
without an –OH group, can not make hydrogen bonds so boiling points are lower than carboxylic acids
Small esters are liquids, larger are waxy solids
4 carbons or fewer are soluble, larger are not soluble in water
formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
Naming EstersTwo parts:The name from the acid (contains C=O)
is changed from –oic acid to –oate and is the main chain (name last)
The name of the alkyl group from the alcohol ends in –yl and is given first.
Example: ethyl ethanoate