Hydrogen PowerPaving the way to a brighter new future in fuel M.GnanaSakthi

Hydrogen isexisting freely in nature invisible, extremely flammable gashighly reactive and essential in many chemical and biological processesnot an energy source, but rather an energy carrier from which a secondary form of energy must be created

Hydrogen.. A Plentiful Element

Chemical Properties of HydrogenRarely found alone (H2) usually bonded to oxygen in water (H2O)Non-toxic and non poisonousConsidered as an energy carrierHighly buoyant lighter than air, rises and diffuses when leaked

Hydrogen as a FuelHydrogen has the highest energy content per unit weight of any known fuel 120.7kJ/g.Hydrogen, in its liquid form, has been used as a fuel in space for years.Its weight factor makes hydrogen an attractive fuel.Hydrogen is both flammable and buoyant.Hydrogen fuel is unique, clean and versatile.It can be used in applications requiring electricity or gas.As the cost of hydrogen comes down and its availability increases, interest in its use as a fuel will intensify.

Advantages of Hydrogen fuelHydrogen combustion produces water as a only byproduct.Hydrogen generates energy without releasing greenhouse gasses.The only pollution-free source of hydrogen is water and electrolysis can liberate hydrogen from water.Hydrogen has higher energy density than petroleum-based fuels, meaning it supplies more energy per volume than gasoline, diesel or kerosene.Hydrogen has the potential to run a fuel-cell engine with greater efficiency over an IC engine.

Fuel source flammability ranges

Sources that Hydrogen can be extracted from:Natural Gas, Water, Coal, Gasoline, Methanol, BiomassOther sources being researched include the uses of solar energy, photosynthesis, decomposition, and fuel cells themselves can tri-generate electricity, heat, and hydrogen.Sources of Hydrogen

Renewable Fuel SourcesBiogas GasificationBiogas = 60% methane a good source of hydrogenBiogas = organic waste; it is renewableElectrolysisCreating hydrogen from water; water splittingWorks similarly to a fuel cell in reverse

Non-Renewable Fuel SourcesNatural GasContains over 85% methane (CH4)Excellent source of hydrogenCoal GasificationResulting fuel gas must be converted to hydrogenRelatively low cost option

Hydrogen ProductionH is difficult and costly to compress, store, and transport; it has one of the lowest energy densities of any fuel, 1/3rd of any natural gas. Hydrogen has major safety issues; its flammable over a wide range of concentrations and is very easily ignited.Two methods are generally: steam methane reforming and water electrolysis.

Producing Hydrogen from Natural Gas(Steam Methane Reforming)Most common and energy-efficient hydrogen production methodsThis process takes place at high temperatures and pressures.Produces carbon monoxide and hydrogenCarbon monoxide can be reacted to produce carbon dioxide and more hydrogenAbout 95% of the hydrogen, we use today coming from reforming natural gas.

Catalysts: Ni, or Au-NiCH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 DH298 = 206 kJ/mol

Water ElectrolysisElectrolysis uses electrical energy to separate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water molecules.

The electrical energy can come from any electricity source, including renewable fuels and solar energy.

Potential electrical sources for hydrogen production

Producing Hydrogen from Crude OilRefining Naphtha

Hydrogen is produced from naphtha through catalytic reforming

Produces hydrogen and high octane gasoline

Hydrogen Storage and TransportationMay be stored on-board the vehicle in either pressurized gas or liquid formComposite tanks that utilize carbon fibre for added safetyStorage vessels generally approach 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure

Hydrogen gas occupies about 800 times more volume than hydrogen liquidShipped as a cryogenic liquidGenerally not transported through pipelines

Tube trailer used to transport cryogenic hydrogen

Hydrogen - Fuel CellFuel Cells use hydrogen with oxygen from air to produce electricity. The electricity generated powers a vehicles motor. In principle, a fuel cell operates like a battery. A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity by combining oxygen from the air with hydrogen gas. However, unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce electricity as long as fuel, in the form of hydrogen, is supplied

Why Hydrogen? Why Now?Hydrogen production is already largeThe U.S. uses 30% of total energy consumption on transportation Transportation and energy-intensive processes depend on oil, which is a finite, non-renewable energy sourceHydrogen promises to lead better, faster, more efficient, environmentally clean transportation designs.

Hydrogen VehiclesStores energy more efficiently than batteriesBurns twice as efficiently in a fuel cell as gasoline does in an engineDoesnt rely on any fossil fuelIts only waste product is water

Hydrogen Vehicle PerformanceMay return better performance than conventional vehiclesHigh compression ratio High torque characteristics from electric motor (fuel cell)Larger storage volume

Types of Hydrogen VehiclesHydrogen Internal Combustion EngineUsed much like any other combustible fuelFuel system and compression ratio differDual-Fuel Hydrogen VehiclesUtilize hydrogen and another fuel sourceMost commonly employ hydrogen and natural gasMay be interchangeable or mixed togetherHydrogen Fuel Cell VehiclesCombustion engine is replaced with fuel cellElectricity is produced onboardOnly byproduct is water (and some heat)

Other Modes of Hydrogen Transport

Hydrogen EmissionsEnvironmentally speaking, the use of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell car would produce no harmful emissions, just a trickle of water.The only other emissions are the burning of natural gas used to produce the hydrogen

Challenges for Hydrogen FuelFuel cost and DurabilityHydrogen storageHydrogen production and deliveryPublic acceptance

The Pros and Cons of HydrogenAbundant- will never deplete.Will be a viable replacement for fossil fuel.Used widely in industry with much experience. Can be generated by renewable energy.Its only emission is pure, drinkable water.

One gallon of hydrogen produces an equal amount of energy as 1/4 gallon of gasoline.Difficult to extractExpensiveFlammable, leak-proneStrict standards

Referenceshttp://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov/facts/cafcpwhereh2.htmhttp://www.cafcp.org/fuel-vehl_cars.htmlhttp://hcc.hanwha.co.kr/english/pro/ren_hsto_idx.jsphttp://www.ifw-dresden.de/institutes/imw/sections/21/funct-magn-mat/hydrogen-storage/

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