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m a k i n g i n n o v a t i o n h a p p e n , t o g e t h e r
Hydrogen Fuel Purification:
Different Technologies and
Quality Failure Risk Issues
Brusse ls - September 30, 2014
Marco Succ i
m a k i n g i n n o v a t i o n h a p p e n , t o g e t h e r
Outline
Short introduction to Saes Pure Gas, Inc.
Technologies for the purification of hydrogen
Failure risk analysis
Critical impurities for PEM FC applications
Conclusions
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Leveraging the unique competence of gas impurity
sorption and gas purification equipment design, SAES Pure
Gas is the world leader in gas purification technologies.
Point of UsePoint of Use MegaTorrMegaTorrCustomer ServiceCustomer Service
SAES has the largest offering of
equipment solutions to purify all gases
for the manufacturing of silicon based
semiconductor devices, LEDs, fiber
optics, LCDs and OLEDs (display
industry) and photovoltaic devices.
SAES Pure Gas, Inc.
m a k i n g i n n o v a t i o n h a p p e n , t o g e t h e r
BULK GAS
PURIFIERS
POINT OF
USE
AMC
ANALYSIS
Main applicationsGas handling next to the process
chamber for:
� Chemical Vapor Deposition
� Epitaxial Growth
� Etching
� Metallization
� Photolithography
� Emerging Technology (Fuel Cells,
Solar, Diamond Thin Films etc.)
Main applications� Pressurized Gases
(N₂, CDA, etc.)
� Ambient Air/Cleanroom
monitoring
Main applicationsLarge volume gas handling for
industrial uses:
� Silicon Semiconductor
� Flat Panel Displays
� LED
� Power Devices
� Zero Air for Car Exhaust
Analysis
CU
ST
OM
ER
SE
RV
ICE
Pure Gas Handling
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Technologies for Hydrogen Purification
LED
The most common technologies for H2 purification:
PSA (Pressure Swing Absorption)
Membrane (non precious metal)
Electrochemical purification and compression
Adsorber
Regenerable Adsorber
Getter
Palladium
Cryogenic
m a k i n g i n n o v a t i o n h a p p e n , t o g e t h e r
SAES Technologies for H2 Purification
Adsorber Regenerable
AdsorberGetter Palladium
Membrane
m a k i n g i n n o v a t i o n h a p p e n , t o g e t h e r
Getter Technology
Remove all impurities (including CO, NH3 and S compounds)
Transparent to rare gases
Ideal when the gas already has a good degree of purity, about
6N
Available from low flow rates up to 200 m3/h
Low pressure drop
Works at high temperature
Non regenerable
Typical lifetime of the getter column: 3-5 years
No waste of H2
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Getter Purifier Typical Purity Levels
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Getter Technology: Failure Risks
Presence of non-critical impurities, e.g. N2, could drastically
reduce the column lifetime
Replace getter cartridge before saturation occurs
Failure of the electronics
Failure of the heaters; not critical because impurities removal
is guaranteed even at room temperature although for a
shorter period of time
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Adsorber Technology
Automated Microprocessor Controller
Continuous purification
Compact
Low power consumption
System Alarms
H2 Leak Detection Sensor
Vented Cabinet Purge
Total flexibility in size and
configuration
Flow rates up to 2,000 slpm
Pressure ratings up to 200 bar
Low pressure drop
Minimal cost of ownership
Regenerable offline
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Adsorber Technology
Removes oxygen containing impurities: O2, H2O, CO, CO2, NH3,
sulfur compounds and some hydrocarbons
Transparent to N2, CH4, and rare gases
Inlet gas purity: 3N or better
Available for flow rates up to 1000 m3/h
Low pressure drop
Typical lifetime of the adsorber column: 1-3 years
Regenerable offline (no waste of H2 on site) or inline
Works at room temperature
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Adsorber Purifier Typical Purity Levels
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Hydrogen Purification
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Removal of Different O2 and H2O Levels
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Ammonia Removal
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Sulphur Compound Removal
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Adsorber Technology: Failure Risks
Replace adsorber cartridge before saturation
Unexpected exposure(s) to high impurity levels can drastically
reduce the purifier lifetime
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Palladium Technology
All impurities (non-hydrogen species) are removed – including oxygen, carbons, nitrogen, organics, inorganics and inert gases (Ar, He, etc.)
Only allows hydrogen molecules to pass through to the outlet
Inlet gas purity: 3N or even lower grade
Available for flow rates up to 110 m3/h
High pressure drop
Operate at high temperature
Unlimited lifetime – no regeneration or replacement due to consumable components
About 2-3% of the incoming H2 is lost to purge out the impurities
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Palladium Technology
One Cell design
Maximum Flow:
1 – 700 slpm (1-42
Nm3/hr) With 20
bar in/8 bar out
Over 25 sizes of
cells available
Two Cell design
Maximum Flow:1 – 1,400 slpm (1-84 Nm3/hr) With 20 bar in/8 bar out
Over 25 sizes of cells available
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Palladium Purifier Typical Purity Levels
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Palladium Technology: Failure Risks
Microleaks across the membrane can degrade gas purity
Failure of the electronics will stop gas flow
Failure of the heaters will stop gas flow
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ISO_14687-2:2012: Directory of Limiting Characteristics
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CollectTorr: Offline Microcontamination Inspection Service
Utilizes solid state traps
Measures contaminants in air or
high pressure gas streams
No utilities required for sample
collection
Compact self-contained design
Easy to install, operate and ship
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A purifier cannot be considered as a stand alone step in the H2
distribution system. Contamination levels will fluctuate with
different gas sources thus purification must be integrated in
the H2 distribution chain.
In combination with PSA or electrochemical compression
systems, Adsorber or Pd purifiers are an ideal tool to minimize
the cost of ownership of the H2 supply.
Purification will not only provide sufficiently clean H2 but will
also supply consistent gas quality.
Which Purification Technology is Best?
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Conclusions
Existing technologies for H2 purification are already capable of
complying with the target set by ISO14687 for FC applications.
Gas purification must be integrated into the H2 supply chain.
Dedicated purifiers could be designed to seamlessly integrate
with the H2 distribution chain.
Gas purifiers can easily provide consistent H2 purity at the low
levels needed for fuel cell applications.
Cooperation between the various providers involved in the H2
supply chain is essential to minimize the H2 delivery costs at
the purity levels required.
w w w. s a e s g r o u p . c o m
Thank you for your attention