Hydrogen Workshop for Fleet Operators

Module 1, “Hydrogen Basics”

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Hydrogen Basics Outline

1. Why Hydrogen?

2. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative Energy Policy Act of 2005

3. Hydrogen Efforts in the United States

4. Hydrogen Highway

5. International Hydrogen Efforts

6. Hydrogen Basics

7. Hydrogen Combustion Properties

8. Hydrogen Fuel Safety

Bright white blobs show stars formed 5-10 million years ago, reddish pink clouds indicate hydrogen clouds where stars are currently forming (NASA)

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Why Hydrogen?

ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

ENERGY SECURITY

ECONOMIC PROSPERITY

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Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security

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Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security

Petroleum demand Gasoline and diesel fuel are

currently above $3.00 per gallon Nation’s previous high weighted

average for all 3 grades was $1.38 a gallon in March 1981 ($3.03 in today’s dollars)

Spikes have occurred despite declines in the cost of crude oil

Hurricane Katrina decimated refineries along the Gulf Coast cutting 11% of the refining capacity for all petroleum products

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Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security

Petroleum demand US consumes approximately 20

million barrels per day (bpd) Over 97% of US transportation fuel

comes from oil Almost 2/3 of the 20 million barrels

of oil is used for transportation Oil consumption in 2004 was up

3.4% or 2.5 million bpd

US imports 55% of the oil it consumes; that is expected to grow to 68% by 2025

“BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005: Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004”, Press Release from BP, June 2005

Energy Information Administration, “Annual Energy Outlook 2004”

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Why Hydrogen? – Energy Security

Energy demand World’s overall energy consumption

grew by 4.3% in 2004 Largest-ever annual increase in

global energy consumption and is the highest percentage growth since 1984

Chinese energy demand has risen by 65% over the past 3 years

China now consumes 13.6% of the world’s total energy

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005: Record Demand Drove Energy Markets in 2004”, Press Release from BP, June 2005

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Why Hydrogen? – Environmental Stewardship

Environmental protection Hydrogen can be used in

vehicles powered by either internal combustion engines (ICEs) or fuel cells

Near-zero (ICEs) or zero (fuel cells) emissions

When produced from renewable sources, the entire chain of processes (fuel production through end-use in a vehicle) results in extremely low environmental impacts

This is what hydrogen will eliminate

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Why Hydrogen?

Resource flexibility Hydrogen can be generated

from a variety of feedstocks like fossil fuels (oil, coal) and renewable sources (biomass, sunlight).

Because hydrogen exists in many different forms, in any one region, there are a variety of local feedstocks from which the hydrogen can be extracted

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Hydrogen Experience

Hydrogen was first produced in the 1400s when early European experimenters dissolved metal in acids

Sir William Robert Grove used electricity to split hydrogen and oxygen in 1839

Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer coin the term “fuel cell” in 1889

First fuel cell powered vehicle in the world is demonstrated in 1959

Used since the early 1960s to power NASA’s space vehicles

Fuel cell design by Mond and Langer, 1889

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$1.2 billion Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to reverse US’s growing dependence on foreign oil

Lower the cost of hydrogen enough to make it cost competitive with gasoline by 2010

FY 2004 appropriation: $156 million

FY 2005 appropriation: $225 million

FY 2006 request: $260 million

Advance the methods of producing hydrogen

Provide R&D for hydrogen storage

President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative

US Department of Energy, “Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program: President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative”, May 2005

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DOE’s Hydrogen Program

Chalk, Steven, “DOE Hydrogen Program Overview”

, $22 per hp

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DOE’s Hydrogen Program

Chalk, Steven, “DOE Hydrogen Program Overview”

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DOE’s Hydrogen Program

Energy Policy Act of 2005 7 Federally sponsored and funded programs for hydrogen-related

activities (vehicles, fuel cells, storage, production, infrastructure) $509 million for FY 2006

$567 million for FY 2007

$663 million for FY 2008

$745 million for FY 2009

$899 million for FY 2010

President George Bush Signs the Energy Policy Act of 2005

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California Hydrogen Highway

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California Hydrogen Highway

Governor’s Vision Every Californian has access to

hydrogen along the State’s major highways by 2010

Early network of 150 to 200 fueling stations (1 station every 20 miles)

Initial low-volume fueling network will cost $75 to $200 million

Station concentrations in LA, Sacramento, San Diego and San Francisco

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger

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Illinois Hydrogen Highway

Network of demonstration projects to promote hydrogen-based technologies

First conceived as part of the Illinois 2H2 report

Northwest Chicagoland International Airport in Rockford Combines solar, wind and

hydrogen technologies for airport support vehicles

Heat and power for the airport building

Terminal at Northwest Chicagoland International Airport in Rockford, IL

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Northern H Project

Establish a multi-fuel hydrogen network in the upper Midwest

Produce and provide hydrogen made from wind, biomass, solar, hydro and coal resources

Place 9 or 10 stations 125 miles apart

Stations would link urban centers along Manitoba, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin and link up with the Illinois Hydrogen Highway

Project still not fundedNorthern H Project Hydrogen Highway

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New York Hydrogen Highway

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International Hydrogen Efforts

Europe 2 billion Euro hydrogen vision

designed to bring hydrogen technologies closer to large scale commercial viability

Hydrogen supply based on renewable sources by 2050

70 on-going R&D projects Clean Urban Transport for

Europe (CUTE) 27 hydrogen powered buses

serving 9 cities Development of hydrogen

infrastructure

CUTE Transit Bus

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European Hydrogen Production

Area covered by 100 km distribution around production site

800 km

Shell Hydrogen

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International Hydrogen Efforts

Iceland World’s first public commercial

hydrogen fueling station in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavik

Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) Operate a small fleet of

hydrogen fuel cell buses that run on hydrogen produced by water

Bramford, David, “Iceland Landmark Gas Station”, BBC News, April 2003

Hydrogen Fueling Station in Reykjavik, Iceland

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International Hydrogen Efforts

Japan Research fuel cell technologies

since the 1980s Created the Clean Energy

Network Using Hydrogen Conversion in 1992 Goal to facilitate the

commercialization of fuel cells

10 year program on hydrogen R&D

Replaced by the New Hydrogen Project

Liquid Hydrogen Storage & Hydrogen Supply Facility Ariake, Japan

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Japanese Hydrogen Production

Area covered by 100 km distribution around production site

Shell Hydrogen

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International Hydrogen Efforts

Canadian Hydrogen Highway Coincide with the 2010 Winter

Olympic Games in Whistler, BC Create small number of

hydrogen stations by 2008 Focal point between Vancouver

International Airport, the City of Vancouver, and Whistler with branches connecting Victoria, North Vancouver, University of British Columbia and Surrey

Plan to link to similar projects in Alberta and California

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International Hydrogen Efforts

International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Hydrogen Program

Established in 1977 with 15 member countries Global resource for technical expertise in hydrogen Vision

Hydrogen future based on a clean sustainable energy supply

Mission Accelerate hydrogen implementation and widespread utilization

Strategy Facilitate, coordinate, and maintain innovative RD&D through international

cooperation and information exchange

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International Hydrogen Efforts

International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) Purpose

Provides a mechanism for partners to organize, coordinate and implement effective, efficient, and focused international research, development, demonstration and commercial utilization activities related to hydrogen and fuel cell technologies

provides a forum for advancing policies, and common technical codes and standards that can accelerate the cost-effective transition to a hydrogen economy

Educates and informs stakeholders and the general public on the benefits of, and challenges to, establishing the hydrogen economy

International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

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Hydrogen Basics

Simplest, lightest, and most plentiful element (#1 on Periodic Table)

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Hydrogen Basics

Diffuses Rapidly Rises 2 times faster than helium and 6 times faster than natural gas (hydrogen will

escape up and away from the user) Dilutes quickly into a non-flammable concentration

At room temperature, hydrogen is a very light gas

Colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonpoisonous gas

Will not contribute to groundwater pollution

Second lowest boiling and melting points of all substances, second to helium Liquid below its boiling point of 20K (-423F, -253C) Solid below its melting point of 14K (-434F, -259C)

Hydrogen Molecule

Nuclei

0K (“absolute zero”) is the lowest temperature in the universe at which molecular motion stops. Temperatures below -100F are known as cryogenic temperatures and liquids below this temperature are cryogenic liquids

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Hydrogen Basics

Detectability Odorless, tasteless, and colorless Sensors can be used to detect hydrogen in enclosed areas No known odorants, such as mercaptans and thiophanes (as used in

natural gas), can be used with hydrogen since the sulfur contaminate fuel cells

Toxicity Non-toxic and nonpoisonous; does not create “fumes”

Asphyxiation Hydrogen is of no more concern than other gases In open areas, hydrogen disperses rapidly

College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

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Hydrogen Leakage

Natural Resources Canada, “Transforming the Future: Moving Toward Fuel Cell-Powered Fleets in Canadian Urban Transit Systems”, February 2005

Molecular Weight

Density of Gas (lb/ft3)

Viscosity of Gas at NTP (g/cm-s)

Diffusion Coefficient in still air at NTP (cm2/s)

Buoyancy (density relative to air)

PROPERTY HYDROGEN METHANE PROPANE GASOLINE

2.02 16.04 44.06 ~107

5.2*10-3 0.04 0.12 0.27

8.9*10-5 11.17*10-5 8*10-5 5.2*10-5

0.51 0.16 0.12 0.05

0.07 0.55 1.52 3.4-4.0

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Hydrogen Dissipation

Hydrogen

Natural Gas

Propane

Gasoline

Diesel

Air

Fuel Diffusion Coefficient in Air

Vapor Density at NTP (lb/ft3)

Buoyancy in Air at NTP

Vapor Density at NBP (lb/ft3)

Buoyancy in Air at NBP

Rank in Confined/ Unconfined Areas

0.61

0.16

0.12

0.05

<0.10

Positive

Positive

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Level 5/1

Level 4/1

Level 2/3

Level 1/4

Level 1/5

0

0

Unknown

0

Unknown

Negative0

0.0052

0.04

0.12

0.27

0.44

0.07

Natural Resources Canada, “Transforming the Future: Moving Toward Fuel Cell-Powered Fleets in Canadian Urban Transit Systems”, February 2005

Level 1 – low, Level 2 – minor, Level 3 – moderate, Level 4 – high, Level 5 – severe

Relative Dissipation Hazard of Hydrogen

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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

Energy Content of Comparative Fuels

College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

Energy Density of Comparative Fuels

College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

Flashpoint of Comparative Fuels

Explosions An oxidizer, like oxygen must be present Little chance to explode in air due to its buoyancy Cannot occur in a tank or contained location that only contains hydrogen

College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

Wide Range of Flammability Hydrogen can be combusted in

a wide range of AFRs (34:1 to 180:1)

Stoichiometry – 14.7:1 for gasoline, 34:1 for hydrogen

Can run on a lean mixture (better fuel economy and more complete combustion)

Lean mixture can reduce power output of the engine

Lower combustion temperatures result in lower NOx levels

College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

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Handling Can be handled as safely as any other fuel Different combustion properties than gasoline or diesel

Hydrogen Combustion Properties

College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

Octane Numbers of Comparative Fuels

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Hydrogen Combustion Properties

Low Radiant Heat Significantly less radiant heat

than a hydrocarbon fire Due to low levels of heat near

the flame, risk of secondary fire is lower

Hydrogen Flames

Hydrocarbon Flames

Module 1, “Hydrogen Basics”