7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

1/29

C.F. Tolman (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill , NewYork and London.

D.K. Todd (1995): Groundwater Hydrology, John Wileyand Sons.

F.G. Driscoll (1988): Groundwater and Wells, UOP,Johnson Div.St.Paul. Min. USA.

H.M. Raghunath (1990): Groundwater, Wiley Eastern

Ltd.,H.S. Nagabhushaniah (2001): Groundwater in

Hydrosphere (Groundwater hydrology), CBS Publ..

K. R. Karanth (1989): Hydrogeology, Tata McGraw Hill

Publ..S.N. Davies and R.J.N. De Wiest (1966): Hydrogeology,

John Wiley and Sons, New York.

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

2/29

Introduction

to

Hydrogeology

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

3/29

Introduction

to

Hydrogeology

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

4/29

Hydrology: Processes governing the depletion

and replenishment of water resources of land

areas of the earth.Dealing with ground water

Hydrogeology: Mode of occurrence,

distribution, movement and chemistry of

water occurring in the subsurface in

relation to the geological environment.Geohydrology: Emphasising the

hydrologic aspect.

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

5/29

Dealing with surface water

Potamology: Science of surface

stream

Limnology: Science of Lakes

Cryology: Science of snow and ice

Dealing with air water Hydrometeorology

Climetology

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

6/29

Importance

Evaluation of surface water- required

parameters- precipitation, infiltration, slope

Evaluation of ground water-required

parameters-geometry of basin, storage, yield,

properties of aquifer

Mineral prospecting and mining- Sulphide

minerals-1ppm Zinc Evaluation of sites for geotechnical

construction reservoir and dam

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

7/29

Problem related to pollution

Proper management of water resource-

Problem-

excess extraction of ground water

depletion of water level, subsidence ofland surface---- both by artificial recharge

Excess use of surface water for irrigation

water logging---by conjuctive use

d d l

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

8/29

Groundwater development

Stratigraphy

Petrography

Structural Geology

Geomorphology

------ Presence of aquifer, type ofaquifer, dimension of aquifer,

lithofacies variation productivity,quality of water, structure offormation

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

9/29

Water resource

Ocean- 97% Ice caps 2%

Deep ground water 0.31%

Fresh water 0.69% (surface water 3%,

subsurface 97%)

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

10/29

Hydrogeology and

environment Construction of reservoirshallow watertable

Deforestation---reduce infiltration andrecharge, increase runoff and erosion andevaporation

Waste disposal--- water quality (waterpollution)

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

11/29

Hydrogeological

classification of rocks

Consolidated (hard)

Unconsolidated (soft)

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

12/29

Hydrologic cycle: The circulation ofwater from the ocean to the

atmosphere, atmosphere to thelithosphere and lithosphere to theocean occurring through complex and

independent process includingprecipitation, runoff, ground waterflow, evaporation and transpiration, iscalled hydrologic cycle.

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

13/29

The stages of the Hydrological Cycle.

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

14/29

Hydrologic cycle

Precipitation

Evaporation Transpiration

Evapotranspiration

Field capacity Wilting point

Consumptive use

Conjunctive use

Infiltration

Run off

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

15/29

1.Precipitation: It is

atmospheric discharge of

water in the form of the solid,

liquid from the earth surface.

The distribution of water onthe surface and subsurface is

governed by duration andintensity of precipitations.

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

16/29

Types of precipitation

CyclonicConvective

Orographic

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

17/29

Forms of Precipitation

Drizzle--.1-.5mm

Rain-- >.5mm

Glaze

Sleetice pellets14mm

Snowice crystal

Hail->5mm

Dew

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

18/29

2. Evaporation and transpiration:

It is the process by which water is

returned to the atmosphere.

Evaporation:

Sublimation:Transpiration:

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

19/29

Factors affecting evaporation

MeteorologicalRadiation,temperature,humidi

ty,wind, pressurePhysical factors: water quality,

shape and size of evaporatingsurface

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

20/29

(i) Wilting point: Lowest amount of moisture

that is held by soil, not available for

transpiration by vegetation, is the wiltingpoint

(ii)Field capacity: The maximum water thatthe soil can hold against the force of gravity.

Available soil moisture: Difference between

field capacity and wilting point

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

21/29

1. Transpiration: The part of water

reaching the ground is evaporated

through the leaves. 2. Evapo-transpiration:The umulative

loss by evaporation and transpiration

(i) Consumptive use: Term includes

water used in plant metabolism and

evapo-transpiration.

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

22/29

4. Infiltration: Moving of

precipitated water in tosubsurface. The rate of

infiltration depends onthe rain fall intensity,

duration and texture of

materials

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

23/29

Runoff. Runoff is the water

discharged through streamconsisting wholly, or in

part, of water contributedby overland flow (surface

runoff) and ground waterflow (base flow).

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

24/29

Vertical distribution

of water or kind of

ground water Zone of aeration

Zone of saturation

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

25/29

Above water table

Soil water

Pellicular water

Vadose

Pearched waterCapillary water

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

26/29

Below water table

Free water

Confined waterFixed water

Connet water

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

27/29

Zone of saturation

AquiferAquitard

Aquiclude

Aquifuge

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

28/29

Types of aquifer

Unconfined or water table orphreatic

Confined or artesian orpressure

Leaky or semi confined

7/30/2019 Hydrology Slides

29/29

Piezometric

surface