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METHODS OF

COLLECTION &TRANSMISSION

Communication Systems

by

Engr. Khurram Hashmi

OfHydro Metrological Data

being used on the

INDUS BASIN


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Hydro Metrological Data

Precipitation

Rain

Snow fall

Temperature Wind speed, direction

Solar Radiation

Relative Humidity

Volume of water flowing (Million Acres Feet) Water level (Rivers, Canals)

Discharge (Rivers, Canals, Barrages)


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Indus

Basin


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Hydro-Met Data usage

Predicting Glacier and snow melt in-flows into

the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs

Flood forecasting

Used in studying the effects climate changeand its impact on the water resources


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Hydro-Meteorological Data

Transmission Media

HF Radio

Flood Data (Voice) network.

Meteor Burst Communication

Snow & Ice Hydrology Network

Flood Telemetry network

Satellite Communication (VSAT)

Indus Basin Irrigation System Telemetry Network


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Indus basin



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Meteors

Trail

Trail is composed ofionized Particles

Denser thanSurrounding air

Can reflect Radiowaves


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Meteor Scatter

Discovered in the 1930s


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System

Master CollectionStation

Remote Terminal

Units (RTUs)

Main(Master Collection Station)

Remotes


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System (SNOTEL)

2000 km max


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Snow & Ice Hydrology WAPDA

Flood Telemetry Network WAPDA

Meteor Burst CommunicationNetwork Indus Basin


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Meteor Burst Network- Indus Basin

64 RTUs

2 Masters

OperatingFrequency:

40-42 MHz

Master CollectionStations

(2)

Northern areas

(Gilgit Baltistan)

RTUs

(20)

Foot hills & Plains

RTUs

(44)

Collected Data used forResearch


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MBCS

WAPDA


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Remote Terminal Units ( RTU )

Frequency 41.5 MHz

modulation Bi - Phase ShiftKeying

Data Rate 4 Kbps

PowerConsumption

>100 Watts

Antenna gain 5.5 dB

Frequency 40.925 MHz

modulation Bi Phase Shift

Keying

Data Rate 4 Kbps

Antenna gain 5.5 dB

Noise Figure 4dB

Transmitter Tx Receiver Rx

Same Antenna For Tx & Rx with in between switching


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Tippet Bucket

(Rain)

Pressure Transducerfor River Level( not visible )

Data Transmission Box

Solar Panel

Tx, RxYagiAntenna

RTU - Flood


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SENSORS INSTALLED

Temperature

Precipitation

Relative Humidity

Solar Radiation

Snow Water Equivalent

Wind (Speed; Direction)

Khunjerab (4710masl)

Remote Terminal Unit-Mountains

Wind

Temperature

Relative Humidity

Solar RadiationPrecipitation

Snow Pillow(buried)


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Sonic Sensor

Antenna

TemperatureSensor

RTUSonic Water Level Sensor

Solar panelData Transmission Box


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Sonic Sensor Fixing Arrangement

Looking Upward

Sonic Sensor for River Level

Antenna

Solar panel


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SONIC SENSOR From Top


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DataLogger canstore up to7 days of

Data

360 daysmemory innewerversions

100 Amp hr12 Voltsbattery

Battery

Radio

Data Logger

Temperature SensorFuses

Inside Data Transmission Box


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Master Station

Capable ofHandling 1000Remote TerminalUnits

Output Power500W


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Master Collection Station

Frequency 40.5 MHz

modulation Bi - Phase ShiftKeying

Data Rate 4 Kbps

PowerConsumption

500 Watts

Antenna gain 7dB

Frequency 41.5 MHz

modulation Bi - Phase Shift

Keying

Data Rate 4 Kbps

Antenna gain 7dB

Noise Figure 4dB

Transmitter Tx Receiver Rx

One Antenna For Tx More than one for Rx


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Snow & Ice Hydrology Network

20 RTUs

FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK


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FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK

44 RTUs


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System Reliability: operating without problems since1993

System Performance: 95% of data received from 95%stations within an hour.

Data Security : No loss of Data Usage: Good for Quasi Real Time data transmission

Dependence: System completely owned by WAPDA

Power Requirements: Works on minimum power. ForRemote Stations One 100 Amp-Hr Battery is good for one

year. Maintenance Requirements: Minimum maintenance

Flexibility : Master Station can handle 1000 Stations

Low cost Operation

MBCS - System performance


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Being used elsewhere

Meteor Burst


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Nile Basin Study and Management


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Nile Delta

o300Remote Terminal Units

o20 Sub Masters

oManaging the Aswan High Dam


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An Irrigation canal - Nile

SNO k T l N k


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SNOpack Telemetry Network

(SNOTEL) , USA

600 RemoteTerminal Units

2 Masters

13 states USA


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Weather Map - SNOTEL

F M S f


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Future Mars Surface

Communication System

Proposed for usage in futurecommunication on mars


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Railroad Signals

Point to point communication along tracks in

USA

The transmission rate is of the order of milli-

seconds


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Indus Basin Irrigation System telemetryNetwork



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VSAT

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is atwo-way satellite ground station.

A stabilized maritime VSAT antenna with

a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from

75 cm to 1.2 m.

Data rates typically range from 56 Kbit/s up to4 Mbit/s.


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VSAT

VSATs access satellites in geosynchronousorbit to relay data from small remote earth stations(terminals) to other terminals (in meshconfigurations) or master earth stations "hubs"

VSATs are most commonly used totransmit narrowband data (point ofsale transactions such as credit card, or SCADA),or broadband data (for the provision of Satellite

Internet access to remote locations). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-

move or mobile maritime communications.


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Installed in 2003

To verify water distribution among theprovinces.

Indus Basin Irrigation System TelemetryNetwork


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23 Data acquisition sites.

8 Monitoring sites

Sensors:

a. Water level sensors

(ultrasonic type)

b. Gate position sensors

(pulse type)


Indus Basin Irrigation System TelemetryNetwork


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Gate Position Sensor

Attached to the

barrage gate liftingshafts

Counts shaftrevolutions

Determines the

opening of barragegates


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Observation well

By the side of

Barrages

For themeasurement of

water level

Ultrasonic sensors

installed


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Data Acquisition Unit (DAU)

Collection point forData from Gateopening sensors

Relays data to theMain Unit


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Link To Satellite - Main Unit


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Telemetry Project for Indus Basin Irrigation System

Telemetr Project for Ind s Basin Irrigation S stem


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Telemetry Project for Indus Basin Irrigation System

WATER


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WATERDISCHARGE MEASUREMENT

REMOTE SITES

The project includes installation ofmonitoring system at 23 remote site, theseremote sites includes 17 barrages whichare built over tributaries of Indus basinirrigation system and their respective canalheadworks, 02 water reservoirs (Tarbela

and Mangla dams) and 04 canals.

WATER


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WATERDISCHARGE MEASUREMENT

MONITORING SITES

Data such as Water discharge, level andgate positions and voice communicationfrom 23 remote sites is made available tothe following monitoring sites via VSATlink.

IRSA Headquarters CE WAPDA CE Advisor SI Punjab SI SINDH SI N.W.F.P SI Baluchistan CE D.M. Jamali


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HF Radio

High Freq. Voice Communication


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What Does HF Mean?HF stands for HIGH FREQUENCY

These are the frequencies from 1.8* to 30MHz or the 160 meterto 10 meter bands.

HF is also known as shortwave.

*160m is actually a Mid Frequency (MF) band but it is included inthe Amateur HF bands for ease of discussion.


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How is HF different thanFM repeaters?

Allows communication beyond line of sight.Contacts are generally a couple of hundredmiles to over several thousand miles.

Propagation is strongly effected by solar

activity. Several communication modes are available to

use. SSB, CW, RTTY, SSTV, Digital, AM


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HF Radio

Flood Data Voice Network


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Transmission Tower


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Frequency BandsChannels Frequency: kHz

1 9414

2 7968

3 6500

4 5600

5 53006 5219

7 5205

8 5155

9 5071

10 4700

11 3205

12 3209.5

13 6760.5

14 7962.5

Channels Frequency: kHz

15 9283.5

16 3500

Morning

Night


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Manual Gauge- River Kunhar


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Manual Gauge- River Kunhar


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Gari Habibullah - River Kunhar

H F R dio Comm Net ork FFT


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H.F. Radio Comm. Network -FFT


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Conclusion. . .


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A Glacier Gilgit BaltistanThese pictures were taken during field maintenance tours


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The Karakorums near Ataabad


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Field Maintenance Crew Snow & Ice Hydrology Project (WAPDA)Crossing the Ataabad Lake


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Taking manual water level measurements - to configure sensors


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Taking manual water level measurements - to configure sensors


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Thank You

Exploring new horizonsCrossing the Atabad Lake. .

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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