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Hydro energy

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Hydro Energy

Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken from water and converted to electricity. Hydro energy can be obtained by using many methods of capture. The most common method of using energy from water is a hydroelectric dam, where water coming down through an area causes turbines to rotate and the energy is captured to run a generator. Power can also be generated from the energy of tidal forces or wave power, which uses the energy created by waves.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Hydropower to Electric Power

PotentialEnergy

KineticEnergy

ElectricalEnergy

MechanicalEnergy

Electricity

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Sources of Electric Power – US

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Renewable Energy Sources

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World Trends in Hydropower

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World hydro production

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World’s Largest Dams

Ranked by maximum power.

Name Country Year

MaxGeneratio

nAnnual

Production

Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW

Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs

Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs

Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs

Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW

Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW

Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs

Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs

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Three Gorges Dam (China)

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Three Gorges Dam Location Map

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Arch Dams

Aldeadávila Dam (in Spain)

Water Forces

Weight Forces

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Gravity Dams

Guri Dam (in Venezuela)

Water forces

Weight Forces

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Arch-Gravity dams

Hoover Dam (between the U.S. States of Arizona and Nevada)Hoover Dam (between the U.S. States of Arizona and Nevada)

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Uses of Dams – US

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Types of Hydroelectric Installation

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ExampleHoover Dam (US)

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Turbine DesignFrancis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs

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Types of Hydropower Turbines

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Classification of Hydro Turbines Reaction Turbines

Derive power from pressure drop across turbine Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines

Impulse Turbines Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

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Kaplan Turbine Schematic

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Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup

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Horizontal Kaplan Turbine

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Pelton Wheel Turbine

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Turgo Turbine

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Major Hydropower Producers Canada, 341,312 GWh (66,954 MW installed) USA, 319,484 GWh (79,511 MW installed) Brazil, 285,603 GWh (57,517 MW installed) China, 204,300 GWh (65,000 MW installed) Russia, 173,500 GWh (44,700 MW installed) Norway, 121,824 GWh (27,528 MW installed) Japan, 84,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed) India, 82,237 GWh (22,083 MW installed) France, 77,500 GWh (25,335 MW installed)

1999 figures, including pumped-storage hydroelectricity

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World Energy Sources

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Problems with Hydro Electricity About 50% of the United States potential for hydroelectric

energy has been tapped. However, further advances are unlikely.

The Wild and Scenic River Act and the Endangered Species Act have inhibited development of some sites

Silt collection in hydroelectric Dam storage volumes over time causes maintenance issues, as well as environmental concerns

The loss of free flowing streams and land due to flooding behind the dam disturbs the life of species: eg – Salmon

Possibility of dam failure

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