Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to citation in figures and/or tables

A

A-type granite, magmatism, xxviii, 107, 166,168, 175, 177, 190, 192, 198,206–211, 275, 280–281, 290, 304,305–307, 315, 318, 335, 381, 390,400, 467, 571, 573, 885, 945, 991,1227

Abitibi, xxix, 77, 188, 191, 260, 581, 583, 664,683–685, 887, 920–921, 924

Abra deposit, xxix, 276, 703–705, 714Afar Triangle, 750–751Aggeneys, 810–814Alaska, xxiii, 171, 260, 262, 263, 358, 782,

808, 888, 892, 913, 1103, 1191Alba Patera, 1134, 1135, 1140, 1142Alkali metasomatism, 89, 91, 95, 96,

104–107, 218, 220, 224, 241, 286,296, 303, 304, 305, 307, 360, 362,389, 771, 788, 890, 945, 1006, 1099,1101, 1112, 1121, 1195

Alligator River U field, 1232Jabiluka and Nabarlek, 1233–1234

Anatolia (Turkey), 456, 457, 458, 462Anorogenic, xxiv, xxvii, 132, 157, 167,

187–188, 190, 191, 194–196, 199,205, 220, 228, 236, 258, 262290,308, 310–311, 315, 328, 401, 467,747, 785, 787, 991–992, 1112, 1221

Alkaline intrusions, 157, 168Ring complexes, 73, 106–109, 206, 280,

282, 284, 285–289, 290, 296, 303,306, 340, 398,

Antarctica, 14, 197, 786, 912, 1155–1156,1191, 1197

Arsia Mons, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1160Ascraeus Mons, 1140, 1141Asgat-Ozernoe, 278–280

Asteroid(s), 3, 6, 8, 850, 1030, 1034, 1039,1097, 1098, 1132, 1141–1143, 1164,1180–1181, 1193–1194

Atlantis II Deep, see Red SeaAustralia, 10, 14, 77, 141, 184, 196, 260, 269,

289, 309, 311, 320, 460, 782, 786,806, 885, 912, 1198

Queensland, 269, 1077Northern Territory, 136South Australia, 135, 155, 190, 198, 312,

995, 1221, 1235Tasmania, 687Western Australia, 80, 110, 123, 133, 137,

154, 181, 187, 197, 262, 275, 297,302, 419, 486, 492, 554, 581, 664,703, 705, 734–735, 784, 890, 985,1041, 1065, 1187, 1198, 1234

B

Bacteria, see MicrobesBaikal, 573, 728, 733, 911, 912

Rift system, 1143, 179, 182, 409Lake, 14, 181, 497, 500, 734, 735, 914,

929, 930,Banded iron formation (BIF), xxviii-xxix, 9,

51, 76, 141, 169, 179, 192, 195, 198,323, 684, 709, 713, 730, 734, 746,781, 787, 802–803, 809, 811,843–845, 846, 847, 849–850, 860,890–891, 893, 910, 946, 982, 1039,1049, 1062, 1159, 1187

Genetic models, 850Superior type and Gunflint, 859

Basins, see Sedimentary basinsBasin-and-Range province, 181–182,

186–189, 303, 309, 467, 481–482,484, 575, 895, 945, 1143

1243

Basin-and-Range province (cont.)See also Great Basin

Bayan Obo, xxiv, 187, 303, 306, 311,328–335, 330, 333–334, 340

Berg Aukas, 828–829, 830, 831–832,836–839, 839, 985

See also Breccia pipeBesshi ore system, 179, 627, 649, 655,

661–663, 676, 714, 809Bingham, 85, 547–548Biosignatures, 1187–1194Biosphere, xxvii, 8, 198, 1027, 1044,

1046–1050Boiling fluids, 22–23, 36, 40, 41, 48–51,

75, 79, 97, 113, 121, 122–124,225, 248, 308, 356, 361, 370, 376,405, 406, 416, 423, 426, 430,433, 434–435, 436, 438–439,445–447, 455–456, 480, 486,494–496, 499, 503–504,506–509, 512, 552, 599,602, 608, 613, 630, 665,673, 700, 745, 940, 942,969, 971, 979, 996, 1053,1060, 1100, 1120, 1195

Second (retrograde) boiling, 82, 88, 214,241, 376, 403, 407,

Brandberg (West; alkaline complex), 136,250–258, 252, 253, 257, 286, 287,290, 292

Breccia pipe, 82, 114, 116, 124, 132, 178, 206,215, 216, 226, 244, 260–261, 269,360, 374–375, 377, 400, 403–405,406, 407–414, 418, 431, 443, 477,537, 569, 704, 747, 822, 831, 946,948, 1222, 1224, 1238,

Berg Aukas, 836, 839Tsumeb pipe, 832, 833, 839

Broadlands, 33, 47, 500–503Bougainville, 368–369Broken Hill (Australia), 801–806Bushveld Igneous Complex, 132, 135,

165–166, 192, 196, 220, 230–238,262, 273, 275, 298, 299, 322, 324,1107, 1108, 1110

C

Caldera (volcanic, structure), 13, 31, 107,152, 210, 252, 292–294, 300, 304,311, 314, 379, 398, 425, 430, 447,448, 449, 472, 482, 485, 487, 490,497, 513, 619, 632, 635, 641–643,647, 662, 665–666, 671–673, 674,

675, 677, 679, 684, 688, 693, 775,1051, 1081, 1083, 1140, 1157, 1161,1173, 1179, 1222, 1224

Axial Seamount caldera, 619Brothers caldera, 637, 639, 641Luise Caldera, 446Uzon Caldera, 499Valles Caldera, 392, 393Waihi Caldera, 448Yellowstone Caldera, 507–509, 512

Cannakale Volcanic Field, 456, 457Candelaria, 336–339Capricorn Orogen, see OrogenCarbon isotopes, 63–64, 134, 892, 960, 1071,

1186, 1192Carbonate-hosted ore systems, see MVTCarbonatite, 106–110, 148, 191, 272, 281,

282, 285–286, 288, 290, 292,296–297, 300, 301, 303, 309, 335,587, 596, 743, 867, 962, 1215,1221–1224

Mountain Pass carbonatite, 303Palabora (Lolekop) carbonatite, 326,

1224Carlin (ore deposits; Carlin-style), xxiii, 153,

169, 216, 261, 355, 400, 482, 843,885, 965–968, 1008

Carlin deposit, 969Genetic models, 971

Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), 173,258, 381, 382, 387, 427, 592, 597,598

Century deposit, 799–800Cerro Rico deposit, 378Champagne Pool, 31, 32, 33, 34, 503, 606, 1060Chimney (sulphide, vents, smokers), 603,

617, 625–628, 640–641, 648Chuquicamata porphyry system, 371,

372–373Classification of ore deposits, xxiii, xxvClimax porphyry system, 392, 393, 395–396Cloncurry (IOCG district), 190, 306, 311,

319, 325Coastal Volcanic Belt, 466, 468, 472Complex ions, xxvii, 44– 47, 50, 178, 434–438

See also LigandsContinental flood basalts, 183, 188, 192, 195,

285, 281, 310, 332, 334, 425, 584,731, 734, 974, 976, 1156

Deccan, 286Etendeka (Parana), 290, 314Ethiopian, 743Siberian Traps, 310

1244 Index

CopperbeltCentral African, 764, 766, 767,Kalahari, 764Zambian, 764, 770

Coromandel Volcanic Zone, 123, 448, 449,451,

Cornwall, 238–242, 992Cyprus Island, 652

Sulphide ores, 653–654

D

Damaraland, 289–292Decay series of U and Th, 1219Delamination (lithospheric, tectonics),

184–186, 571, 573, 574, 575, 886,917, 920, 945, 962, 963

Deuterium, 52–57, 55, 257, 325, 441,445–446, 470, 892, 909, 958, 959

Dogancilar, see KirazliDongchuan, 765Dresser Formation, 1082, 1084, 1086

E

Earaheedy Basin, 276, 787, 817, 844, 846,847, 857, 858, 860, 985, 1039, 1112,1189

East African Rift System, xxix, 14, 38, 179,182, 187, 281, 282, 288, 320, 494,515, 554, 590, 730, 741–748, 747,751, 1133, 1143, 1191, 1202

East Greenland, 417–419East Pacific Rise, 548, 581, 604, 606, 614,

614, 615–619, 620. 1052Ecosystems, xxix-xxx, 31, 38, 581, 599, 714,

1033, 1045, 1047, 1050, 1058, 1063,1067, 1077, 1079, 1082, 1086, 1170,1188

El Indio-Pascua belt, 475–480, 476, 478Epithermal systems, 120–122, 422–426

Active epithermal systems, 493Alkalic type, 431Caldera setting, 491, 495, 513,Classification and models, 428, 432,Fossil epithermal system, 426High sulphidation, 430Hot spring type see Hot springLow sulphidation, 429, 484

Etendeka, 291See also Continental flood basalts

Erongo (volcanic complex), 286, 287, 290,292–296

Evaporite(s), 10, 11, 12, 12, 62, 132, 136, 184,219, 309, 319, 494, 567, 590, 609,

614, 727, 730, 731, 735, 736, 738,750, 752, 753, 758, 760, 762, 764,778, 806, 807, 816, 817, 826–827,833, 842, 867, 895, 903, 1004, 1006,1040, 1046, 1062, 1154, 1156, 1160,1191, 1192, 1198

In ore genesis, 837–838In SEDEX ore systems, 781,

783–785, 796Zeichstein evaporate, 779

Extraterrestrial life, 1181–1187

F

Fenite, 89, 106–111, 327See also Alkali metasomatism

Fluid inclusions, 38–42, 40, 244, 266–267,318, 325, 335, 370, 389, 403, 445,700

Fugacity (oxygen), 26, 28, 29, 213, 228, 414,427, 437

Fumaroles, 31, 36–38, 50, 84, 94, 387, 423,425, 439, 447, 490, 495, 496, 499,500, 504, 507, 632, 745, 751, 1161

G

Gamsberg, 810, 812–813See also Aggeneys

Gangdise porphyry belt, 410, 412–413Gascoyne Complex, 110, 123, 133, 275, 276,

553, 554, 555, 703, 1223Gas Hydrates, xxx, 1065, 1067, 1069

Hydrate Ridge, 1068Gawler Craton, 198, 311, 312, 313, 315, 319,

321, 786, 788Geothermal system, see EpithermalGeysers-Clear Lake, 505–507Granular iron formation (GIF), 198, 713,

844, 847, 857, 859, 860, 1113, 1115Great Basin, 181, 187, 189, 424, 481–484,

485, 972See also Basin-and-Range

Great Oxidation Event (GOE), 1041–1044Greisen, 101, 206, 217, 218–230, 222, 223,

226, 248Endogreisen, 231Exogreisen, 236, 246

Groundwater, 4, 6, 15–17, 120, 319, 356, 407,422, 439, 455, 472, 496, 503, 514,736, 739, 745, 778, 818, 987, 993,997, 1073, 1136, 1144, 1149,1154–1155, 1158, 1160–1162, 1194,1200, 1223, 1237

Guaymas Basin, 179, 609, 627, 630

Index 1245

Gulf of California, 615, 616, 620, 627–629,630, 661

Gusev crater, 1136, 1145, 1195

H

Haib porphyry system, 357, 421–422Hauraki, 448–453Hemlo deposit, 920High Heat Production Granites, 990

Central Australian Heat province, 995Heat production constants, 991

Helium isotopes, 57–61, 413, 511–512,895, 961

Hitalba Suite, 315–316Hot spring, xxvii, 9, 16, 19, 22, 30–33, 38, 42,

55, 94, 121, 142, 287, 297, 303, 411,423, 425, 430, 431, 439, 442, 446,447, 489, 494, 499, 501, 581, 599,613, 631, 730, 735, 738, 907, 941,942, 973, 1027, 1031, 1038, 1045,1050, 1058–1063, 1077, 1100,1191, 1222

in East African rifts, 745–748, 749, 750Hot spring-type epithermal system,

432, 433on Mars, 1133, 1158, 1161, 1200Paralana hot springs, 995, 996Red Sea, 760, 867Seafloor/submarine hot springs, 654, 662,

671, 1034Yellowstone National Park hot springs,

508, 509–511see also Yellowstone National

ParkSee also epithermal

Huangshan Complex, 471Hydrogen, 1, 17–18, 23, 25, 51–54, 111, 1030,

1033, 1036, 1048, 1055, 1057, 1153,1182, 1185

Ion metasomatism, 91–92, 127, 218, 541Hydrolysis, 1, 17–18, 51, 91, 111, 128, 642,

1073Hydrosphere, xxvii, xxix, 2–3, 5–7, 9, 13, 198,

850, 902, 1028, 1046, 1151Hydrothermal (system, definition),

74, 80–86Breccia, 122–124, 236,Breccia pipe, 269–272Hydrothermal systems and life, 1168on Mars, 1152, 1157on Titan, 1178Sudbury, 1103Terminology, 98–99

Uranium, 1220, 1222, 1230, 1238 (timedistribution)

Vein, 76–79Hydrothermal Alteration, 90–91, 94–94, 93

Alteration pipe, 142, 608, 665, 673, 676,683, 684, 689, 693, 696

Alteration in Kuroko systems, 125Argillic, 51, 83, 96, 103–104,

115, 118, 120, 215, 224, 363,364, 384, 399, 416, 445, 455,459, 541, 546, 911, 966, 968,1078, 1161, 1228

Carbonate, 136–137Greisen alteration see GreisenHematitic, 123, 135, 316, 900, 1071Hydrogen metasomatism, 91Hydrolitic, 91, 357, 541, 1002in impact structures, 1114–1117,

1119, 1124Phyllic (sericitic, QSP), 83, 95, 96, 99,

101–103, 112, 114, 116, 147, 240,246, 272, 360, 370, 389, 402, 420,459, 546, 1078,

in porphyry systems, 111Potassic, 83, 96, 97–101, 105–106, 112,

115, 118, 308, 336, 361, 364, 370,375, 384, 403, 420, 455, 548, 699,771, 924, 1001, 1124

Serpentinisation, 133, 624, 1043,1179, 1194

Terminology, 98–99Skarn type see SkarnTalc-carbonate, xxvii, 133, 910Tourmalinisation, 123, 217, 132,

241, 295

I

Iberian Pyrite Belt, 197, 693–697Neves Corvo, 697Rio Tinto, 697Model, 702

Impact structures (meteorites)Lockne, 1105on Mars 1162, 1195, 1196, 1197Shoemaker, 1112Sudbury, 1003Vredefort, 1106Woodleigh, 1121Yarrabubba, 1119

Inglefield Land (Greenland), 997Rust zones and ore genesis, 1002

Iron formations, see Banded and granularGenetic models, 850–857

1246 Index

Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG), 166, 167,168, 190, 192, 198, 206, 306–311,313, 320, 328, 336, 1221,1225, 1238

Districts, 310Island arcs, 14, 30, 117, 168, 171, 173, 209,

306, 358, 632, 633–636, 368–369,390, 465, 538, 599, 606, 632, 683,1077

Izu-Bonin arc, 642List of volcanic arcs, 634

J

Jinduicheng porphyry deposit, 357, 402–403Juan de Fuca, 585, 595, 606, 619–620, 647,

661, 1068

K

Kaapvaal Craton, 192, 196, 809, 844, 862,888, 910, 981, 1038, 1106, 1107

Kalguta, 258–259Kalahari Manganese field, 845, 862–864Kamchatka peninsula, 497–499Kanowna Bell, 492–493Kemptville, 248–249Kermadec-Tonga, 637, 638Kidston, 269–272Kilba Well prospect, 555

Mineral assemblages, 557Kimberlite, 288–289King Island, 552–553Kirazli, 459–461Klein Aub, 775–778Kombat (Otavi Mountain Land), 834–836Kruidfontein, 287, 299, 300–303Kupferschiefer, 190, 727, 730, 736, 761–765,

779, 974Kuril, 498

See also Kamchatka peninsulaKuroko ore systems, 125–126, 197, 665, 667,

672, 682Kuroko deposits in Japan, 679

L

Ladolam, 442–445Lamproite, 288–289Lau Basin, 169, 632, 637, 644Lead isotopes, 63, 837, 842, 950Leimengou, 400Lena goldfield (Sukhoi Log), 929Lennard Shelf, 817, 819, 840, 841, 842Life on Earth, 1037–1041Ligands, 44–47, 434–438

Lihir island, 443See also Ladolam

Limousin (Massif Central), 1228Lockne, see Impact structuresLode Au (orogenic/mesothermal), 42, 262,

493, 559, 888, 889, 910, 917, 919,961

Alteration, 939Golden Mile, 917, 918in Jiadong peninsula, 956Orogenic lodes, 909in New Zealand, 935

Lost City, 623–624, 625–626Lufillian arc/orogen, 197, 310, 560, 741, 766,

780, 815

M

Macraes Flat (Round Hill), 938Magellan deposit, 985–989

See also NonsulphideMalanjkhand porphyry, 420–421Manganese oxide ore, 861–864

See also Iron formationMantle plume, 180, 187, 191, 282, 290, 320,

713, 1139Martha Hill, 453–456Matchless Amphibolite Belt, 655–656

Gorob, 660Otjihase mineralisation, 657–659

McArthur River (and HYC), 792–796Metalliferous sediments, 864–866

Black shales, 974Metamorphism

of altered rocks, 137–142hydrothermal, 74, 124, 130, 650, 1082metamorphic minerals, 139–140metamorphic fluid generation,

895–901ocean floor, 127, 599

MetasomatismPotassic, 88, 100, 106, 331Sodic, 104, 305, 1100Metasomatic reactions in skarns, 542See also Hydrothermal alteration

Microbes (microbial life/bacteria), 32, 33,745, 825, 847, 1025, 1029, 1033,1047, 1051–1058, 1060, 1062, 1070,1186, 1192, 1194, 1200, 1217, 1237

Bacteria in ore genesis, 1046Glossary of terms, 1027Metabolic processes, 1055–1056Microbial mats, 503, 618, 1187Oxidising, 38, 61–62, 1048, 1062

Index 1247

Microbes (microbial life/bacteria) (cont.)Photosynthetic, 38, 849, 854, 1063Reducing, 38, 61–62, 667, 753–754,

794, 980in the weathering profile, 1064

Mid ocean ridge, 178, 209, 583, 584–586, 586,587, 589, 592, 596, 599, 613, 616,662, 788, 848, 864, 1051, 1169

See also Spreading centreMineral deposit

definitions, xxi, xxiiSee also Ore deposit

Missouri, 15, 44, 306, 311, 737, 815, 819Moina, 551Mount Bischoff, 244–248Mount Isa, 311, 319, 782, 784, 786, 787,

788, 789, 791, 792, 795, 796–799,801, 1232

Mount Lyell, 687, 688, 691, 692Mount Read Volcanics, 687–688, 690Mud volcanoes, 1071–1073Muruntau deposit, 927MVT (Mississippi Valley type), 170, 171,

730, 769, 819–820Alpine type, 821Irish type, 823Otavi field (Mountain Land), 769,

828–832Viburnum Trend, 819

N

NASA acronyms, 1146Navachab, 547, 560–564Neodymium (Samarium), 259, 307, 328,

412–413, 960New Zealand, 32, 36, 38, 43, 123,

134, 423, 426, 448, 500, 640,866, 935, 1200

Noble gas isotope systematics, see Heliumisotopes

Nonsulphide ore systems, xxx, 818, 828, 981,983–985, 989, 1008

Genetic models, 982Noranda, 683, 684–687North China Craton, 329, 330, 331–332, 334,

381, 399, 566–567, 571, 913, 944,957, 961, 992

O

Oceanic crust, 126–131, 590Ocean floor, 583, 586, 588, 592, 864,

1034, 1065Olympic Dam, 311, 312–319

Olympus Mons, 1135, 1137, 1140, 1158Ophiolite, 592, 596–599

Samail ophiolite, 649Ore system, 98, 167, 192, 216, 218,

285, 308, 362, 403, 425,627, 662, 688, 729, 736, 781,789, 796, 808, 825, 887, 981,1221, 1225, 1230

Orogen, orogenesis, 175, 176, 554Capricorn orogen, 275, 276, 554, 703Central China Orogen, 573Collisional, 170, 174, 175Damara orogen, 137, 184, 250, 257, 272,

560, 562, 655, 767, 769, 775, 812,829, 838

Irumide, 197, 769, 773–775, 809Oslo graben, see RiftingOtavi, see MVTOzernoe, see Askat-OzernoeOxygen isotopes, 52–57, 55, 151–153, 257,

266, 318, 325, 328, 338, 386, 402,441, 445–446, 470, 700, 771, 892,909, 928, 958, 959

Oyu Tolgoi, 381, 383–387

P

Palabora, 283, 287, 299, 307, 326–328Panasqueira, 242–244Panguna, 368–370Panorama district, 664, 709, 710Panspermia, 1030–1031Passive margin, 178, 192Pavonis Mons, 1140, 1141Permeability, 15, 16, 75Pilanesberg, 287, 298, 299Pilbara, 10, 196–197, 486, 664, 705, 706Pilgrim’s Rest, see Sabie-Pilgrim’s RestPipe, see Breccia pipePorphyry system

Alkaline porphyry, 417Classification, 358Distribution, 359, 368Lowell-Guilbert model, 361Cu-Au, 368–370Cu-Mo, 370, 420, 421Mo, 117–119, 371, 396Sn-Ag, 376System, 111, 356Alteration, 112–113

Q

Qinling orogen, 399, 408, 565, 567, 573, 944,946, 951, 954, 956, 965

1248 Index

R

Rapakivi granite, 191, 210Red Beds, 191, 761, 762, 763, 775, 824, 849,

1041, 1049, 1230Red River fault, 413Red Sea, 179, 187, 283, 583, 590, 591, 614,

698, 728, 730, 736, 741, 750–752,806, 812

Atlantis II Deep, 752, 756–760, 758Metalliferous sediments, 134,

755, 760Redox, 24–26, 27, 198, 205, 216, 435,

758, 1053, 1214Reefton goldfield, 935Remote sensing, 153–156Rift, rifting

Baikal rift system see BaikalContinental, 12, 179, 180, 181–184African rifts, 744Evolutionary stages, 730on Mars, 1139Oslo graben (rift), 396, 397, 398Passive and active, 182Rio Grande rift, 393Volcanic rifted margins, 390, 517

Ring complexes, see AnorogenicRodinia, 195–197Roll-front (uranium), 17, 736, 988,

1223, 1235Rooiberg, 236–238Rosebery, 142, 687Rossing (Namibia), 1225Roxby Downs Granite, 316

S

Sabie-Pilgrim’s Rest, 273–275Salton Sea, 513–515Samail, see OphioliteSan Juan volcanic field, 152, 392, 393Scheelite Dome, 262–268Seafloor hydrothermal system, 601, 603, 607,

610, 612, 628, 647, 667, 976, 1033,1051, 1067

Seamount, 587, 588, 599, 616, 647–648Axial Seamount, 619Conical, Seamount, 61, 443, 600, 663Emperor Seamount, 588MacDonald Seamount, 588, 1052

Seawater, 9, 11, 12–13, 447, 628, 667, 670,701, 854, 976

SEDEX (sedimentary exhalative), 165, 190,196, 727

Deposits, 782

Mount Isa type (MIT) and Broken Hilltype (BHT), 806–808

Ore systems, 781South African, 809

Sedimentary basin, 729, 736, 740Classification, 732–733Evolution, 763Rift basins, 734

Shanggong Au lodes, 950Siberian Craton, 930Skarns, 119–120, 216, 265–266

Alteration, 540–546Characteristics, 536–537Common minerals, 539Gold skarns, 558–561Iron skarns, 569Molybdenum skarns, 568Sn-W skarns, 550Tectonic settings, 538Zinc skarns, 567Yangzte River Valley skarns,

570–573Skorpion deposit, 989

See also NonsulphideSmokers, see ChimneysSolar system, 3, 7, 1025, 1030, 1097, 1131,

1138, 1163, 1170, 1174, 1181, 1184,1185, 1188

South China Fold Belt, 463, 464,466, 473

Spinifex Ridge, 419–420Spreading centre (ridge), 128, 178, 599, 610,

615, 619, 621Strelley Pool Chert, 490Sudbury, 1098, 1102–1103, 1104

See also HydrothermalSulphide chimney, see ChimneySulphur isotopes, 61–62, 266, 338, 385, 470,

605, 666, 678, 795, 797, 928, 950,951, 1053

Sulphur Springs deposits, 1079Supercontinent, 191, 192–199, 912Sukhoi Log, see Lena Goldfield

T

Tanganyika (Lake), 515–516, 741,748–750, 749

TaupoLake, 30volcanic zone, 14, 32,

500–504Tennant Creek, 321Terrestrial planets, 3, 7, 192, 1182

Index 1249

Tharsis Montes (province), 1133, 1134, 1139,1140, 1144, 1154, 1157

Tibet, 409, 410, 411Tieluping deposit, 948Tombstone-Tungsten Belt, 268–269Trans-Atlantic Geotraverses (TAG), 614,

621–622Transform fault, 586–587Travertine, 36, 510Tree of Life, 1029Tsumeb, 769, 832–834

See also Breccia pipeTubeworms (vestimentifera), 602, 618, 1052,

1070, 1071, 1077Turkey, see AnatoliaTuwu porphyry deposit, 387–390

U

Unidirectional solidification textures(UST), 217

Urad-Henderson porphyry system, 392, 393,394–395

V

Valles Marineris, 1133, 1136, 1141, 1143,1149, 1157, 1191

VeiningQuartz veins, 78–79,Veins in metamorphic rocks, 907

Vergenoeg, 322–325VMS (volcanogenic/volcanic-hosted/

volcanic associated massivesulphides), 76, 99, 124, 145,153, 169, 188, 197, 276, 381,581, 583, 603, 632, 649, 662–665,670, 672, 673, 676, 675, 676,677–679, 683, 703, 711, 1049,1077, 1079–1082, 1104

Iberian type see Iberian Pyrite BeltKuroko type see KurokoNoranda (Abitibi) type, 683–686Oldest VMS, 705–711, 710Tasmanian VMS, 687–693, 690,

VostokLake, 14–15, 1033, 1197

W

Wairakei, 35, 424, 442, 501, 502, 1163Water

circulation, 4,connate, 19, 53, 56, 74, 218, 440, 507, 699,

727, 817, 825, 900, 991, 1239extraterrestrial, 1131, 1165, 1182,juvenile, 2, 19–20, 54–56, 64, 74meteoric, 3, 4, 13, 16, 19, 36, 53–56, 60,

74, 82, 111, 120, 206, 224, 241, 257,318, 364, 376, 403, 422, 442, 495,509, 833, 836, 887, 942, 971, 994,1099, 1159

metamorphic, 19–20, 55, 56–57, 64, 74,134, 170, 218, 309, 469, 470, 507,514, 699, 839, 887, 896, 898, 899,900–903, 909, 942, 943, 949–950,953–955, 961, 972–973, 1108, 1225,

White Island, 504–505Witwatersrand, xxvi, xxx, 76, 171, 181, 190,

197–198, 684, 849, 910, 921, 935,1063, 1065, 1098, 1106–1110, 1108,1218, 1222–1223, 1237

Y

Yangzte Craton, 400, 464, 475, 565, 566, 570,575, 598, 946, 954, 976, 977

Yangzte River Valley, see SkarnYellowstone National Park, 507–517Yerington, 549Yilgarn Craton, 110, 133, 260, 275, 297, 419,

486, 492, 533, 554, 555, 559, 584,664, 703, 857, 886, 910, 915, 985,1112, 1115, 1118

Lode Au in the Yilgarn Craton,917, 919

Yukon, 262, 263Yulong ore belt, 414–416, 574Yustid rift, 277

Z

Zaaiplaats, 231Zambian Copperbelt, see CopperbeltZhilingtou, 468–473Zijinshan, 472

1250 Index