hyh-lmcw (Discourse)shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/7/07_chapter 2.pdf · hyh-lmcw...

$Page 1: hyh-lmcw (Discourse)shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/7/07_chapter 2.pdf · hyh-lmcw 105 “sam¯-¯n-epw, km[m-c-W-ambpw a\p-jy³ F¶ \ne-bn-epÅ \nco-£Ww Nne `wK-§sf$
hyh-lmcw 99

A[ymbw c v

hyh-lmcw (Discourse)

hyh-lmcw 100

1. sImtfm-Wn-bÂ B[p-\n-I-Xm-cq-]-§Ä

2. iq{Z-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw

3. amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§-fnse C.-Fw.-Fkv

4. B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ ZmÀi-\nI kao-]-\-§Ä

5. \h-amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§Ä

6. ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v

7. A- -̈Sn, sk³kkv

8. {]Xo-Im-ßI aqe-[-\s¯ kw_-Ôn¨v

9. A\p-I-cW \nb-aw, a\x-im-kv{X-k-ao-]\w

10. sI.-]n.-F.-knbpw B[p-\n-I-G-I-am-{X-k-ao-]-\hpw

11. alZv kt½-f-\-¯nsâ {]kàn

12. kzman B\-μ-XoÀ°À

13. `qan¡v shfn-bnÂ kwLw tNtc n h¶-hÀ

14. kztZ-im-`n-am-\nbpw Úm\-tPm-jzmbpw

15. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bepw PmXn ]p\x-\nÀh-N\ {ia-§fpw

16. tIm¬{Kkv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\w, \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-{]-Øm\w

17. sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kw_-Ôn¨v

18. A¿³Im-fn, s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨³, tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSn

ZmÀi-\nI aWvUew

19. A\yXzw XpSÀ -̈bpsS B[p-\n-I-apJw

20. D]-Pm-Xn-IÄ, tZi-cm-jv{S-k-aqlw

21. LS-\m-hmZ amÀIvkn-khpw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-Whpw

22. ]cp-h-s¸-Sp¶ P\X

23. BZn-hmkn kaq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p

24. kv{Xok-aq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p

25. {Kmaw ZfnXv ]Z-hnsb ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p

26. kap-Zm-bhpw hÀ¤hpw

hyh-lmcw 101

“Cu PmXn hncp-²-{]-Øm-\-hpw, ZfnXv t\Xr-Xzhpw P\m-[n-]Xy

hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§-fpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. tZiob {]Øm-\-§Ä, I½yq-

WnÌv {]Øm-\-§Ä, tkmjy-en-Ìv, sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§Ä, IÀjI

{]Øm-\-§Ä F¶n-hsbt¸mse-X-s¶. F¶mÂ Bi-b-]-c-ambpw

kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambpw tZiob tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ sam¯m-[n-

Im-c-hpw, amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ Bib sam¯m-[n-Im-chpw, tZiob

kzmX{ý ka-c-L-«-¯nse ZfnXv {]Øm-\-s¯bpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw

Bi-b-§-sfbpw aqSn-¡-f-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.” (P. 13. Dalit and the Demo-

cratic Revolution. Dr. Ambedkar and The Dalit Movement in Colonial

India. Gail Omvedt)

hyh-lmcw 102

“Hcp \nÝn-X-hn-j-bs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ khn-ti-j-amb Adnhv km[y-

am-¡p-Ibpw AtX-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡m\pw AXns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w

sN¿m\pw klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ {]kvXm-h-\- (statements) I-fpsS

kwLm-X-s -̄bmWv ̂ qt¡m hyh-lmcw F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI

hyh-lm-c-¯n-\-I¯v {]tXyI hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]kvXm-h-§Ä \S-

¯p-t¼mÄ B hyh-lmcw hnj-bs¯ \nÝn-X-amb coXn-bnÂ cq]-s¸-

Sp-¯p-¶p. F¶p am{X-aÃ B hnjbw aäp coXn-I-fnÂ a\-Ên-em-¡m-

\pÅ km[y-X-IÄ CÃm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hcp {]kvXmhw Hä¡v

hyh-lm-c-amhn-Ã. {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsS kwLm-X-am-W-Xv. C§s\ {]kvXm-

h-\-IÄ khn-tijcoXn-bnÂ kt½-fn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcp hyh-lmc cq]o-I-

cWw (discursive formation) D m-Ip-¶p.”1

hyh-lm-c-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ^qt¡m (Foucault) bpsS A`n-{]m-b-

amWv ChnsS ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]cn-k-c-§sf AYhm \ne-sIm-Åp¶

AhØ F¶ coXn-bnÂ BWv ChnsS asäm-cÀ°-¯nÂ hyh-lm-

cs¯ AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. \m«p-cm-Py-§Ä (cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ), P·n þ ImWw,

`q_-Ô-§Ä, CXn-lmk ]pcm-W-§Ä, `mjm-km-ln-Xy-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä

Ch-sbm-s¡-¯s¶ D]-cn-Xe kv]Ài-¯n\pa¸p-d¯v B`y-ć hyh-

lm-c-§-fn-emWv CS-s]-«-Xv. am{X-hp-aÃ Ch kq£va-hpw, ssZh-_-Ô-

hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ch c p-Xcw ê-§-fmWv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

1. tKm{X þ ZfnXv _lp-P\ kaq-l-§sf s]mXp-hy-h-lm-c-¯nsâ

am\-Z-WvU-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-aXn \evI-s¸-«n-Ã. kz´w

{Ia-§sf \ne-\nÀ¯m³ (t¾-OX t]mepÅ hyh-lm-c-§-fn-eqsS)

km[n-¨n-Ã.

1. t]. 83, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä: \h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw, Zneo]v cmPv.

hyh-lmcw 103

1. sImtfm-Wn-bÂ B[p-\n-I-Xm-cq-]-§Ä

{_n«o-jp-ImÀ (hn-tZ-in-IÄ) Cu {Ias¯ Agn¨p If-bp-¶n-Ã.

\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ PmXn -_-²-amb {Ias¯ B`y-´-c -ambn CS-s]-

Sp¶XneqsS kz´w hmWn-Py-{i-a-§Ä¡v ]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-amIpw F¶-

hÀ¡v t_m[y-am-bn-cp-¶p. {Ia-§-fpsS k¦p-NnX `q]-S-§sf hnkvXr-

X-am-¡p-Ibpw (wide) ]e tI{μ-§-fn-embn hn\y-kn-¡bpw (placement)

BWv AhÀ sNbvX-Xv. tdmUv \nÀ½m-Ww, ^mIvS-dn-bpsS XpS-¡w,

tXm«-§-fpsS XpS¡w C§s\ H¶nÂ IqSp-XÂ CS-§-fn-te¡v Cu

{Ia-§Ä amän-h-bv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. Un.-Un. tImkmw_n ]d-bp-¶-Xp-

t]mse “{_mÒ-WÀ AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ coXn-bnÂ FÃmw amän-sb-gp-

Xn-bn-cp¶p.”2 ImÀjn-I-hr-¯n-bnepw `t£ymÂ]m-Z-\-¯nepw ZfnXv þ

_lp-P-\-§Ä k¼qÀW tkh\w \S¯n-bn-cp¶p F¦nepw kz´w

F¶v ]d-bm³ In«m¯ Ah-Ø-bnÂ Ft¸mgpw amdn \nÂt¡ A\n-

Ýn-X-Xz-am-bn-«mWv kmaq-ln-Im-hØ ZfnXv P\-X-bnÂ Npäp-]mSv \nÀ½n-

¨p-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Npäp-]mSv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-XnÂ Xsâ tkh\w Gähpw

sNdp-Xm-sW¶v \nc-ćw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p¶ t_m[-km-a-{Kn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p

\nÀ½n-¡-s¸« hkvXp-¡-fn-seÃmw AS-¡-¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. Ch-sb-¡p-dn¨v

^qt¡m hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p- v.

“`mj-bÃ hyh-lm-cw, kmaq-ln-I-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eqsS hnI-kn-¨p-h-

cp¶ Nn´-bm-W-Xv. Nne-Im-e-§-fnÂ Nne-Xcw {]kvXm-h§Ä am{Xw

km[y-am-Ip-¶-sX-´p-sIm-s ¶Xv ̂ qt¡m At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. Nne Ime-

§-fnÂ NneXv kXyw, aäp NneXv Ak-Xyw. Cu a\-kn-em-¡-ensâ

\nb-a-amWv ̂ qt¡m-hn\v hyh-lm-cw.”*1 C¯-c-samcp AkXy/kXy a\-

kn-em-¡-ensâ hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡-s¸« ]Xn-¸p-I-fm-bn-«mWv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ

2. t]. 83, {]mNo\ ̀ mc-X-̄ nsâ kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb cq]-tc-J, Un.-

Un. tImkmw-_n.

*1. t]. 12, antjÂ ̂ qt¡m, hÀ -̄am-\-̄ nsâ Ncn-{Xw, tUm. ]n.-]n. cho-{μ³

hyh-lmcw 104

B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ (colonial modernity) s]mXp kaqlw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-

cp-¶-Xv. \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kaq-l-¯nsâ IÃpw ac-§fpw Nfn-bp-am-

Ip¶, D]-I-c-W-§Ä, Bbp-[-§Ä F¶-Xn-\-¸p-d¯v kzbw hni-I-e\

tijn-bpÅ hyàn-tbm, kaq-l-tam, kaq-l-¯nse Hcw-Ktam Bbn-

¯o-cm³ tIc-f-k-aqlw Cu LS-Is¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.

“tNmäp-]m-d-bnÂ Iqen-¡m-cpsS \o emb-§-fp- m-¡n. sNma-

¶p-sIm- p-h¶ hkvXp-¡Ä sIm m-bn-cp¶p AXv. IqSp-XÂ a\p-jy-

cp-sSbpw PohnXw IjvSX \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Gtgm Ft«m t]À acn-

¨p-t]m-bn-cp¶p shÅ-¯nÂ hotWm Nfn-bnÂ ]pX-tªm. amt\-PÀ

aäp-Å-hÀ¡v Fs´m-s¡tbm sImSp-¯n-«p v Pohn-¨n-cn-¡m-\m-bn.”3.

aq¶m-dnsâ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ 1920 IfpsS Nn{X-amWv ChnsS

ImWp-¶-Xv. \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip¶ ZfnXv _lp-

P-\-§Ä asämcp coXn-bnÂ {Ia-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. tKm{X-k-aq-

l-§-fm-hs« A\y-hÂ¡-c-W-¯n-te-bv¡pw.

sNdn-b -I-S-IÄ, sNdnb hgn-IÄ, sNdnb hni-I-e-\-Ø-e-§Ä

F¶n-h-bn-sem-s¡-¯s¶ aqeyw CÃm-¯-h-cmbn XpS-cpI F¶ A\Àl

]cn-K-W-\-bn-emWv Ch³/ChÄ/ChÀ hyh-ln-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. cN-\-

bnepw `mj-bnepw C§s\ kw -̀hn¨ A\Àl-]-²-Xn-bnÂ Fgp-¯nsâ

taJe AÚm-X-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWp m-b-Xv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ coXn-

bnÂ FÃmw amän-sb-gp-XpI F¶ hyh-Ø-bpsS hni-I-e-\-¯n-emWv

AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ ImgvN-bp- m-Ip-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ cpNn-bp-

m-Ip-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ ]²-Xn-bp- m-Ip-¶-Xv. Cu AhÀ

(They) F¶ ùXn-I-cq-]s¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶n-S-¯mWv PmXn {Ia-

¯nsâ Xs¶ tNmZyw Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶-Xv.

3. p.18. Facets of a hundred years planting, Amita Baig and William Henderson.

hyh-lmcw 105

“sam¯-¯n-epw, km[m-c-W-ambpw a\p-jy³ F¶ \ne-bn-epÅ

\nco-£Ww Nne `wK-§sf t\cn-Sp-¶p- v. H¶mw temI-bp-²-¯n-\p-

tijw C¯cw amä-§Ä Xe-ap-d-bn-tebv¡pw _m[n-¡p-¶p- v. hk-

´-Im-e-]-c-amb PohnXw F¶Xv Ncn-{X-¯n-em-bn-t¸m-hp-¶p- v”4 F¶v

tUhnUv {^nkv_n (David Frisby) kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. sam¯w a\p-jysâ

\nco-£-W-¯nÂ kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä ̀ mc-X-¯nÂ AXnsâ

ASn-¯-dbv¡v `wKw D m-¡p-¶nÃ F¶-XmWv AXn-i-b-I-c-amb

hkvXp-X.

at\m-c-RvP³ samlń B[p-\n-Ihpw ]mc-¼-cy-hp-a-Ãm¯ \½psS

kaq-ls¯ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p- v. “Hcp B[p-\nI kaq-l-amtWm \½p-

tSXv; B[p-\n-I-aÃ ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-tâXpaÃ, Cusbmcp Ah-[m-\-]-c-amb

\o¡w Hcmsf asäm-¶n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- m-hmw. AXv

shtÌ¬ kmaq-ly-am-ä-hp-ambn X«n¨pt\m-¡n-bmÂ F{Xtbm ]cn-Xm-]-

I-c-am-Wv.”5

]pXn-bXv F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ C¯cw Ime-L-«-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv

Hmtcm Znh-k-s¯bpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿-s¸-tS- n-h-cp-¶-Xv. Bkzm-

Z-\-X-e-¯nÂ B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X-bp-sSbpw hÀ®-

§-fpw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-¯nÂ AXn-k-¦oÀ®-amb PmXn, km¼-¯nI

{Ia-¯n-sâbpw ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ Fgp-¯v, AXnsâ am\-§-fnÂ hn]p-

e-am-¡-¸-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. C¯-c-samcp hn]p-e-am-¡-emWv cmjv{So-

b-¯n-sâbpw Fgp-¯n-sâbpw kam-\-kz-`mhw F¶v ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xpw.

“kzoI-cn-¡m\pw ]pd-´-Åm\pw kwkvI-cn-¡m-\p-apÅ tijn \jvS-s¸-

Sp-t¼m-gmWv a\p-jyÀ tcmKn-I-fm-Ip-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ {]Xn-tcm[w XI-cp-

Ibpw icocw PoÀWn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. FÃm-¯-c-¯n-ep-apÅ kzoI-

4. p. 27, George Simmel: Modernity as an Eternal Present. David Frisby, The Polity reader inSocial Theory.

5. p. 183, Class, Caste, Gender: Edited by Manoranjan Mohanthy.

hyh-lmcw 106

c-W-ti-jnbpw \ncm-I-cW coXn-Ifpw AS-ªp-t]m-Ip-t¼m-gm-Wo, Xpd-

hp-IÄ XIcp-t¼m-gmWv Hcp kaqlw tcmKn-bm-Ip-¶-Xv, PoÀWn-¡p-¶-

Xv.”6

Xpd¶nSm\pw kwh-Zn-¡m-\p-apÅ Cu kaq-l-`m-h-s¯-bmWv

Fgp¯v A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu Fgp¯v GXp-Xcw kmaq-

ly-L-S-\-sb-bmWv \nÀ½n-X-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v shfn-

bnÂ D¯cw D m-hpI F¶Xv {]iv\-am-bn-¯ocp-¶p. IpSpw-_w, PbnÂ,

Bkv]-{Xn, Nmb-¡-S, tdUn-tbm, ]{Xw, hntÃPv Hmôkv, t]meokv

tÌj³, ]mÀ«n Hmô-kv, NphÀt]m-ÌÀ, ]oSn-I, F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n

hyh-lm-c-§Ä Ah-bpsS AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\w B[p-\nI tIcf¯nÂ

\S-¯p-¶p- v. Cu AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\w F§ns\sbÃm-amWv {]hÀ¯n-

¨-Xv F¶pw Adn-hv / A[n-Im-cw / hyh-lmcw F¶n-hsb F§-s\-sb-

Ãm-amWv Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv F¶pw DÅ tNmZyw {][m-\-am-Wv.

“hmkvX-h-¯nÂ \ma-dn-bp¶ temIw sI«p-]n-Wª kw -̀h-§Ä

\nd-ª-Xm-Wv. Ah-bv¡p-taÂ Ir{Xn-a-amb GI-X-bm-tcm-]n-¡p-I-bmWv

ka-{K-N-cn-{X-§Ä sN¿p-¶-Xv. tcJo-bhpw kmÀh-P-\o-\-hp-amb hni-Zo-

I-cW amXr-I-IÄ¡pÅnehsb hn\y-kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hmtcm kw -̀h-¯n-

sâbpw hyXy-kvXX \jvS-am-hp-¶p.”7

B[p-\nI cmjv{S-þ-km-aq-ly-þ-k-aqlw AXnsâ \nÀ½n-Xnsb

tI{μo-I-cn-¡p¶ Cc« kz`m-h-¯nsâ \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-§-fn-eqsS

k©-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.*2

6. hmXn-ep-IÄ Xpd-¶n-Sp-I, Xncp-hÃ kwLw.

7. t]. 92, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv.

*2(8) “kzX-{´-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ PbnÂhmk-̄ nÂ PbnÂ hnap-à-\m-hp-t¼mÄ \qän-

¸-{´ v ]u p-ambn Pbn-enÂ sN¶ Un.-kn.-In-g-t¡-apdn ]pd-̄ n-d§pt¼mÄ \qän-ap-̧ -̄ n-

c v ]u v Xq¡w sh¨n-cp¶p F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Ipim-emb ̀ £-Ww, tX¨p-Ip-fn, hmbn-

¡m³ amkn-I-IÄ, InS-¡m³ I«nÂ, knwKnÄdqw, ]mÂ Dd-sbm-gn-̈ p- m-¡nb ssXcv, _Zmw

]mbkw Ch-sbms¡ Ign¨v tZlw XSn-̈ p-sIm-gp-̄ p. kn. tIi-h³, sI.-]n. \oe-I-WvT-̧ n-

Å, tIm«bw ̀ mkn, ]mem sI.-Fw. Nm n, Ip¼-f-̄ p-i-¦-c-̧ n-Å, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n XpS-

§n-b-hcmbn-cp¶p klXS-hp-ImÀ.” (ae-bmfw hmcn-I, tPmfn ASn-a-{X. Un.-kn. HmÀ½-IÄ, 2005).

*(9) “]qan Af-¡m³ sIÀa v kÀth-¡mcv h´v, Rm\v t]Sn v̈ tI«p-sIm v Ccn-¡v, N¦nev ]nSn-

hyh-lmcw 107

kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-{]-t£m`w F¶Xv {_n«ojv hncp-²-k-acw F¶

\ne-bnÂ am{X-amWv Cý-bnÂ hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. A¿³Im-

fn, \mcm-b-WKpcp, s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨³, BZn-hmkn {]t£m- -̀§Ä,

ae-_mÀ elf XpS§nb t\Xr-Xz-§-fpsS {]t£m- -̀§-sfm¶pw kzmX-

{ý-k-a-c-ambn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. AI-hgn (inner road) / ]pd-hgn

(outer road) F¶n-§s\ c p ImgvN-IÄ ChnsS ImtW- -Xp- v.

AIs¯ hgn-bnÂ\n¶v ]pds¯ hgn-bn-te¡v Cd-§m-\m-hmsX t]mhp¶

kml-N-cy-¯nÂ ChÀ \S-¯nb ka-c-§sf kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-§Ä F¶p

Xs¶-bmWv hnfn-t¡- -Xv. AXv AI-h-gn-bnse kzmX{ý-k-a-c-am-bn-

cp-¶p. AYhm H¶m-as¯ kzmX-{ý-t_m-[w.

¨n«v Rm³ h´m-̈ v, ]qan Af-́ v, ImSv Af-́ v, tImhnev Af-́ v, C´ ]qan BcpsS F¶-h³

tNmZn-̈ p. Rm³ ]dªp F\¡p kz´-a-Ã. hb-epcp kz´w. kzman, ssXhw s]mXp-hv,

s]mXp-hpÅ Øew. FÃmÀ¡pw s]mXp-hv. C´ tImhnev FÃmÀ¡pw s]mXp-hv, F¶mÂ

kÀtÆ-¡mcv Npc-än-IÂ t]m«pt¦m”(t]. 15, A\ym-[o-\-s¸-Sp¶ BZn-hmkn ̀ qan.

]n. sI. {]Im-iv)

*(10) “1891 apX-epÅ sk³kkv ]T-\-§Ä (a-[y-{]-tZ-inÂ) 1971- hsc BIp-t¼mÄ kz´w aX-hn-

izm-k-̄ nÂ \n¶ tKm{X-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä 6% am{X-ambn Npcp-§p¶ (Npcp¡p¶) ImgvN-bm-Wp-Å-

Xv. am{X-hp-aÃ ]n¶oSv ‘tKm{X-hÀ¤-aXw’F¶pÅ {]tbm-Kta \o¡w sN¿p-¶Xv ImWmw.”(a-X-]-cn-hÀ¯\w Hcp Agnbm Ipcp-¡v. kpμÀcm-Pv)

*(11,12) sP.-kn. Um\n-tb-ensâ ‘hnK-X-Ip-am-c³’ tIcf-̄ nse BZys¯ ae-bmf kn\na F¶ \ne-

bnÂ t]sc-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Nn{X-̄ nse \mbnI tdmkn ZfnXv {InkvXy³ IpSpw-_-̄ nÂ

\n¶pw kn\n-a-bn-se-̄ n. BZy-{]-ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ A¶p-Xs¶ {]am-Wn-am-cpsS ]oU\w kln-

¡m-\m-hmsX Xan-gv\m-«n-te¡v Hfn-t¨m-Sn. 2003 se CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ̂ nenw s^Ìn-h-enÂ

Ipcn-̧ pg {ioIp-amÀ, t__n tXmakv F¶n-hÀ hnX-cWw sNbvX eLp-te-J-bnÂ tdmkn-b-

¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. te\ F¶ Bwt¥m-C-́ y³ kv{Xobm-bn-cp¶p ‘hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\nÂ’A`n\bnt¡- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡v AkuIcyw aqew aS-§n-t¸m-th n h¶p. ]Icw

kv{XoIsf A`n-\-b-̄ n\v In«m-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ \mS-I-{]-hÀ -̄I-bmb tdmknsb sP.-kn.-Um-

\n-tbÂ hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. Znhkw A©p-cq-]m-¡q-en-¡mWv tdmkn A`n-\-

bn-̈ -Xv. BZy-{]-ZÀi\w \S-̄ nb A¶v ImWn-I-fmb htc-Wy-k-aqlw tdmkn-bpsS hoSv

B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw c£n-Xm-¡-sfbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-§-sfbpw aÀ±n-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp¶p. {]mW-c-

£mÀ°w ho«nÂ \n¶n-d-§n-tbm-Snb tdmkn Xan-gv\m-«n-tebv¡v t]mb temdn-bnÂ Ib-dn-̧ -äp-

Ibpw \mKÀtIm-hn-en-te¡v c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶v ]d-b-s¸Sp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Ah-sc-

¡p-dn v̈ Hc-dnhpw e`n-̈ n-«n-Ã. BZy-{]-ZÀi\w \S-̄ nb Xob-äÀ htc-Wy-k-aqlw I¯n-̈ p-I-f-

bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-kn-\na F¶ \ne-bnÂ ‘hnK-X-Ip-am-c³’ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ

Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. sP.-kn. Um\n-tbepw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. BZy-\m-bn-I-bmbn tdmkn ]cn-K-Wn-

¡-s¸-«n-Ã. ]Icw ‘_me³’ F¶ kn\n-a-bnse \mbnI Ia-e-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.”(2003-þse CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ̂ nenw s^Ìn-h-enÂ Ipcn-̧ pg {ioIp-amÀ, t__n tXmakv F¶n-

hÀ hnX-cWw sNbvX eLp-te-J-bnÂ\n-¶v.)

*(13) “Rm³ asämcp hnh-cw-IqSn {]kvXm-hn-̈ p-sIm-Ås«! AXp aÀ½-t -̀Z-I-am-Wv. IÀ¯m-hnsâ

Xncp-h-̄ m-g- IÀ½-̄ nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡m³ Nne ]Ån-I-fnÂ A\p-hm-Z-ap-s -¦nepw R§Ä¡n-cn-

¸nSw Gähpw ]n³\n-c-bn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. Xfn-I-bnÂ\n¶pw R§Ä¡p t\cn«v A¸w FSp-¡p-¶-

Xn-t\m, khÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xp-t]mse tIm¸-bnÂ\n¶v hoªv ap¯n-¡p-Sn-¡p-

¶-Xnt\m A\p-hm-Z-an-Ã. t\sc-a-dn¨v A¸-¡-jWw R§-fpsS ssII-fn-te¡v Fdn-ªp-X-cp-

hyh-lmcw 108

{_n«ojv A[n-\n-thi (British imperialism) Imew Nne AÀ-°-

§-fnÂ A[n-\n-thi hncp-²-ambpw H¸w \nc-h[n kmaq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§-

fp-sSbpw XpS-¡-¯n\pw km£yw hln-¨p. ]mc-¼cy Cý³ t_m[-

¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ {ia-§-fm-bn-«mWv Ch kw -̀hn- -̈Xv. tPymXn-_m-^q-

sebpsS hn¹-h-{iaw kXy-tim-[-Iva-WvU-en-eq-sS-bpw, _n.-BÀ. Awt_-

ZvIÀ, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp XpS-§nbhcpsS {]Øm-\-§Ä PmXn-hn-cp-²-

hpw, kv{Xok-a-Xz-¯n\p-th- nbpw, AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpw,

DbÀ¶p-h-cp-¶Xv CubÀ°-¯n-em-Wv. cmPm-dmw-tam-l³tdmbn, alm-

ßm-KmÔn {]Øm-\-§Ä C¡m-e¯v D m-hp-¶Xpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-

c-W-¯nsâ e£y-¯n-eq-¶n-bm-Wv.14 hn.-kn. lmco-kn-sâbpw, kn.-_n.

kp[m-I-c-sâbpw \nco-£-W-§fnÂ \n¶pw DZm-l-c-W-s¸-Sp¶ hkvXpX

s]mXp-hm-b-Xm-sW-¦n-epw, ZfnXv _lp-P-\-§sf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw

c p-Xcw kzmX-{ýkachpw {]Øm-\-§-fpsS kz`mhw AXv \nÀ®-

bn-¡p-¶p- v. H¶v Cý-bnse B`y-ć kaq-l-t¯mSpw c v sImtfm-

Wn-bÂ kaq-l-t¯m-Spw.

“Úmt\m-Xv]m-Z-\hpw A[n-Im-chpw X½n-epÅ thgvN D¶w

shbv¡p-¶Xv ico-c-s¯-bm-Wv. ico-cs¯ hg-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnsâ

kq£va-ù-Xn-I-amWv At\z-jn-t¡- -Xv. kzm`m-hn-Ihpw Poh-im-kv{X-

]-c-hp-amb H¶m-bÃ ùXn-I-hpw, ]cn-hÀ¯-\-hp-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.”15

Úmt\m-ev]m-Z\ kaq-lw, ]pd-´-Åp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fm-¡n-b-XnÂ

_lp-P-\-k-aq-l-¯n-s\´p kw -̀hn¨p F¶p-Å-XmWv ]T-\-]-c-am-th- -

Xv. CXm-hs« Nn-«-s¸-Sp¯nbXpw Nn«-bn-Ãm-¯-Xp-amb ZmÀi-\nI [mc-

I-fpsS A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡-em-Wv. Nn«-s¸-S-ens\ X¨p-S-bv¡p-I. Nn«-s¸-Sp-

¶p. aäp-Å-hÀs¡Ãmw sImSp-̄ -Xn-\p-tijw hoªv Xhn-bnÂ tImcn R§-fpsS I¿nÂ Hgn-

¨p-X-cp-¶p.” (]m-¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v, Sn.-F-̈ v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn, _mIvthUv ]o¸nÄ Uhe-

¸vsaâ v tImÀ¸-td-j³, Xncp-h-Ã, 1989

14. p. 265, A History of British Colonialism: Social and Literary Aspects, M.G. University, DCBooks, VC. Harris, C.B. Sudhakaran.


hyh-lmcw 109

¶-h-cÃ F¶v Xmd-Sn-¡p-I, {Iao-I-cn-¡-ens\ aen-\-am-¡p-I, {Ia-an-Ãm-

¯-hÀ F¶v Bt£-]n-¡p-I, C§-s\-bpÅ AXn-k-¦oÀ®-X-bmWv Zfn-

Xv_-lp-P³ kaq-lhpw, khÀW-h-tc-Wy-k-aq-lhpw X½nÂ \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ F¡m-e-s¯bpw ZmÀi-\nI kwhm-Zw.

“Agp¡v Hcn-¡epw Hä-s¸« kw`-h-a-Ã. FhnsS Agp-¡pt m

AhnsS Hcp hyhØ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p- mhpw hkvXp-¡-fpsS hyh-Øm-

]n-X-amb {Iao-I-cW¯nsâbpw hÀ¤o-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw Dt]m-Xv]-¶-

am-WXv þ A\m-h-iy-L-S-I-§sf ]pd-´-Ån-s¡m- mWv Cu {Iao-I-

cWw \S-¡p-¶-Xv.”16 tacn U¥-knsâ (Mary Douglas) Cu \nco-£Ww

kaq-l-¯nsâ {Iao-I-c-Whpw ]pd-´-Åepw F¶ kz`m-hs¯ ]mT-h-

ev¡-cn-¡p-¶p. icocw þ kq£va-i-co-cw, icocw þ Øqe-i-co-cw, icocw

þ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-i-cocw F¶n-§s\ ico-c-hpw, ico-c-§Ä tNÀ¶p \S-

¯p¶ ]pd-´-Åepw B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯nÂ Abn-¯-¯nsâ (un-

touchability) cq]-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p v.

CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v tacn U¥kv hni-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv C§s\bmWv. “Nn«-

s¸-Sp-¯-s¸« \½psS hÀ¤o-I-c-W-§sf XInSw adn-¡p-¶-sX´pw Agp-

¡m-Wv. AXnsâ Øm\-am-Wv, Hmtcm-¶n-sâbpw Øm\-amWv {]iv\w.

Hcp-Xcw [mÀanI \nÀ_Ôw CXnÂ ImWmw. sNcp¸v apdn-¡p-ÅnÂ

hbv¡mw tai-¸p-d¯v hbv¡m³ ]mSn-Ã. hr¯n-bp-tSXv Hcp Úm\-

kw-_-Ôn-bmb (cognitive) {]iv\w IqSn-bm-Wv. {Ia-ap-Ån-Ss¯ A{I-

a--ap-Åq. kaq-l-ap- m-hp-¶Xv Iptd-tbsd hÀ¤o-I-cW hÀÖ\ {]{In-

b-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kmaq-ly-{Iaw Øm]n-¡p-¶-sX´pw kmaqlym-Nm-c-

am-Wv, Ipähpw amen-\yhpw Hcpt]mse-bm-Wv.”17


17. t]., 105, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv

hyh-lmcw 110

sslμh AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯nsâ [mÀanI kaq-l-¯n-te-¡mWv

\½psS D]-cn-Xe kaqlw Pohn-X-an-d-¡p-¶Xv F¶v t_m[y-s¸-«p. B[p-

\nI cmjv{S-k-aq-l-¯n-epw, B[p-\nI \Kc cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-epw, B[p-

\nI s]mXp-t_m[ \nÀanXnbnepw C¯cw ioe-¯p-SÀ¨-I-fpsS, ]m]-

ò-Xn-bp-sS, ip²n-I-ei at\m-`m-h-¯nsâ hÀ¤o-I-c-Whpw, hÀÖo-I-c-

Whpw kw -̀hn-¨p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶p. hr¯nbpw [mÀ½nI \nÀ_-Ôhpw

A[n-Imc \nÀan-Xnbpw X½nÂ sFIy-s¸-«p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. hr¯n (ip-²-

X) AtX AÀ°-¯nÂ {]hr-¯nsb (movement) \nP-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- v.

hr¯nbpw, {]hr-¯nbpw X½nÂ \nÀ½n¨n«pÅ [mÀanI/A[mÀanI

Af-hpw, cq]hpw \ap¡p ap¶n-ep- v.

kv{Xo{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ tUm. _n{Iw \μn, ARvP\ awK-

f-Kncn F¶n-h-cpsS A`n-{]mb¯nÂ kv{Xo{]Øm\§sf \nco-£n-

¡phm³ c v kao-]\§Ä Bh-iy-ap v. [À½-\nÀh-l-Wm-[n-jvTn-Xhpw

(functionalist), kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-hm-Z-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw (radical). ]mc-

¼-cyhpw hnip-²n/If-¦w, amXr-Xzw, kXo þ kmhn{Xn AS-§p¶ ]mc-

¼cy {]am-W-§-fpsS A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX (ritual) Hcp hi¯v \nÂ¡p-

¶p.18

Cý A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡- p¶ Gähpw {][m\ kwKXn F¶

\ne-bn-emWv Chn-sS ]mc-¼-cy-þ-hn-ip-²n-þ-A-\p-jvTm-\-]-c-Xsb ImtW-

n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Cý³ kmaq-ly-þ-\nÀan-Xn-bpsS Ønc XpSÀ -̈

bn-se-¶-h®w GI-]-£o-b-amb C¯cw XpSÀ -̈IÄ ZfnXv _lp-P-\-

§-fnÂ kw -̀hn-¨n-Ã. Zfn-XÀ tZikaqlw F¶ \ne-bnÂ sslμh

{_mÒW tZi-¯n-t\m-SpÅ XpSÀ¨-bmb bp²-¯nsâXp am{X-amWv

18. p. 73, ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw kv{Xo]o-U\hpw: Nne ssk²m-́ nI {]iv\-§Ä,

tUm. _n{Iw \μn, AwRvP-\-aw-K-fKncn.

hyh-lmcw 111

Cý-\-hØ F¶mWv tUm. cmP³ _m_p, sI.-sI. Fkv. Zmknsâ

ZfnXv tZio-bX F¶ {KÙs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-

¶-Xv.*a sI.-sI. sIm¨nsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, ]em-b\w ZfnXv _lp-P-

\-§-fnÂ kw -̀hn-¡m-¯-Xpw, Iq«-\nÀ½q-e\w kw -̀hn-¡m-¯Xpw {]Xn-

tcm[ km[y-amb \nc-h-[n-cq-]-§Ä ZfnXv _lp-P³ kaq-l-¯nÂ D m-

bn-cp¶p F¶-Xp-sIm mWv F¶m-Wv.*b amÀIvkn-b³ ]Zm-h-en-bpsS

ASn-Øm-\-k-aqlw F¶-Xn-\-̧ p-d¯v Xt±-i-k-aqlw (natives) F¶-XmWv

AXnsâ {][m-\-kw-K-Xn. Pohn-X-¯nsâ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-bnepw ZfnXv

_lp-P³ kaq-l-¯n\v kz -́ambn \nc-h-[n-IÄ {]Xn-tcm-[, AXn-Po-h-\-

cq-]-§Ä D m-bn-cp¶p F¶Xv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

2. iq{Z-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw

{_mÒ-WnI þ a\p-kvarXn kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bpsS XpSÀ¨ sImtfm-

Wn-bÂ L«-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ \nc-h[n {]th-i-I-§Ä (entre) ¡v km[y-

X-bp- m-hp-¶p- v. B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯nsâ kz`mhw amen\y P\-k-

aq-ls¯ Bh-iy-s -̧Sp¶ XpSÀ¨ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Knbm\n Zn¯v kn§v

(Giani Ditt Singh) aq³ssI-sb-Sp v̄, ]©m-_nÂ Bcw-̀ n¨ kn§v k`m

aqhvsaâ v19 (Singh Sabha Movement) sslμhkaq-l-¯nsâ aen-\-am-¡-

ens\Xnsc-bpÅ {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ ASn- -̄«nÂ AXnsâ

aen-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ hnhn-[-cq-]-§Ä B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-¯nepw Øm\w

]nSn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\mÂ¯s¶ hf-sc-s¸-s«¶v C¯cw Bi-b-§Ä

khÀW sslμ-h-hÂ¡-c-W-¯n-tebv¡v sX¶n-am-äp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

*a \mK`qan þ 2006, *b sI. sI. sIm¨p-am-bpÅ A`n-apJw

19. p. 103, Interrogating Changing Status of Dalits of Punjab, Paramjit S. Judge.]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm- nsâ Bcw-̀ -̄ nÂ \nc-h[n ]ptcm-K-a\ kz`m-h-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h¨

]©m-_nse kn¡v {]Øm-\w, ZfnXv hn`m-K-̄ nÂ \n¶pÅ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-§sf kzm[o-

\n-̈ n-cp-¶p. cma-Zm-knb ZfnXv kaq-l-̄ nÂs]« Knbm\n Zn v̄ knwMnsâ ap³I-¿nse kn§v

k`m-{]-Øm\w sslμ-h-am-bn-̄ o-cp-¶-XmWv ]n¶oSp ImWp¶ Ah-Ø.

hyh-lmcw 112

tIc-f-¯nÂ ZfnXv kaq-l-§Ä¡p-taÂ apJy-[m-cm tZio-b-

{]Øm\-§Ä 19-þmw \qäm- nÂ \S-¯p¶ A«n-a-dnbv¡v kam-\-am-bn-

cp¶p CsX¶pw hyà-am-hp-¶p. B[p-\nI kmaqly \nÀan-Xn-bnÂ

amen-\y-amb PU-k-aq-ls¯ apJy-[m-cbv¡v Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. amen-

\y-§-fnÂ \n¶v hkvXp-¡sf tiJ-cn¨v hyh-lm-c-§-fnÂ CS-s]-Sp-¶-h-

cpw, \nÀ½n-X-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-am-bn-cp¶p Cu hr¯n-sI-«-hÀ (untouchables).

c -h-Ø-bmWv Cu hr¯n-sI-«-hÀ ioen-t¡- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. \nÀ½m-W-

¯n-\m-h-iy-am-b-Xpw, hyh-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-X-Ip¶ A´-co£ \nÀ½n-Xn-

¡p-th- nbpw hr¯n-lo-\-X-bnÂ {]hÀ¯\ kÖ-am-hpI F¶-Xpw,

AXn\v ]pd¯v hn\n-abamhp¶ A[n-Imc \nco-£-W-§sf {]Xn-tcm-

[n-¡pI F¶-Xp-am-W-Xv.

CXn\v ka-Im-en-I-amb c p-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä \nc-¯mw. Fw.-F³.

hnP-b³ KmÔn-Pn-bpsS {ia-§sf kmaq-ly-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS amÀ¤-am-

bpw, amÀIvkn-ks¯ am\-hhÂ¡-cn-¡p¶ kn²m-´-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ

KmÔn-k-t¯mSv H¯p-hm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv DbÀ¯p¶ Nne-tNm-Zy-§Ä

sI.-sI. sIm v̈ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p.

{_mÒ-W-cnÂ\n¶pw Zfn-Xsc AIän \nÀ¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶ Fw.-

F³.-hn-Pbsâ \nco-£-W-t¯-¡mÄ {][m-\-s¸-«Xv Zfn-XÀ {_mÒ-W-

cnÂ\n-¶v- A-I¶p \nÂ¡p-Ibmbncp¶p F¶ \nco-£-W-amWv. Hmtcm

]S-hnepw £{Xn-b-\pw, sshiy\pw iq{Z\pw BÀj-amb ZmÀi-\nI kzXz-

¯n-\p-th n {_mÒ-W-t\mSv Ie-ln- -̈t¸mÄ Zfn-X-cm-hs« X\-Xm-sbmcp

kwkvImcw \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p... AXp-sIm- mWv B{I-a-W-Im-

cn-I-fpsS c£m-h-e-b-¯nÂ {_mÒ-WÀ \qäm- p-Isf AXn-Po-hn-¨-Xp-

t]mse Zfn-Xcpw \qäm- p-Isf AXn-Po-hn- -̈Xv.20 F¶mÂ C¯-c-samcp

20 t]. 87, s]mcpfdn-bm¯ CXn-lm-kw, sI.-sI. sIm v̈, AhÀW-]-£-c-N-\-IÄ.

hyh-lmcw 113

AXn-Po-h-\-¯nsâ hÀ¯-am\ Imem-hØ A¼-e-¯nÂ imń tPmen

sN¿p-hm³ A\p-aXn In«m¯ _lp-P³ kaq-lmwKw \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-

hnsâ A`n-{]m-b-§sf tPmen-¡mbn kzoI-cn-¡m-s\-Sp-¡p-¶p- v.21 lnμp-

t£-{X-¯nse imń-tPm-en-¡p-th n \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ \nco-£-

Ws¯ sslμ-h-h-ev¡-cn-¡p¶ kz`mhw _lp-P-\-k-aq-l-¯nÂ cq]w

sIm n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cug-h\v imń-sN-¿m³ \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ ]qWqÂ

AWn-bn-¡-cptX F¶mWv Cu Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³

ae-¸pdw ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

hr¯n-lo\ kmaq-lym-h-Øbv¡v ]pd v̄ {]th-in-¡m³ \S-̄ p¶

{iaw F¶ \ne-bnÂ aX-§-fn-te-bv¡pÅ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§fpw, aX-§sf

\ho-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-hpw, aX-§sf ]p\Àhm-bn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§fpw

tIc-f-¯nÂ \thm-°m\ L«-¯nÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶p- v. c p-Xcw kz`m-

h-am-bn-cp¶p C¯cw e£y§Ä¡v ]n¶nse kmaq-ly-t_m-[w. kmaq-

ly-t_m[w hr¯n-bp-tSXpw AXp \nÀ½n-¡m-\pÅ aqeyhpw kzcq]n-

¨p. aqey-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨bpw {]Jym-]n-¨p. adp-h-i¯v aqey-¯n\v ]pd-

¯pÅhcm-¡p-Ibpw, aqeyw t]dp-hm\pw t]dm-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-ambn hr¯n-

lo-\-cm¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cý³ kaq-l-¯nÂ b{´-

§-fpsS A`mhw t_m[-]qÀÆ-kr-jvSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hr¯n-lo-\X XpS-

cp-hm-\mbn b{´-§-fn-Ãm¯ kaq-l-am-bn-cp¶p IqSp-XÂ A`n-Im-ayw.

bqtdm-]y³ kaqlt¯-¡mÄ `n¶-ambn b{´-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-

j-W-§Ä Cý-bnÂ Ipd-ªp-t]m-bXv C¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv. sXmgn-

se-Sp-¡p¶ ASn-a-k-am\ PmXn-k-aq-l-§Ä \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶ H¶m-

as¯ Imcyw. c m-a-t¯-Xm-hs« Cu kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw \jvS-s¸-Sm-

Xn-cn-¡m³ b{´§Ä¡m-bpÅ {iaw t_m[-]qÀÆw \S-¯m-Xn-cn-¡pI

21. t]. 101, i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³ ae-̧ p-dw, AhÀW-]£ cN-\-bnÂ Fgp-Xnb teJ-\w. Xncp-hn-

Xmw-IqÀ tZhkzw t_mÀUnÂ ]mÀ«vssSw imń-¡m-c-\mbn Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« Hcp DtZym-

KmÀ°n. Cug-h-\m-b-Xn-\mÂ tPmen \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ]Icw BÀ¡pw {_mÒ-W-ssZ-h-

]qP \S¯mw F¶v hmZn-¡m³ \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Nne ]mcm-b-W-§sf sXämbn hymJym-

\n-¡p-¶-Xns\ At±lw hnaÀin-¡p-¶p.

hyh-lmcw 114

F¶ e£yw.

{_mÒ-WnI aX-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\]²Xn F§-s\-bmWv ZfnXv

_lp-P³ kaq-l-¯nÂ hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-«Xv F¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Zneo]v

cmPv C§s\ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. “B[p-\nI ]qÀh-tI-c-f-¯nÂ GIm-ß-

I-amb aX-a-Ã, kaq-l-¯nÂ D -̈\o-N-t{iWn \nÀW-bn¨ aX-hy-h-Ø-

bmWv \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ssZh-§-sfbpw, BNm-c-§-sfbpw

htcWyw / km[m-cWw F¶ a«nÂ \navt\m-¶-X-ambn hn`-Pn-¡p-I-

bmWm hyhØ sNbvX-Xv. ]mh-\hpw / \oN-hp-ambn Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-

IÄ thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-«p. C¯cw hn -̀P-\-§sfbpw hÀ¤o-I-c-W-§-sfbpw

Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡nb N«-§-sf-´m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v kqN-\-IÄ

am{Xta e`y-am-bn-«p-Åq. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡v bIvjn-am-scbpw aäp \oNm-

ßm-¡-sfbpw Iogvs¸-Sp-¯m³ iàn-bp-Å-Xm-bn hniz-kn-¡-s¸-«Xpw

IogvPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS IqtSm-{X-§fpw HSn-hn-Zy-Ifpw htc-Wy-hn-`m-K-§sf

Gim-¯-Xm-sW¶p Icp-X-s¸-«Xpw C¯cw kqN-\-I-fmbn IW-¡m-

¡mw.22

aX§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ {]th-in-¡p-I -am-{X-a-Ã, aX-§Ä¡-I-¯p-Xs¶

]cp-h-§-fp- m-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. km[m-c-W-hpw, \oN-hp-amb

hymJym-\-§-fnÂ kzX{´ Bßo-b-km-¶n-[y-§sf BsI-¯s¶ ]pd-

´-Åp-Ibpw, Ah-ti-jn- -̈h-sb, ZpÀhym-Jym\w \S-¯nbpw, ]nSn-s -̈Sp-

¯pw, aeo-a-k-am-¡nbpw inYn-eo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bncp¶p. ]nXr-]qP \S-

¯p¶ {_mÒ-WnIXbv¡v A¸-\-¸q-¸-·msc kvacn-¡p-¶-hÀ Akw-kvIr-

X-cm-bn. Imhpw {]Ir-Xnbpw ImÀjn-Im-tLm-j-§fpw ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]ÔmÀ]p-cn-bnse Úmt\-iz-cs\ {_mÒ-WÀ ]nSn-s -̈Sp-

¯-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v imń-kz-cq]v _u² Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v.*3 Zkyp-¡fpw


*3 The Respected Mother, Rama Bhaai, Santhi Swaroop Baudh.

hyh-lmcw 115

Zmk-·mcpw Bbn-¯oÀ¶ P\-k-aq-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ

Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. alm-_-ensb sImÃp-Ibpw cmjv{Sw ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-¯p-

Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v IÃd kpIp-am-c³ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v.*4 _p²-

hn-lm-c-§sf I¿-S-¡p-Ibpw Iog-S-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-

W-§sf them-bp-[³ ]Wn-¡-tÈcn hnh-cn-¨n-«p- v.

C¯-c-¯n-epÅ ]nSn- -̈S-¡-en-\pw, Iog-S-¡-en\pw tijw Bcw-`n-

¡p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv {_mÒ-W-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸« Iogm-f-sN-dp-ssZ-h-

§Ä. Ch-bm-Is« Hmtcm L«-¯nepw sslμ-ho-b-X-bpsS hb-dn-\p-

ÅnÂs¸«p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI tIcf kaq-l-¯nÂ kw`-hn¨

kap-Zmb \nÀan-Xn-bnÂ CXnsâ {]Xn-êw C§s\ hymJym-\n-¡m-hp-

¶-Xm-Wv.

“1936Â Cug-hÀ¡v t£{X-{]-th-i\w hne-¡-s¸-«-XnÂ {]Xn-tj-

[n¨v Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. Hcp GI-I-WvT-amb {]ta-b-¯n-eqsS lnμp-aXw

hnSm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨Xv DZm-l-c-Ww. kn.-]n. cma-kzman A¿À DS³Xs¶

Cu òj-Wn-tbmSv {]Xn-I-cn-¨p. c p]-£hpw Hcp-t]mse Icp-Xn-bXv

Cug-hÀ lnμp-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW-¶mWv. kap-Zmbw hnSp-sa¶

òj-Wn-bn-eqsS kap-Zmbw \nÀan-X-am-hp-¶-Xm-Wn-XnÂ ZÀin-¡m-\m-hp-

¶-Xv.”23

sslμ-ho-b-Xbv¡p ]pd¯v {]th-in-¡m-\pÅ {iahpw sslμ-

ho-b-X-bm-hp-¶-Xnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. hnÚm\ taJe

F¶ \ne-bnÂ kwkvIrXw ]Tn-bv¡p-hm³ ]nt¶m¡ kaq-l-§Ä X¿m-

dm-b-Xv, Bßm-`n-am-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn sshZn-Isc kap-Zm-b-¯n\v Dcp-

h-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian- -̈Xv, km¼-¯nI DbÀ -̈bn-eqsS Pohn-X-¯n\v ASn-

¯-d-bn-Sp-hm³ A[zm-\n-¨Xv Hs¡-¯-s¶ {_mÒW sslμ-hn-b-X-bpsS

*4. ZfnXv _Ôp-hnsâ ZfnXv ZÀi-\-{K-Ù-§Ä, IÃd kpIp-am-c³.

23. t]. 185, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv

hyh-lmcw 116

amXr-I-bn-te-bvt¡m, {_mÒ-W-ssl-μ-ho-b-Xbv¡v Iog-S-¡m³ Ffp-¸-

apÅXntebvt¡m F¯n-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wp- m-b-Xv.

ZfnXv s]mXp-t_m-[-am-hs« t£{X-{]-th-i\ XmÂ]cyw apt¶m-

«p-h- -̈Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXv hyh-Øm-]nX [mc-W-Isf _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-

¶-hbpw AXp-t]mse P\m-[n-]-Xy-{i-a-§sf {]Xn-jvTn-bv¡m³ X¿m-

sd-Sp-¯-h-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ tIc-f-¯nse hyh-lmcw t£{X-{]-

th-i-\-¯n-tebv¡v Xncn-bp-¶Xv {i²n-bvt¡ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. iq{Z-

t_m-[-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-am-bn-cp¶p CXnÂ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¨n-cp-

¶Xv. Zfn-XÀ¡p-taÂ Cu iq{Z-t_m[w ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

iq{Z-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw tIc-f-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-

¨Xv apJy-[m-c-bv¡p-th- n-bpÅ At\z-j-W-§fpsS `mK-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-

¶p. Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-L-S-\-bn-eqsS kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶ km¼-¯nI {Ib-hn-

{I-b-an-Ãm-bva, iq{Z-k-aq-l-§-fnÂ¯s¶ \nc-h[n ]pd-t¼m-¡p-Isf

\nÀ½n-¡p-¶p- v. C§s\ ]pd-t¼m-¡p-Ifmbn-¯o-cp-¶-hÀ kaq-l-̄ nse

\h-ZÀi\§sf kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. tkmjy-enÌv {]Øm-

\-§-fn-te-bv¡v, I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fn-te-bv¡p-apÅ BIÀjWw

C¯-c-samcp kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bnÂ \n¶mWv Bcw-`n- -̈Xv. Htc-k-

abw kz´w kap-Zm-b-t¯m-sS, IpSpw-_-t¯m-sS, \S-¯p¶ ]cn-jvI-c-

Whpw, AtX-k-abw kmaq-ly-ambn I®n-tNÀ¡m³ DX-Ip¶ A´-co-

£-hpw A\y-§sf \nÀ®-bn-¡p-I-bpw, AS-cp-IÄ¡p-Ånse A\y-§Ä

AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ BZy-]Sn \nÀ½n-¡p-I-

bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. \in- -̈\m-bÀ, apSn-ª-am-¸f ({In-kvXy³), s]g¨

tNmtIm³ F¶o aq¶p A\y(other) -§-fpsS sFIy-B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-§-

fn-te-bv¡mWv Zfn-Xcpw IqSn-t¨À¡-s¸-«-Xv.

ChnsS c p {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-ÅXv \in¨/\in-¡m-¯, apSnª/

apSn-bm-¯, s]g¨/s]g-¡m¯ F¶n-§s\ Hcp `n¶X kmaq-ly-ambn

hyh-lmcw 117

kw -̀hn-¨n-cp-¶p F¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv. \in¨ + apSnª + s]g-¨. ]pXnb

kmaq-ly-cq]w AXn\v FÃm-¯-c-¯nepw kam-\-cmbn I n-cp-¶Xv Zfn-

X-sc-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Zfn-X-cnÂ \in-¡m¯ + apSn-bm¯ + s]g-¡m¯

F¶ Hcp kmaq-ly-hn- -̀P\w NÀ -̈sN-¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. \in¨ + apSnª

+ s]g¨ F¶-Xns\m¸w ‘Xmgv¶’ F¶pÅ hn\n-abwIqSn {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-Ibm-bn-cp-¶p.

C¯-c-samcp kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bpsS kz`m-hs¯ amÀIyq-knsâ

A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ \ap¡v C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. “ ‘hyàn’sb

Hcp hkvXp-\n-jvT-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ ]p\À

\nÀh-Nn-¡p-I-bmWv ]pXnb kaq-lw. Bß-\n-jvT-X-bpsS aWvU-es¯

AaÀ¨ sNbvXp (supress) sIm mWv Cu ]p\À \nÀh-N\w km[y-am-

¡p-¶-Xv. CtXmsS bpàn, kzmX-{ýw, IÀXrXzw, hnaÀi-\w, kzX-

{´-amb CÑ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Iev]-\-I-sfÃmw Akw-K-Xtam Ak-

Xytam Bbn-¯o-cp-I-bm-Wv. hkvXp-\n-jvTX kzXz-¯nsâ am\-Z-WvU-

ambn amdp¶ hnNm-c-k-{¼-Zmbw ka-Im-e-k-aq-ls¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-

t¯mfw AXns\ \ne-\n-ev]nsâ A\n-hm-cy-amb ap¶p-]m[n Xs¶-bm-

Wv. amÀ-Iyq-knsâ `mj-bnÂ ]d-ªmÂ GI-am-\-amb Hcp hnNm-c-am-

Xr-Isb AXnsâ kmwkvIm-cnI hyh-lm-c-§fpsS ka-kvX-X-e-§-fnepw

\nc-ćw ]p\-cpXv]mZn-¸n-¨p-sIm- mWv B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw \ne-\nÂ¡p-

¶Xpw hf-cp-¶Xpw”24

amÀIyq-knsâ A`n-{]mbw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv CubÀ°-¯n-em-

Wv. GI-am\-amb hnNm-c-[mc A]-c-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ B[p-\nI tIc-f-

¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv ]e-t¸mgpw bpàn-sb-bpw,

kzmX-{ý-s¯-bpw, IÀXr-Xz-s¯bpw, hnaÀi-\-s¯bpw, kzX{´ CÑ-

sbbpw {Zhn-¸n¨v sslμ-hn-b-X-bpsS ASn-t_m-[-¯nsâ Nme-I-§-fmbn

24. t]. 34, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw þ Sn.-hn.-a[p

hyh-lmcw 118

AZÀiambn -Po-hn-X-¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶p F¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. \in- -̈

hÀ¡pw, Xpe-ª-hÀ¡pw ]ng- -̈hÀ¡pw sslμ-hn-b-X-bpsS {]tZ-i-§-

fnÂ F¯pI F¶ e£y-¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fn-

te-¡pw, I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-te¡pw Nme-I-§-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. CXm-hs«

Zfn-X-scbpw khÀW-ssl-μ-h-X-bn-te¡v hen- -̈Sp-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

c p-{]-iv\-§-fmWv ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw a\-Ên-em-t¡- Xv. H¶v

ZfnXv þ BZn-hm-kn-IÀXrXzw kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm, amXr-I-bm-¡-s¸-Sp-

I-tbm, At\z-j-W-]-c-am-hp-I-tbm sNbvXn-Ã. kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjv{So-

b, kuμ-cy, hyh-lmctaJ-e-bn-sem¶pw Xs¶ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-«n-Ã.

amXr-I-bm-¡-s¸« KmÔn-b³ tZiob {]Øm\w sslμ-h-h-evI-cn-¡p-

¶-Xn-te-¡pw, amÀIvkn-b³ ZÀi-\-¯n\v Hcp kzX-{´-A-t\z-j-W-tam,

I½yq-WnÌv kwkvIm-ctam CÃmsX Ccp-«nÂ¯¸p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ

(iq-\y-am-bn) B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw ZmÀi-\n -I-hpw-þ -B-ZÀi-]-chpw þ

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw þ kmaq-lyhpw þ cmjv{So-b-ku-μ-cy-]-c-hpw, XXz-

imkv{Xw þ ssZh-imkv{Xw XpS-§n-b-h-bnepw iq\y-amb B[p-\nI

kaqlw AZÀi-ambn sslμ-h-k-hÀW-h-ev¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§Ä¡p-Ånse C.-Fw.-Fkv

amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-§-fnse ]ng-hp-IÄ AYhm Ah-bpsS

Cý³ þ Gjy³ kaq-l-§-fpsS Ahy-à-X-IÄ NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶Xv DNn-

X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. “{]tXyI coXn-bnÂ ]c-kv]cw \nÀ®-bn-̈ p-sIm v \ne-

sIm-f-fp¶ At\Iw Xe-§-fp-sSbpw (levels) {]tbm-K-a-WvU-e (instances)

-§-fp-sSbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-W-Xv. ]qÀW-amb Hcp hyh-Ø-bpsS A]qÀW-

amb Awi-§Ä F¶ \ne-bn-e-Ã, kzbw k¼qÀW-amb LS-\-I-fm-bmWv

Ah {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu LS-\-IÄ X½n-epÅ ]c-kv]c _Ô-s -̄

¡p-dn-¡p¶ k¦-ev]-amWv amÀIvkn-k-¯nse ka-{K-X.”*5 kzbw ]qÀW-

*5 t]. 52, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀiw, Sn.-hn.-a-[p.

hyh-lmcw 119

amb LS-\-I-fmbn tIcf kaqlw AXnsâ B[p-\nI bqWnäv {]hÀ¯n-

¨n-«p-t m? am{X-hp-aÃ kzbw k¼qÀW-X-bpsS {ia-§ÄXs¶ ]c-¼-

cm-KX Xmev]-cy-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw sXfn-bn-¡-s¸«

hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. C.-Fw.-F-Ên-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \nc-h-[n-]-T-\-§Ä A¯-c-

¯nÂ {it²-b-am-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

“sImtfm-Wn-bÂ `c-W-¯nsâ Bcw- -̀¯nÂ¯s¶ Hcp Cw¥ojv

aoUnbw kvIqÄ Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw A½ At±-ls¯ B kvIqfnÂ

Ab-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw

e`n¨ BZy-hy-àn-I-fn-sem-cmfmbncp¶p At±-lw. tIc-f-¯nse

BZys¯ a{ń-k- -̀bnÂ Awt_-ZvIÀ t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ kwh-cW koän-

\-¸p-d¯v Hcp a{ń-sb-t¸mepw kw`m-h\ sN¿m³ C.-Fw.-Fkv a{ń-

k` Xmev]cyw ImWn-¨nÃ. am«n-d¨n Gsd Xn¶p¶ tIc-f-¯nÂ kkym-

lm-cn-bm-bn-«mWv C.-Fw.-Fkv Adn-b-s -̧«-Xv.25 asäm¶v \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv F¶

PmXn-\m-a-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eqsS PmXnsb Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw ZfnXv _lp-P-\-

§Ä¡p-taÂ \¼q-Xn-cn, \mbÀ, \mb-\mÀ, tat\m³, ]Wn-¡À, A¿À,

t]män F¶n-§s\ PmXn \ma-§-fpw, PmXn-hy-h-lm-c-§fpw Øm]n-s -̈

Sp-¡p-Ibpw, A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§-fmÀÖn-bv¡m³, \in¨ þ ]ng¨ F¶n-§s\

kz´w PmXn-bnse A\y-§Ä¡v Øm\w \nÀ½n¨v sImSp-¡pI IqSn-

bm-bn-cp-¶p.

“Im©m sFe¿-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ {_mÒ-Wn-k-s¯-¸än

{i²m-]qÀh-amb au\w ]men-¡p-Ibpw amÀIvkn-k-s¯-¸än AXn-hm-

Nm-e-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm- mWv C.-Fw.-Fkv RmWn-

t·Â¡fn km[n-X-{]m-b-am-b-Xv... {_mÒ-Wn-ks¯ Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-

ambn Hcn-¡epw At±lw I n-cp-¶n-Ã... Cý-bpsS Imcy-̄ nÂ ]p¯³

P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹hw Akm-[y-am-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\n-

25. t]. 7þ8, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_À, 2005.

hyh-lmcw 120

¶p. AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ PmXn-\nÀaq-e-\-sa¶ Hcp {]mtbm-Kn-I-L«w

Chn-sS A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu hn¹-h-L-«-s¯-¸än k¼qÀW-amb au\-

amWv \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv ssIsIm- Xv.26

C§s\ {_mÒ-Wy-Xsb aqSn-h-bv¡p¶ kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-I³

F¶ \ne-bnÂ C.-Fw.-Fkv AtX \mhp-sIm v i¦-cs\ DbÀ¯n-¸n-

Sn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-hgn i¦-cs\ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-bv¡mWv

CS-Xp-]£w ]tcm-£-s¸-«-Xv. sX¿w AS-§p¶ Iogmf Bßo-b-[m-

csb Iem-cq-]-am-¡n-s¡m v ]pd-´-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶-XmWv c m-

as¯ Imcyw. \nc-h[n Zfn-Xv_-lp-P³ Bßo-bmt\zj-W-§sf \nÊm-

c-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]pd- -́Åp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. “PmXn-sb-¡p-dn¨v au\w

]men-¡p¶ Hcp I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«nsb cq]-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ignªp F¶-

XmWv \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ hnP-b-c-l-kyw... t_m[-]qÀÆw Xs¶, tIc-f-

¯nÂ {_mÒ-Wnkw Ah-km-\n- -̈Xmbn tIc-f-P-\-Xsb hniz-kn-¸n-¡m-

\-t±lw {ian-¨p.”27 F¶v Im©m sFe¿ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. kwkvIm-

cw, kuμcyk¦-ev]w, cmjv{So-bw, kmaqlyw F¶o taJ-e-I-fnse B[p-

\nI kaq-l-¯nsâ _e-lo-\-X-bmWv ChnsS {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶-Xv.

“B[n-Im-cn-I-amb AÚ-X-sIm v tIc-f-¯nsâ \nÀ®m-b-I-

amb ]e tNmZy-§-sfbpw C.-Fw.-Fkv XÅn-¸-d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v

Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.”28 Cý³ I½yq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-hpw,

tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw X¿mdm-¡n-bn-«pÅ C.-Fw.-Fkv A¿³Imfn-bpsS ka-

c-§sf ImWmsX t]mhp-¶p- v. CXv At±-l-¯nsâ B[n-Im-cn-I-

amb AÚ-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xy-NÀ -̈I-fnÂ ZfnXv taJ-e-I-fnse

Fgp-¯n-s\bpw AXp-sIm v Xs¶ Hgn-hm¡n kwkm-cn-¡m-\mWv C.-

Fw.-Fkv {ian- -̈Xv.

26. t]. 10, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_À, 2005.

27. t]. 10, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005

28. t]. 20, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005

hyh-lmcw 121

sP. tZhn-I-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ C.-Fw.-Fkv ]d-¨n-en-sâbpw

{]hÀ¯n-bp-sSbpw c p-Xcw kao-]-\-§Ä h¨p-]p-eÀ¯n F¶p-Å-Xns\

kw_-Ôn-̈ m-Wv. kv{Xok-aq-l-¯nsâ hnIm-k-̄ n-\mbn hmNm-e-am-hp¶

At±lw {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Hcp cq]hpw apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡msX hyh-Øm-

]nX ]pcp-j-L-S-\sb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-bp-am-bn-cp¶p

F¶ hnaÀi\w DbÀ¯p-¶p.*6 Zneo]v Fw. tat\m³, C.-Fw.-F-Êns\

hnaÀin-¡p-¶Xv C¯-c-¯n-em-Wv. “sXt¡ Cý-bnÂ {_mÒ-W³

]cm-¶-t`m-Pn-I-fmb C¯nÄ¡-®n-I-fm-sW¶ ISp¯ hnaÀi\w t\cn-

«n-cp-s¶mcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ... sXt¡-bn-ý-bpsS kmaqly km¼-¯nI

]cn-hÀ -̄\-¯nse \nÀ®m-bI LS-I-§-fn-sem-¶mbn {_mÒ-Wsc ̀ qX-

Im-e-¯nÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡m³ amÀIvknÌv coXn-{Iaw ChnsS D]-bp-à-am-

bn-¯oÀ¶p.”29

Cugh{]Øm-\-§-fpw, C.-hn. cma-kzman {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-

^-e-\-amWv {_mÒ-Wn-I-Xsb _ln-jvI-cn-¡m³ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡n-S-

bnÂt]mepw {ia-§-fp- m-b-Xv. \¼q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m-¡m-\pÅ C.-

Fw.-F-Ênsâ {]Jym-]-\-§Ä¡v At±lw Xs¶ Nne hgn-IÄ Xnc-

sª-Sp -¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \ne-]m-Sp -IÄ ]eXpw {ZmhnU

\nco-£-W-§sf XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶Xpw {_mÒ-Wn-ks¯ kwc-£n-¨p-

\nÀ¯p-¶Xpambn-cp¶p F¶v Zneo]v Fw. tat\m³.

“\¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ tIc-f-¯nÂ hcp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p Xs¶ PmXn \ne-

\n-¶n-cp¶p F¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶p v C.-Fw.-Fkv Xsâ \mj-WÂ IzÌ³

F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ... 1948se c mw ]mÀ«n tIm¬{Kkv PmXn-{]-iv\s¯

“_lp-P-\-§-fpsS sFIyw XIÀ¡m-\pÅ _qÀjzm-X{´w”30 F¶p

hnfn v̈ Hgn-hm-¡n-¡-f-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p... asämcp hkvXpX \¼q-Xn-cn-am-

*6 t]. 23, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005.

29. t]. 26-þ27, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005.

30. t]. 34-þ35, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005.

hyh-lmcw 122

cpsS GIo-I-cW {]hÀ -̄\-§-fmWv tIc-f-¯nsâ sFIy-L-S-\bv¡v

Ipd-s¨-¦nepw ASn-¯-d-bm-bXv F¶pÅ C.-Fw.-F-Ênsâ \nco-£-W-

§-fm-Wv.*7

C§s\ amÀIvkn-k-¯n-sâbpw ]ptcm-K-a\ kz`m-h-¯n-sâbpw

\ma-t[bw tIc-f-¯nsâ PmXn-þ-km-aqly AS-cp-I-fnÂ Imcy-amb kv]Ài-

\-¯n\v apXn-cm-Xn-cn-bv¡m-\pw, Xt±i P\-k-aq-l-§-fpsS BÀÖ-h-

§Ä¡pw, XpSÀ -̈IÄ¡pw tafnÂ {_mÒ-Wn-IX Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-hm\pw

Ignªp F¶n-S-¯mWv C.-Fw.-Fkv AXnÂ Xsâ ISa ]qÀ¯n-bm-

¡p-¶-Xv. C.-Fw.-F-Ênsâ \nco-£-W-¯nepw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-ep-ap-S-\ofw

Zfn-X-cpw, ]nt¶m¡ _lp-P-\-§fpw kwkvIm-c-iq-\y-cpw, {]mIr-X-cpw,

Bbn-cp-¶p. adp-h-i¯v kwkvImc k¼-¶-hpw, kpIr-X-hp-ap-Å-h-sc¶

\ne-bnÂ {_mÒ-Wy-¯nsâ B[p-\nI hymJym\w ZfnXv _lp-P-\-

§Ä¡v taÂ \S-¸m-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. tIcfw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-

ambn {i²n-bvt¡ kwkvIm-cw, Ncn-{Xw, kuμ-cy-k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-

bn-sem-s¡-¯s¶ C.-Fw.Fkv ZfnXv _lp-P-\-k-aq-ls¯ thcv apdn¨v

]Xn-X-cm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Im© sFe¿ ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse “I½yq-

WnÌv ]mÀ«n¡v Cý-bnÂ A[n-Imcw e`n-¨n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ AhÀ Awt_-

ZvIsd PmXn-hmZn F¶pw hnL-S-\-hmZnsb¶pw ap{Z-Ip¯n Pbn-enÂ

AS-¡m³ aSn-¡n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.”31 A{X-am{Xw PmXn-hy-h-Øsb kwc-£n-

¡pIbpw, khÀW-PmXn amaq-ep-I-fpsS AZÀi-\-S-¯n-¸p-Im-cmbn B[p-

\nI tIc-f-¯nÂ (C-ý-bnÂ) {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶-XmWv

I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ A{]m-[m-\y-¯nsâ {]m[m-\yw.

*7 ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005. (C.-Fw.-F-Ên-tâXv {_mÒ-WnIv ̀ qX-Im-es¯ DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-

bv¡p¶ ZÀi-̄ n-tâ-Xm-Wv F¶ Zneo]v Fw. tat\msâ \nco-£W§Ä C³tkm-¡nMv Z

]mÌv (Hm-Ivt^mUv bqWn-th-gvknän {]Êv, 1999) F¶ kam-lm-c-̄ nÂ\n¶pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-

hp-¶-Xm-Wv)

31. t]. 8, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005

hyh-lmcw 123

4. B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ kao-]-\-§Ä

B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ {ia-§-fm-hs« ZfnXv Ah-t_m-[s¯

\njv{]- -̀am-¡p-Ibpw amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ bqtdm-skâ-dnIv kao-]-\-¯n\v

Xpey-ambn bqtdm{InkvXy³ km[y-Xsb tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-a-WvU-

e-¯nÂ Øm]n-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp¶p sNbvXp-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. C.-Fw.-F-

Ên\v {_mÒ-Wn-ks¯ ASn-¯-«nÂ kwc-£n-t¡- -Xp-Å-Xp-t]m-se-

Xs¶ ss{IkvX-k-hÀW-Xbv¡v Htc kabw sslμh khÀW-X-sb-

bpw, bqtdm skâ-dnIv km¼-¯nI A[n-Imc taJ-e-sbbpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-

hm\pw \nc-ćw Øm]n-bv¡p-hm\pw XÂ]-c-cm-bn-cp-¶p.

B[p-\nI `mc-X-¯nse cmjv{Sob {]Xyb imkv{X-§sf NÀ¨

sN¿p¶ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv tIc-f-¯nÂ ss{IkvXh khÀW-X-tbmSv

Ie-ln¨ ZfnX {ia-§sf Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ss{IkvXh s]mXp-

k-aq-l-¯n\v Akv]Àiy-amb hnjbw F¶ \ne-bnÂ ‘]m¼mSn tPm¬

tPmk^v’ {]Øm-\-s¯-bpw, k¸-tdäv AUvan-\n-kvt{Säv {]Øm-\-¯n-

sâbpw (_n-j¸v Ìo^-sâbpw aäpw ap³I¿nÂ \S-¶) CS-s]-S-ep-Isf

Hgn-hm¡n \nÀ¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. KmÔn-Pn-þ-amÀIvkv-þ-{InkvXp Úmt\-

\z-j-W-¯n\v apXn-cp¶ C¯cw {ia-§Ä ZfnXv At\z-j-W-§sf A]-

l-cn-¡p-I-bpw, Npcp-¡p-Ibpw tImf-\n-cq-]-§-fnse XpSÀ -̈bmb bP-am³/

ASn-a (master/slave), \nco-£-Ws¯ {]hÀ¯n-X-am-¡pI am{X-hp-am-bn-

cp-¶p.

XnI¨pw {InkvXo-b-amb ASn-¯-d-bnÂ \n¶p-sIm v Awt_-

ZvIsd hnaÀin-¡p¶ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv ss__n-fn-\p-th n hnizm-k-

§sf Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Bßo--bX F¶ AÔ-hn-izm-ks¯ {]N-cn-¸n-

¡p-¶Xpw C§-s\-bm-Wv. “aXw a\p-jy\p th nsb¶ {]amWw

XnI¨pw {InkvXo-b-amWv. sslμ-hn-b-Xsb \ntÈjw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-

¯pI F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£Ww A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amWv F¶v

hyh-lmcw 124

At±lw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. Iptd-¡qSn hyXy-kvXhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-hp-

amb hnaÀi\w tam£-Zm-Xm-hns\bÃ, amÀ¤m-t\z-j-I-sc-bmWv a\p-

jyÀ¡m-hiyw F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \ne-]m-Sn-t\m-Sp-Å-Xm-Wv.32

aX-s¯-bpw, cmjv{S-s¯-bpw, Ipdn¨pw aX-cm-jv{S-s¯bpw Ipdn-

¨p-apÅ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv \nco-£Ww {InkvXp-ZÀi-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v

teihpw thdn-SmsX ]n´p-S-cp-¶p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kztZ-in-{]-W-bs¯

tdma³ It¯m-en¡ k` ASn-Øm\ ssZh-im-kv{X-Ú-\mbn AwKo-

I-cn-¡p¶ tXmakv AIzn-\m-knsâ ‘kzm`m-hnI \nb-a’t¯mSv Xmc-X-

ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.33 Alnwkm amÀ¤-¯nÂ KmÔn-Pn¡v kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶

]cm-P-bs¯ {InkvXp-hnsâ kl-\w, XymKw, XpS-§n-b-h-bn-eqsS Xpe\w

sNbvXv t\m¡p-¶p v Fw.-Fw. tXma-kv.34 [mÀan-I-X-bpsS NÀ¨bv¡v

hnip² ]utem-knsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¨v KmÔn-Pn-bpsS

kao-]-\s¯ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.35

adp-h-i-¯m-Is« Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\-§sf hnaÀi-\-]-c-ambn kao-

]n-¡p¶ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv C§-s\-bmWv kam-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv “Hcp aXhpw

_p²-aXw t]mepw, tIhew amÀK-ZÀiIw am{X-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶n-

Ã. kXy-amÀKw ]n´pScm³ Bß-i-ànbpw a\p-jy\v Bh-iy-a-s{X.”36

F´m-bn-cn¡mw Fw.-Fw. tXmakv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ Bß-

iàn? Bß-iàn {]Zm\w sN¿m³ _p²-a-X-¯n\v Ign-bmsX t]mhp-

¶Xv F´p-sIm- m-Wv? ChnsS a\-kn-em-t¡ hkvXpX c p-hn-[-

¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nse (`m-c-X-¯nse) B[p-\nI ss{IkvXh ZmÀi-\n-

IX Zfn-X-scbpw Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\-§-sfbpw Hgn-hm-¡p-¶p v F¶-

XmWv. aX-§Ä¡v taÂ ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n\v Blzm\w sN¿p¶ Awt_-

32. t]. 144, B[p-\nI ̀ mc-X-̄ nse cmjv{Sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä, tUm. Fw.-Fw. tXma-kv.

33. t]. 113, B[p-\nI ̀ mc-X-̄ nse cmjv{Sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä, tUm. Fw.-Fw. tXmakv .

34. t]. 95, “ ”35. t]. 94, “ ”36. t]. 144, “ ”

hyh-lmcw 125

ZvIÀ \nco-£-Ws¯ AXv \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. AYhm _p²a-Xs¯

AXnse {_mÒ-Wo-bXsb hntOZn-¨p-sIm v Awt_-ZvIÀ apt¶m-«p-h-

bv¡p-¶ \ntbm _p²-a-X-{i-a-§Ä. asäm-¶v, Awt_-ZvIÀ PmXn-\nÀ½q-

e\ {KÙ-¯nÂ s]mXp-k-aq-l-t¯mSp tNmZn-¡p¶ {][m\ tNmZy-§-

fn-sem-¶v. Akv]Àiys\ \ho-I-cn-¡m³ FÃm ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡fpw

{ian-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡Ä AhÀ Ahsc kzbw

]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xns\¡pdn¨v kzbw Nnń-¨n-«pt m F¶ tNmZyw.

Fw.-Fw. tXma-km-hs« CXc aX-§sf ]cn-jvI-cn-¡m³ Bh-iy-

s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS ss{IkvX-hn-b-Xsb AXnsâ bqtdm A[n-Im-c-þ-A-Ô-

hn-izmk cq]-¯nÂ¯s¶ Cý³ ZfnXv þ _lp-P-\-§Ä¡p-taÂ

Øm]n¨p hbv¡p-I-bm-Wv. c m-as¯ hkvXpX sslμ-hn-b-Xsb tNmZyw

sN¿m\pw XIÀ¡m\pw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-W-̄ n-\m-hptam F¶ kwi-

b-¯n-eqsS htc-Wy-ssl-μ-ho-b-X-bp-ambn sFIy-s -̧Sp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS

ss{IkvX-ho-b-Xbv¡v ]cn-t¡Â¡msX htc-Wy-ssl-μ-ho-bX kzbw Gsä-

Sp-̄ p-sIm v hnP-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. aq¶m-aXv _p²-a-X-s¯bpw AXnsâ

kmaq-ly-þ-im-kv{Xo-b-þ-bpàn t_m[-s¯bpw Xf-fn-¸-d-ªp-sIm v

ss__n-fnsâ A[n-Im-c-þ-A-Ô-hn-izmk þ bqtdm-]y³ tImfm-Wn-bÂ

amÌÀ þ {_mÒ-WnI htc-Wy-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-¯nse kn.-Fw.-Fkv k`m-N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ hyà-

am-hp¶ hkvXpX Bßo-bm-[n-Im-c-¯n-te¡p {]th-in-¡p¶ ZfnXv ]ptcm-

ln-X-·m-sc-bm-bn-cp¶p iq{Z-þ-{_m-Ò-WnI ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ shdp-¯n-cp-

¶-Xv. ]ptcm-lnX Øm\¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ aÕcw PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡v

Imc-W-am-hp-¶p v F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-W-amWv ChnsS Fw.-

Fw. tXmakv \ne-]m-Sns\ hnaÀin-¡m³ t{]c-W-bm-hp-¶-Xv. kn.-Fw.-

Fkv ss{IkvX-h-k-`m-N-cn{Xw CXc k -̀bpsS Ncn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶pw thdn«

H¶mWv F¶Xv hkvXp-X-bm-bn-cn-s¡-¯s¶ Zfn-XÀ¡p-taÂ {]tbm-Kn-

hyh-lmcw 126

¡p¶ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS s]mXp-cq-]-amWv ChnsS {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-

Xv. \qdv sshZn-IÀ iq{Z-þ-{_m-ÒW kaq-l-¯nÂs]-«-h-cm-Wv. AhÀ¡v

k -̀bn-epÅ AwK-_ew Ccp-]-Xp-i-X-am-\-hpw. F¬]-Xp-i-X-am\w P\-

X-bpsS {]Xn-\n[n \qän H¶m-aXv F¯p¶ ZfnXv sshZn-I³ am{X-am-

Wv. tImÀôÂUv Xncp-ta\n ]{´ v sshZn-Isc ZfnXv kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ

\n¶pw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m³ {ian¨p F¶p-Å-XmWv kn.-Fw.-Fkv k -̀bv¡p-

Ånse sk¸-td-j³ {]ta-b-¯n-\pw, Zfn-Xsc ]pd-´-Åp¶ ]nfÀ¸n-

tebv¡pw Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv.37

“{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw {InkvtX-X-c-cp-amb ]nt¶m¡ kap-Zm-bmw-K-

§fpw _lp-hn-[-amb Ah-i-X-IÄ A\p- -̀hn¨p sIm n-cp¶ L«-am-bn-

cp¶p AXv. Imb-t¢-i-I-c-amb tPm-en-IÄ sNbvXp-sIm v ASn-a-I-

fpsS \ne-bnÂ AhÀ Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-IÄ, N´-

IÄ, It -̈cn-IÄ F¶o s]mXp-Ø-e-§-fnÂ AhÀ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xns\

XS-b-cp-sX¶p Kh-s×âp N«-§Ä D m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Ah {]mtbm-

Kn-I-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ah-cpsS Ip«n-IÄ hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xp-

Xs¶ CXc kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]Tn-¡p-hm³

s]mbvs¡m- n-cp¶ Ip«n-Isf the sN¿p-hm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨n-cp-¶p. tNc-

aÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nÂs]« Hcp Ip«nsb tIm«bw skan-\m-cn-bnÂ ]Tn-¡m³

A\p-h-Zn- -̈t¸mÄ henb {]t£m- -̀§Ä D mbn; X·qew B Ip«nsb

skan-\m-cn-bnÂ \n¶pw hn«p-I-f-tb n h¶p. F¦nepw PÀa³ anj³Im-

cpsS klm-b-¯mÂ AbmÄ sIm¨n-bnÂ sN¶p ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw AhÀ

B Bfns\ ]n¶oSv Hcp ]«-¡m-c-\m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hnhcw 1892-

þse ae-bmf an{Xw amkn-I-bnÂ tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p- v.”38

37. t]. 115-þ120, kn.-Fw.-Fkv k`m-N-cn-{Xw, tUm. Ìo^³ h«-̧ md.

38. t]. 42, iXm_vZn kvac-W-IÄ, dh. C.-sP. Nmt¡m.

hyh-lmcw 127

ChnsS hyà-am-hp¶ Nne Imcy-§Ä Zfn-XÀ¡v A[n-Im-c-hpw, ]ptcm-

ln-X-]-«hpw \ÂIp-¶-XnÂ CXc kap-Zm-b-§Ä t¾ÑX ImWp-¶p. ss__n-

fnsâ kmaq-ly-\o-Xnsb¯s¶-bmWv Cu kao-]-\-t¯msS CX-c-k-ap-Zm-

b-§Ä tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. AtX kabw k -̀bnÂ \n¶v ]pd-̄ p-t]m-

hmsX Cu P\-k-aq-ls¯ k` hnizm-kn-I-fm¡n \nÀ¯p-hm³ B{K-ln-

¡bpw sN¿p-¶p. Fw.-Fw. tXma-kns\t¸mepÅ ss{IkvX-h-ZmÀi-\n-I-

·m-cm-hs« CXns\ ]cm-aÀin-¡m-Xn-cn-¡-bpw, _p²-aXw AS-¡-apÅ Zfn-X-

cpsS Bßob kzmX-{ý-s ,̄ ss__n-fnsâ hymJym-\-§ÄsIm v ]cm-

P-b-̧ -Sp-¯p-hm³ {ian-¡bpw sN¿p-¶p. CXv sslμ-h-cpw, amÀIvknÌv

ZmÀ-i-\nI {]mtbm-Kn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw Zfn-XÀ¡p-taÂ \S-¯p¶ Bßob

ùXnI IS-¶m-{I-a-W-̄ nsâ ss{IkvX-h-cq]w am{X-am-Wv.

5. \h-amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§Ä

amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ \h-ZÀi-\-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm v tIc-f-k-aqlw

F{X-am{Xw Ab-YmÀ°-§-fpsS Npän-h-cn-b-en-\p-Ån-em-sW¶v ]cn-tim-

[n-¡mw. “hyXykvX LS-\-IÄ At\ym\yw B{i-bn-¡p-Ibpw \nÀW-

bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kwL-S-\-bmWv amÀIvkn\v kaq-lw. DXv]m-Z-\-

i-àn-Ifpw _Ô-§fpw IqSn-t -̈cp¶ At[m-L-S\ (base-structure) bpw

cmjv{So-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb c v Xe-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp¶

D]-cn-L-S-\- (Super structure) bp-amWv AXnse tNcp-h-IÄ. hntI-{μn-

Ir-X-tam, _lp-tI-{μo-Ir-Xtam Bb LS-\-bm--W-Xv.”39

amÀIvknsâ kmaq-ly-L-S-\m-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Cu kao-]-\-

§Ä Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ A]qÀW-am-hp-¶p. Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ hyXy-

kvX-X-IÄ F§s\ B{i-bn-¡p¶p F¶Xv GI-]-£o-b-X-bn-eq-¶p-¶-

XmWv. At\ym\yw B{i-bn-¡p-t¼mgpw lcn-P-\-§Ä, ]c-¼-cm-KX Ipe-

39. t]. 53, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀi-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 128

s¯m-gn-enÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-hÀ A«n-a-dn¡v hnt[-b-cp-am-Wv. Cu A«n-adn

kz`m-h-amWv kn.-Fw.-Fkv k -̀bp-sS-bp-Ånepw I -Xv. sshZnI hr¯n-

bn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ AhÀ A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. k`m {]iv\w

ImâÀ_dn _nj-̧ n-se-¯n-bn«pw ZfnXv sshZn-IÀ sshZn-I-hr-¯n-bn-se-

¯msX CXc sXmgn-ep-I-fn-se-t¯ n h¶p. CXn-s\-bmWv Im©m

sFe¿ hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv t]mfnäv _yqtdm-bn-tebv¡v DS-s\-sbm¶pw Zfn-

Xs\ ImWm³ km[y-X-bnÃ F¶v.

C.-Fw.-Fkv {_mÒ-Wn-I-Xsb AZÀi-ambn Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-

¡p¶ AtX t_m[-t¯m-sS-bmWv ss{IkvX-hÀ ]cn-hÀ¯nX ss{IkvX-

h-cmb Zfn-Xsc ]pd-́ -Åp-¶-Xv.

B[p-\nI kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS en_-dÂ CS-¯nÂ F§ns\

{_mÒ-Wo-bX {]th-in-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv CXp-sIm v AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-

Xv. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-SÂ F¯-c-¯n-emtWm {_mÒ-Wn-I-Xbv¡v

{]th-in-¡m³ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶Xv. AXn\v kam-\-amWv tIc-f-¯nse

C¯cw {]th-i-\-§-fpw.*8

*8 KmÔn-bpw alm-ßbpw: tKmc-Jv]qÀ PnÃ, 1921-þ22, F¶ jloZv Aao³ sâ {]_-Ô-̄ nÂ

KmÔn ssZh-\m-a-̄ n-te¡v hnti-jn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xpw, KmÔn AXv`pXw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Znhy-

\m-bn-̄ o-cp-¶Xpw hyà-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ‘kztZ-in’se {]hÀ -̄\-̂ -e-ambn _\m-d-kn-

sebpw AbÂ{Km-a-̄ n-sebpw {_Ò-Nm-cn-IÄ aX-{]-Nm-c-Icpw lnμp Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw BNm-c-

§-sf-bpw-Ip-dn¨v {]`m-jWw \S-̄ n. bmK-§Ä kwLSn¸n¡s¸-«p, kwkvIr-X-]m-T-im-e-bpw,

tKmim-ebpw Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. cmweoe DÕ-h-§Ä apS-§msX \S-̄ -s¸-«p. XÀ¡-]-cn-lm-c-

¯n-\mbn PmXn ]©m-b¯p Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. Nadp-IÄ ]c-¼-cm-KX sXmgnÂ _ln-jvI-cn-

¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn. IÅv, aZyw, arK-_en F¶n-hbv¡v hne-¡p-IÄ PmXn-]-©m-b-̄ p-IÄ

{]Jym-]n-̈ p. XpIÂ¸-Wn-bnÂ \n¶pw ]nń-cn-bm³ {]Jym-]-\-§Ä Na-dp-IÄ \S-̄ n. arK-

s¯m-en-bp-cn-¡m\pw P·n-IÄ¡v \nÀ_-ÔnX the-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw ]nń-cn-ªp.

taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS ho«p-th-e-I-fnÂ\n¶pw kv{XoIsf Hgn-hm-¡m³ Na-dp-IÄ Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp-

¯p. F¶mÂ AtX-k-abw KmÔn-̀ -P-\p-I-fpsS XpS-¡hpw, alm-ßsb FXnÀ¡p¶Xv \nc-

h[n A\n-jvS§-fn-te¡v Xncn-bp-¶-Xn-sâbpw A\p-̀ -h-§-fp- m-bn. I¬t]m-f-IÄ A\-¡m³

]äm-sX-bm-bn-t¸m-hp-I, s\¿v No¯-bm-bn-t¸m-hp-I, ico-c-̄ nÂ ZpÀKÔw han-¡p-I. aew-

sIm v ̀ h\w kzbw A`n-tjIw sN¿-s¸-Sp-I. AXn\p kam-\-amWv tIc-f-̄ nse C¯cw

{]th-i-\-§-fpw.

KmÔn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-̈ mÂ ]ng CuSm-t¡ n hcp-sa¶p ]dª P·n-bpsS ap¼nÂ ̀ oam-Im-

c-cq]w {]Xy-£-̧ -Sp-¶p. inh-]qP sN¿Ww F¶v ̀ b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. KmÔn-b³ XXz-kw-ln-X-

tbmSv FXnÀ v̧ {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ho«nÂ Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Xo]n-Sp-̄ -ap- m-hp-¶p. acp-a-

I³ acn-¡p-¶p. ImÂ ho§n thZ-\n-¡p-¶p, hn{Klw A{]-Xy-am-hp-Itbm hoWp-In-S-¡p-

Itbm sN¿p-¶p. amwkw ̀ £n-̈ -hÀ XpSÀ¨-bmbn OÀ±n-¡p-¶p. aÕyw ]pgp-h-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-

¶p, aZyw Ign-¡m³ t]mb-h-gn-bnÂ IÃpw I«bpw s]¿p-¶p, F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n AÛp-X-

hyh-lmcw 129

\h-amÀIvkn-b³ \nco-£-W-§-fpsS shfn- -̈¯nÂ Chsb ]cn-

tim-[n-¡m³ {ian-¡mw. kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-¯nsâ hni-I-e-\-am-\-Z-WvU-

¯nÂ hyàn¡pw kaq-l-¯n\pw ]pd-¯pÅ Hcp hni-I-e\ amXr-I-

bmWv amÀIvkv Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶Xv F¶v AÂ¯q-kÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

“{]tXyI coXn-bnÂ ]c-kv]cw \nÀW-bn-¨p-sIm v \ne-sIm-Åp¶

At\Iw Xe-§-fp-sSbpw (levels) {]tbmK aWvU-e (instances) -§-fp-

sSbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-W-Xv. ]qÀW-amb Hcp hyh-Ø-bpsS A]qÀW-amb

Bi-b-§Ä F¶ \ne-bn-e-Ã, kzbw k¼qÀW-amb LS-\-I-fm-bm-Wv

Ah {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu LS-\-IÄ X½n-eqÅ ]c-kv]c _Ô-

s¯-¡p-dn-¡p¶ k¦-ev]-\-amWv amÀIvkn-k-¯nse ‘ka-{K-X’.40

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ F§s\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶p

F¶Xv GI-]-£o-b-X-bn-eq-¶p-¶-Xm-Wv. At\ym\yw B{i-bn-¡p-

t¼mgpw lcn-P-\-§Ä, ]c-¼-cm-KX t¾Ñ Ipe-s¯m-gn-enÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-

hÀ A«n-a-dn¡v hnt[-b-cp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ kaqlw F¶

krjvSn ]e-s¸mgpw ]mXn-kr-jvSn- (Half build)) bmbn \ne-\nÂ¡p-I-

bmWv sNbvXn-«p-ÅXv. amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³ tUm. sI.-F³. KtW-

insâ A`n-{]mbw C§-s\-bm-Wv. “]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm- nsâ D¯-

cmÀ[-¯nÂ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ \b-§-fpsS kz`m-h-§-fnÂ amä-§Ä h¶p.

Cý³ a[y-hÀK-¯n\v ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXnÂ `c-W-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn¯w

\ÂIp¶ \bw Ah-bnÂ {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.”41

§-fmWv {]hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv. temd³kv _m_v ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse sslμ-ho-b-X-bn-te-¡pÅ ASbm-

f-§-fm-bmWv CXv {]hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv. aew, aq{Xw, Dan-\oÀ, BÀ¯-h-c-àw, adp-]n-Å, N¯

I¶p-Im-en, AXnsâ Dev]-¶-§Ä, am«n-d-̈ n, XpIÂ, Ch-sbms¡ sslμ-ho-b-X-bnÂ Aip-

²-am-Wv. C¯cw Aip-²-X-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv IqSp-XÂ kw -̀hn-̈ -Xv. KmÔn-\m-a-

¯nÂ At]-£n-̈ mÂ \jvS-s -̧«Xv XncnsI In«pw F¶v A\p-̀ -h-km-£y-§-fp- m-bn. KmÔn-

bpsS t]cnÂ t\À¨ t\À¶-t¸mÄ ImWm-Xmb I¶ns\ XncnsI In«n, \jvS-̧ « ]Ww

XncnsI In«p-I, InW-dnÂ Pe-\n-çv Db-cp-I, adn-ªp-hoW acw kzbw \nhÀ¶v XfnÀ¡p-I,

Pe-̄ n\v ]pjv]-̄ nsâ kpKÔw e`n-¡pI F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n AÛp-X-{]-hÀ -̄\-§Ä.

\mbm-Sn, Na-dv, {_mÒ-W³ CXc PmXn aX kaq-l-§Ä F¶n-h-bnÂ sslμ-h-ambn {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-I-bm-Wp- m-b-Xv. Hcp Xcw hnizmk AÛpX {]hÀ -̄\-̄ nsâ KmÔn, asäm-cp-hn-[-

¯nÂ sslμ-h-kz-cm-Pnsâ KmÔnsb BWv ChnsS ImWm-\m-hp-I. (Io-gmf ]T-\-§Ä FUn-

äÀ: kqkn Xmcp, Fkv, kRvPo-hv)

40. t]. 52, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀi-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.

41. t]. 389, tIc-f-̄ nsâ C¶-se-IÄ, sI.-F³. KtW-iv.

hyh-lmcw 130

Cý³ a[y-hÀKhpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-Im-c-_-Ôhpw hnhn[

t]cp-I-fnÂ amÀIvkn-b³ \nco-£-IÀ hnfn-¡p¶ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ ]¦p-

h-bv¡Â Bbn-cp-¶p. AÀ² sImtfm-Wn-bÂ AÀ² ^yqUÂ F¶pw,

]p¯³ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ F¶pw hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp-Xcw A[n-Im-c-

_Ôw F¶pw Nne I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ hymJym-\n-¨n-«p- v. Cý³

sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw Nne Ah-k-c-§-fnÂ Zfn-XÀ¡pw CXc ]pd-t¼m-

¡p-IÄ¡pw ]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-§Ä \ÂIm³ k¶-²-am-

bn-«p- v. F¶mÂ a[yakm-aq-ly-hn-`mKw (hÀK) D]-cnkmaq-ly-hn-`mK

(hÀK)§fm-hs« Ah-cpsS taJ-e-bnÂ C¯cw A[n-Imc hn\n-a-b-¯n\v

X¿m-dm-bn-«n-Ã. am{X-hp-aÃ P\-Xsb ̀ n¶n-¸n¡pw F¶ hymJym-\-¯mÂ

AXns\ Hgn-hm-¡m³ {ian-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.*9

‘‘A[zm-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jyÀ kzXzs¯ \nc-´-c-ambn ]p\À

\nÀ½n-¡-pIbpw kzbw hnI-kn-¸n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv F¶mWv

amÀIvknsâ \nK-a-\w.’’42

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ A[zm-\-¯n-teÀs]-Sm-¯-h-cmWv a\p-jy-sc¶

Øm\-¯n-\Àl-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A[zm-\n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI (ù-Xn-I-am-bpw,

Bßo-b-am-bpw) F¶ t_m[-amWv Cý-bnÂ \Ã a\p-jys\ \nÀ½n-

¡p-¶-Xv. A[zm-\n-¡p¶ a\p-jys\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Ch-cpsS \nco-

£-W-¯nÂ arKw, Pohn, Ipd-hp-ffhÀ F¶o Øm\-amWv \evI-s¸-Sp-

¶-Xv. a\p-jyÀ F¶ t_m[-¯n-te¡v ico-cs¯ DÂ]m-Z-\, \nÀam-W-

¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-sc-bpw, a\-Êns\ Dev]m-Z-\, \nÀam-W-¯n\v

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-sc-bpw, Cý-bnÂ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. B[p-\nI kaq-

l-¯nÂ DXv]m-Z-\-\nÀam-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v icocw hne¡p-¶-hsc ]cn-

*9 Cu hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ tUm. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS “What Congress and Gandhi Have doneto untouchabls” F¶ {KÙw ImWp-I.

42. t]. 105, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw. Sn. hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 131

K-Wn-¨mÂ¯s¶bpw amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯n\v ]cn-an-Xn- I-ev]n-¡-

s¸-Sp-¶p.

sl_Àam-knsâ (Hebermas) \nco-£Ww Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-

W-hp-ambn IqSp-XÂ tNÀ¶p \nÂ¡p-¶p. “Bß-hn-Nm-c-ti-jn-bmWv

hnaÀi\w F¶ Úm\ cq]-¯n-\nSw \Â¡p-¶-Xv..............-D-Xv]m-Z-\-hr-

¯n-b-Ã, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hr¯n (Communicative action) bmWv Cu

aÞ-e-¯n-\-Sn-Øm\w. a\p-jysâ Bß-cq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{Inb kmaq-ly-

amb A[zm-\-¯n-sâbpw kmaq-ly-k-l-hÀ¯n-¯z-¯n-sâbpw Xe-§-

fn-emWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv................. c v Xe-§-fp-sSbpw {]kàn Xncn- -̈dn-

tb- p-Xp- v. c m-as¯ Xe-̄ n\v th ]cn-K-W\ \ÂIm³ amÀIvkn-

\m-bn-Ã.”43

kmaq-ly-D-ev]m-Z-\w, kmaq-ly-k-l-hÀ¯n-Xzw, a\p-jysâ Bß-

cq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{Inb F¶n-h-bnÂ amÀIvkn\v kw -̀hn-¡p¶ ]cm-P-bs¯

Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶n-S-¯mWv `mc-Xo-b-amb kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-§-fpsS ]cn-

anXn amÀIvkv a\-kn-em-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xns\ IqSp-XÂ hyà-am-¡m³ Ign-

bq. Bßo-b-ambpw ùXn-I-am-bpw, km¼-¯n-I-ambpw kmaq-ln-I-ambpw

XIÀ¶p-t]mb Hcp P\-X-Xnsb {]Xn\n[m-\-am-¡m-\mWv Awt_-ZvIÀ

{ian-¡p-¶-Xv. ùXn-I-Xsb am{Xw amÀIvkv Du¶p-¶-Xnsâ ]cn-an-Xnsb

‘_p²-t\m -Im-dÂamÀIvtkm’ F¶ {]_-Ô-\-¯nÂ Awt_-ZvIÀ ]T-

\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶p- v.

A´ÀIÀXr-\n-jvT-amb (Inter subjective) _Ô-§-fp-sS-bpw,

XoÀ¸p-I-fp-sSbpw aWvU-e-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ p-ff sl_Àam-knsâ \nco-£Ww

Bi-bw, Xmev]-cyw, aqeyw, hnizm-kw Ch-bpsS {]Xo-Im-ßI hn\n-a-b-

s¯bpw ka-\z-b-s¯bpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p- v.44 kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy, bm{ń-



hyh-lmcw 132

I-X, A[zm\w F¶n-h-bnÂ Du¶p-¶- amÀIvkn\v AXn-\mÂ¯s¶

kmwkvIm-cn-I-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ _e-X-{´-]-c-Xsb Imcy-ambn kv]Àin-

¡m-\m-hnÃ. kmwkvIm-cnI bpàn-bp-sSbpw, ùXn-I-X-bp-sSbpw _e-

X{´ þ kz`m-hs¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p- v. amÀIvknsâ

bm{ń-I-]-T\w asäm-cÀ°-¯nÂ apX-em-fn-¯-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ Icp-¯pw,

Znim-t_m-[hpw \evIp-¶p- v. a\p-jy-tI-{μo-Ir-X-k-ao-]-\w, A[z\tI{μo-

Ir-X-k-ao-]-\w, ùXn-I-am{X kao-]\w F¶nh DXv]m-Z-\-¯n-sâ-bpw,

em -̀¯n-sâbpw hni-I-e\ CS-§-fn-te¡v amÀIvkn-k-s¯-¯s¶ D]-

tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-co-Xn-bnÂ apX-em-fn-¯(Capitalism)-¯n\v hgn-s¸-

Sp-¶p v amÀIvknkw (Marxism).

‘‘slKÂ Iogmf hÀKs¯ knhnÂ kaq-l-¯nsâ ZrjvSn-bn-

eqsS ImWp-t¼mÄ amÀIvkv Iogm-f-hÀK-¯nsâ ZrjvSn-bneqsS knhnÂ

kaq-ls¯ ImWp-¶p. _qÀjzm-hÀK-¯nsâ \nÀan-Xn-bnÂ A\y-cm-hp-

¶-h-cmWv Cu Iogm-f-hÀKw.’’45

Iogm-f-hÀK-¯nsâ ]mfn-Isf F§ns\ Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Ignbpw

F¶Xv amÀIvknk-¯nsâ `mc-Xo-b-amb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-bn -cp-¶p.

amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ Xs¶ {]iv\-am-bn-cp-¶p. X«p-I-fm-hp¶ a\p-jy-k-aq-

l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, kmaq-ly-hn-`m-K-§fm-hp¶ \nc-h[n A\y-§-sf-¡p-dn-

¨pw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn ]pdw-X-Åp¶ aän-Xc kmaq-ln-I-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-

dn¨pw amÀIvkv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Iogm-f-hÀK GI-I¯n\pÅnÂ¯s¶

]c-kv]cw ssIam-dm³ hnk-½-Xn-¡p¶ ssZ\w-Zn\Ncy-I-fp- m-bn-cp-¶p.

bqtdm-¸nÂ t]mepw sXmgn-emfnhÀKw F¶ Hä am\-I-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Idp-

¯-hÀ (Blacks) asämcp Ah-Øsb t\cn-Sp-¶p- v. Idp-¯-hcpw, PqZ-

·mcpw sFIy-s¸-Sp¶ L«-¯n-\p-tijw PqZ-·m-cmÂ Idp-¯-hÀ ]pd-

´-Å-s¸-«n-«p- v. Pn]vkn-Ifpw Idp-¯-hcpw khn-ti-j-amb sFIyhpw

45. t]. 46. tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.

hyh-lmcw 133

thdn-Sepw \S-¯n-bn-«p- v. amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯nÂ Ch-sbÃmw

Hä GI-I-am-hp-Ibpw AXm-bXv km¼-¯nI GI-I-am-hp-Ibpw CX-

chpw {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw NÀ -̈sN-t¿- -Xp-amb ]e am\-I-§fpw ad-¨p-h-

bv¡m³ t{]cn-X-am-hp-Ibpw Ch {]iv\-hÂIr-X-am-hmsX t]mhp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-«p- v.

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnse ssZ\w-Zn-\-N-cy-IÄ P\-\-s¯bpw, Po-hn-X-s -̄

bpw, ac-W-s¯bpw ac-Wm-\-´-c-Po-hn-X-s¯bpw \nÀWbn-¡p-¶-h-bm-

Wv. Ch-bpsS \nc-´-c-km-[y-Xsb ImWm-\m-hmsX t]mhp¶ Cý³

hymJym-\-§-fn-epw, tIcf{]mhÀ¯nI taJ-e-I-fn-epw, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpw,

sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§fpw ]cn-lcn¡m\m-hmsX t]mhp¶ X«p-Isf

km¼-¯n-I-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ t]cnÂ ad-bv¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-

«p-Å-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ hnI-kn¨ t{SUv bqWn-b\pI-sfm-s¡-¯s¶

PmXn-t{i-Wn-bp-sS-tbm, PmXn-kzXz§fp-sStbm AS-bm-f-§sf t`Zn-¡m-

\m-hmsX \ne-\n¶p F¶p ImWmw. IÅv sN¯v (Toddy tap), IÀj-

I-s¯m-gn-emfn (Land Labours), _mÀ_À (Barber), kzÀ®s¯mgn-

emfn (Gold Smith) Ccp-¼p-]Wn (Black smith) \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯IÀ

(Artisans) Chbnsems¡ PmXn t_m[hpw, -PmXn kaq-l-Iq-Sn-t -̈c-epw,

hn`-P-hpw XpSÀ¶p hcp-¶p- v. C§s\ CS-I-e-cmsX ssZ\w-Zn-\-am-¡-

s¸-«n-cp¶ PmXn-am-\-§-fpsS sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä ]uc-k-aq-

l-§Ä F¶ t]cnÂ kaq-l-¯nÂ ImWmw. ka-c-§fpw, {]t£m- -̀

§fpw DÄs¨À¯p-sIm- mWv ]uc-k-aqlw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. Cu ]uc-

k-aq-l-amhs« kap-Z-mb, D]-Pm-Xn, {]Øm-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv {]th-in-

¨Xv F¶-Xp-sIm- p-Xs¶ kmap-Zm-bnIXsb {]iv\-h-ev¡cn-¡msX FSp-

¯p-]-tbm-Kn¨v cmjv{SobX Zznap-Jkaqls¯ Htc-k-abw krjvSn-¡p-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

`c-W-Ip-S-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn¯w t\Sp¶ AtX L-«-¯nÂ¯s¶

kmap-Zm-bn-I-i-àn-I-fm-hm\pw, Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ymkw, `pan, I -̈hSw

hyh-lmcw 134

XpS-§nb c mw`cWIqS-Øm-]-\-§sf (Secondary power centers)

\nÀ½ns¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p- v. C§s\ c p-X-c-¯n-ep-ff kmaq-

ly-\nÀan-Xn-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ hnI-kn- -̈Xv. C¯cw {iaw A[n-Im-c-

¯nsâ `c-W-IqS kz`m-h-¯n-te-¡pw, `c-W-IqSw A[n-Im-c-¯n-\mbn

kap-Zm-b-ambn, PmXn-bmbn amdp-¶-Xn-te¡pw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw

hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. Chsb hymJym-\-¯nÂ \n¶v Hgn-hm¡n \nÀ¯n-

s¡m- mWv B[p-\nI cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imc {]_-e-X-IÄ PmXn kwLm-

X-§sf kwc-£n- -̈Xv.

‘‘A[n-Im-c-Ø-e-§-fpsS hyXym-k-amWv ]uc-k-aq-ls¯

cmjv{Sob kaq-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw amän \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. `c-W-IqSw A[n-

Imcw Øm]n-¡m³th n _e-{]-tbm-K-sa¶ t]mse hnt[-b-Xzhpw

D]tbm-Kn-¡pw. ]«m-f-hpw,-t]m-eo-kpw, tImS-Xn-Ifpw, Pbn-ep-I-fpw, cmjv{So-

b-k-aq-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW-¦nÂ hnZym-`ymk kmwkvIm-cnI aX-Øm-

]-\-§fpw Ah-bpsS cq]-t`-Z-§fpw ]uc-k-aq-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv.

cmjv{Sob kaqlw ico-c-s¯-bmWv e£y-am-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ ]uc-k-aqlw

sacp-¡p-¶-Xv a\-kn-s\-bm-Wv’’46 F¶ tUm. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvWsâ \nco-

£Ww Cý-bnÂ t]mcm-bva-bp- m-¡p-¶p- v.

cmjv{Sob kaq-l-¯n-\pw, ]uc-k-aq-l-¯n\pw kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ,

PmXn-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Afhpw, apS-¡p-ap-XÂ \nt£-]n- -̈Xnsâ A[n-Im-

chpw D m-bn-cp¶p. ]uc-k-aq-l-\nÀanXn kap-Zm-b-§-fmÂ \nÀ½n-X-

amb s]mXp Øe-§-fp-tX-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu s]mXp-Øew AtX-k-

abw kmap-Zm-bnI \nÀan-Xn-bpsS Øe-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ̀ c-W-Iq-S-hpw, _e-

{]-tbm-K-hpw, hnt[-b-Xzhpw Cu kmap-Zm-bn-I-X-IÄ¡pw D m-bn-cp-¶p.

ico-c-s¯-bpw a\-Ên-s\bpw sacp-¡m³ Cu kmap-Zm-bnI þs]m-Xp-þ-]u-


hyh-lmcw 135

c-k-aq-l§Ä¡v Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. C§-s\mcp A[n-Im-c-k-aq-l-hpw, -L-S-

\bpw Xs¶-bmWv ̀ c-W-Iq-Shpw, A[n-Im-chpw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv. AYhm

H¶mw `cWIqSm-[n-Im-cn ]«m-f-hpw, t]meokpw tImS-Xn-bpw, Pbn-epw,

c mw ̀ c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c/iànbmb Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ym-kw, ̀ qan, I -̈

hSw XpS-§n-b-hbpw H¶p Xs¶-bm-sW¶v AYhm Hcp hyh-Ø-bpsS

ico-c-hpw, a\-Êp-amWv F¶v hfsc thKw Xncn- -̈dn-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tZi-

\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS/ {]tZ-in-I-\nÀan-Xn-bpsS tIc-f-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ Zfn-XÀ,

]pd-t¼m-¡v kaq-l-§Ä hym]-I-ambn {]hÀÖn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

C¯-c-samcp {]hÀÖ-Im-hØ cmjv{Sw AXnsâ `c-W-L-S\ \nÀ½n-

¡p-t¼mÄ Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Cf-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cc-«-i-co-c-¯n-eq-sS-

bmWv {]hÀ¯n- -̈Xv.

C§-s\-bp-ff {]hÀÖ-\s¯ Ata-cn-¡³ kzmX{-ý-{]-Jym-]-

\hpw Ah-Øbpw F§s\ {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶v C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³

hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p- v. ‘‘Ata-cn-¡³ tZio-bX Idp-¯-hÀK-¡msc hÀÖn-

¡p¶p F¶ kXyw Ata-cn-¡³ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[m\ hyh-

lm-c-§-sfbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. \ot{Km-hw-i-PÀ¡v hen-b-kvam-c-I-§-

fn-Ã. kÀ¡mÀhI BÀs¡bvhvknÂ {]mXn-\n-[y-an-Ã. Ah-cpsS t]cnÂ

_rlZvvØm-]-\-§Ä (]-Ån-IÄ, Kme-dn-IÄ, hym]m-c-tI-{μ-§Ä) ImWp-

I-bn-Ã. tZio-b-X-bpsS hyh-lm-c-§Ä A]-c-§sf \nÀ½n-¨p-sIm- mWv

kzbw km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ kvac-W-I-fnÂ henb ad-hn-I-fp- v.

Hmtcm ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ {]Xn-jvTm-]-\-¯nepw aäp sNdnb ]mc-¼-cy-§-

fpsS ]pd-´-Å-ep- v.’’47

Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ sNdnb ]mc-¼cys¯t¸m-ep-aÃ ]pd-´-Ån-bn-

«p-f-f-Xv. F¬]-Xp-i-X-am\w P\-X-sb-¯s¶ ]pd-´-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.


hyh-lmcw 136

]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk v̂

tIc-f-¯nÂ ss{IkvX-h-P-\X hnizm-k-¯nÂ ip²hpw cmP-c-

àhpw hln-¡p¶ bqtdm-]yÀ F¶ \ne-bnÂ kzbw t]dp¶ XoÀ¸v

s]mXp-k-aql \nÀan-Xn-bnse ASª A[ym-b-§-fmbn XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-

cp -¶p. kz´w aX-k-ap -Zm -b-¯n -\p -ÅnÂ PmXn -þ -hwi t_m[

-¯nsâ B`y-ć Ne-\-§-fn-eqsS {]hÀ¯n¨v kz´w ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡-ens\

s]mXp CSw F¶v ]tcm£-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]m¼mSn

tPm¬ tPmk^pam-bpÅ ss{IkvX-h-k- -̀bpsS kwhm-Z-¯nÂ CXnsâ

\nc-h[n sXfn-hp-IÄ Is -Sp-¡m³ Ign-bpw.

‘khÀW {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw, AhÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-Ifpw’ F¶

{]tbmKw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ {]iv\-h-ev¡-cn-¨Xv ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v

Bbn-cp-¶p. tPm¬ tPmk^v Fgp-Xnb {KÙ-¯nse Nne hnh-c-W-

§sf sN´m-c-tÈcn ]cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p- v. “kXy-IÀaw \S-̄ p-t¼mÄ

khÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fmb ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ {InkvXp-hnsâ ico-c-sa¶v

hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ A¸-¡-jvW-§Ä, Xo Â aqew, Hcp ]pe-bn-bpsS

hmbnÂ h¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm-\pÅ hnjaw aqew Ah-fpsS hmbn-te¡v

Fdnªp sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv, thhn¨ I¸-¸q-fp-IÄ ]«n-bpsS hmbn-te¡v

Fdn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ ]«n Ah hmbvsIm v ]nSn¨v hmb-S-bv¡p-¶-

Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv.”48

ss{IkvX-h-k-hÀW-X-bpsS Akv]ÀiyX ]pd-̄ m-hp-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn

ss{IkvXh P\-X-bnÂ AXn-PmXn t_m[w F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p

F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-I-fn-tebv¡v tPm¬ tPmk^v \nc-h[n At\z-j-W-

§Ä DbÀ¯p-¶p- v. {_n«ojv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Kh¬saânsâ sk³k-

kns\ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m v tIc-f-¯nse ZfnXv ss{IkvX-h-cpsS

48. ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v, Sn. F¨v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn.

hyh-lmcw 137

P\-k-aq-ls¯ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ tPm¬ tPmk^v

{iaw \S-¯n. C¯-c-samcp kma-{Kn-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw AXnsâ D]-tbm-

Kn-¡epw Zfn-X-cnÂ A]qÀh-ambn \S-¯nb ]cn-jv¡À¯m-¡-fnÂ HcmÄ

tPm¬ tPmk-^m-Wv.

1935Â {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâ v AwK-§Ä¡v ap¼msI \ÂIp¶

sat½m-dm w Cw¥o-jnÂ X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xpw, tIc-f-¯nÂ ]{´ v e£w

tNc-aÀ hn`mKw Ds ¶pw F«p-e£w lnμp-¡fpw \mep-e£w {InkvXym-

\n-I-fp-am-sW¶pw hyàam¡ns¡m v, {_n«ojv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ tIc-

f-¯nsâ sk³k-kns\ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv At±-lw.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ FÃm hn`m-K-§-fnepws]« {InkvXym-\n-IÄ ]Xn-

\mdp e£-ap- v. CXnÂ It¯m-en-¡m, amÀt¯m-a, bm¡m_, Bw¥n-

¡³ apX-emb kpdn-bm\n hn`m-K-§Ä F«p-e-£hpw CXc kpdn-bm-\n-

IÄ H¶-c-e-£-hpw, A[x-ØnX hÀ¤ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ Bd-c-e-£-hp-

am-Wv F¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ Xpdn-¨p-t\m-¡p¶ c p ASn-b-́ n-c-{]-iv\-§Ä:

1. Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw ]»nIv kÀÆo-knÂ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-

I-amb {]mXn-\n-[yw.

2. taÂ {]kvXm-hn¨ XXzm-Sn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ \nb-a-\nÀamWk -̀bnÂ {]mXn-

\n-[yw.

F-«p-e£w DÅ khÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-IÄ Bd-c-e-£-apÅ

AhÀW {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-sb®n Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä ssIb-

S-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

R§sf A[x-ØnXcmbn-¯s¶ \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ kpkw-L-SnX

bXv\w \S-¯p-Ibpw ap³Zn-hm³ anÌÀ -Sn. cmL-h¿ Xsâ kpdn-bm\n

hyh-lmcw 138

kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS t{]c-W-bmÂ ]»nIv kÀÆo-kn-te¡v \nb-an-¡-s¸-

Sp-¶-Xn\v {InkvXym-\n-Isf It¯m-en-¡, bmt¡m-_, amÀt¯m-a, Bw¥n-

¡³ F¶n-§s\ \mep hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-¨p. ChÀ {InkvXy³ kap-Zm-

b-¯nsâ FÃm B\p-Iq-ey-§fpw ssI¸-äp-¶p.

...AXpsIm- p-Xs¶ cmjv{Sob kan-Xn-I-fnepw kÀ¡mÀ kÀÆo-

knepw, \nba k -̀I-fnepw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K¯pw kÀ¡m-cnsâ ]cn-c-£-

Iq-SmsX Ib-dn-¸-äm³ A[x-Øn-X-cmb ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v km[n-¡p-¶-X-

Ã. (F³. tPm¬ tPmk v̂, saw_À, {ioaqew sePn-tÉ-äohv Akw»n,

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, Cý).*10

Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-¯n\pw ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½o-j-\n-epw, \nb-a-

\nÀamW k -̀bnepw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]mXnI {]mXn-\n[yw Bh-iy-s¸«p

F¶-Xpw, kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-§Ä \mep-{]-[m\ NÀ¨v hn`m-

K-§fpw kpdn-bm-\n-I-fp-am-bn«pw ]c-kv]cw Ah-Im-i-¯n\v kÀ¡m-cn-

t\mSv Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ ZfnXv ss{IkvX-hsc CtX L«-

¯nÂ Hgn-hm-¡-s¸Sp¶ PmXn-hn-\n-a-bs¯ {]iv\-hÂ¡-cn-¡m³ tPm¬

tPmk-^n\v Ignªp F¶pÅXmWv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ asämcp

hkvXp-X. Znhm³ Sn. cmL-h-¿sb ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ tPm¬ tPmk^v

A[n-Imc taJ-e-bnse hyàn CS-s]-S-ensâ cl-ky-hn-\n-ab§sf shfn-

s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ss{IkvXh kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-¯n\v ]n.-F-kv.kn kwh-

c-W-¯n-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Znhm³-þ-]p-tcm-ln-X-þ-cm-jv{Sob _Ôw

asämcp coXn-bnepw ZfnXv kaq-l-§-fnÂ km[y-a-Ãm-Xm-hp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-

¨mWv tPm¬ tPmk^v \nco-£n-¡p-¶Xpw CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xpw.

{]nânwKv taJ-e-bnÂ ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-^nsâ {ia-

§Ä¡vtaÂ ss{IkvXh A[n-Im-c-hpw, cmP-Io-bm-[n-Im-chpw {]hÀ¯n-

¨-Xnsâ hnhn[ kao-]-\-§Ä ]T-\mÀl-am-Wv. tIm«bw sXÅIw

*10. ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v, Sn. F¨v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn.

hyh-lmcw 139

]Ån-bnÂ D]-tZ-in-bm-bn-cn-s¡-bmWv At±lw kmap-Zm-bnI {]hÀ¯\w

Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. 1924Â Bbncw cq]-hn-e-h-cp¶ Hcp {]Êv hnebv¡v

hm§p-I-bp- m-bn. tNc-aÀ ZqXv ]{Xhpw, ZfnXv ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v th n

Hcp-]p-kvX-Ihpw A -̈Sn-¨p. A¨Sn¨hbpsS c p tIm¸n-IÄ kÀ¡m-

cnsâ sk{I-«-dn-tb-än-tebv¡v Ab¨p sImSp-¯n-cp-¶p. kpdn-bm\n

ss{IkvX-h-cnse ]{X-D-S-a-I-fmWv CXn-s\-Xnsc apt¶m«p h¶-Xv. ]n.-

Pn.-{]-ÊnÂ A¨Sn¨ hI-bnÂ sImSp-¡m-\pÅ 112 cq]-bpsS t]cnÂ

tIÊv hcn-I-bpw, aq¶p-Zn-hkw PbnÂ in£ A\p-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

XpSÀ¶v At±-l-¯n-s\-Xnsc \nc-h[n tIÊp-IÄ ss{IkvX-h-{]-am-Wn-

amÀ \S-¯n-h-¶p. {InkvXym-\n-IÄs¡Xnsc ]pkvXIw A -̈Sn-¨n-d¡n

F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {][m-\-s¸« tIkp-I-fnÂ H¶v. kz¯p-¡Ä I p-sI-

«p-Ibpw, sI«n-S-hm-S-I-bv¡vt]mepw \nhÀ¯n-bn-Ãm¯ Ah-Ø-bn-se-¯p-

Ibpw sNbvX kμÀ -̀¯nÂ at\m-ca IpSpw-_-¯nse ]n.-kn. Ipcp-hn-

fbv¡v {]Êv hnÂt¡ n h¶p. `mtKym-Zbw {]Êv F¶ t]cnÂ AXv

]n¶oSv {]hÀ¯n-¨p. ChnsS {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ Hcp kwKXn CXc

PmXn kaq-l-§-fpsS t_m[w {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ coXn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. shdpw

Hcp D]-tZ-in¡v F§s\ {]Êv hm§m³ Imiv e`n-¨p F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p

kwi-bw. s]mXp-a-WvUew DbÀ¯p¶ kwi-b-am-Wn-Xv. F¡m-e¯pw

Ømbn-bmb (Tipical) A[-a-X-es¯ t`Zn-¡p¶ {ia-§Ä kaq-l-hn-cp-

²-am-bn-«mWv s]mXp-k-aqlw {]N-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. F¶mÂ ss{IkvX-h-

k- -̀I-fp-sStbm k`mw-K-§-fmb khÀW-þ-kp-dn-bm\n IpSpw-_-§-sf-tbm,

{]Êv, hml-\w, `qan, I¨-h-Sw, {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww, DbÀ¶ Kh-s×â v

tPmen, Fgp-¯p-Im-cm-bn-cn-¡Â, ]WvUn-X-cm-bn-cn-¡Â Ch-sbm¶pw

kwi-b-ap-bÀ¯msX Ømbn-bmbn (Tipical) XpS-cp-Ibpw tNmZyw sN¿-

s¸-Sm-¯-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

Xan-g v\m-«nse sd«n -asse {io\n-hm-ksâ ‘]d-b³’ ]{Xw

At±l¯nsâ ZfnX v XmXv] -cy -kw-c -£mÀ°w \S¶ Cw¥ v

hyh-lmcw 140

bm{Xsb¯pSÀ¶v Gsä-Sp-¡m³ c mw Xe-ap-d-bn-Ãm-sX-bmWv \n¶p-

t]m-b-Xv. Atbm-¯n-Zm-ksâ ‘Hcp ss]km Xan-g³]-{Xhpw’ At±-l-

¯nsâ acWw hsc XpSÀ¶-tijw \n¶p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ C§-s\-sbmcp aWvU-e-aÃ tIc-f-¯nse ZfnXv ]{X-{]-

hÀ¯-\-¯n\v e`n¨ aWvU-ew. hmbn-¡m³ BÄ¡mÀ CÃm¯ {]iv\-

am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v AXv \nÀ½n-t¡ s]mXp-k-aq-ls¯ hnL-Sn-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw sX¶n-am-äp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ CXc saKm-s]m-Xp-t_m-[-§Ä kq-

£va-ambn AbÂho-«nÂ Pohn-¡p¶ a\p-jy-cmbn AXns\ d±v sN¿p-I-

tbm, sslPmIv sN¿p-I-tbm, A{]-Xy-£-am-¡p-Itbm BWv sN¿p-¶-

Xv. C§s\ AbÂ]-¡-t_m-[-¯nse PmXnsb {]Ênsâ taepÅ CS-

s]-S-embpw Zfn-X-cpsS ]X-\s¯ ap³\nÀ¯p-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶pw a\-

Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-¯nÂ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ

CSw-]n-Sn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ Ncn-{X-am-Wn-Xv. F¶mÂ A -̈Sn-ta-J-e-bnse {][m\

tI{μ-amb ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw aäp Nne NphSpIÄIqSn kzoI-cn-¡p-I-

bp- m-bn. Iv\m\mb hn`m-K-¯nsâ ]{X-amb ‘tIm«bw ]{XnI’

cmjv{Sob Imcy-§-fmÂ kÀ. kn.-]n. A¿À d±m-¡p-I-bp- m-bn.

ssek³kv \ne-hnÂ D m-bn-cp¶ ‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ ]{Xw Iv\m\mb

anj³ Gsä-Sp-¡p-Ibpw c p-hÀjw {]N-c-W-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. C§s\ Hcp {]hÀ¯-\-¯neqsS ss{IkvXh kaq-l-

¯nÂ IqSp-XÂ NÀ¨-bp- mhpw F¶v Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. am{X-hp-aÃ

‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ s]mXp CS-t¯bv¡v {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F¶mÂ kw -̀hn-¨Xv asäm-¶mWv ‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ Zfn-X-cnÂ \n¶v \jvS-

am-hp-Ibpw Iv\m\mb anj\v ]pXnb ]{X-¯nsâ ssek³kv e`n- -̈

t¸mÄ ‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ A -̈Sn-¡msX Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

‘Nnt{Xm-Zbw’ hmcnI {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Inco-

S-[m-c-W-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v Bcw-`n-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. tPm¬ tPmk^v hnä

hyh-lmcw 141

{]ÊnÂ Imiv sImSp¯v A¨-Sn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Nnt{Xm-Zbw 1942Â

CXnsâ ]p\x-{]-kn-²o-I-cWw ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy {]kn-²o-I-c-W-̄ nsâ

kz`m-h-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Imcq-cnsâ ‘s]mXn-t¨mdv’, s]m³Ip¶w

hÀ¡n-bpsS ‘^mZÀ ]mfbwtImS³’, ‘hmg-sh-«v’, sh«qÀ cma³\m-b-cpsS

IY-Ifpw Nnt{XmZbw hmcn-I-bnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p- v. F¶mÂ A¨Sn

km¼-̄ n-I-ambn ‘Nnt{Xm-Zb-’¯n\pw ]nSn-̈ p-\nÂ¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. 1947Â

tIm¬{Kkv t\Xmhv ]n.-Sn. Nmt¡mbpw aäpw {]N-c-W-¯n-\mbn ‘Nnt{Xm-

Zbw’ hmcn-Isb Gsä-Sp v̄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p- v. cmjv{So-b-ambn ZfnXv

ss{IkvX-hÀ¡p-IqSn e`n-¡p¶ CSw F¶ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp¶p AXns\

I n-cp¶Xv. F¶mÂ kÀ kn.-]n. ‘Nnt{Xm-Zbw’ hmcn-I-bpsS ssek³kv

d±m-¡p-I-bmbn-cp-¶p. ChnsS ]d-bm³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ hkvXp-X, A¨Sn

am[y-a-§-fnÂ Zfn-XÀ \S-¯nb {iaw Htc-k-abw d±m-¡p-Ibpw AtX-k-

abw {]Xn-kÔnL-«§-fnÂ ss{IkvX-h-k-`m, cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xz-§Ä

CtX am[y-a-§sf tXSn hcn-Ibpw AhÀ¡p-th n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-«p v F¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv. sshÚm-\n-I-ambn ZfnXv ss{IkvX-

h-k-aq -lw, ZfnXvkaqlw s]mXp-k-aq -l-[m-c -bn -te¡v \S-¯nb

{]bmW§Ä¡p-taÂ I\¯ XS-Ê-§-fmbn khÀW kpdn-bm\n

ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw hnhn-[-cq-]-̄ nÂ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp¶p F¶v A¨Sn

taJ-e-bnse {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS Cu A\p-`hw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kn.-

Fw.-Fkv k -̀bnÂ sshZn-I-cm-hm³ X¿m-dmb Zfn-Xsc Bw¥n-¡³ k -̀

bnse iq{Z-þ-kp-dn-bm\n kaq-lhpw sshZn-Icpw ]pd-̄ m-¡n-b-Xn\p kam-

\-amWv A -̈Sn-ta-J-e-bnÂ kw -̀hn¨ A«n-a-dn-I-fpw.

A -̈Sn, sk³kkv

tImf-\n-hÂIrX A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ c p apJ-§-fn-epÅ {]hÀ¯-

\-ambn thWw CXns\ \nco-£n-¡m³. tImf-\n-L-S-\-bnse Cw¥ojv

hnZym-`ym-kw, {]nânwKv aoUn-b, ]WvUn-X-`m-j-I-fpsS ]pXp-{]-th-i\w

F¶nh sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Kh-s×âp-I-fpsS XmÂ]-cymÀ°w IqSn-bmWv

{]hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä, Adn-hpw, sshÚm-

hyh-lmcw 142

\nI ]pXp-{]-h-W-X-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw tImtfm-Wn-bÂ LS-\sb ASn-

Øm-\-am¡nbmWv hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

hoW \tc-K-fnsâ (Veena Naregal) A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ ]WvUn-äv,

imkv{Xo F¶n§s\ \nc-h[n ]WvUn-X-cq-]-§Ä adm¯n kmwkvIm-

cnI taJ-e-bn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶p v. CXv PmXn-cq-]-§-fpsS sImtfm-

Wn-bÂ A[n-Imc Gän-d-¡-¯nsâ `mK-ambn ImtW- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.49

tIc-f-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bnÂ ]WvUn-äv, imkv{Xo PvRm\m-[n-Im-c-¯n-

tebv¡v {]th-in-¨-hÀ Gähpw Ipd-hm-Wv. am{X-aÃ A[n-Imcw ssdäv

dh-dâ v, At¸m-¯n-¡-cn, alm-I-hn, C§s\ \nc-h[n taJ-e-I-fn-te¡v

hym]n-¡p-¶p- v. Cu hym]-\-¯nÂ PmXn A[n-Imcw tImf\n tIc-f-

¯nÂ asämcp cq]w {]m]n-¡pI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nsâ sImtfm-Wn-

bÂ cq]-¯nÂ {_n«ojv anj-W-dn-bpsS kao-]-\-¯nsâ Nne cq]-§Ä

tIc-f-¯nse hwi-]-c-ambn apńb kaq-l-¯nÂ\n¶pw bqtdm-]y³,

tdma³ {InÌn-bm-\nän hgp-Xn-t¸m-hp-¶-Xn-epÅ `bw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-

ap- v.*11

Cý³ khÀW t{iWn-bn-te¡p {]th-in-¡m³ bqtdm-]y³

{InÌym-\n-än-bpw, Chn-Sps¯ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ ip²-þ-cm-P-c-à-¯nsâ

IeÀ¸n-Ãm¯ ]n³-ap-d-¡m-cm-bn-cn-¡p-hm³ bqtdm-]y³ _Ô-hpw, tIc-

f-¯nse \¼q-Xncn þ \mbÀ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xhpw Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ LS-\-bn-eqsS PmXn-t_m[w ss{IkvX-h-a-X-¯nÂ A{]-Jym-

]nX {]Jym-]-\-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

49. P. 168 - 170 - Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere Veena Naregal*11 kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-\dn dh: tPmk^v ]oäv dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿p¶Xn§-s\-bmWv ‘\½Ä Bh-iy-

an-ÃmsX A[xØnX hÀK-¡m-cpsS ssII-fn-te¡p ]mªp-I-b-dn... \nμn-X-hÀ¤-¡m-cp-ambn

N§m¯w IqSp-¶Xpw ap³hn[n Df-hm-¡p-Ibpw apIÄ¯-«nÂ \½psS kzm[o\w hym]n-̧ n-

¡p-¶-Xns\ XS-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-am{Xw D]-I-cn-¡p¶ amÀK-am-Wv... Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mcpsS

(]p-e-b-cp-sS) B[nIyw DbÀ¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS ho£-W-tIm-WnÂ \½psS {]m[m-\y-s -̄bpw,

A -́Ên-s\bpw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶n-Ã...’ F¶n-§-s\-bmWv tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. (]m-¼mSn

tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v. Sn.-F-̈ v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn).

hyh-lmcw 143

{_n«ojv cmÚn-bn-eqsS X§-fpsS c£ km[y-ambn F¶ ZfnXv

Ah-t_m-[-¯nse hn\n-a-b-§Ä ChnsS XInSw adn-bp-I-bmWv sN¿p-

¶-Xv.*12 sImtfm-Wn-bÂ LS-\-bnse, DSa/ASna kmaq-ly-_-Ô-§fnse

Gähpw ZpÀ_-e-amb Nne kao-]-\-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp¶p ASn-a-I-fmb

Zfn-Xsc hnebv¡p hm§-m\pw, ssZh-¯n-¦Â Xpey-cm-¡m\pw \S-¯nb

\o¡-§Ä. P·n-þ-cm-P-þ-{_m-Ò-Wn-Iv-þ-iq-{Z- -̀cW {Ia-§-fnÂ Cu \o¡w-

t]mepw I\¯ BLm-X-ap- m¡n F¶Xv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p.

lmt_Â ]nXm-hn-sâbpw Iq«-cp-sSbpw hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w PmXn-hy-h-

Øbv¡v FXn-sc-bpÅ Ie-lhpw hyàhpw [oc-hp-amb Nph-Sp-hbv]pw

Bbn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ PmXn-hy-h-Øsb \nÀ½q-e\w sN¿p-¶-XnÂ\n¶v

iq{Z-þ-{_m-ÒW ss{IkvX-ho-bX kzbw ]nt¶m-«p-t]m-hp-Ibpw ss{IkvX-

h-k-aq-l-¯nÂ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \S-¯n-¸p-Im-cmbn CtX t_m[w

cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p, `mc-X-¯n-Â.

PmXnsb aqSn-h-bv¡p-hm³ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ L«-¯nÂ \nc-h[n

{ia-§Ä `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ HutZym-KnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS Ign-ªn-cp-

¶p. CXnsâ D]-h-gn-IÄ sslμ-h-þ-ss{I-kvXh aX-k-aq-l-§fpw ]n³]-

än-bn-cp-¶p. sk³k-kns\¡pdn¨pÅ Nne DZm-l-c-W-§-fn-eqsS CXv

IqSp-XÂ hyà-am-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. “sk³k-kp-ambn tNÀ¶v lnμp-¡Ä

apt¶m-«p-h¨ kwKXn sk³kkv IW-¡p-I-fnÂ Bcpw kz´w PmXn

shfn-s -̧Sp-¯m³ ]m-Sn-sÃ¶ Hcp {]N-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv. lnμp-¡-sf¶p

am{Xw ]d-ªmÂ ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸Spw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p lnμp-¡-fpsS

Xmev]-cyw. B sIWn-bnÂ Akv]ÀiyÀ hoWp-t]m-bn. Akv]ÀiycpsS

P\-kwJy Ipd-bv¡-s¸-«p. lnμp-¡Ä s]cp-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.”50

*12 1854 sk]vXw-_À 6\v ssI¸-ä-bnÂ \S¶ lmt_Â ]nXm-hn-sâbpw Iq«-cp-sSbpw Úm\-

kv\m\w, Poh-\pÅ ssZhs¯ Bcm-[n-¡p-hm-\pÅ BZys¯ hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ambn Zfn-

X-cnse ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ \nc-h[n H¯p-XoÀ¸p-I-fn-eq-sS-

bmWv lmt_Â]n-Xm-hn\pw aäpw ss{IkvX-h-a-X-̄ nÂ {]th-in-¡p-hm³ Ign-ª-Xv. PmXn-

bpsS AI-e-hpw, AXnsâ coXn-Ifpw ]men-̈ p-sIm-Åmsa¶ Dd-̧ n-t·-emWv ss{IkvX-h-aX

]cn-hÀ¯\w kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv. (k-aX ssZzam-kn-I, 2005 þ sk]vXw-_À).

50. t]. 12, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀWIrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw 17.

hyh-lmcw 144

“1816, 1836, 1854 F¶o hÀj-§-fnse It\-jvamcn IW-s¡-Sp-

¸nÂ 30% \mb-·m-cp- m-bn-cp-¶p. 1875 \S¶ BZys¯ imkv{Xo-b-amb

P\-kw-Jym-I-W-¡nÂ 20%ambn¯oÀ¶p ChÀ.”51

“1891 apX-epÅ sk³kkv ]T-\-§Ä (a-[y-{]-tZ-inÂ) 1971-hsc

BIp-t¼mÄ kz´w aX-hn-izm-k-¯nÂ \n¶ tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§Ä 6%

am{X-ambn Npcp-§p¶ (Npcp-¡p-¶) ImgvN-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. am{X-hp-aÃ

]n¶oSv tKm{X-hÀ¤-aXw F¶pÅ {]tbm-Kta \o¡w sN¿p-¶Xv

ImWmw.”52

“tIc-f-¯n-sebpw Xan-gv\m-«n-sebpw Kpl-I-fnepw h\m-´-c-§-

fnepw Ign-bp¶ s\{Kntäm tKm{X-hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸« Kncn-hÀ¤-¡q-«-§Ä,

1,9000 ImSÀ, 1,04000 Ccp-fÀ, 89,000 ae-]p-e-bÀ Hcn-¡epw Hcp {_mÒ-W-

s\-t¸mepw I n-«n-Ãm-¯-hÀ {_mÒ-W-X-a-X-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w

sNbvX-Xmbn tcJ-bp- m-¡n. sk³k-knse IW-¡-\p-k-cn¨v Bcpw-

Xs¶ s\{Kntäm aX-hn-izmkw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶n-Ã.”53

k´mÄ, ap m-hn-`m-Kw, Hd-thm¬, tlmkv hÀK-§Ä lnμp-¡sf

\pgªpIb-ä-¡mcpw `qsIm-Å-¡m-cp-am-bn-¡- n-cp-¶p. lnμp-¡-tfmSv

bmsXmcphn[ Nmbvhpw ImWn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. 1866se £maw s]cp-In-b-

t¸mÄ {_mÒ-W-cpsS ssI¿mÂ ]mI-s¸-Sp -¯nb Blmcw Ign-

¡m³t]mepw ChÀ Xmev]cyw ImWn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ {_mÒ-W-

cpsS {ia-^-e-ambn Chsc sslμ-h-cm-¡pI am{X-aÃ kky-`p-¡p-I-fm-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. amwkw Ign-¡p¶ tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§sf Abn¯

PmXn-¡m-cmbn Cu tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§Ä Xs¶ AI-än-\nÀ¯n-¯p-S-§n.

1930-I-fnÂ tImÄhÀ¤s¯ Abn-¯-¡m-cmb tKm{X-hÀ¤w F¶v hnfn¨p

XpS-§p-¶p- v.54

51. t]. 89-þ90, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v þ sN´m-c-tÈ-cn.

52. t]. 188þ189, aX-]-cn-hÀ-̄ \w Hcp Agn-bm-¡p-cp-¡v, kpμÀcm-Pv.

53. t]. 195, aX-]-cn-hÀ-̄ \w Hcp Agn-bm-¡p-cp-¡v, kpμÀcm-Pv.

54. t]. 166þ170, Census of India- aX-]-cn-hÀ-̄ \w Hcp Agn-bm-¡p-cp-¡v, kpμÀcm-Pv.

hyh-lmcw 145

C§s\ Hcp Abn¯ {]Jym-]\w ss{IkvXh aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w

\S-¯nb Zfn-Xcpw aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w \S-¯m¯ Zfn-Xcpw X½nepw km[n-

s -̈Sp-¯n-«p- v. Bßm-hnÂ c£n-¡-s¸-«-hÀ F¶ \ne-bnÂ ss{IkvX-

h-Z-fn-XÀ, ss{IkvX-h-k-hÀW-Xbv¡v ]pd¯v Bizmkw Is -¯p-¶Xv

ss{IkvX-h-h-ev¡-cn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ Zfn-X-cnse ]m]-`m-cs¯ HmÀ¯v am{X-

am-Wv. CXn-eqsS ss{IkvX-h-cm-hm¯ Zfn-XÀ sslμ-h-h-ev¡-cn- -̈Xmbn

]c-kv]cw \nco-£n-¡p-Ibpw sslμ-h-k-hÀW-X-bpsS F{Kn-saâp-I-fnÂ

Xf-bv¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\X F¶ \ne-bnÂ XnI¨pw cmjv{So-b-

a-Ãm-¯Xpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-]-c-hp-amb PmXn-am-\-§Ä Xpey-ambn t]dp-

I-bm-bn-cp¶p CXn-eqsS ZfnXv kaq-lw.

Pn. Atem-jykv sNdnb kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw henb kaq-l-¯n-

sâbpw Xmev]-cy-§-fpsS tZi-cmjv{S kz`m-hs¯ C§s\ \nco-£n-

¡p-¶p. {Kmwjn-bpsS (Gramsci) ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ slPn-aWn (hegemony)

tZiob kaq-l-¯nsâ {]i-kvX-amb km[m-c-Wm-h-Øsb aq¶p L«§-

fn-epÅ _Ô-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv AXnsâ kmaqly hÀ¤o-I-c-Whpw km¼-

¯nI CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw DbÀ¶ LS-\bpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. Hcp sNdnb

kaq-l-¯n\v kz´-ambn Xmev]-cy-§Ä D m-tb-¡mw. F¶mÂ DbÀ¶

kaq-l-§Ä¡v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xmev]-cy-§fpw AXn-tâ-Xmb Hcp henb

_Ô-§fpw D m-bn-cn-¡pw. CXns\ tI{μo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cn¡pw sNdnb

kaq-l-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-§fpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I. km¼-¯n-Iw, cmjv{So-

bw, Nn´m-]-cw, [mÀanIw Hs¡-¯s¶ Cu DbÀ¶ kaq-ls¯ Npän-

¸-än-bXpw Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-¯n-\-\p-kr-X-ambn tZio-b-am-hp-I-bmWv

sN¿p-¶-Xv.

B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯nÂ Zfn-XÀ \nb-a-]-c-amb Adn-h-I-fpw, a\p-

jym-h-Im-i-§-fpw, A¨Sn aoUn-b-bpsS {]tbm-P-\hpw Adnªp XpS-

§p-¶-tXmsS AhÀ¡p-taÂ AXn-{Iaw AXphsc {]I-S-am-hm¯ cq]-

hyh-lmcw 146

§Ä BÀÖn-bv¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv. tZio-bhpw/{]mtZ-in-I-hp-am-

bn-t¸m-hp¶ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ cq]-§Ä {Kmwjn-bpsS \nco-£-W-¯nse

kmaq-ly-hÀ¤o-I-c-Ww, km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-IÄ, DbÀ¶ LS-\-bpw,

km[m-cW P\X / Akm-[m-cW P\X F¶ Zzμzs¯ \nÀ½n-bv¡p-

¶p- v. PmXn-þ-a-X-km-aq-ly-k-¼¯v þ ]Ww F¶n-§s\ sI«p-]n-

WªmWv PmXn hnth-N\w AXnsâ A]-c-cq-]-§sf Cý-bnÂ

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.

{]XoIm-ßI aqe-[-\s¯ kw_-Ôn v̈

]e-Xcw aqey-§-fpsS, ]e kz`m-h-¯nÂs¸« aqey-§-fpsS hntI-

{μo-IrX LS-\-bpw k{¼-Zm-b-hp-amWv kaqlw. aqe-[-\ (capital) -¯nsâ

kz`m-hw, AYhm ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ aqe-[-\-amWv Cu hotI-{μo-IrX

kaq-l-¯nÂ {]m[m\yw \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Xo-Im-ß-I- (symbolic)

amb \nc-h[n A[n-Imc _Ô-§Ä hyàn-I-fpsS aqe-[-\-ambpw kaq-

l-¯nsâ A[n-Imc LS-\-tbbpw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶p. kmaqly LS\

(structure) Xs¶ c p-Xcw kz`m-h-¯nÂ, LS-\-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p

F¶v hÀ¤ (class) kaq-ls¯ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n ]nbdn t_mZyp

(Pierre Bourdieu) A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. IÀ½m-ß-I- (objective) amb

Ah-Ø-bnÂ kzX-{´-ambn bmsXm¶pw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-SmsX t]mhp-

I-bm-bn-cn¡pw sN¿p-I. ssIh-i-apÅ aqe-[-\-¯nsâ hn\n-abw t]mepw

hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. IÀ¯r¯ (subjective) Ah-Ø-bn-em-hs«

Cu aqe-[-\-§Ä At§-bäw hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]c-kv]cw \S-

¡p¶ Cu hn\n-abw {]Xo-Im-ßI A[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw _Ô-¯n-

sâbpw ASn-¯-d-bn-emWv kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv.55

]nbdn t_mZyp-hnsâ \nco-£-W-§sf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n

kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w (cultural capital) F§n-s\-sbm-s¡-bmWv {]Xo-

55. P. 116-120-Social space and symbolic power, Social Theory.

hyh-lmcw 147

Im-ß-I-kz-`m-h-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶Xv F¶v AXv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw F§-s\-bmWv Zfn-XÀ apdn-¨p-am-ä-

s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Xncn- -̈dn-bm³ DX-Ip¶ \nco-£Ww IqSn-bmWv

CXv. kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ hnth-N-\-¯n\v hyàn-¡p-]n-¶nse PmXn-

k-aq-lyXsb A{Ukv sNbvXp-sIm- mWv AXv {]hÀ¯nbv¡p-¶-Xv.

B[p-\n-I-XbpsS a[ym-Ó-¯n-epw, D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-L-«-¯nepw AXv c v

AS-bm-f-§Ä \nc-¯p-I-bp- m-bn. 1980-I-fnÂ ‘\mbÀ CXn-lm-k-¯nsâ

Ncn{Xw’ F¶ {KÙ-am-bn-cp-¶p H¶m-a-t¯-Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly,

kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjv{So-b, ZmÀi-\n-I, imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI hyàn-Xz-§-

fnÂ Hcp henb hn`mKw \mbÀ PmXn-bn-ep-Å-h-cmWv F¶v B ]pkvXIw

Øm]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-eqsS \mbÀ AÃm¯ PmXn kaq-l-

§Ä F¶pw \mbÀ Bb PmXn kaqlw F¶pw ]c-ky-{]-Jym-]\w

kw -̀hn-¡p-¶p. asämcp hkvXpX P\-Iobw, P\m-[n-]-Xyw F¶ s]mXp

am\-Z-WvU-¯n-\p-taÂ PmXn-hy-h-Øsb Øm]n-¨p-sIm v P\-Io-b-X-

bnÂ\n¶pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶pw cl-ky-am-\-Z-WvU-¯n-tebv¡v

Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw Bi-bq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ D¯-cm-[p-\nI

\nÀ½nXn \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. (Sree Narayana Dharma

Paripalana Samkham)-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 2005-þÂ Fkv. F³.-Un. ]n. ]pd-¯n-d-

¡nb ‘tbmK-\mZw’ kvs]jyÂ ]Xn¸v CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\mbn s]mXp-t_m-[-t¯mSv Ie-ln¨pw \nc-ćw

Gäp-ap-«nbpw {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p¶ AXnsâ kz`m-h-¯n-\p-taÂ PmXn-t_m-

[-¯nsâ Npcp-¡Â \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p c m-as¯ {ia-hpw.

hyàn-Xz-§Ä s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-tâ-XÃ AXv PmXn-bp-tS-XmWv F¶v

B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-L-«-¯nÂ {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p CXn-eq-sS. aX,

D]-aX kmaq-ly-cq-]-§-fnÂ C¯cw hn\n-a-b-§Ä DÅ-d-I-fnÂ \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶p- v. D]-a-X-¯n-tâ-tXm, kap-Zm-b-¯n-tâtXm Bb sSe-

t^m¬ Ub-d-IvS-dn-IÄ, Ie- -dp-IÄ, hnhm-l-]-c-ky-tIm-f-§Ä F¶n-

hyh-lmcw 148

h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv AXv {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-ć hnhml

]c-ky-§-fnse PmXn-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp ]T\w Hcp {InkvXy³

hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\w \S-¯p-I-bp- m-bn. Ah-cpsS \nco-£Ww Xmsg

tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.*13

Cu \nco-£-W-§-fnÂ\n¶v C§s\ Nne-\n-K-a-\-§-fnÂ F¯n-

t¨-cmw. AXn-{]m-No-\-ss{I-kvX-h-Ip-Spw_w F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶p

IqSp-XÂt]cpw. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-¯nÂ PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\nÂ¡p-

¶p. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-¯nse Hmtcm hn`m-K-¯n\pw GsX-¦nepw Xc-

¯nÂ Ah-cpsS PmXnsb Øm]n-¡p-Itbm adn-I-S-¡p-Itbm sNt¿-

n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-¯nse kpdn-bm\n hn`mKw ]c-ky-

ambn Ah-cpsS PmXn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. PmXn-IÄ CS-I-eÀ¶ ]Ån-I-fnepw kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvX-hÀ kzbw

{]Jym-]n¨v PmXn-Ip-eo-\-Xsb Øm]n-¨p-h-cp-¶p. BtKmf (Globaliza-

tion) ]c-ambn sXmgn-en-epw, Pohn-X-¯nepw CS-s]-Sp¶hcmWv ChÀ.

Xtâ-X-Ãm¯ Imc-W-̄ mÂ hnhm-l-tam-N\w t\Sp¶ ChÀ AtX Afhv

*13 ae-bm-f-̄ nse hÀ -̄am-\-]-{X-̄ nse hnhm-l-]-c-ky-§-fnse ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-̄ nsâ Xmev]-

cy-§-fm-bn-cp¶p ChÀ ]cn-tim-[n-̈ -Xv. 600 ]c-ky-§Ä ]cn-tim-[-\bv¡v FSp-̄ p. 92%

kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvX-hÀ F¶v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-]p-cm-X\ ss{IkvX-h-Ip-Spw_w F¶v

IpSp-XÂt]cpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. kn.-F-kv.sF k`m-w-K-§fpw Nne ]c-ky-§-fnÂ kn.-F-

kv.sF þ kpdn-bm\n F¶v {]tXyIw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. ImcWw kn.-F-kv.sF an{i-cq-]-̄ n-

epÅ PmXn-hn-izm-k-Iq-«m-bva-bpsS ]f-fn-Øm-]-\-am-Wv. PmXn-aXw {]iv\-aÃ F¶p ]dª

Hcp Hcp hyànXzw tNc-aÀ kap-Zm-b-̄ nse ss{IkvX-h-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 70% ]c-ky-̄ nepw

hntZ-i v̄ sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶ hc-s\-bpw, t\gvkn-Mv, I¼yq-«À Chbv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶

h[p-hn-s\bpw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m³ B{Klw {]ISn-̧ n-̈ n-«p- v. Xtâ-X-Ãm¯ Imc-W-̄ mÂ

hnhm-l-tam-N\w t\Sn-b-hÀ F¶mWv ]p\Àhn-hm-ln-X-cm-hm-\pÅ ]c-ky-̄ n-seÃmw I n-cp-

¶-Xv. 99% ]c-ky-̄ nepw ssZh-̀ -b-apÅ h[p-hn-s\bpw hc-s\bpw {]tXyIw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-

¶p. 80% ]c-ky-hpw, shfp-̄ , kpap-J³, kpμcn F¶pw A\p-tbm-Py-cmb Btem-N\

F¶pw tNÀ¯n-cn-bv¡p-¶p. CXnsâ BsI-bpÅ D¯cw C§-s\-bm-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-

l-̄ nse kpdn-bm\n hn`mKw ]c-ky-ambn Ah-cpsS PmXn shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. CS-I-eÀ¶

PmXn kmaqly]Ån-bnepw CXv shfn-s¸-Sp¯n hcp-¶p. BtKm-f-ambn sXmgnÂ þ Pohn-

¯nÂ {]th-in-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv Ch-cnÂ A[n-I-hpw, Xtâ-X-Ãm¯ Imc-W-̄ mÂ hnhm-l-

tam-N\w t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mÂ AtX Afhv Xtâ-Xmb Imc-W-¡msc BZÀi-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. km¼-

¯n-I-\n-e, D¶-X-Ip-e-a-Xw, BtKm-f-hÂ¡-c-W-sXm-gnÂ, Chbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-cmb ssZh-̀ -

b-apÅ h[p/hc³ F¶v Fgp-Xn-t¨À¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ip²-càw {]Xn-Øm-]n-bv¡p¶ hwi-

t_m-[-̄ nsâ ]tc-m£-s]m-Xp-a-WvU-e-ambn hÀ¯-am-\-]-{X-§Ä F¶ s]mXp-a-WvUew amdp-

¶p. (SCM ÌpUâ v {InkvXy³ aqhvsaâ v 27/01/07Â Xncp-h-Ã-bnÂ \S¶ Iym¼nÂ\n¶v.)

hyh-lmcw 149

Xtâ-Xmb Imc-W-¡msc kaq-l-¯nÂ\n¶pw ]pd-¯p-\n-dp-¯p-¶p. A\p-

tbm-Py-cmb ssZh- -̀b-ap-Å-hsc Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS D¶-X-Ipew þ

PmXn þ AXn-{]m-No\w F¶o PmXn-hy-h-Øm-am-\-§sf ss{IkvXhw

F¶ aX-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \S¯n-s¡m- n-cn-¡p-¶p. ip²-càw

{]Xn-Øm-]n-¡p¶ hwi-t_m[w ChnsS {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. s]mXp-hym-

]m-c-¯nsâ ]{X-am-[y-a-§Ä CXn-eqsS PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \S¯n¸p-

Im-cm-sW¶v AYhm s]mXp-hy-h-lmcw PmXn hyh-lm-c-am-sW¶v hyà-

am-hp-¶p.

A\p-I-cW\nbaw, a\-im-kv{X-k-ao-]\w

B[p-\n-I, B[p-\n-Im-\-ć kaq-l-¯n-tebv¡v PmXn-hy-h-

Øbv¡v {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶Xnsâ Nne Nme-I-§sf Awt_-ZvI-

dnsâ \nco-£-W-¯n-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw. At±lw ‘A\p-I-cW \nb-

as¯’ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-¯n\v kaqlw kzoI-cn- -̈Xns\

Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. K{_n-tbÂ XmÀtU A\p-I-c-W-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ

Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p- v. “kμÀ`w In«n-bmÂ A`n-Pm-

X-hÀ¤w Fhn-sSbpw FÃm-bvt¸mgpw AXnsâ t\Xm-¡-sf, cmPm-¡-·msc

AYhm ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-Isf A\p-I-cn-¡pw. AXp-t]mse P\-§Ä

kμÀ`w In«n-bmÂ A`n-Pm-X-hÀKs¯ A\p-I-cn-¡pw. Gähpw kao-]-

Ø-am-b-h-bnÂ Gähpw D¶-X-amb H¶mWv Gähpw IqSp-XÂ A\p-I-

cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.”56 Cu \nK-a-\s¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-

¶p. “(1)A\p-IcW¯nsâ {]`hw kaq-l-¯nÂ A´-Êp-ä-Xm-bn-cn-

¡Ww, (2) kaq-l-¯nse AwK-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ ‘\nc-´-c-_-Ô-§Ä

\ntXy\’D m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Cu D]m-[n-IÄ Cý-bnÂ D m-bn-cp¶p

F¶-XnÂ kwi-b-an-Ã. {_mÒ-W³ AÀ[ ssZh-amWv. tZhmw-i-kw- -̀

h-\m-Wv. AbmÄ Hcp amXrI krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn¨v aäp-Å-


hyh-lmcw 150

hsc hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Abm-fpsS A´Êv tNmZyw sN¿-

s¸-Sp-¶-X-Ã... AbmÄ ktKm{X hnhm-l-k-{¼-Zmbw ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp

he-b-¯n-\p-Ån-emWp Pohn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ Abmsf aäp-Å-hÀ A\p-I-

cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡ptam? N]-e-cmb a\p-jyÀ! A\p-I-cWw Ffp-¸-am-Wv.

\nÀ½mWw _p²n-ap-«m-Wv.”57

asämcp \nco-£Ww a\-im-kv{X-]-c-hpw, bm{ń-I-hp-amb PmXn-

bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. kzbw he-bnXambn Npcp-

§p-¶Xnsâ a\-im-kv{X-k-ao-]-\-amWv kzbw sIm«n-b-S-bv¡p¶ he-bn-

Xm-h-Ø. CXnsâ A\p-I-c-W-am-hs« adp-h-i¯v asäm-cp-co-Xn-bnÂ sIm«n-

b-S-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶ he-bn-Xm-hØ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Awt_-Zv-I-dnsâ ̀ mj-

bnÂ Hcp Iq«sc ]pd-¯m¡n hmXn-e-S- -̈t¸m-Ä, hmXn-e-S- -̈hÀ kzbw

AI-̄ m-¡-s -̧«p. CXnsâ \nc- -́c-X-bn-emWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS bm{ń-

IX {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§p-¶-Xv.

“C§-s\-bp-Å bm{ń-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸« PmXn-

IÄ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv apl-½-Zo-bÀ, blq-ZÀ, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, ]mgvkn-

IÄ. PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw CÃm-¯- aX-§-fm-Wn-h. F¶mÂ Ch X½nÂ

At\ym\yw PmXn-_-Ô-¯mÂ ]c-kv]cw hmXn-e-S- -̈h-cm-Wv. Ch-cnÂ

apl-½-Zo-bÀ, blq-ZÀ, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ ktKm-{X-_-Ô-§-fn-eqsS PmXn

\ne-\nÀ¯n-b-t¸mÄ, ]mgvkn-IÄ kml-N-cy-§-fpsS k½À±-^-e-ambn

PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\nÀt¯- n-h-¶-h-cm-Wv. sacp-§m³ Iq«m-¡m¯

AwK-§Ä, ]pXnsbmcp Nn´m-k-c-Wn, Kpcp ({]-hm-N-I³) F¶v BZ-c-

]qÀhw hnfn-¡p¶bmÄ, Ahn-ln-X-t{]aw \S-¯p¶ hyàn Ch-scms¡

AI¯pw ]pd-¯p-ambn, k¦-c-ambn PmXnsb \ne-\nÀt¯- -h-cmbn

Npcp-t§ nhcp¶p”58 F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.


58. t]. 22þ23, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀWIrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw 1.

hyh-lmcw 151

hn\n-a-b-¯n\pw sImSp-¡Â hm§-en\pw (communication and

exchange) Nn´m-]-c-ambpw hkvXpcq]-]-c-ambpw km[y-am-hm¯ GsXmcp

kaq-l-¯nepw PmXn (caste) {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse \mbÀ-þ-

iq{Z kaq-l-§Ä, Cug-h-]n-t¶m-¡-k-aq-l-§Ä, ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-§Ä

Hs¡-¯s¶ PmXn-bpsS hml-I-cm-hp-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶v ChnsS hyà-

am-hp-¶p. A\p-I-cW kz`mh¯nsâ tasebv¡v t\m¡p¶ {]Ir-X-

hpw, kzbw sIm«n-b-S¨v he-bn-X-§-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX LS-I-§Ä am{X-

aÃ PmXnsb hÀ¯-am-\-h-evI-cn¨v AXn\v A¸p-d-t¯bv¡v AXn\v

t]mth- n-h-¶p. {_mÒ-Wn-I-amb hwi-¯nsâ imJ F¶v Øm]n-

¡m³ AXv hy{KX ImWn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. km¼-¯n-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-

k-]-c-hp-amb DbÀ¨-bn-eq-sSbpw Cý³ {_mÒ-Wo-Im-h-Øsb A]-

IÀj-X-tbmsS \nco-£n¨ iq{Z-þ-ss{I-kvX-hnI _lp-P\ (]n-t¶m-¡À)

kaq-l-¯n\v càw {]th-i-\-¯nsâ ]mc-¼-cy-hpw, cà-ip-²-X-bpsS

hwim-h-en-bpw Bh-iy-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. CXn-eqsS ChÀ kzbw PmXn-I-

fmbn kzbw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]t_m-[-\ (Enlight-

enment) -]-c-Xsb B[p-\n-Im-\-ć (post modern) Nn´-IÄ hnaÀin-

¡p-¶p- v. Adn-hnsâ BsI-¯p-I-sb-bpw, kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ sam¯-

hyh-Ø-sbbpw AXv hnaÀin -¡p-¶p. Acn-Ip -hÂ¡-cn -¡-s¸«

(marginalize) A]-c-§sf B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS sam¯-hy-hØ Hgn-hm-¡n-

bn-cp-¶p. hyXy-kvX-X-Isf ]pd-́ -Åp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B[p-\n-I-X. sshhn-

[y-§-sf-bpw, hnhn-[-§-sfbpw (multiple) iàn-]-c-ambn GIo-I-cn-¡p¶

bpàn-]-c-X-bpsS coXnsb ̂ qt¡m (Foucault) FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. Ahbv¡v

Hs¡-¯s¶ bpàn-]cXbv¡v A¸p-d-̄ pÅ, s]mXp \nb-a-§Ä¡v A¸p-

d-¯pÅ \nc-h[n cq]-§Ä Ds ¶v ^qt¡m hyà-am-bn-¡n-bn-cp¶p.59

59. P. 153. Cultural Theory and the Problem of modernity, Alan Swingewood

hyh-lmcw 152

sI.-]n.-F.-kn.bpw B[p-\nI GI-am-{X-k-ao-]-\hpw

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS GI-am-{X-s]m-Xp-kz-`m-h-hÂ¡-cWw AXnsâ

kmwkvIm-cnI taJe \nÀ½n- -̈t¸mÄ ZfnXv At\z-j-W-§Ä hnk-½-X-

am-hp-¶-Xnsâ Nn{XamWv tdmkn-bn-eqsS I -Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ {][m\

cmjv{Sob Nme-I-am-bn-cp¶ Iem-{]-Øm\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ sI.-]n.-F.-

kn. Zfn-X-tcmSv FSp¯ \ne-]mSpw CXnÂ\n¶pw A´-c-am-bXmbn-cp-

¶n-Ã. ‘\n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm-¡n’, ‘apSn-b-\mb ]p{X³’ F¶o

\mS-I-§-fpsS ]n³Im-gvN-IÄ Ch-bn-tebv¡v IqSp-XÂ shfn¨w \ÂIp-

¶p- v. \mÂ¸¯n F«p hÀj-ambn sI.-]n.-F.-kn. (K.P.A.C) bnÂ

tPmen sN¿p¶ sI.-]n.-F.kn tPm¬ksâ hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS C§s\

hne-bn-cp-¯mw.

“Ipd-hn-e-§m-«p-sh¨v \ntcm[w h¶p. ]Ån-I-fn-sems¡ A -̈

·mcv ]dªp Cu \mSIw ssZhhnizm-k-¯n\v FXn-cm-Wv. \mSIw

ImWm³ t]mI-cpXv F¶v. ]s£ A¶v \mSIw ImWm³ h¶-h-cnÂ

ap¡mÂ]¦pw It¯m-en-¡-cm-bn-cp-¶p. I -hÀ¡v AXv ]Ån-s¡-Xn-

scm-¶p-a-Ã. Irjn-¡m-c-sâbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw IY-bmWv F¶p

a\-Ên-embn. AXn-\p-tijw It¯m-en¡m ]ptcm-ln-X-·mcpw I\ym-

kv{Xo-Ifpw sI.-]n.-F.-kn-bpsS \mSIw I p-sIm- n-cp¶p.”60

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw sI.-]n.-F.kn F§-s\-bmWv ad-¨p-]n-

Sn-¨p-sIm v a[y-hÀ¤-¯nsâ {]iv\-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xv F¶v

sI.-]n.-F.-kn. tPm¬ksâ A\p-`-h-km-£y-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyà-am-

Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS {]iv\-¯n-tebv¡v Xncn-ªmÂ AXns\ _ln-

jvI-cn-¡m³ ]Ån (church) hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv ]d-bp-t¼m-gmWv ]Ånbpw,

hnizm-kn-Ifpw Adn-bp-¶Xv X§-f-S-§p¶ D]-cn-k-aq-l-§-fpsS {]iv\w

60. t]. 18, am[yaw þ hmcn-I-þ2000-þ-P-\p.28.

hyh-lmcw 153

AYhm IÀj-I-cpsS a[y-hÀ¤-§-fpsS {]iv\-amWv I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n

ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. sXmgn-emfn AYhm Zfn-XÀ CXnÂ a\-Ên-em-

hm¯ ]Wn-¡m-cmbn (objects) XpS-cp¶p F¶p am{Xw.

“]s£ ‘\n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n’ F¶ t]cv tI«p-Xs¶

alm-cmjv{S kÀ¡mÀ \mSIw \ntcm-[n¨p. sI.-]n.-F.-kn-¡mÀ c p-Zn-

hkw AhnsS Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw XIÀ¶ Xd-hmSv F¶v t]cv amän

ssek³kn\v At]-£n-s -̈¦nepw kv{In]väv ]cn-tim-[n v̈ kÀ¡mÀ A\p-

aXn \ntj-[n-¨p. A§s\ Bdp-\m-S-Ihpw d±m-¡n.”61

‘\n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n’ F¶ \mSIw icn¡pw kwkm-cn-

¡p-¶Xv ‘XIÀ¶ Xd-hm-Sn’-s\-¡p-dn-¨sÃ? ]ns¶ Fń-\mWv A¡mcyw

ad-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. C§-s\-sbmcp ad-¨p-h-bv¡-en-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p ZfnX

kmwkvIm-cnI CS-t¯bv¡v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS sI.-]n.-F.-kn. Iem-kmw-

kvIm-cnI IS-¶p-I-bäw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xv. apSnb-\mb ]p{X³ F¶

\mS-I-¯nsâ e£y-§Ä IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ CXv Iptd-¡qSn hyà-

X-bn-se-¯pw.

a[y-hÀK-k-aq-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-«mWv apSn-b-\mb ]p{X³

\mS-I-¯nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ c p hr²-I-Ym-]m-

{X-§-fp- v. ChÀ tImamfn thjw sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv. AXnÂ H¶v

imkv{Xn-IÄ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Ak-a-b-§-fnÂ kwkvIr-X-tÇmIw

Dcp-hn-Sp¶ Ct±lw KmÔn-b-\mbncp¶p. {]mb-¯nÂ aIÄ¡v kam-\-

\mb sXmgn-emfn s]¬Ip-«nsb (sN-dp-asâ aI-sf) {]W-bn-¡m\pw

hnhmlw Ign-¡m\pw Ct±lw k¶-²-\p-am-Wv. \mS-I-¯n\p ]pd¯v

Cu imkv{Xn-IÄ tIi-h-im-kv{Xn-IÄ BsW¶v hyà-am-hpw. A¿³Im-

fn-¡p-tijw km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-L-̄ nsâ t\Xm-hm-bn-̄ oÀ¶-bmÄ.

61. t]. 19, am[yaw þ hmcn-I-þ2000-þ-P-\p.28.

hyh-lmcw 154

Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-bv¡p-Xpeyw Zfn-Xsc H¶n¨p \nÀ¯m³ {ian- -̈bmÄ.

imkv{Xn-]-co£ ]mÊmb hyàn-Xzw. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS aIsf hnhmlw

Ign-¨p. F¶mÂ km[p-P\ {]Øm-\-¯n\v th {X apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-

hm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. Fń-\mWv imkv{Xn-IÄ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \mS-

I-¯nÂ tImam-fn-bm-¡p¶-Xv. Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm\w sNdp-a-cpsS CS-

bnÂ kPo-h-am-b-t¸mÄ F´p-sIm- mWv imkv{Xn-IÄ F¶ IYm-]m{Xw

tImam-fn-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. t_m[y-am-hp¶ kwKXn kmap-Zm-bnI {]Øm-

\-¯nÂ \n¶pw Zfn-Xsc cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«n ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¯-t¸mÄ kmap-Zm-

bnI {]Øm-\s¯ tImam-fn-bm-t¡- Xv cmjv{So-b-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ

Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. asämcp lmky-I-Ym-]m-{X-ap-ÅXv F³.-F-kv.-F-knsâ

t\Xm-hmWv a¶¯v ]ß-\m-`sâ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-

bnÂ \n¶v C¯-c-samcp t\Xm-hnsâ A]-c-Xzhpw IYm-]m-{Xhpw CÃ

F¶Xpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p.*a

alZv kt½-f-\-¯nsâ {]kàn

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ LS-\-bn-eqsS hnImkw hcn¨ PmXnkao-]-\-§-

fpsS XpSÀ -̈IÄ ChnsS hnL-Sn-X kq£va-§-fmbn Nme-I-{]-{In-b-bn-

em-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv hyà-am-t¡- -Xv. {_mÒ-W-Pm-Xn-L-S-\-bpsS

XpSÀ¨-bmbncp¶p CXv. AXn-\pÅ DuÀÖhpw \bhpw sImtfm-Wn-

bÂ LS-\-I-fn-eqsS PmXn-km-aq-ly-]-cX BÀÖn¨p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ ]T-\-§-fpsS A`n{]m-b-¯nÂ {_mÒ-W-PmXn

LS-\bv¡v sImtfm-Wn-bÂ _Ôw \ne-\nÀ¯m\pw AXnsâ DtZym-K,

A[n-Im-c-§Ä ]¦p-h-bv¡m\pw H¸w X§-fpsS LS-\-sbbpw, \ne-

sbbpw hne-sbbpw kwc-£n-¡m\pw Ign-ªp. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc A[n-

Im-c-L-S-\bpw A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bpw X½n-epÅ ]¦p-h-bv¡Â IqSn-bm-bn-

cp¶p CXv.

*a Hcp-]mÀ«n Hcp P\-X-tbmSv sNbvX-Xv. Fw. _n. at\mPv (am-[y-aw).

hyh-lmcw 155

sXmÅm-bn-c¯n ap¸-Xp-I-fnÂ Úm\-]-c-amb ZfnXv am\p-jn-IX

hnImkw t\Sp-I-bp- m-bn. 1927Â al-ZnÂh¨v a\p-kvarXn Nps«-cn-

¡p¶ ka-c-¯nsâ {]tabw Cu am\p-jn-I-X-bp-sSbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-

¯n-sâbpw hyà-amb ZÀi\w \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p.*14 F¶mÂ tImf\n

B[p-\n-I-X (colonial modernity)bpw, B[p-\n-I-Xbpw C¯-c-samcp

{ias¯ ]pd-´-Åm³ bXv\n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. I -̈hSw kz´-amb

ImÀjn-I-Po-hn-Xw, hnÚm-\-ta-Je F¶n-h-bn-te-¡pÅ hgn-IÄIqSn

Cu s]mXp-t_m[w Is¿m-gn-bm³ bXv\n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\n-I-

L-S-\-bnepw Zfn-X-{]-t£m-`-§Ä ]c-¼-cm-KX kao-]-\-§Äs¡-Xnsc

\ne-]m-sS-Sp-¯-s¸m-sgms¡ \μnbpw / \μn-tISpw, DS-abpw / arKhpw

X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ kam\-]-cm-aÀi-§-fmWv A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-§-

fnÂ \n¶v DbÀ¶p-h-¶n-«p-Å-Xv.

thmÄtkm-bn¦ amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v C§s\ ]cm-aÀin-¨n-«p-

v. Idp-¯-hÀ Ah-cpsS kzXz-{]-Jym-]\w \S-¯p-t¼m-Ä, \n§sf

hfÀ¯n hep-Xm-¡n-bXv R§-fm-Wv. \n§-fn-t¸mÄ R§Äs¡Xnsc

*14 {]ta-b-̄ nÂ C§s\ tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p

I. sslμh kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ ]X-\-̄ n\p ImcWw a\p-jysâ P·m-h-Im-i-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-

sW¶v Adn-bm³ _lp-P\w an\-s¡-Sm-̄ -Xm-bn-cp-¶p. X§-fpsS Øm\tam ]Z-hntbm AwKo-

I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p-t m-sb¶v AhÀ Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ m-̄ -Xp-sIm- m-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw

X½n-ep-Å, hÀ¤hpw hÀ¤hpw X½n-epÅ ka-c-̄ nÂ Ah Nhn-«n-b-c-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-sÃ¶v Dd-̧ p-

h-cp-̄ p-I-bmWv GsXmcp hyàn-bp-sSbpw Znhy-amb [Àaw.

II. cmjv{So-btam, km¼-̄ n-I-tam, kmaq-lytam Bb Pohn-X-cw-K-§-fnÂ kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bnÂ

sshPmXyw D m-¡p¶ GsXmcp {]hÀ¯n-sbbpw FXnÀt¡- -Xm-Wv.

III. FÃm A[n-Im-chpw P\-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv DÛ-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. GsX-¦nepw hyàntbm hn`m-

Ktam Ah-Im-i-s -̧Sp¶ hnti-jm-[n-Imcw P\-§-fmÂ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp¶XsÃ-¦nÂ Ahbv¡v

bmsXmcp km[p-X-bp-an-Ã.

IV. {]hÀ¯n kzmX-{ý-hpw, A`n-{]mb kzmX-{ýhpw Hmtcm hyàn¡pw AÀl-X-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.

V. \nb-a-̄ n\v hnt[-b-a-Ãm-̄ Xv lnμp-hn-s\-s¡m v \nÀ_-Ôn¨v sN¿n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. C¡m-c-

W-̄ mÂ s]mXp-\n-c-̄ p-IÄ, s]mXp InW-dp-Ifpw Ipf-§-fpw, s]mXp-t£-{X-§Ä, aäv s]mXp-

ku-I-cy-§Ä F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Bfp-Isf XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ ]mSn-Ã.

VI. \nb-a-sa-¶Xv hyàn-bp-sStbm hyàn-I-fp-sStbm Iq«-̄ nsâ BÚ-b-Ã. ]cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ n-

\p-th- n-bpÅ P\-§-fpsS \nÀt±-i-amWv \nb-aw. AXm-bXv \nbaw BZ-cn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa-

¦nÂ, AXv kÀh-cp-sSbpw AwKo-Im-c-t¯msS \nÀ½n-¡-Ww. bmsXmcp hyXym-khpanÃmsX

FÃm-hÀ¡pw Hcp-t]mse _m[-I-am-¡-Ww. kmaq-lnI hn -̀P\w kaq-l-\-·bv¡v Hgn-̈ p-Iq-Sm-

\m-h¯XmsW-¦nÂ, A¯cw hn -̀P\w P·-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-em-bn-cn-¡-cp-Xv, aqey-̄ nsâ

ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww. (t]. 152-þ159, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ,

hmeyw-þ10)

hyh-lmcw 156

\nÂ¡p-¶p F¶v amÀIvknÌp-IÄ i{Xp¯w Øm]n-¡m-dp v. CXn\v

kam-\-amb \μnbpw / \μn-tISpw F¶ {]Jym-]-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv A[n-

Im-c-_Ôw PmXn-hÂIr-X-k-aq-l-¯nepw kq£va-tI-{μ-ap-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

FXnÀ {[ph-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pÅ kao-]-\s¯ N{μ-_m³{]-kmZv hne-bn-cp-

¯p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv.*15 ZfnXsc kwth-Zn-¡p¶ Cu am\-kn-I-ù-Xn-I-

X-bmWv AXnsâ {]Xo-Im-ßI A[n-Imcw (symbolic power)

ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ thdn« kwK-Xn.

kzman B\-μ-XoÀ°À

tIc-f-¯nsâ B[p-\nI kaqlw Hcp t\Àtc-J-bnepw AtX-k-

abw \nc-h[n Gt¦m-Wn-¸p-I-fn-ep-amWv hc-bv¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv F¶v hn.-

hn.-kzm-an-bpw, sI.-Sn. dPn-Ip-amdpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. “]gb Xncp-hn-Xmw-

IqÀ, hiyhpw Ipeo-\-hp-amb `q]-S-§Ä, cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS Xe-am-ä-§Ä,

tIm«-IÄ, sh«n-¸n-Sn-¯-§Ä, {_mÒW A[n-hmktI{μ-§Ä, t£{X-

§Ä, iq{Z-tI-{μo-IrX ImÀjn-I-{Km-a-§Ä, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, Ipeo-\-

k-ap-Zm-b-§-fpsS amlm-ßy-I-Y-IÄ CÆn[w t\Àtc-J-bn-eqsS F¶p

tXm¶pw-h®w hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ ̀ q]-S-§Ä Øm\w

*15 “\n§-sfmcp ZznP-\mbmWv R§-fpsS hntÃ-PnÂ F¯p-¶Xv F¦nÂ \n§Ä Hcp AIew

]men-̈ n-«p- m-hpw. \n§-fpsS InW-dnÂ \n¶pw shÅsaSp-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. Fsâ

kmao-]y-̄ mÂ Aip-²-am-hp-¶-Xn-\mÂ \n§-f-hnsS \n¶v amdn-¡-f-tª-¡mw. \o Fsâ-b-Sp-

t¯¡v hcp-¶Xv bmZ-h³, Pm«v, KpÖm-dv, I½, tXhÀ F¶n-§s\ sXm«p-Iq-«mbva ]men-¡m-

¯-h-cpsS cq]-̄ n-em-Wv. AtX-k-abw Fsâ sXmgn-en\v A\p-k-cn¨v thX\w Xcm-Xn-cn-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿pw. CXv \n§-fpsS em¯n-bm-sW-¦nÂ AXn\v Hcp-]mSp Imcy-§Ä ]d-bm-\p- m-

hpw. \n§Ä Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hmbn Ft¸mÄ ASp-s¯-̄ ptam AXv Fs¶ kwh-c-W-

s¸-Sp-̄ m-\m-bn-cn-¡pw. \osbmcp taÂ DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bmWv hcp-¶-sX-¦nÂ Rm³ Øew

amä-s -̧Sp-¶-Xnsâ Zqcw F{X-taÂ Bbn-cn-¡pw. \n§-sfmcp A¡m-Z-an-j-t\m, sshkvNm³k-

etdm Bbn-«mWv hcp-¶-sX-¦nÂ H«pw t]Sn-t¡ Fs¶ Hcn-¡epw Hcp s{]m^-k-dm-bn-¡m-

Wm³ F\n-¡-h-kcw D m-hp-I-bn-Ã. \n§-sfmcp Nn{X-Im-c-\m-bn h¶mÂ Fsâ thZ-\bpw

Zpcn-Xhpw Iym³hmkntebv¡v tamjvSn-s -̈Sp¡pw. Hcp \Ã ]cn-ØnX {]hÀ -̄I-\mbn

ap¶nÂ¯s¶ \nÂ¡pw. Ft¸mÄ Hcp hyh-kmbnbmbn hcp-¶pthm At¸mÄ \n§-fpsS

Dev]-¶-§-fpsS UoeÀjn v̧ F\n¡v \ÂIn-bn-«p- m-hn-Ã. \n§-sfmcp Nmcn-ä-_nÄ {SÌnsâ

\S-̄ n-̧ p-Im-c-\m-bn-cn-¡mw, F\n¡v {Kmâ v Xcm³ \n§Ä aSn-̈ n-cn-¡pw. \n§-fpsS Nmcn-än¡v

NmXpÀhÀWy-̄ nsâ aXnev IS-¶p-h-cmt\ Ign-bn-Ã. \n§-sfmcp FUn-ä-dmbn Fsâ ap¶n-

te¡p IS-¶p-h-cn-I. At¸mÄ Hcn-¡ew \n§Ä¡v Fsâ `mj CjvS-s¸-Sn-Ã. At¸mÄ

Rm\n-S-s]-«mÂ \n§Ä ]dbpw CXn\v Idâ v kz`mhw CÃ F¶v.” (P. 53, Touch me if youcan this millenium,The Dalit Diary Chandra Bhan Prasad.)

hyh-lmcw 157

sXänbpw Gt¦m-Wn-¸p-I-tfm-sSbpw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p”62 F¶v hc-¨p-Im-

«p-¶p.

C¯cw Gt¦m-Wn-¸nsâ i_vZ-am-bn-cp¶p kzman B\-μ-XoÀ°tâ-

Xv. C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-esâ \nco-£-W-§-fnÂ C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p. “{_Ò-

k-Xyw, PKXv anYy” F¶ {_mÒ-W-th-Zm-´-¯nÂ Nqj-W-¯nsâ

X{´w kzman hmbn-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p... A{_m-Ò-Wn-I-amb k¶ym-

k-k-¦Â]w km£m-XvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p kzman B\-μ-XoÀYÀ. Cý-

t]mse aX-PmXn D]-PmXn k{¼-Zmb§fpw AXnsâ tZiy-t -̀Z-§fpw

sIm v k¦oÀW-amb Hcn-S¯v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-Xbv¡pw

bpàn-Nn-´¡pw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-{]-ta-b-¯n\pw \nc-¡p¶ atX-X-c-am-b,

A[zm-\n-¡p¶ icocw F¶ Bibw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-

\pÅ t¢i-§-fmWv kzman tZl-¯p-S-\ofw XpSÀ -̈bm-bn-s«-¶-h®w A\p-

`-hn¨v ]oU-\-§Ä. {_mÒW ico-c-¯nsâ ]cn-Wmaw F¶ hnjbw

IqSn CXn-ep v F¶v ImWp-t¼mÄ kzman-bpsS Pohn-X-{]-tabw Iptd-

¡qSn {]Xn-]mT kz`m-hn-bm-hp-¶p- v.”63

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-X-bpw, bpàn-Nn-´bpw tIc-f-¯nÂ

F§s\ {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶-Xnsâ ico-c-`m-j-W-amWv B\-μ-XoÀ°À.

ico-c-§Ä¡ptaÂ \nμy-hpw, ASn-a-¯-hpw, ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-hm³ D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ico-cw, icocw Xs¶ AÃ F¶ ‘PK-XvanYy’ ZÀi-\s¯

{_mÒ-WÀ Zfn-XÀ¡pw Iogm-fÀ¡pwtaÂ XpSÀ¶p-h-¶-Xns\ B\-μ-

XoÀ°-cn-tebv¡pw kw{I-an-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B\-μ-XoÀ°À Zfn-X-

scbpw Iogm-f-scbpw t£{X-¯nÂ {]th-in-¸n¡m³ B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-

¯nsâ imkv{X-hpw, bpànbpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v {ian-¨-t¸mÄ Abn¯

kam-\-\mbn B\-μ-XoÀ°sâ icocw aen-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p

62. t]. 10, Bß-I-Y-bpsS Øew, am[yaw hmcnI, 2005 s^{_p-hcn 25.

63. t]. 21, am[yaw 2006, sk]vXw-_À þ15.

hyh-lmcw 158

AYhm icocw Xs¶ CÃm-Xm-¡p-I- (P-KXvanYy)bm-bn-cp¶p {_mÒ-

Wo-b-X.

C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]mÂ apt¶m«p-h-bv¡p¶ c m-as¯ \nco-£Ww

“kzman B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hI-I-fmb \oXn-\ym-b-hy-h-Ø-bp-sSbpw \nb-

a-]-cn-]m-e-\-tk-\-bp-sSbpw klmbw tXSp-¶p- v... t]meo-knÂ ]cmXn

sImSp-¡p-Ibpw tImS-Xn-bnÂ lÀPn ^bÂ sN¿epw Xsâ ssien-

bmbn kzman hfÀ¯n-s¡m- p-h-¶n-cp-¶p.”64 B[p-\nI Cý-bpsS kz`m-

hs¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv AXnsâ kq£va-tI-{μ-§-fn-epw,

AS-cp-I-fnepw {_mÒ-Wn-IX {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ bm{ń-I-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-

Wv. “Cý-bpsS Xe-Øm\w apXÂ {Kma-X-ew-h-sc-bpÅ `cWw \S-

¯p-¶Xv lnμp-¡-fm-Wv. kÀh-hym-]n-bmb ssZh-s¯-t¸mse lnμp-

¡Ä Imcy-\nÀh-l-W-cw-K¯v Bk-Iew hym]-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AXnsâ

FÃm {_m©p-I-fnepw ap¡nepw aqe-bnepw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-i-àn-

bp- v. ]g-b-{I-as¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶-hÀ¡v c£-s]-Sm³ bmsXmcp ]gp-

Xp-an-Ã. dh\yp, t]meo-kv, \oXn-\ymbw F¶n-§s\ GXp hIp-¸nepw

Ch-cmWv Imcy-\nÀh-lWw \S-¯p-¶-Xv.”65

“PmXn, B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯n\v KpW-I-c-am-b-sXm¶pw hnX-c-Ww

sN¿p-¶n-Ã. {_mÒW sshZn-I³amÀ¡v Ah-cpsS Ip¯I \ne-\nÀ¯m-

\pÅ Ah-k-c-§-sfm-cp--¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶p. Ah-cpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw aX-

]-c-hp-amb Øm]-\-§Ä k¼-¶-am-hp-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ am{X-amWv ̀ qansb

apgp-h³ D]-tbm-Kn-t¡- Xv F¶-hÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

F®m-\m-hm¯ A¼-e-§-fnÂ \n¶p e`n-¡p¶ XpI D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶Xv Cu {_mÒW ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Wv. km[m-cW a\p-jyÀ XoÀ°-bm-

{X-bn-eqsS sIm p-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ XpI Cu {_mÒ-Wsc k¼-¶-am-¡p-

64. t]. 22, am[y-aw, sk]vXw-_À þ 15, 2006.

65. t]. 126, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw-þ9.þ

hyh-lmcw 159

Ibpw AtX-k-abw km[m-c-W-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw {_mÒ-W-cpsS hmXn-ep-

IÄ Ft¸mgpw AS-¨p-h-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. bmsXmcp PmXn Xncnhpw

Iminsâ Imcy-¯nÂ ImWn-¡msX AXv cmPy-¯nsâ \m\m-`m-K-¯p-

\n¶psa¯p¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS t]m¡-äns\ Ic-Ø-am-¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ PmXn-]-c-a-Ãm¯sXm¶pw kw -̀hn-¡p-¶p-an-Ã.”66 kzman [Àa-

XoÀ° sslμ{_mÒ-Wo-b-Xsb hnaÀin-¡p-¶Xv AXv sslμ-h-k-aq-

l-¯nsâ Xncn-hp-I-sf-bpw, ASp¡p-I-sfbpw AtX coXn-bnÂ kzoI-cn-

¡p-Ibpw \S-¸n-em-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶ AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv.

k\ym-kn-am-cpsS thj-¯nÂ {]Ý-¶-cmbn h¶ IÃd kpIp-am-

c³ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ CS-s]-SÂ, ae-_m-dn-sebpw Be-¸p-g-bn-sebpw

lcn-P-\-{]-Øm-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv Kpcp-hm-bqÀ A¼-e-¯nÂ ]qWqÂ

CÃmsX DuWp-I-gn-¡m³ t]mb B\-μ-XoÀ°À¡v aÀ±-\-ta-ä-t¸mÄ

{]Xn-I-cn¨ {]Øm-\-§Ä. F´p-sIm- v C{Xbpw Npcp-§n-t¸mbn tIc-

f-¯nsâ PmXn-hn-cp² kmaq-ly-hn-Im-cw. kzman kz´w ico-cs¯

PmXn \nÀ½q-e-\-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn- -̈Xp-t]mse lcn-P-\-§Ä am{Xta

D m-bn-cp-¶pÅp adn¨v kzman-¡p-th- nbpw icocw aÀ±-\-taÂ]n-

bv¡m³. I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-f-S-¡-ap-Å-hÀ lcn-P-\-§-sf-bpw,

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-sfbpw Is¿m-gn-ª-Xnsâ kqN-I-§Ä IqSn-

bm-bn-cp¶p CXv.

`qanbv¡v shfn-bnÂ kwLw tNtc- n-h-¶-hÀ

ZfnXv ico-c-§Ä¡vtaÂ {_mÒ-Wo-b-X {]I-S-am-bn-cp¶ AZri-

X-bpsS asämcp kmaq-ly-a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p ̀ qan-bp-Ån-S-s¯m¶pw kwLw

tNcm³ A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw HSp-hnÂ sIm¨n-¡m-b-enÂ N§mSw

sI«n sNdp-h-Å-§-fnÂ Ahn-sS-sb¯n sIm¨n-¸p-e-bÀ ]WvUnäv sI.-

66. P. 186, History of Hindu Imperialism, Swami Dharma Theertha, B.A., L.L.B.

hyh-lmcw 160

]n. Idp-¸sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S-¯nb kt½-f-\w.67

tIc-f-¯nsâ a®nÂ kwL-Sn-X-cm-bn-cn-¡m³ s]mXp-Øew A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-am-hm-Xn-cn-¡p-I. AYhm `qan-bnÂ\n¶pw amdn-\nÂt¡- n-h-

cp¶ Ah-Ø. s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨sâ {]Øm\w Ing-¡³ ImSp-I-fn-

emWv AXn-\pÅ Øew Hcp-¡n-sb-Sp-¯Xv. ‘Ipf-¯qÀ Ip¶nÂ’ h¨m-

bn-cp¶p s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨³ tbmKw \S-¯n-b-Xv. Cu c p kwLw-

tN-cepw \S-¡p-¶Xv68 1906, 07 Ime-L-«-§-fn-em-Wv. tIc-f-¯nse `qan-

im-kv{X-¯nsâ c p-]p-d-t¼m-¡p-I-fn-emWv Cu IqSn-t -̈c-en\v Ah-k-c-

sam-cp-§n-b-Xv. H¶v Ing¡pw H¶p ]Sn-ªm-dpw. `qan-im-kv{X-¯nsâ

]pd-t¼m-¡p-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ Cu kaq-l-¯nsâ i_vZhpw

tNmZyhpw BWv tIc-f-¯nsâ B[p-\n-I-X-bnse {][m-\-s¸« kmaq-

ly-A-h-Im-i-[m-c-IÄ F¶p ImWmw.

IS-en-te-¡pw, Ic-bn-te¡pw ASn-a-I-fm-¡-s¸« ico-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p

ChÀ. tImf\n B[p-\n-I-X-tbmsS AXv tXm«w h\-ta-J-e-bn-te¡pw

ASn-a-I-fmbn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A\nÂIp-amÀ F.-hn, ‘ -bn-

c-aymhv’ F¶ Ah-km-\s¯ ASn-asb-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. sI.-

sP.-t_-_n, BZn-hm-kn-I-fnÂ ASn-a-bm-¡-s¸« ssI¸m-S-s\-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-

Xn-bn-«p- v. bqtdm-]y³ ASn-a- -̄¯nsâ kz`m-hhpw Cý³ kz`m-hhpw

F§s\ hyXym-k-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v Ignª A[ym-b-¯nÂ NÀ¨

sNbvXn-«p- v. B[p-\nI tIc-f-¯nsâ hyh-lmc cq]s¯ ]cn-tim-[n-

¡p-hm³ {][m-\-ambpw AXnsâ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯nÂ kw`-hn¨

A«nadnsb ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-t[-b-am-t¡- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Zfn-Xsc kw_-

Ôn¨nSt¯mfw AXv CS-s]-S-en-sâbpw A«n-a-dn-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-kz-

`m-hs¯ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

67. t]. 30-þ33, amXr-̀ qan BgvN-̧ -Xn¸v þ s^{_p. 22-þ28, 2004.

68. t]. 35þ37, s]mbvI-bnÂ {ioIp-am-c-Kpcp þ sI.-Sn. dPn-Ip-amÀ

hyh-lmcw 161

1893se hnÃp-h- n-bm-{X, 1904se kvIqÄ{]-th-i-\-k-acw Cu c p

LS-I-§Ä am{Xw A¿³Im-fn-bnÂ \n¶v {][m-\-ambn ]cn-tim-[n¨p

t\m¡p-I. Cu c p {ia-§fpw s]mXp kaq-l-¯n-\mbn Xpd-¶p-sIm-

Sp-¡p¶ kac-{]-{In-b-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. CS-hgnIfpw, ]pd-h-gn-Ifpw s]mXp-

h-gn-bn-tebv¡pw {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kqNIw Bbn-cp-¶p. kvIqÄ {]th-

i\w Zfn -XÀ¡v am{X-am-bn -cp -¶nÃ CXc PmXn-þ -km-aqly A\y-

§Ä¡pIqSn Xpd-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 1905Â Nm¯w ]p¯p-cm-im\pw,

s]mbvI-bnÂ tbml-¶m\pw tNÀ¶v cq]o-I-cn-¡p¶ Bßo-b-]-Øm\w

{]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k- -̀bpsS (PRDS) XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. Bßo-b-amb

At\z-j-W-¯nsâ XpS¡w Cu L«-¯nÂ Bcw-`n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

ZfnXv ss{IkvXh-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ap³I-¿nÂ sslμh þ ss{IkvXh

sFIy-¯n-\mbn a[y-tI-c-f-¯nÂ kPo-h-amb {]Øm-\-ambn¯oÀ¶n-

cp¶p 1921-I-fnÂ tNc-aÀa-lm-P-\-k-`. sIm¨n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw PmXn-

hn-cp² P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§Ä hnImkw t\Sp-I-bp- m-bn. C¯cw

{]Øm-\-§Ä¡v GIo-I-cn-̈ Xpw hnim-e-hp-amb km[y-X-bn-tebv¡v {]th-

in-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v AXn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw CS-s]-S-en-sâbpw A«n-a-dn-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-kz-

`m-h-amWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hyh-lm-cw.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpw, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw {][m\ aWvU-e-¯n-

te-bv¡v, ]cn-hÀ¯\ aWvU-e-¯n-tebv¡v Du¶n-b-t¸mÄ ssXbv¡m«v

A¿m-hp-kzm-an, A¿³Imfn, s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cptZ-h³, tPm¬

tPmk^v ]m¼m-Sn, sI.-]n. Idp-¸³, ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³, F¶n-§s\

Hcp Bßobþkm-aq-ly-þ-cm-jv{Sob t\XrXzw A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. CXnsâ {][m-\-{]iv\w sslμ-h, ss{IkvXh PmXn-þ-km-aq-ly-þ-

cm-jv{So-b-þ-B-ßob {]iv\-§sf ChÀ Bg-¯nÂ shÃp-hn-fn¨p F¶-

Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cusbmcp \ne-]mSv ad-¨p-h-bv¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw, kz´w kap-

Zm-b-§-fpsS D¶-a-\-¯n\v F¶v sXän¨p hmbn-¨p-sIm- pw, ChÀ

hyh-lmcw 162

apt¶m«psIm p-t]mb Bi-b-§sf X«n-¸-dn-¨p-sIm- p-amWv tZiob

{]Øm-\-§-fpw, I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§fpw tIc-f-¯nÂ P\-Io-bm-Sn-

¯d \nÀ½n-s -̈Sp-¯-Xv.

tZi-cm-jv{So-b-¯nÂ KmÔnPn lnμp-P-\-X-bpsS PmXn-þ-k-aq-l-

¯nsâ Hcp LSIw F¶ \ne-bnÂ am{X-amWv lcn-P-\-§sf F®n-b-

Xv. CXm-hs« P\-X-sb¶ \ne-bn-epÅ Zfn-X-cpsS Ncn-{X-s¯-bpw,

kwkvIm-c-s¯-bpw, kzXz-s¯bpw Is¿mgn-bp¶ kao-]-\-am-bn-cp¶p.

Cu BZÀi kao-]-\-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-hn-cp-²-X-bv¡pw, a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-X-

bv¡p-sa-Xnsc Awt_-ZvIÀ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. tIc-f¯nse

tIm¬{K-Êns\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw KmÔn-

Pn-bpsS Nne A\p-I-c-W-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp¶p lcn-P³k-aq-lw.

A¿³Imfn hnfn¨ km[p-P-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw KmÔnPn hnfn¨ ]pe-

b-\n-te-¡pw, s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h³ hnfn¨ ASn-a-k-´Xn,

tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSnbpsS tNc-aÀ P\w F¶n-h-bnÂ\n¶pw lcn-

P-\-¯n-tebv¡v (ssZ-h-a-¡Ä AYhm amXmhpw ]nXmhpw CÃm-¯-hÀ)

amän {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸« Htc Hcp kaqlw tIc-f-¯nÂ Zfn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p.*16

km[p, ASn-a-k-´-Xn, tNc-aÀ F¶o \ma-t[-b-§Ä DbÀ¯n-s¡m- p-

h¶ Bßm-`n-am-\w, Bßo-bm-t\z-j-Ww, Ncn-{X-]-c-X, P\m-[n-]-Xy-k-

ao-]\w F¶nh ad-bv¡s¸Sp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. sslμ-h-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ-bpw,

hnizm-k-§-fp-sS-bpw, ss{IkvX-hn-b-X-bpsS Bßo-b-[m-c-bv¡pw-taÂ

*16 ‘km[p’ F¶ ]Zw ]men-̀ m-j-bnÂ \n¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. sshÚm-\n-I³, F¶À°-am-¡p-¶p.

{_mÒ-Wþ_p² kwL-«-\-Im-e-̄ nÂ AÀ°w XInSw adnª ]Z-§-fm-Wv km[p, ̀ n£p,

UmIn\n [À½w F¶n-§s\ ]Z-§Ä. `n£p-þ-]n¨ sX p¶ F¶ AÀ°-̄ n-te-¡pw,

km[p-þ-Z-cn-{ZÀ F¶ AÀ°-̄ n-te-¡pw, UmIn\n þ a{´-hm-Zn-̄ Å F¶pw, [À½w þ lnμp-

¡-fpsS AÔ-hn-izm-k-N-S-§p-I-fmb [Àaw F¶ ]Z-̄ n-te¡pw XInSw adn-¡-s -̧«p. A¿³Im-

fn-bpsS ‘km[p’ P\w sshÚm-\n-IX BÀ-Ön-¡p-¶, ]¯p _n.-F-¡m-cpsS P\-am-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ 1937 P\p-h-cn-bnÂ, sh§m-\q-cnÂ F¯nb KmÔnPn ‘]pe-b-cm-Pmhv’ F¶mWv

A¿³Im-fnsb hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS {]Øm\w ]pe-b-cp-tS-Xp-am-{X-amb {]Øm\w

Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hn-sâ-Xpw, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ n-tâXpw D]-Pm-

Xn-¡p-]p-d-t¯¡v k©-cn-¡p¶ {]Øm-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. (Km-Ônbpw A¿³Im-fnbpw IqSn-¡mgvN

DbÀ¯p¶ {]iv\-§Ä þ kPn. sI. tPmk-̂ v, t]. 190, KmÔn-þ-Km-Ônkw þ Zfn-XÀ, Zfn-

Xv_Ôp)

hyh-lmcw 163

ChÀ \S-¯nb hnaÀi-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p C¯-c-samcp A«n-a-dn-bv¡p

khÀW-k-aq-ls¯ t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv.

Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ \nco-£-Ws¯ (_p-²-a-X-¯nsâ hn¹-hs¯

{_mÒ-W³ {]Xn-hn-¹hwsIm v ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¨p) hni-I-e-

\-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ, B[p-\nI tIc-f-¯nÂ A¿³Im-fn-bpw,

s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h-\pw, tPm¬ tPmk^pw AS-§p¶ Zfn-Xv-

þ-Io-gm-fÀ \S-¯nb hn¹-h-{i-a-§sf PmXn-k-hÀW-X-bpsS B[p-\n-I-cq-

]-§-fm-bn-cp¶ tZiob {]Ø-\-§-fpw, ]f-fn-bpw, I½yq-WnÌv CS-s]-S-

ep-Ifpw {]Xn-hn-¹-h-¯n-eqsS A{]-Xy-£-h-ev¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Zfn-Xsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kmap-Zm-bn-I-am-bpw, cmjv{So-b-ambpw

AXv On¶-`n-¶-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. adn-¨p-Å-hsc kw_-Ôn-¨m-hs«

Gdnbpw Ipdªpw, kmap-Zm-bn-I-hpw, cmjv{So-bhpw Bbn AYhm Bßo-

bhpw ùXn-I-hp-ambn B[p-\nI tIcfw \nc-h[n Ah-k-c-§Ä¡pw,

aÕ-c-§Ä¡pw km[yX Hcp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpw Úm\-tPmjzmbpw

t]meo-knsâ It¿-ä-¯n\v ]{Xm-[n-]À hnt[-b-\mtb¡psa¶

òXn-aqew tUmIvSsd hcp¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¸n-¡-W-sa¶p NneÀ At±-

ls¯ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p. F¶mÂ AXnsâ Bhiyw D m-bn-Ã. tÌjsâ

hcm-´-bnÂ¯s¶ ]{Xm-[n-]À¡v Hcp Itkc \ÂIn. At±lw t{]£-

IÀ¡v A`n-ap-J-am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ P\-k-©bw BÀ¯p-hn-fn-¨p. apd-{]-

Imcw tIsk-Sp¯p cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Åsb in£n-¡p-sa-¶pÅ hnizm-k-

¯nÂ Ipd-¨p-I-gnªv P\-§Ä ]ncn-ªp-t]m-bn.*17 cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-

*17 in£m-ap-d-IÄ ̀ n¶ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v ̀ n¶-amb coXn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p. Cý³ in£m-ap-d-I-fpsS

kz`mhw ChnsS ZÀin-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C¯cw in£m-k-ao-]-\-amWv B[p-\nI tIc-f-̄ nse

tImS-Xn-Isfbpw, XS-hp-Im-scbpw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fpsS DÅnÂ PmXn-

t_m[w {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p- v. CXv ̀ c-Wm-L-S-\m-hn-cp-²-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. an{i-hn-hm-ln-X-

cpsS Ip«n-IÄ¡m-bpÅ ZfnXv kwh-c-W-{]-iv\-̄ nÂ ]nXm-hnsâ PmXn¡v am{Xw F¶v tImSXn

hyh-lmcw 164

bpsS kpJ-ku-I-cy-§Ä t]meokv {]tXyIw {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. Xsâ

t]cnÂ Hcp tIsk-Sp¯v hnNm-cW sN¿p-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p ]{Xm-[n-]-cpsS

hnNmcw. F¶mÂ kq{] v C³kvs]-IvSsc hnfn¨v Ft´m Hcp

tcJ GÂ]n-¡p-¶Xv ]{Xm-[n-]À I p. A\-´-c-apÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä¡v,

Xs¶ \mSp-I-S-¯m-\pÅ BÚ-bm-bn-cn¡pw kq{] v Gev]n- -̈sX¶v

]{Xm [n-]À XoÀ -̈bm-¡n. Cu hnhcw BZyw C³kvs]-IvS-dnÂ\n¶pw

]{Xm-[n-]À tKm]\w sN¿m³ {ian-s -̈¦nepw ‘bm{X Ft¸m-gmhmw’?

F¶pÅ ]{Xm-[n-]cpsS tNmZy-¯nÂ\n¶pw B DtZym-K-Ø\v Hgn-ªp-

am-dm³ km[n-¨n-Ã. cm{Xn ]{´- p-a-Wn¡p Xncn-¡m-sa¶p am{Xw

C³kvs]-IvSÀ adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. CXn-\n-Sbv¡v Xm³ a{Zm-kn-tebv¡v

t]mhp-I-bm-W-¶pÅ hnhcw `mcysb Adn-bn-¡m³ Nne GÀ¸m-Sp-IÄ

]{Xm-[n-]À sNbvXp. {ioaXn Ieym-Wn-b½ Bhs« hoSp-]q«n ap{Z-h- -̈

Xn-\mÂ Ip«n-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn _Ôp-{K-ls¯ A`bw {]m]n-¨p. bm{Xbv¡p

PUv¡ X¿m-dm-bn. C³kvs]-IvSÀamcmb ]n¨p A¿-¦mcpw tKmhn-μ-¸n-

Åbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-tcm-sSm-¶n¨v h n-I-b-dn.” kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-

]n-Åsb \mSp-I-S-¯p-¶-Xnsâ hnh-c-W-amWv ChnsS I -Xv.

]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-^n-\pw At±-l-¯n\v e£y-§Ä ]d-

ªp-sIm-Sp¯ Úm\ tPmjzm F¶ DtZym-K-Ø\pw kw -̀hn¨ Zpc-´-

hpw, kztZ-im-`n-am\n cmPm-hn-s\bpw Znhm-s\bpw hnaÀin-¨Xv GXp coXn-

bn-em-bn-cp¶p F¶pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

{ioaqew Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ `cW tijn-¡p-d-hpw, i¦-

c³ X¼n, ic-hW XpS§n sIm«m-c-¯nse {][m\ DtZym-K-Øsâ

Xocp-am-\n¨p. ]nXr-Xzs¯ am{Xw IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv a\p-kvarXn kao-]-\-am-Wv. F¶mÂ cmP-

tKm-]mÂ hmI-̄ m\w Xsâ A\p-̀ hw ]d-ªXv C§-s\-bm-Wv. ‘a\p-kvar-Xn-bnÂ A½bv¡v

{]m[m\yw sImSp-¡p¶ hcn-I-fpt m F¶v At\z-jn-¡p-hm³ Nne tIcf sslt¡m-SXn

A`n-̀ m-j-IÀ At±-l-t¯mSv Bh-iy-s¸«p F¶m-Wv.’ hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ C¯cw {ia-§Ä,

a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS cl-ky-hn-\n-a-b-§Ä ASn-̄ -«nÂ \S-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.

]o\ÂtImUpw, `c-W-L-S-\bpw, \nb-ahpw \ne-\nÂs¡ ASn-̄ -«nÂ PmXn hn\n-a-b-§Ä

{]hÀ¯n-̈ p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶-sX§-s\-tbm¶v ChnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

hyh-lmcw 165

X{´-§fpw kztZ-im-`n-am\n ]{X-hpw, kp`m-jnWn ]{Xhpw cmPm-hn-

sâbpw i¦-c³ X¼n-bp-sSbpw ]£w ]nSn¨v FgpXn h¶n-cp-¶p. Znhm³

]n. cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcnsbbpw hnaÀin-¡m³ kztZ-im-`n-am\n {ian-¨p.

cmP-tKm-]m-e-mNm-cn-bpsS `c-W-¯nsâ Agn-aXn P\-a-[y-¯nÂ sIm p-

h-cm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cnsb thiym-e-¼-S³ F¶p kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

kztZ-im-`n-am\n ]{Xw apXnÀ¶n-«p- v.69 kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ XpS-§n-b-

hÀ¡v i¦-c³X¼n apXÂ t]cp-ambn \Ã ASp¸w D m-bn-cp-¶p. {]kv

BIvSv sIm v X\n¡v Xmev]-cy-an-Ãm¯ ]{X-§sf AaÀ¨ sN¿mw

F¶v Znhm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn Nnń-¡p-t¼m-gmWv ‘{]kvem’sb-¸än

‘kztZ-im-`n-am\n’ ASp¯ e¡-¯nÂ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.70

{ioaqew Xncp-\m-fnsâ Ime¯p Xs¶-bmWv Ah-km-\s¯ tNc-

aÀ cmPm-hns\ (sF-¡-c-b-P-am-\-s\) Xncp-h-Ã-bnÂ Hcp tbmK-¯nÂ

tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSn ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hnh-c-a-dnªv {ioaqew

Xncp-\mÄ tPm¬ tPmk-^ns\ sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡v hnfn-¸n¨v Hcp ]W-

¡ngn \ÂIn bm{X-bm-¡n. shÅ-b-¼-e-¯p-h¨v ]«m-f-¡msc hn«v aÀ±n-

¡p-Ibpw ]W-¡ngn Xncn¨p hm§p-I-bpw, Xm¡oXv sN¿p-I-bp-ap- m-

bn.71 {_n«ojv Kh-s×â v \nb-an-¨n-«pÅ Úm\ tPmjzmbmWv tNc-aÀ

cmPm-¡-·msc¡pdn-¨pÅ Adn-hpw, cmP-tc-J-Ifpw tPm¬tPm-k-^n\v

\ÂIn-bXv F¶-Xn-\mÂ At±-ls¯ thfn¡mbenÂ h¨v cmPm-hnsâ

DtZym-K-ØÀ h[n-¨p.72

ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw a\-Ên-em-hp¶ hkvXpX kap-Zm-b-þ-cm-jv{Sob

hn -̀P-\-¯n-sâbpw kÔn-bp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv. At§-

b-äs¯ ]cn-K-W-\-tbm-sS-bmWv kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ

\mSp-I-S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw, H¸w At±-l-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w

69. t]. 177, kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n, sI. ̀ mkvI-c-]nÅ.

70. t]. 183, kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n, sI. ̀ mkvI-c-]nÅ.

71. t]. 42 þ 43, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v.

72. t]. 44, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v, Sn.-F-̈ v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈcn.

hyh-lmcw 166

(cultural capital) At±-l-̄ nsâ kwc-£-W-̄ n\v X¿m-dm-hp-¶-Xpw. adn v̈

tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼m-Snsb kw_-Ôn-¨pw, Úm\-tPm-jzmsb kw_-

Ôn¨pw CtX kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w Ahsc A]-I-S-¯n-se-¯n-¡p-I-

bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bepw PmXn-]p-\À\nÀh-N\ {ia-§fpw

C§s\ Hcp ]cn-k-c-¯nÂ 1891Â ‘ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ’

F¶ sXmgnÂ kwh-c-Wm-h-Imi ]{XnI Zfn-Xsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sNbvXn-cp-¶pthm? Zfn-Xsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-¶nÃ F¶p

am{X-aÃ, “Xncp-a-\-knse {]P-I-f-Ãm¯ bqtdm-]y-·mÀ, apl-½-Zo-b-cpsS

CS-bnÂ hnZym-`ymkw Xosc Xmgv¶ \ne-hm-c-ap-Å-hÀ, kwØm-\s¯

P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ ]cn-an-X-ambn am{X-apÅ PqZ-·mÀ F¶n-hsc Hgn-hm-¡n-

bn-cn-¡p¶ ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b-enÂ, ae-bmfn iq{ZÀ, \m©n-\m«v iq{ZÀ,

Cug-hÀ AYhm Xobcpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂh¶v Ønc-

Xm-a-k-am-¡nb hntZi lnμp-¡Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, kztZin

kndn-b³ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, bqtd-jy-¡mÀ, CuÌn-ým-¡mÀ, It¯m-en-

¡À, s{]m«-Ìâp-Imcpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.”73

Zfn-XÀ ]cm-aÀi-hn-t[-b-am-hm¯ Hcp Ah-Im-i-]-{XnI AXnsâ

GXp \nco£W-tIm-Wn-emWv ae-bm-fn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nsâ

s]mXp-t_m-[-¯nÂ s]Sm-¯-h-cm-bn-cp¶p Zfn-XÀ. asämcp hkvXpX

hnZym-k-¼¶-cmb ae-bm-fn-sb-¡p-dn-¨mWv sat½m-dn-bÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. Ah-cpsS sXmgn-en-\p-th- n-bpÅ {ia-amWv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb sk³kkv \nc-¯p-¶p v Cu sat½m-dn-bÂ. CXnÂ

Zfn-XÀ DÄs¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. AYhm 1800-I-fnse ae-bm-fn-t_m-[-¯nÂ Øm\-

an-Ãm¯ P\-k-aq-l-s¯-bmWv KmÔn-Pn-bpsS Ime-L-«-¯nÂ lcn-P-

73. t]. 25-þ30-, ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ þ F³.-sI. tPmkv.

hyh-lmcw 167

t\m-°m-c-W-t¯msS Gsä-Sp-¯p XpS-§p-¶-Xv. Zfn-XÀ ae-bmfn t_m[-

¯nsâ tI{μ-§-fnÂ \S-¯nb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv lcn-P-t\m-²m-c-W-

¯n-tebv¡v ae-bmfn iq{Z-scbpw ae-bmfn lnμp-¡-sfbpw sIm p-sN-

s¶-¯n-¨Xv. AtX-k-abw ae-bmfn iq{Z-¯-hpw, ae-bmfn lnμp-Xzhpw

X½nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ _em-_ew GsXms¡ taJ-e-bnÂ cay-X-bn-se-

¯Ww F¶ {iaw {]m[m-\y-s¸-Sp-¶p- m-bn-cp-¶p. N«¼nkzm-an-IÄ

‘{]mNo\ ae-bmfw’ F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ {_mÒ-Wo-b-Xbpw iq{Z-Xzhpw

X½n-epÅ DSa/ASna Ah-Øsb shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- v. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v

ASn-s¸-Sp¶ AhØ amtd- -Xp-s ¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.*18

Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ Cu Ime-L-«s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv “Bß{]Xn-

^-e-\-§-fpsS e£yw PmXn-L-S-\sb XIÀ¡pI F¶Xmbn-cp-¶nÃ

adn¨v kz´w PmXnsb ]p\À \nÀh-Nn-¨p-sIm v PmXym-[o-i-Xz-¯nsâ

t{iWn-bnÂ kz´w \ne sa -̈s¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pw hnt[-b-Xz-¯nsâ Awi-

§sf D·q-e\w sN¿p-hm-\p-apÅ ]cn-{i-a-am-bn-cp¶p Cu \h-t_m-[-

¯nsâ ImXÂ. N«-¼n-kzm-an-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-

am-bpÅ _Ô¯nÂ \mbÀ¡pÅ \oNm-hØ ]cn-l-cn-¡pI F¶-XmWv

{][m-\w. asämcp hn[-¯nÂ ]d-ªmÂ PmXn-bpsS AXn-cp-IÄ

]p\À\nÀW-bn-¡msX PmXn-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xbv¡p ]pXnb am\-

*18 “ae-bmf¯nepÅ an¡ Xd-hm-Sp-Ifpw \in-̈ p-I-gnªpw \in-̈ p-sIm pw Ccn-¡p-¶p. F¶n«pw

Xd-hm-«p-S-a-Ø-·m-cnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ Nne \nÊm-c-§-fmb Zpc-̀ n-am-\-§Ä \nan¯w A\p-̀ -h-

s¸-«p-sIm- n-cn-¡p¶ Cu B]-̄ nÂ \n¶pw c£-s]-Sp-¶-Xn\p {]b-Xv\n-¡m-sXbpw AXn-

s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-¶-h-tcmSp ip² Akw-_-Ô-§-fmb kam-[m-\-§sf \nÀeÖw hnfn-s¨-gp-

¶-Ån-̈ p-sIm pw Xd-hm-«p-P-·-È-\n-I-fmbn Pohn-¡p-¶p. ChÀ km[p-¡-sfbpw KpW-tZm-jn-

¡p¶ tbmKy-·m-scbpw Ae-£y-am-bn«p hnNm-cn-¡p¶psh¦nepw {_mÒ-W-tcmSp acym-Z-bp-Å-

h-cm-bn-̄ s¶ Ccn-¡p-¶p. F§-s\-bpÅ \S-̄ -¡m-cm-bmepw Xc-t¡-Sn-Ãm, Ah-tcm-sSÃmw

iq{Z-{]-̀ p-¡-·mÀt]mepw hnfn-sam-gn, Icn-¡m-Sn, s\Â]-Xn-cv, sN¼p-Im-iv, IÃ-cn, Ip¸-am-Sw,

]S-¶-̧ p-gn, ]m n-sR-«v, C¯n-s¸m-Sn, ASn-tXmÂ, hnS-sImÄI, ]g-a-\-Êv, \new-s]m-̄ p-I,

Cdm³, ASn-b³, CXymZn Xmgva hm¡p-IÄ ]dªpw AXp-t]mse BN-cn¨pw hcp-¶p. ]ns¶

iq{ZÀ¡p \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS k -́Xn-I-fm-Ip¶p F¶pÅ HuXvIrjvSy \mSyw AX-§s\; {_mÒ-

Wsc¶pÅ ̀ b-̀ àn AsXm-cp-hI; AÑ-·msc¶ ̀ àn thsdmcp hI; hn[n IÀ¯m-¡-·m-

sc¶pw asäm-cp-hIþ F¶p-th Hcp PmXn-¡m-sc-¡p-dn¨p asämcp PmXn-¡mÀ¡pw ae-bmf

{_mÒ-W-sc-¡p-dn v̈ ae-bmf iq{Z-·mÀ¡p-Å-Xp-t]mepÅ s]cp-amäw Nne ]cn-jvIm-cn-IÄ KpW-

tZm-j-§sf {]tXyIw ImWn̈ v D]-tZ-in-¡p¶ Cu Ime v̄ C{X-t¯m-f-am-b-t¸mÄ ‘{_mÒtWm

aa ssZhXw’ F¶p apdpsI ]nSn-̈ n-cp¶ ap³Im-e¯v F{X-t¯m-f-am-bn-cn-¡pw.”(P.26 Ncn-

{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ)

hyh-lmcw 168

§Ä \evIm -\pÅ {ia-am -Wn -X v . PmXn -t_m-[ -¯nsâ Xs¶

cmjv{SobhXvI-cn-¡-s¸« ]pXnb ]X-\¯n-te¡p hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-§Ä

{]th-in- -̈Xnsâ kqN-I-am-Wn-Xv.”74

Hmtcm ]n³t{i-Wnbpw kzbw ]cn-jvI-cn-¡m\pw Bßm-`n-am\w

DbÀ¯m\pw {ian-¨Xv PmXn-c-ln-X-þ-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{i-a-¯nsâ \nÀ½n-

Xnbv¡v th n Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v taÂt{i-Wnsb A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶-

Xn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. C§-

s\-sbm-cp- t_m[w AXnsâ FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw {_mÒW sslμ-h-

X-bpsS `c-W-Iq-S-cq-]-§sf A\p-I-cn-¡p¶ kao-]-\-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp-

¶p. kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{So-bhpw CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-\m-bpÅ B´-c-[m-c-

IÄ AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ sslμ-hn-b-Xbv¡pw ]pd-¯p-t]m-hm-¯-Xpw,

kzPmXn kaq-ls¯ D¯-a-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶Xpw Bhp-¶-Xn-te-

¡mWv B[p-\nI tIc-fhpw AS-bm-f--s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. ZfnXv kaq-l-§Ä¡p-

taÂ A[n-Im-c-ap-d-¸n¨ \nc-h[n A[x-a-]-Z-{]-tbm-K-§Ä iq{Z-k-ap-Zm-b-

§Ä {_mÒ-W-cpsS ap³]nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. ASn-b³,

]g-a-\-Êv, Cdm³ XpS§n ]e-Xpw. iq{Z B¬-þ-s]¬ ico-c-§Ä¡p-ta-

epÅ A[n-Imcw {_mÒ-W-cnÂ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp¶p. AXnÂ A`n-am-

\n-¡p-¶-hcpw D m-bn-cp¶p F¶v N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ CtX kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS DÅnÂ hyh-l-cn-¡p¶ A[xa /

D]cn t{iWn-Isf AtX-cq-]-¯nÂ, LS-\-bpsS shfn-bnÂ Zfn-XÀ¡p-

taÂ¡qSn Øm]n-¡p-hm\pw AXn-eqsS Bizmkw Is -¯m\pw {ian-

¡p¶ t_m[-ambn PmXn F¶ Bß-þ-̀ u-Xn-I-hn-Imcw iq{ZÀ¡pw {]tbm-

Kn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp¶p F¶-Xnsâ {]mNo\ ae-bmf XpSÀ -̈bmWv B[p-

\nI ae-bm-f-¯nepw ZÀin-¡m-\m-hp-I.

74. t]. 26, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn.-{io-Ip-amÀ

hyh-lmcw 169

tIm¬{Kkv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\w, -\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-{]-Øm\w

C§-s\-sbmcp a[y-akm-aq-ly-hn-`mK (hÀ¤) -¯nsâ {]th-i-\-

amWv tIc-f-¯nÂ tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw BWn-¡-Ãv. A`n-

`m-j-IÀ, ]{Xm-[n-]À, DtZym-K-ØÀ XpS-§nb \nc-bpsS hmÀjnI Iq«p-

sI-«p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Nph-Sp-IÄ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp-¶Xpw

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ `c-W-hÀ¤-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ `c-W-km-[y-Xsb sslμh

cmjv{S-t_m-[-t¯msS kzoI-cn¡pI F¶p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. t\Xr-Xz-§sf

{i²n-bv¡p-t¼mÄ*19 \nÀ½n-X-amb s]mXp-k-aq-l-hy-h-lm-c-¯nse

apXnÀ¶ t{iWn-bm-Wv amdnb cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-¯nÂ sImtfm-Wn-

bÂ hncp-²-\n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ¡mbn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-

bÂ LS-\-bpsS ASª Ah-Ø-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶nÃ

ChÀ. _mcn-ÌÀ, ]{Xm-[n-]À, DtZym-K-Ø-À, {_n«-\nÂ Xma-kn-¡p-

Ibpw ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶-hÀ, `qhp-S-a-IÄ, PmXn-k-aq-l-¯nÂ

{]mam-Wy--ap-Å-hÀ, Cw¥ojv `mj ssIh-i-ap-Å-hÀ, sImtfm-Wn-bÂ `c-

W-¯nsâ ]¦m-fn¯w ]¦p-h-bv¡-s¸-«-hÀ IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p ChÀ.

ae-_mÀ ka-c-hpw, a{Zm-knse Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-¡m-cpsS CS-s]-S-

en\pw A¸p-d¯v Jnem-^¯v {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw Awt_-ZvI-dpsS

tZiob CS-s]-S-ep-amWv tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm\w lcn-P\ D²m-c-W-

¯n\pw lnμp-apkvenw sFIy-¯n\pw {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-se-¯n-t -̈cp-¶-Xv.

AXm-hs« Zfn-X-cpsS taÂ DZm-c-am-\-hn-I-X-bpsS (Liberal humanisation)

kao-]\¯n\-¸p-d-t¯bv¡v t]mhp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu DZm-c-am-\-hn-IX

*19. kÀ kn. i¦-c³ \mbÀ, _mcn-ÌÀ Pn.-]n. ]nÅ, hn. ssccp-\-¼ymÀ, kn. Ipªn-cm-a³

tat\m³, a¶-̄ p-Ir-jvW³ \mbÀ, tUm. Sn.-Fw. \mbÀ, kn. Icp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m³, Fkv.-sI.

\mbÀ, sI.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, sI.-bp. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³, kn.-]n. cma-kzman A[y-£-

\mb c mw PnÃm-k-t½-f-\w. B\n-_-kâ v ]s¦-Sp¯ at©cn kt½-f-\w. IkvXq-cn-c-¦-

¿³, sI.-am-[-h³ \mbÀ, sNdn-tb-«³ cmP, \ne-¼qÀ am\-th-Z³cm-P, a¦S DZ-b-hÀ½-cm-P,

sI.-kn. hoc-cmb³ cmP, a®mÀ¡mSv aq¸nÂ \mbÀ, Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³, at©cn

IrjvW-¿À, Fkv.-sI. cma-kzman A¿À, sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ, kn.-F³. i¦-c-¿À,

sI.-Sn. N´p-\-¼ymÀ, j¬ap-J-ap-X-en-bmÀ, A_vZpÂJm-ZÀ, e£van-Zm-kv, ]n.-F. IrjvW-ta-

t\m³, Fw.-sI. BNm-cy, cma-kzman A¿-¦mÀ.... (P. 20. tIc-f-̄ nse tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm-\w,

s]cp¶ sI.-F-kv. \mbÀ.)

hyh-lmcw 170

PmXn-k-hÀW-X-bpw, sslμ-hn-b-X-bpw, P·n BUvVy-Xbpw t`Zn¨v P\m-

[n-]-Xy-¯n-te¡pw PmXn-hn-cp² kaq-l-¯n-te¡pw {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xm-

bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

ZfnXv Úm\- A-t\z-jWw FÃm hn[-¯nepw sslμ-h-X-

bnÂ\n¶v `n¶-ambn \nÂ¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ At\z-j-W-]-c-

X-bnÂ sslμ-hn-b-Xbv¡v ]pd-¯m-bn-cp¶p Øehpw temIhpw Ncn-{X-

hpw. A¿³Im-fn-{]-Øm\w sslμh-a-X-kzo-I-c-W-¯nsâ ZÀi\w

apt¶m-«p-h-¨n-Ã. ‘km[p-P\w’ F¶ sshÚm-\n-I-cm-bn-¯o-cp¶ Hcp

P\-X-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am-dnsâ A`n-{]m-

b-¯nÂ “lnμp-a-X-¯nsâ XmXzn-I-]m-c-¼-cy-t¯mSv {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-

hnsâ B`n-apJyw Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ hfÀ¶p-h-cp¶ Dev]-Xn-jvWp-

hn-`m-K-§sf X§-fpsS Iem]w A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ Xe-¯nÂ Xf¨p

\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v CS-bm-¡p-I-bp- m-bn”75 F¶m-Wv.

\mcm-b-W-Kpcp {]Øm\-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \nc-h-[n-[m-c-IÄ DbÀ¶p-

h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯n\p ]pd-t¯-bv¡pÅ {ia-amWv ASn-¯-d-

bm-bn-cp-¶Xv F¦nepw t£{X-§Ä¡v ]pd¯p \nÀ½n¨ t£{X-§-sf,

AhnsS \nÀ¯n-s¡m v AXnÀ¯n hnkvXr-X-am-¡p-I-bmWv {_mÒ-Wo-

bX sNbvX-Xv. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ {iaw t£{X-§Ä¡v ]pd¯v kzX-

{´-amb CS-hpw, AtX-k-abw {_mÒW \nÀan-Xn-bpsS hnkvXoÀW-X-

{´-¯nÂ sslμ-h-am-bpw, Cc-«-hym-Jym-\-¯n-se-¯n-t -̈cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

\mcm-b-W-Kpcp ssk²m-ń-I-ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw {_mÒ-Wo-b-X-

tbmSv Gäp-ap-«p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXv ZmÀi-\n-I-ambn i¦-cs\¡qSn shÃp-

hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ i¦-c-s\-¡pSn shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-

cp-¶-XÃ F¶pw, “i¦-ctâ ZÀi\w Xs¶-bmWv \½p-tS-sX¶v \mcm-b-

W-Kpcp Hcn-¡Â ]d-bp-I-bp- mbn F¶pw”76 hymJym-\-§Ä cq]w

75. t]. 27, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn.-{io-Ip-amÀ.

76. t]. 122, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Hcp knwt]m-kn-bw. FUn. kn.-BÀ. tIi-h³ sshZyÀ.

hyh-lmcw 171

sIm p. sslμ-h-k-aq-l-¯nÂ {]th-in¡pI F¶Xv \mcm-b-Wo-b-

cpsS Xmev]-cy-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v GI-]-£o-b-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯m-\m-hp-I-

bn-Ã. ‘Kpcp’ F¶ ImgvN-¸mSv sslμ-ho-b-hp-a-Ã. ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-

¸³ AS-§p¶ Hcp ZmÀi-\nI ASn-¯d \mcm-b-Wo-b-cnÂ D m-hp-¶p-

v. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\-Xnsc tImS-Xn-bnÂ tIkv cPn-kv{SÀ sNbvX-h-

cp-ap v. sslμ-hn-b-X-bnÂ {]th-in-¨-Xp-t]mse {InkvXym-\n-bpw,

apkvenapw, kn¡p-Im-cpw, _p²cpw Bb-hcpw D v. Cug-hÀ s]mXp-k-

aq-ls¯ \nÀan-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Bßobþcm-

jv{So-bm-Sn-¯-d-bv¡mWv {ian-¨-Xv. F¶mÂ PmXn-\nÀ½q-e-\-þ-P-\m-[n-

]Xy{ia-§-fn-te-¡pÅ AXnsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw th coXn-bnÂ hn]p-

e-am-¡m³ AXv ]cm-P-b-¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

s]mXpkaq-ls¯¡pdn-¨pÅ APv-R-X-bm-bn -cp¶p CXn\p

]n¶nÂ. s]mXp-k-aqlw F¶Xv sslμ-h-km-aq-ly-{I-a-§-fp-tS-XmWv

F¶ \nco-£-Ww Øqe, kq£va A[n-Im-c-\nÀ½n-Xn-bm-epw, A\p-I-

c-W-km-¶n-[y-§-fpsS _em-_-e-§-fmepw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. thdn«

s]mXp-kaq-l-\nÀan-Xn-bn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡m³ ap³I-s¿-Sp-¯-{i-a-§Ä

AXnsâ \ho-I-cW kz`m-h-¯nÂ\n¶v hnL-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wp- m-

b-Xv.

sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kw_-Ôn v̈

BNm-c-§-fn-eqsS ASn-bm\pw þ sXmgnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv

F§s\ F¶v Cu Ip«-\m-S³ A\p-`hw hyà-am-¡pw. HmWhpw

sXmgnepw X½n-epÅ ASna/DSa _Ôw BtLm-j-§-fnÂ aqSn-s¸m-

bvs¡m- n-cp-¶p. F³.-sI. Ia-em-k\³ C§s\ Fgp-Xp-¶p. “Irjn-

¸-Wn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p hfsc Znh-k-§Ä¡p-ap³]v, X¼p-cm-t\mSv

HmWw sImÅm³ ]pe-b\pw ]pe-bnbpwIqSn X¼p-cmsâ ho«nÂ sNÃpw.

shä- ]m¡p ]pIbn-ebpw AhÂ CSn-¨Xpw ImgvN hbv¡pw. ]Xn-

hyh-lmcw 172

\©p]d s\Ãpw, ]¯p cq]-bp-tam, Ccp-]-Xp-]d s\Ãpw ]Xn-\©v cq]-

bptam ISw hm§pw. ‘the-¡Sw’ F¶mWv CXnsâ t]cv. ASp¯

Hcp hÀj-t¯bv¡v Cu sXmgn-em-fnbpw Abm-fpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-§fpw

asä§pw tPmen-¡p-t]m-Im³ ]mSn-Ã.”77 sXt¡m«v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ the-

¡Sw coXn sXmgn-em-fnsb Hcp hÀj-¯n\v Icm-dnÂ hm§p¶ GÀ¸m-

Sn\v kam-\-am-Wv. HmWw AXn-\pÅ Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶p am{Xw.

Hcp hÀjw ]Wn-Xmepw Xocm¯ IS-hp-ambn ASp¯ HmW-¯n\v

ho pw kz´w icocw Icm-dm¡n \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. P·n IpSn-

bm³ _Ôw FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw arK-]-cn-K-W-\-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. \ap¡v

\½psS Dcp-hns\ F´pw sN¿mw F¶mÂ AXns\ asäm-cmÄ It¿äw

sNbvXmÂ DSa CS-s]-Sp-a-tÃm. þC-§-s\-sbmcp hkvXp-hÂ¡-cWw

(objective) am{X-am-bn-cp¶p IpSn-bm³. “Ip«-\m-«nse P·n IpSn-bm³

_Ô-¯n\v Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ D v. asäm-cn-S-¯p-an-Ãm¯ {]tXy-I-

X-I-fmWXv. P·nbpw IpSn-bm\pw X½n-epÅ Bß_Ôw Hcp IpSpw-

_-¯nse AwK-§-sf-t¸m-se-bm-Wv. X¼p-cm\v hcp¶ B]¯v ASn-

bm\p hcp¶ B]-¯p-t]m-se-bm-W-h³ Icp-Xp-¶-Xv. AXp-t]mse

ASnbmâ kwc-£Ww X¼p-cmsâ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. ASn-bms\ F´pw

sN¿p-hm³ X¼p-cm\v Ah-Im-i-ap- v. F¶mÂ ASn-bms\ asäm-cmÄ¡pw

H¶pw sN¿m³ X¼pcm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. AXv IpSpw-_-¯n\v

hcp¶ A]-am-\-ambn AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. ASn-bms\ aäp P·n IpSpw-_-

§-fn-ep-Å-hÀ ssItbäw sNbvX-Xn\v \o p-\n¶ IpSpw_ hg-¡p-Ifpw

tIkp-Ifpw D m-bn-«pÅ [mcmfw kw`-h-§Ä D m-bn-«p- v.”78

P·nbpw/IpSn-bm\pw X½n-epÅ _Ôw Bß-_-Ô-¯nsâXmWv

F¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ \nc-h[n cN-\-IÄ D m-bn-«p- v. F¶mÂ Hcp

kwc-£WarKw F¶-Xn-\-¸pdw XpeyX IpSn-bm\v P·n-bnÂ\n¶v e`n-

77. t]. 32, Ip«-\mSpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw. F³. sI. Ia-em-k-\³.

78. t].36, Ip«-\mSpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw. F³. sI. Ia-em-k-\³.

hyh-lmcw 173

¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. Id-h-bpÅ þ D]-Im-c-apÅ P´p-hns\ kwc-£n-¡p¶Xn\v

Xpey-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. IpSn-bms\ kw_-Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ]pd-¯p-\n¶v

]pd-t¯-bv¡pw, AI-t¯¡pw AS-ªp-t]mb Ah-Ø-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

P·n-bp-tSXv AI-¯p-\n¶v AS- -̈Xpw. I«-Ip-¯p-Im-cpsS Pohn-X-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v temIw Adn-bm¯XmWv asämcp hkvXp-X. I«-Ip-¯p-¶Xv

Zfn-Xcpw Zcn-{Z-_-lp-P-\-§-fp-am-Wv. ]Wn-bn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Ncn-{X-amWv

]pdw-temIw Adn-bp-¶-Xv. ]Wn-bp-¶-hcpsS Ncn-{X-a-Ã. ]Wn-bp-¶-h-

cpsS Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-§Ä kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂ

Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-«nÃ F¶p-Å-XmWv sXmgn-emfn ]T-\-§Ä. tIc-f-¯n\v

kw`m-h-\-bm-hmsX t]mb-Xv, sXmgnemfn hÀ¤-]-T-\-am-hs« sXmgnÂ

sN¿n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS ]T-\-ambn \ne-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. IÀj-IÀ

sXmgn-se-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-h-cpw, apXÂap-S-¡p-¶-hcpw sXmgn-emfn PohnXw

sImSp-¡p-¶-h-cp-am-Wv. F¶mÂ IÀj-I-cmWv kaq-l-¯nÂ Dev]m-Z-I-

cmbn Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. Ip«-\mSv ImbÂ cmPmhv apcn-¡sâ Imcyw t\m¡p-

I. apcn-¡³ shÅ-¯n-en-d-§p-Ibpw sNfn-Ip-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v ZfnXv þ _lp-P-\-§Ä I«-Ip¯n

(Im-bÂs -̈fn) Irjn Øe-ap- m-¡n-b-hÀ Ncn-{X-¯n-\p-]p-d-¯pw, ad-

hn-bn-ep-am-Wv. P·nXzw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ad-hn-bpsS tIcf kz`m-h-s¯-

bmWv ChnsS AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. P·n-Xz-¯n\v kmaqly a\p-jys\

\nÀan-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv AXnsâ hnizm-k-þ-B-ßo-b-[m-

c-IÄ¡pw kmaq-ly-a-\p-jy-t\m-SpÅ _m[y-X-bn-Ãm-bva. asäm¶v X§-

fpsS a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-Xsb s]mXp-\-S¸v F¶v Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡m-\pÅ {ia-

hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.

DXv]m-Z-\-i-àn-Ifpw _Ô-§fpw krjvSn-¡p¶ At[m-L-S\

kv]Ài/Akv]Ài, ImgvN/ImgvN-sI« Ah-Ø-bn-emWv hn\n-a-b-s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ Cý³ kaq-l-¯nsâ At[m-L-S-\-Xs¶ (base-

structure) amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bn-eÃ \ne-\nÂ¡p-

hyh-lmcw 174

¶-Xv. ASn-¯-d-Xs¶ CÃm¯ Hcp-Xcw ImgvN-sI« (invisible), ZpÀK-

Ô, Akv]Ài (untouchable) LS-\-bnÂ HgpIn (flow) \S-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.

CXnsâ taÂ¸mfn am{X-amWv cmjv{So-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb

D]-cn-L-S-\ (super structure). tI{μw/tI{μ-\yq\w (centre / centreless)

F¶ \ne-bn-em-WnXv \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. hntI-{μo-Ir-X-kz-`mhw AXnsâ

Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hn\n-ab \njvT-bnÂ hymJym-\n-¡m-hp-¶-XÃ. \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ hntI-{μn-IrX kz`mhw At§-bäw Btcm-Ky-c-lnX (poor)

hpam-sW¶v ap³]v I tIcf kmaq-ly-cq-]-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

D]-cn-L-S-\-bnse {]hÀ¯n-bp-ambn kzÑ-μhpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-

hp-amb {]tbm-K-a-WvUew Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶nÃ F¶v CXv ImWn-¡p-¶p.

LS-\-I-fpsS AXn-k-¦oÀWX AXn-\mÂ¯s¶ ‘ka-{K-k-aq-ls¯’

(AYhm kzbw k¼qÀW LS-\-I-fp-sSbpw Cu LS-\-I-fpsS k¦-e-

\hpw F¶ amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ka-{K-k-aq-lw) ImWm-\m-hn-Ã. ka-{K-

X-bnse AXn-k-¦oÀWX At[m-D-]-cn-L-S-\-I-fpsS AÂ]/am{X/]mfn

cq]-§-fmsb hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-Åp. PmXn-þ-ssl-μ-h-X-bp-sS-bpw, {_mÒ-

Wn-I-þ-P-·n-C-S-§-fp-sS-bpw, sImtfm-Wn-bÂ-þ-^yq-UÂ CS-§-fp-sSbpw ka-

{K-km-aq-ln-I-X-bpsS ]cy-¼p-d¯v (outside) an¨w hcp¶ P\-X-bm-bn-

s¡m v k¦oÀW-hpw/ka-{K-k-aq-lhpw F¶ Zzμzw \nÀan-¡p-I-bmWv

sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ahsc AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-t¯ am\-§Ä ]qÀW-a-Ã. s]mXp

\nÀan-Xn-bnte¡p klm-b-I-c-am-hp¶ c p cq]-§Ä \nb-a-]-c-hpw, {]Xy-

b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb {]tbm-K-a-WvU-e-§-fm-Wv.

“apIÄ¯-«nse {]{In-b-IÄ Iogv¯-«p-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \nÂ¡pI

am{X-aÃ AXns\ \nÀW-bn-¡pI IqSn sN¿p-¶p- v.”79 F¶ AÂ¯yq-

k-dnsâ \nK-a\w ChnsS icn-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. \nb-a-]-c-Xsb amÀIvkv

apX-em-fn-¯-hp-ambn tNÀ¯mWv hymJym-\n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. F¶mÂ Cý-

79. t]. 54, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw, Sn.-hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 175

\-h-Ø-bnÂ \nb-a-¯nsâ (bq-tdm-]y³ \nb-a-¯n-sâ) ]n³_-e-¯nÂ

am{X-amWv ]pd-t¼m-¡p-P-\X tÌänsâ KpW-i-co-c-§sf sXm«p-Xp-S-§p-

¶Xv. \nb-a-¯n-\-¸p-d¯v kmaq-ly-t_m[w \nÀan-X-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pÅ

amÀIvkn -b³ \ne-]mSv ]¨-a-\p -jy³ (Purehumanbeing) F¶

t_m[¯nÂ \n¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc CXv {]mIr-X-I-½yq-Wn-

k-(Prack communism)¯nsâ \ne-]m-Sns\ ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. Cý-

\-h-Ø-bnÂ \nb-a-§-fpsS c p L«-§Ä¡pw (1. B[p-\nI \nb-ahpw

`c-W-L-S-\bpw 2. a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS cmjv{So-b-þ-B-ßob \nb-a-kw-ln-

X) ap³]pÅXmWv \nb-a-¯n\v ]pd-¯pÅ kmaq-ly-t_m[w. AXv

{]mIrX I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-tâ-Xn\v kam-\-ambncp¶n-Ã. am{X-hp-aÃ \mK-

cn-I-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

\nba-hy-hØ apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ D]m[n Xs¶-bm-sW¶v

hymJym-\n-¡p-¶p v AÂ¯yq-kÀ. Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ BZys¯ \nb-

am-hØ a\p-hnsâ \nb-a-§Ä (The law of Manu) PmXn-bp-sSbpw, cmPm-

[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ-bpw, htc-Wy-X-bp-sSbpw Bßo-b-X-bp-sSbpw \nb-a-\nÀam-

W-amWv \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. CXn\v tijw kw -̀hn-¡p¶ B[p-\nI \nb-

a-\nÀamWamhs« a\p-{]-th-i-\m-\p-aXn \ntj-[n¨ \nc-h[n kzXz-§sf

(identity), a\p-jy-cpsS/kaq-l-¯nsâ Øm\-t¯bv¡v ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-I-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. apIÄ¯«vIogv¯-«nsâ D]m-[n-bm-bn- \nb-as¯ \nco-£n-

¡p¶ AÂ¯yq-kÀ Cý-t]m-semcp kaq-l-¯nÂ _e-lo-\-am-b, a\p-

jy-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-̈ n-«n-Ãm¯ ASn- -̄«ns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶v

Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. \nb-as¯ XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶-Xp-sIm v am{X-

aÃ Cý-bnÂ AYhm GsXmcp kaq-l-¯n\pw \nbaw Bh-iy-amWv

F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-W-¯mÂ AÂ¯yq-kÀ hnaÀi-I\m-hpI

IqSn sN¿p-¶p.

apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ \nb-a-hpw, kzmX-{ý-sa¶ hyàn-\n-jvT-Xbpw

\nÀ½n-¡p¶ hyh-Ø-IÄ Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ hnhn[ t{iWo cq]-§-

hyh-lmcw 176

fmemWv \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A[zm-\-i-ànsb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-¯n-

te¡v _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv PmXn kap-Zmb t{iWo-cq-]-§-fm-Wv. Cu

t{iWo-cq-]-§Ä A[zm-\-i-àn-bnÂ¯s¶ \nc-h[n hnÅepw XÅepw

\nÀ½n-¡p-¶p- v.

amÀIvknkväv Ncn-{X-\nÀam-Xm-¡Ä PmXnsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sN¿m³ hnaq-J-cm-hp-¶p- v. bqtdm-¸nÂ \n¶pÅ At\z-j-W-§-fpsS

t^mt«m-tIm-¸n-I-fm-\m-hpÅ Ab-YmÀ°{iaw Ft¶ CXns\ hnfn-¡m-

\m -hp. “Imhmew ]©m-b -¯nÂs]« ‘Ip¶p -½’bnÂ Hcp

Cughkv{Xosb {]kn-²-\mb Hcp {InkvXy³ apXemfn ssItbäw

sNbvXp. CXv AhnsS Cug-hÀ XpS§n Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS CS-bnÂ

ià-amb AaÀjw D m-¡n... IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ Ip«-\m-«nÂ

Akw-L-Sn-X-am-bn-«m-sW-¦nepw BZy-ambn \S-¯nb ]Wn-ap-S¡pw {]I-

S-\hpw AXm-bn-cp-¶p. A-Xn\v Hcp PmXob ]cn-thjw D m-bn-cp¶p

F¶p am{Xw.”80 PmXo-b-amb bmYmÀ°ys¯ hÀ¤]camb (class)

hymJym-\¯n\v {ian-¡p¶ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS ImWm³ Ign-bp-I.

PmXn-hy-h-Øsb {]iv\-hÂ¡-cn-¡msX sXmgn-emfn t_m[s¯ apJy-

tI-{μ-am¡n {]Jym-]n-¡pI-hgn sslμ-hn-b-Xbpw/ss{IkvX-hn-b-Xbpw

Zfn-XÀ¡pw _lp-P-\-§Ä¡pwtaÂ Øm]n¨ aXm-ß-I-Xbv¡v kam-\-

ambn sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤w (working class) F¶ {]tbm-Khpw AXnsâ

bqtdm-]y³ Bi-bhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn¯o-cp-I-bmbncp-¶p. B[p-

\n-I-X-bpsS tIcf kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS

CXv IqSp-XÂ hyà-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. t]meo-kv, PbnÂ, tImS-Xn,

hnZym-e-bw, ]Ån F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Øm]-\-§Ä PmXn-k-ap-Zmbw/

cmjv{So-b-k-ap-Zmbw F¶n-§s\ `n¶n-¡-enepw/H¶n-¡-en-ep-amWv

{]hÀ¯n- -̈Xv. asäm-cÀ°-¯nÂ htc-Wy-X-bpsS Øm]nX cq]-§-fmbn

80. t]. 50, Ip«-\mSpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw. F³. sI. Ia-em-k-\³.

hyh-lmcw 177

B[p-\nI tIcf kaq-ls¯ amän-¯oÀ¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

AÂ¯yq-k-dnsâ `mj-bnse `c-W-IqS D]-Ic-W-§- (State Apparatus)

fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ Cý-bnse PmXn-_-²--kaqlw Bßo-b-þ-cm-{ão-b-k-aq-

lw, F¶n-hbv¡v H¸-amWv t]meo-kv, PbnÂ, tImS-Xn, hnZym-e-bw,

]Ån, A¼ew Hs¡ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. “s]mXp-L-S-I-§Ä kzm`m-hn-

I-ambn Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶-X-Ã, {]_-e-hn-`m-K-§Ä aäp hn`m-K-§-fnÂ ASn-

t -̈ev]n-¡p-¶-XmWv”81 F¶v C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW³ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

B[p-\nI tIc-f-¯nsâ CS-§-fnÂ CS-an-Ãmbva kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv

C¯cw D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS {]tbmKw sIm mWv. a\p-jyÀ¡v D]-

tbm-Ky-am-hp¶ D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡v ]Icw AXv Nne-a-\p-jy-cpsS Xmev]-

cymÀ°w tÌän-s\-s¡m v D]-I-c-W-§Ä \nÀan-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu

s]mXp-t_m[ \nÀanXn NneÀ¡m-h-iy-amb `mj-bpw, `mj-W-hpw,

hymJym-\hpw hnh-£-bp-am-sW¶v ]d-bmw. IpSpw-_w, hnZym-e-bw,

]Ån, cmãob ]mÀ«n-IÄ, ]{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j³, kmln-Xyw,

Ie F¶n-§s\ At\Iw `c-W-Iq-S -D-]-I-c-W-§Ä ChnsS ]p\-cp-

Xv]m-Z\w \S-¯p-¶p- v.

IpSp_w AXnsâ amXr-I, AXnsâ B`y-ć {]Xn-k-Ônsb

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯msX Xs¶ \nÀan-¨p-sIm- n-cn-¡p¶ hnem-]-§Ä, LS-\-

sb-̄ s¶ \nÀ½n-¡m³ A\p-tbm-Py-am-hm¯ t_m[-\-km-a-{Kn-IÄ, sh«n-

¸n-Sp-¯s¯ IqSp-XÂ Dd-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ ]Ån-IÄ, Akv]Àiy-Xsb

\ymbo-I-cn-¡p¶ ssZh-\n-b-a-§Ä, Ih-e-I-fpsS Bcw`w, ]mÀ«n Hmô-

kp-I-fpsS XpS-¡w, A¨Snk-Xy-am-sW¶ [mc-W, hmbn-̈ p-tIÄ¡ am{Xw

sN¿p¶ ]pdw temIw, ImXn-se-¯p¶ tdUntbm `mj-Ww, tdj³

IS, ]pd-t¼m-¡ns\ Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯m¯ ¢_v, sse{_-dn, ]pkvX-I-§-

fpsS kwkvIrX ]mWvUnXy B[n-Im-cn-I-X. C§s\ B[p-\n-I-

81. t]. 64, tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xy-hpw, C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.

hyh-lmcw 178

tI-cfw AXnsâ F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡-enÂ amÀIvkv/bqtdm/sslμ-h-[m-c-W-I-

fpsS tIc-f-s]m-Xp-t_m-[-¯-bpw, aWvU-e-§-sfbpw e£y-an-Sm-\mWv

IqSp-XÂ {ian- -̈Xv.

C§-s\-sbmcp B[p -\nI kaq -l-¯n -\m-hs« kmaq -ly -

\nÀanXnbpsS aqey-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n\v kmÀh-P-\o-\-X, P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶n-

§-s\-bpÅ LS-I-§-sfm-s¡-¯s¶ kz´w \ne-\n-ev]nsâ G¨p-sI-

«Â am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ZpÀ_-e-amb tIcf kmaq-ly-]-cn-k-c-am-bn-cp¶p

B[p-\n-I-tem-Is¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

A¿³Im-fn, s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨³ (Ip-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h³), tPm¬

tPmk v̂ ]m¼mSn ZmÀi-\n-I-a-WvUew

1896se Cugh sat½m-dn-bÂ {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶

Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v e`n-¡p¶ hnZym-`ym-k, sXmgnÂ Ah-Im-i-§-

fnÂ {]th-i\w e`n-¡Ww F¶v ]d-bp-¶p- v. sslμ-h-a-X-¯n-\-I-

¯p-\nÂ¡m\pw ]pd-¯p-\nÂ¡m\pw \S-¯p¶ {ia-§Ä C¡m-e¯v

cq£-am-hp-¶p- v. aXw amdm-\pÅ {ias¯ Ipam-c-\m-im³ FXnÀ¡p-

¶Xpw C¡m-e-¯m-Wv.82 F¶mÂ B[p-\nI tÌänsâ \nÀan-Xn-bpsS

L«-¯nÂ {InÌym-\n-än¡v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ A[n-Imcw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn

khÀW-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v F¯n-t -̈cp-I-bpw, AXm-bXv ]Sn-]-Sn-

bmbn A[n-Imcw hnI-kn-¡p-Ibpw Cu hnI-kn-¡p¶ A[n-Imcw AXn-

\p-Ånse khÀW-cn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-I-bpw t\À]-IpXn hcp¶ ZfnX

ss{IkvX-hÀ A[n-Im-c-¯n\pw, ]Z-hn¡pw ]pd-¯m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-

Xp-Im-Wmw.

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w 1933Â Cug-h, {InkvXy³, apÉnw hn`m-K-

¯nsâ hnhn-[-Pm-Xn-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡m-h-iy-amb P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XnI

82. aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-c-k-hm-Zw, Ipam-c-\m-im³ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ.

hyh-lmcw 179

koäv dnkÀth-j-\n-te¡v Bh-iy-¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. kn.-tI-i-h³, F³.-hn.-

tPm-kv, ]n.-sI. Ipªv XpS-§n-b-hÀ t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp¶ Cu Ah-Im-i-

k-acw 1935se ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½o-j-W-sd, kwh-cWw kw_-Ôn¨v

Ah-Im-i-§Ä \ÂIp-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \nb-an-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v hnI-

kn-¡p-¶p- v. \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§Ä, Cug-h, {InkvXy³, apÉnw kap-

Zm-b-§Ä¡mbn kwh-cWw sN¿p-I-bp- m-bn.

Cu tIcf ]cn-k-c-§-fnÂ {]Xn-kÔntbÂ¡-s¸« ZfnX kmaq-

ly-[mc AXnsâ e£y-§sf B´-cn-I-ambn hnL-Sn-¡-s¸« {]bm-W-

am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hnL-Sn-¡-ensâ \nc-h[n kqN-\-IÄ \ap¡v

ap¶n-eq v.

1. A¿³Im-fn, s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp, tPm¬ tPmk^v

]m¼mSn F¶o {][m\ t\Xr-Xz-§-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw

sFIy-¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶Xpw Bbn-cp-¶p. ‘km[p-P\w’ F¶ sshÚm-

\nI kaq-lw, ‘ASn-a-k-´Xn’ F¶ ASn-Øm-\-k-aq-lw, ‘tNc-aÀ P\X’

F¶ Ncn{Xkaqlw Ch aq¶pw, Htc ZÀi-\-¯nsâ aq¶p hymJym-\-

§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¿³Im-fn-bpw, s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hpw,

tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼m-Snbpw X½nÂ ]cn-Nn-Xcpw ]c-kv]cw Bi-b-

§Ä ssIam-dn-b-hcpw Bbn-cp-¶p.

2. sslμ-hn-I-X-bnÂ\n¶v AI-¶p-\nÂ¡p-I, ss{IkvX-hn-b-X-bpsS

khÀW-Xsb Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p-I, Ncn-X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb

Hcp kzX-{´-P-\-X-bmWv F¶ Bi-bs¯ Zfn-X-cnÂ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-I,

P\m-[n-]-Xy-A-[n-Im-c-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-bm-hp-I, {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-hp-I, Bßo-

b-ambn kzX-{´-amb At\z-jWw sIm p-hcnI F¶n-§s\ ChÀ

ZfnXv kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-hn-Im-k-¯n-\mbn e£yw h¨v {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-I-bp- m-bn.

hyh-lmcw 180

3. AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp t\Xr-\n-csb hmÀs¯-Sp-¡m³ ChÀ¡v Ign-

ªn-cp-¶p. Rmen-bm-¦pgn sska¬ tbml-¶m³, Nm¯³ ]p¯qÀ

tbml-¶m³, sImSp-then hÀ¤o-kv, ]pXp-̧ Ån tbmiz, a®p-̄ Sw tPmk-

^v, ]pfn- -̈am-¡Â tUhn-Uv, Cbmen Hutk-^v, apg§n Zmho-Zv, AXymen

a¯m-bn, Im\w tPm¬ F¶n-§s\ Hcp t\Xr-\ncbpw, sF.-Fw. Ipª-

¸n, tkXp Fw.-än, Bin-ÀhmZw Bim³, ]n.-sP. tPmk-^v, ]n.-H am¯p,

än.-kn. Ip«³, tPzmjzmtakv{Xn, XpSÀ¶v Fw.-än. tKm]m-e³, Ihn-bqÀ

tKm]n, Ihn-bqÀ apc-fn, Nma-bv¡Â cmP-¸³, HmXd Fw.än tIi-h³,

sI.-Fw. P\mÀ±-\³, tImgn-ae sI.-Fw. cmP-¸³, Xrs¡m-Sn-¯m\w

cma³Ip«n XpS-§n-b-hcpw, hnimJw tXh³, tKm]m-e-Zm-k³, Nt¡mf

Ipdp-¼³ ssZh-¯m³, shÅn-¡c tNmXn, Nc-X³ tkmf-a³, ioX-

¦³, I ³ Ipam-c³, Sn.-Sn.-tI-i-h³ imkv{Xn, ip`m-\-μ-Kp-cp-tZ-h³,

IrjvWm-Zn-bm-im³, sI.-]n. Idp-¸³, sI.-]n. htÅm³, IÃS cma³

\mcm-b-W³, hÀ¡e cmL-h³, Im«qÀ A¿-¸³, kzmao B\-μ-XoÀ°À

F¶n-§s\ \ofp¶ Hcp t\Xr-\nc C¡m-e¯v PmXn-hn-cp² P\m-[n-

]Xy {ia-§Ä¡v apXnÀ¶n-«p- v.

4. ]mÀiz-hÂIrX kaq-l-§-fnÂ \n¶pw s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-te¡p {]th-

in-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-§Ä ChÀ kPo-h-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-

vXs¶ s]mXp-k-aqlw apt¶m-«p-h-¨n-cp¶ \nc-h[n tNmZy-§Ä¡pÅ

At\z-jWw hn]p-eo-I-cn-t¡- n-h-¶p. {][m-\-ambpw tZio-b-{]-Øm\w

DbÀ¯n-s¡m- p-h¶ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ hncp² kzmX{´ {]t£m- -̀§Ä,

I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm\w apt¶m-«p-h¨ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ hncp² P·n-hn-cp-

²-{]-t£m- -̀§Ä. Chbv¡p c n\pw \nc-¯n-h¨ s]mXp-P-\m-`n-emjw

F¶ s]mXp-t_m[w {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-am-bn-cp-¶p. c p-co-Xn-bnÂ Cu

{]Øm-\-§Ä ZfnXv {]hÀ¯-\s¯ kmwio-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw kzm[o-\n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lcn-P³ Abn-t¯m-Ñm-S-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS tZio-

b- {] -Øm-\-amb tIm¬{K-kv{]-Øm-\-hpw, t£{X- {]-th-i -\w,

hyh-lmcw 181

sXmgnÂ¯À¡w ]cn-l-cn-¡Â, Iqen-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡Â F¶n-§s\

CS-s]-«p-sIm v I½yq-Wn-Ìp-{]-Øm-\hpw kwL-Sn-X-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

5. lcn-P³-þ-A-bn-t¯m-¨m-S\ \nco-£-W-§Ä ZfnXv hncp-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ CXn\v Zfn-XÀ¡n-S-bnÂ {]th-i-\-ap- m-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-

bn. tZio-b-ambn Awt_ZvIÀ Bi-b-§-sf-¯s¶ XÅn-¸-d-bp¶Xmbn-

cp¶p F¶n-«p-IqSn Zfn-XÀ¡v CXnÂ BIÀj-Wo-b-X-bp- m-bn. X§-

fpsS hmk-Ø-e-t¯bv¡v PmXn-bnÂ DbÀ¶-hÀ hcp-¶-Xpw, s]mXp-{]-

I-S-\-¯n-epw, \nc-¯nepw PmY-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¨-Xpw Zfn-Xsc kw_-

Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kaq-l-¯nÂ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-ap- m-hp¶p F¶-Xn-tebv¡v

Nnń-¸n-¨p. sXmgnÂ {]tZ-i-§fmsI-¯s¶ P·n-þ-_-²-am-I-bmÂ

sXmgnÂ {]tZ-i-§sf apdn-¨p-I-f-ªp-sIm- pÅ kmaq-ly-{]-th-i-\-

¯n\v Zfn-XÀ¡v km[y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

6. I½yq-WnÌv At\z-j-W-am-hs« PmXn {]iv\s¯ ad-¨p-h-¨p-sIm v

sXmgn-e-fn-hÀ¤ \ne-]mSv GI-]-£o-b-ambn am\-Z-WvU-s -̧Sp-̄ nbXneqsS

Zfn-X-cpsS i_vZw aqSn-t¸m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Zfn-X-cpsS hn-Zym-`ym-k-{]-

th-i-\s¯ aÀ±n¨v HXp-¡nb Cug-h-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ \mcm-bW

Kpcp-t]mepw A]-e-]n-¨n-«p- v. Cug-h-cpw, Zfn-Xcpw X½nÂ kmaq-ly-

Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \ne-\n¶ ]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw Gän-d-¡-

§fpw ad-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ {ian¨ IayqWnÌv {]Øm\w PmXn-am\-§sf

ASn-bnÂ \nÀ¯n-s¡m v AXns\ {][m\ tNmZy-ambn apt¶m-«p-h-

bv¡msX IpXnÀ¶ \nc-¸nÂ sI«nSw ]Wn-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn\p Xpey-

ambn, bYmÀ°-{]-iv\s¯ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿msX kmaq-ly-P-\-

Xsb sI«n-s¸-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

7. ss{IkvXh ZÀi-\-§-tfmSv hfsc Btcm-Ky-]-c-ambn hnaÀin-¡p¶

Hcp kaqlw F¶ \ne-bnÂ s]mbvI-bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hnsâ {]Øm-\-

¯n\v ss{IkvX-ho-b-X-bpsS ssZh-im-kv{Xs¯ adnIS¡m³ Ign-ªn-

hyh-lmcw 182

cp-¶p. Cusbmcp adn-I-S-¡Â tIc-f-¯nsâ Bßob \nco-£-W-am-¡n-

¯oÀ¡p--¶-XnÂ ]n.-BÀ. Un.-F-Ên\v ]pd¯v Hcp s]mXp-k-aq-l-\nÀanXn

km[y-am-¡m³ tIc-f-¯nsâ Bßo-b-]-cn-kcw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. ss{IkvX-h-a-X-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Ie-ln¨ tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSn

{]Øm-\-am-hs« ss{IkvX-h-ssZ-h-ZÀi-\s¯ tNmZyw sNbvXn-Ã. adn¨v

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb tNc-aÀ P\-X-sb¶ P\-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]n³apd-¡m-cmWv

Zfn-XÀ F¶v Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xan-gv\m-«nÂ hnI-kn-¨p-h-

¶n-cp¶ Úm\mt\z-j-W-¯nsâ ]n³-_-e-¯nÂ (Úm-\-tPm-jz-mbpsS

tkh-\w) C¯-c-samcp At\z-jWw DbÀ¯n FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sF¡-

c-b-P-am-\³ F¶ AXnsâ Ah-km\ I®nsb Is -¯m³ {ian¨p

F¦n-epw, ss{IkvXh ssZh-im-kv{X-t¯m-Sp-Xs¶ Ie-ln¨ s]mbvI-

bnÂ Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hnsâ \nco-£-W-§Ä¡v H¸w ]¦p-h-bv¡p-hm³ AXn\v

Ign-bmsX t]mbn. ZmÀi-\n-I-ambpw {]mtbmKn-I-ambpw Htc kao-]-\-

¯n-\p-ÅnÂ t_m[y-am-hm-sX-t]mb \nc-h[n kao-]-\-§Ä ]¦p-h-bv¡m-

\m-hmsX InS-¶n-cp-¶p.

8. sslμ-h-a-X-¯n-te-¡pÅ {]th-i\w A¿³Imfn {]Øm-\-¯nsâ

e£y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. t£{X-¯nÂ {]th-in-¡p-hm³ Hcn-¡epw AXv

e£y-an-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. hnÚm\w Bbn-cp¶p AXnsâ H¶m-as¯ e£yw.

hnÚm-\w, A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-¯w, sFIyw F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-e-

£y-§Ä AXnÂ ZÀin-¡mw. s]mXp-k-aqlw F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nsâ

{]mtbm-Kn-IX A¿-¦m-fn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hnImkw t\Sp¶Xv. sFIy-

{ia¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv km_w-hÀ, tNc-aÀ, kn²-\mÀ F¶n-§s\

ZfnXv kaq-l-¯nse Ahm-ć P\-Xsb {]Pm-k-̀ -bnÂ (A-[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ

]¦m-fn-¯w) F¯n-¡m³ At±lw {ian- -̈Xv. \nc-h[n Iem-]-§-fn-eq-

sS-bmWv km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-\-kwLw hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\pw, PmXn AS-bmf

_ln-jvI-c-W-¯n-\pw, \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw hnP-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.

hyh-lmcw 183

9. t£{X-{]-th-i\w ZfnXv {]Øm-\-§-fpsS e£y-¯nÂ hcp¶ ]²-

Xnsb Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. C§s\ Hcm-ibw Zfn-XÀ¡p-taÂ Øm]n-X-am-hp-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. D]-Pm-Xn-I-fm-hm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Zfn-X-{]-Øm-\-§Ä {i²n-

¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ 1924Â sIm¨n-]p-e-b-a-lm-k- -̀bpw, 1928se ‘kXy-hn-

em-kn-\n-kwLw’ Ipdhk-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-Xm-bpw, Adp-ap-J-h-Ån-hn-emkw

F¶ Ipd-h-kw-L-S-bm-bpw, 1936se Ipd-h-a-lm-k- -̀bpw, AJn-e-Xn-cp-hn-

Xmw-IqÀ ]peb alm-k-`bpw Hs¡ cq]w sImÅp-¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²n-

bvt¡ kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

A\yXzw XpSÀ -̈bpsS B[p-\nI apJw

hn\n-ab km[y-X-bv¡p-taÂ kw -̀hn¨ AS-b-ep-IÄ (The closed

door of the communication) Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv C¡m-

e-L-«-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w \nÀ½n¨ s]mXp-t_m-

[-¯nÂ A{]-[m-\-amb hnj-b-am-bn-cp¶p Zfn-X-cp-tS-Xv. CS-h-gn-I-fnÂ

\n¶pw Ipdp-¡p-h-gn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw s]mXp-h-gn-bn-te-¡pw, Ih-e-bn-te¡pw

Bcw-`n-¡p¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ, A\y-hÂ¡-cWw km[y-am-hp¶ AS-bm-f-

§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.*20 \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ DS-a-bv¡p-ff

Øm\w {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ bqtdm-]y³ t_m[w Xs¶-bmWv B[p-

\nI tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nepw kw -̀hn- -̈Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-k-aq-l-¯nÂ

Cu DSa apXÂ apS-¡p-Im-cmbn ]cn-hÀ¯\s¸Sp-¶p- v. At¸mgpw

s]mXp Øew F¶ hni-I-e\w kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-tXm, aX-¯n-sâ-tXm,

tImÀ]-tdäv t_mUn-bp-tStXm Bbn, kzIm-cy-Øm-]-\-ambn \nÂ¡p-I-

bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv Cu t_m[-¯n-emWv PmXn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv

CXn-\À°w.

*20. tIm«-b-̄ n-\-Sp-̄ p-ff AXn-c-¼pg N´sb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶Xv AXnsâ ]e-cq-]-§-fn-ep-

ff hn\n-a-b-co-Xnbpw kz`m-hhpw h¨p-sIm m-Wv. (Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{X-ambn Cu Øes¯

D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p). 90 hb-Ên-\p-ap-I-fn-ep-ff ss{IkvXh kpdn-bm-\nsb kw_-Ôn¨v AXv

ASn-a-̈ -́ bpw Ib-än-d¡v N -́bp-am-Wv. 60 hb-Ên\v apI-fn-ep-ff ss{IkvX-h-kp-dn-bm-\n¡v

Imf-̈ -́ -bpw, Ib-än-d¡v N´-bpw, ]Wn-̄ -c-§Ä¡v Akv]Ài-Pm-Xn-¡msc e`n-¡p¶ Øe-

am-Wv. Cu c v {]mb KW-\bpw Dff Akv]Ài-Pm-Xn-¡m-cs\ kw_-Ôn v̈ CtX Øew

AS-bm-f-am-hp-¶Xv ASn-a-bm-bpw, ]Wn-¡m-c-\mbn icocw hnÂ-¡p¶ Akv]Ài-\m-bpw B-Wv.

hyh-lmcw 184

A\y-hÂ¡-c-Ww (alienation), A[at_m[w (inferiority com-

plex), A[o-i-t_m[w (Superiority complex) F¶n-h-bpsS hnIm-khpw

B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§p-¶Xv AXn-\p-ap¼v \ne-\n-

¶n-cp¶ PmXn hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS cq]-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]c-kv]cw hn\n-

ab¯n\p-ff km[yX apdn-s¸-Sp¶ L«-¯n-emWv A\y-hÂ¡-cWw

AYhm A[-a-t_m[w kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp Ih-e-bn-te¡v HcmÄ F¯p-

t¼mÄ Xsâ kplr-¯n-sâ, kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ, _Ôp-hn-sâ, aX-¯nsâ

F´p-Øm-]\w D v F¶X\p-k-cn-¨mWv hn\n-abw kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv.

AXn-Ãm¯ HcmÄ¡v B Ihe (Junction) Ah-cp-tS-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶n-

Ã. Cu Hcp A\y-Xz-amWv A[-a-t_m-[hpw A[o-it_m[hpw B[p-

\nI kaq-l-¯nÂ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp hiw iq\y (Vacum) Øe-am-

hp-¶, iq\y-{]-tZ-i-am-hp¶ iq\y-i-_vZ-am-hp¶ Hcp LS-\-bn-emWv B[p-

\nI kmaq-ln-I-c-W-¯nsâ BsI-¯pI \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm v

Xs¶ CXns\ BsI-¯pI F¶v hnfn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. ‘‘Hmtcm-hyhlm-

chpw X\-Xmb XXz-§sf/ am\I-§sf Ah-ew-_n-¨p-sIm v \ne-sIm-

Åp¶ kzbw k¼qÀW-amb hyh-Ø-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm¶pw icn-sX-äp-

Isf thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv AXn-tâ-Xp-am-{X-amb am\-I-§sf Ah-ew-_n-

¨p-sIm- mWv. `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä¡v s]mXp-hmb Hcp am\-Ihpw CsÃ-

¶n-cns¡ tIh-e-amb icn-tbm, tIh-e-amb sXtäm H¶p-an-Ã.”83

hyh-lm-c-§sf Bi-b-§-fpsS irJ-e-bm-¡p¶ ̂ qt¡m C¯cw

irJeIfpsS Hmtcm kwLm-X-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p- v. AXm-

bXv {]tXyI PmXn LS-\¡v AXm-Xns\ hn\n-a-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-

bp¶ Hcp irwJ-e-tbm, kwLmXtam D m-bn-cn-¡pw. C§-s\bpff

kwLm-X-§Ä¡v kzX-{ý-hy-h-lm-c-§-fp-ap- m-bn-cn-¡pw. tIcfw

t]msemcp kaq-l-¯nÂ AXn-\mbn Ipew/CÃw/ D]-PmXn `mj/]Zm-

h-en-IÄ/`£-W-io-e-§Ä/ A\p-jvTm-\-co-Xn-IÄ Hs¡ kwLm-X-

83. t]. 87-þ88, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw þ Snhn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 185

§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p- v. F¶mÂ Hmtcm am\-I-¯n\pw asämcp

am\-I-¯n-\p-taÂ icn-sX-äp-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯m-\m-hnÃ F¶v ^qt¡m

kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

CtX coXn-bn-ep-ff asämcp kwLm-X-amb asämcp PmXn hyql-

¯n\pw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ C¯cw kwLm-Xs¯ AXn-sâ-Xmb kXy-

¯n-eqsS AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. CXv ̂ e-¯nÂ PmXn/

aqey/t_m[-¯nsâ hyh-lm-c-kw-Lm-X-§-fnÂ ]c-kv]cw XoÀ¡p¶

H¯p-XoÀ¸m-sW¶v hne-bn-cp-t¯- n-h-cpw. F¶mÂ A¯-c-sam-cp, Hcp

XoÀ¸v kwPm-Xamhp-¶nÃ F¶ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ þ hnizmk

kml-N-cy-¯nÂ, `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§sf tNmZyw sN¿p-hm-\p-ff km[yX

Xs¶ A]-I-S-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ImWm-\m-hpw. `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§sf tNmZyw

sN¿p-Ibpw `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä¡p-taÂ IeÀ¸v \nÀan -¡p-Ibpw

sN¿msX P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v AXnsâ D¯cw ImWm-\m-hp-¶nÃ

F¶mWv Ç-d-ª-Xn-\À°w.

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯nsâ A`m-h-\nÀan-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv kmaq-ly-i-co-

c-¯nÂ \n¶v am\p-jnI þ {]IrX (Humanbeing - nature) Ah-b-h-

§sf Xnc-kvI-cn-¡m-\p-ff {iaw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv {][m-\-ambpw

¢mkn-¡Â Ime-L-«-¯n-em-cw-`n¨p F¶v ^qt¡m kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

“a\knem-¡Â-þ-a-\-Ên-\p-]p-d-¯pÅ hkvXp-hns\ a\-kn-\-I¯p

Nn{XWw sN¿p¶ {]{In-b-þ-A-dn-hnsâ ASn-Øm-\-am-bn. Cu No{Xn-I-c-

W-amWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w (Representation)’’84 a\-kns\ ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-Xn-cn-

¡pI F¶ coXn-bmWv B[p-\nI L«-¯nÂ \S-¡p-¶-Xv. a\kv hbv¡m-

Xn-cn-¡p-I, a\kv sImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, a\-kn-em-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, a\-Ên-

Ãm-sb¶v Øm]n-¨p-sIm-t -bn-cn-¡p-I, C¯-c-samcp PohnX Nw{I-a-

84. t]. 90, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀiw, Sn.-hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 186

W¯n (Cyclic society)-emWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS tIc-f-am-Xr-I-I-sfm-

s¡-¯s¶ cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xv.

a\kn\p-Ån-te¡v \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Nn{X-§-fm-hs« Gsd h{Io-I-cn-

¡-s -̧«-Xpw, hnI-e-am-¡-s¸-«-Xpw, hnZq-c-am-¡-s¸-«-h-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu cq]o-

I-c-W-§Ä Hs¡-¯s¶ Xsâ kzXzs¯ (identity), Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb

(Life situation) ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xp IqSn-bm-sW¶v ioen-¸n-¡p-¶-Xew

\nÀ½n-¡m³ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡pw, Bbp-[-§Ä¡pw

Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. C¯-c-samcp kab \nÀ½n-Xn-bmWv (Time Construc-

tion) ]e-t¸mgpw ]e-k-a-b-§-fnepw ]e Nn{Xo-I-c-W-§-fn-eqsS {]Xn-

\n-[m-\-§sf Zfn-XÀ¡p-taÂ \nÀ½n-s -̈Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ hnP-bn-¸n-̈ -Xv. AXp-

sIm- p-Xs¶ B[p-\n-I-X-bnse Zfn-XÀ hnP-bn¨ P\-X-b-Ã. hnP-bn-¡-

s¸« P\-X-bm-Wv.

kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, \h-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, a\ximkv{Xw, bpàn XpS-

§nb B[p-\nI cq]-§-sfm-s¡-¯s¶ kv{Xoþ-]p-d-t¼m¡v Poh-i-co-c-

§sf ImWm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. CtX L«-¯nÂ¯s¶ \·/

Xn·-I-fpsS am\-ZÞw IqSp-XÂ Bth-i-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw Øm]-\-§Ä

Hmtcm¶pw IqSp-XÂ \·-bpsS ap{Z-hm-Iy-§-fmbn¯ocp-I-bpw, ]pd-t¼m¡v

cq]-§-fm-hs« kmaq-ly-i-co-c-¯nse Xn·-I-fmbn hnhÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. tIc-f-¯nsâ IpSn-tb-ä-§-fpw, IpSn-tb-ä-§Ä¡v e`n-¡p¶ \nb-

a-]-cn-c-£bpw \nb-a-]-cn-c-£-bn-Ãm-¯-bn-S-§-fnÂ aX/[mÀanI-XbpsS

]n³_-ehpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ XpSsc Ign-ªn-cp-¶Xpw, Ign-bp-¶-Xpw,

Xn·-bpsS Ne-\-`m-K-§-fmbn s]®v-þ-]p-d-t¼m¡v tNmZy-§Ä AXnsâ

kzXzw, kzmX-{ýw, `mhp-IXzw Chsb {]ZÀin-¸n-¡mt\m NÀ¨

sN¿mt\m Bhm-̄ -hn[w Iogvs -̧«p-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xnsâ BhÀ¯-\hpw Htc

ka-b-¯p-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

hyh-lmcw 187

‘‘]s£ aX-̄ n-sâbpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-ff kwh-

cWw GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ, Ignhpw _p²n-bp-ap-f-f-hsc c mw

InS-¡mtcm aq¶mw InS-¡mtcm Bbn \mw Xcw-Xm-gv¯pw. kmap-Zm-

bnI ]cn-K-W\ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡nb Cu kwh-c-W-¯nsâ Ct¸m-gs¯

AhØ Fs¶ ZpxJn-¸n-¡p-¶p. DtZym-K-¡-b-ä-§Ä t]mepw Nne-t¸mÄ

PmXn-aX ]cn-K-W-\-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-sW¶v tI«v Rm³ AÛp-

X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu ]mX-bnÂ hnUvVn¯w am{X-aÃ hn\m-ihpw ]Xn-bn-cn-

¸p- v. ]nt¶m-¡-hn-`m-K-¡msc FÃm-hn-[-¯nepw \ap¡v klm-bn-¡mw.

AXp-]-s£, Imcy-£-a-Xsb _en-I-gn-¨p-sIm- m-I-cp-Xv. c mw InS-

¡m-sc-s¡m- v, s]mXp-ta-J-e-sb-¶-Ã, GsXmcp taJ-e-sbbpw sI«n-

s¸-Sp-¡m³ \ap-s¡-§s\ km[n-¡pw.?85

Cý-sb-I-s -¯nb alm³ Ph-lÀemÂ s\lvdp 1961 Â ]nt¶m-

¡-k-aq-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv. AhÀ c mw-X-c-

¡m-cm-hp-¶p. asäm¶v ]nt¶m-¡-hn-`m-K-¯n-\pw, Zfn-XÀ¡pw Dff kwh-

c-W-Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v At±lw {i²n-¨n-t«-bn-Ã. F{X-h-enb Hcp P\-

k-aq-l-am-Wv ]nt¶m-¡mÀ F¶p-t]mepw At±lw a\-kn-em-¡n-«n-Ã. B[p-

\n-I-X-bpsS Hcp kmaqly kz`m-h-amWv. CXneqsS hyà-am-hp-¶Xv.

CXns\ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨mWv C.-Fw.-F-kv. kap-Zmb kwh-cWw Bh-iy-

anÃ F¶v \nco-£n- -̈Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{So-b-tI-{μ-§Ä Xmev]-

cy-s¸-«n-cp¶ Hmc-§Ä \nÀan-X-am-hp-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

ChnsS DZm-c-am-\-hn-IX am{X-am-bn-cp¶p Zfn-XÀ¡mbn Ch-cnÂ

\n¶p e`n¨ klmbw. C§-s\-sbmcp DZm-c-am-\-hn-IX-bn-te¡v ]cn-

hÀ¯-\-s¸« P\X skIyp-e-dnkw (Secularism), am\-hn-I-X (Human-

ity), hr¯n (Purity), IpSpw_w (Family), hnizmkw (belief), Bcm-[\

(Worship) F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff am\-I-§Ä Hcp hi¯v \nc-¯n-h-bv¡p-

85. t]. 12, ASn-sX-äp¶ ]nt¶m¡ {]oW\w, Acp¬ jqdn.

hyh-lmcw 188

Ibpw adp-h-i¯v Nmcnän (Charity), kzPmXn (Own sub caste), kzPmXn

]mÀ«n (Own sub caste political party) F¶n-§s\ cl-ky-hn-\n-abw

\nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp h¶n-cp-¶p.

`c-WIq-S-hy-h-lm-c-¯nse Cu kwLm-X-§Ä IqSp-XÂ IqSp-

XÂ {]tZ-i-§Ä Iog-S-¡p-hm-\mbn t]meo-kv, tk\, hnZym-`ym-k-tI-

{μ-§Ä XpS-§n Hmscm-¶n-eq-sSbpw Ipä-hm-fn-IÄ, \nc-£-cÀ, ]m¸-cm-

kn-IÄ, A[x-Ir-XÀ, lcn-P³ F¶n-§s\ \nÀan-¡p¶ \nKq-V-cq-]-

§Ä Øm\-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \m«p-\-S-¸nsâ ]gb PmXn-hym-Jym-\-

§Ä¡p-taÂ C¯cw Øm]-\-§Ä \nÀ½n¨ \m«p-\-S-¸p-IÄ Bcw-`n-

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Cu \m«p-\-S-¸p-I-fm-h-s« BZn-hm-knsb IqSp-XÂ h\-¯n-te¡v

Ib-dm³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw HSp-hnÂ h\w Xs¶ CÃm-Xm-hp-Ibpw Ah-

ti-jn-¨n-S-¯p-\n¶v BZn-hmkn ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿n-¨p. tImf-

\n, ]pd-t¼m¡v F¶n-h-bnÂ tI{μo-I-cn-̧ n-¨p. ̀ qan-bn-te-¡p-ff Xmev]cyw

D m-Im-Xn-c-¡m³ {ian-¡pI, hnZym-t\-Sp-¶-Xp-sIm v {]tbm-P-\-an-sÃ¶v

Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-¡pI, tImS-Xn-bnÂ t]mhp-¶-Xp-sIm v {]tbm-P-\-

an-sÃ¶v Øm]n-¡Â, kz´w ssZh-§-sf-s¡m v {]tbm-P-\-an-sÃ¶v

Øm]n-¡Â F¶n-§s\ B[p-\nI ]uc-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Dev]-¶-§-sf-

s¡m v {]tbm-P-\-sam-¶p-anÃ Cu kaq-l-§Ä¡v F¶v \nc-́ cw HmÀ½n-

¸n-¡p-hm\pw IqSn AXn\v Ign-ªp.

sXmgn-ensâ Ipdª Iqen, sXmgn-ensâ AØn-cX F¶nh thcp-

d-¸n-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯Xpw hnSp-XÂ t\Sm-\m-hm-¯-Xp-amb P\-X-

bm¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. tXm«w sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ, sXmgn-

em-fn-hÀ¤-¯nsâ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø XpS-§n-bh CXv icn hbv¡p¶p. ]e

`c-W-Ip-S§fpw, hyh-Øm-]n-X kao-]-\-§-fn-eqsS {]m]vXn-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp

P\-X-bmWv F¶v hymJym-\n-¡p--bpw, {Ia-hÂIr-X-amb kaq-l-¯nse

hyh-lmcw 189

A\y-sc-t¶m, ]mh-§Ä Ft¶m, ]cn-jvI-cn-t¡- -hÀ Ft¶m hnfn-¡-

s¸-SpIbpw sN¿p¶p. \nc-ćw {]mtbm-KnI ]co-£-W-k-¶-²-cmbn

ChÀ AØnc-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-«p-f-f-Xv.

¢n\n¡p-I-fpsS DZbw asäm-c-°-¯nÂ P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-

\mbn hym]-I-ambn {]Nm-cWw \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶p- v. Kh¬saâ v Nne

k½m-\-§fpw {]khw \nÀ¯p-¶-hÀ¡v \ÂIp-¶p- v. KÀ -̀ip-{iqj

kw_-Ôn¨v hfsc Ipdª Znh-k-§fpw, t]mj-I-§-fp -amWv

kv{XoIÄ¡v e`n-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw, IpSpw-_-¯nsâbpw

km¼-¯nI bmX-\-IÄ¡v Imc-W-¡mÀ Ah-c-h-cm-sW-¶p-ff ]mTw

kzImcy temI-¯n-\p-th n Kh¬saâ v XpS§n hbv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

kmaq-ly-{]iv\amb AXns\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-\pw, \nco-£n-¡m\pw tNmZyw

sN¿m-\p-ap-ff kml-Ncyw Hcp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Nhdv Nps«-cn¨v

\Kcw ipNn-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xpey-amb kao-]-\-am-bn-cp-¶p C-Xv. Nhdv

IqSp-XÂ Zqtc¡v amän kwkv¡-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ (buried) kwkv¡-cn-¡m³

\ho-\-amÀK-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \K-c-ho-Yn-IÄ IqSp-XÂ tamSn-bm-

hp-Ibpw hr¯n-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw F¶ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS `c-W-

Iq-S-§-fnÂ \n¶p- m-bn-«p-f-f-Xv.

adn v̈ Nh-dp-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hn]-Wn-bp-sSbpw AXnsâ kz`m-

h-¯n-sâbpw, aqe-[-\-hn-\ym-k-¯nsâ X«p-I-sfbpw tNmZyw sN¿m-t\m-

]-cn-hÀ¯\ hnt[-b-am-¡mt\m {iaw \S-¯n-Im-Wp-¶n-Ã. It¼m-f-¯n-

te¡v IqSp-XÂ Ah-k-c-§Ä aäp-f-f-hÀ¡v \ÂIp-hm³ Xpd-¶n-SpI

am{X-amWv sN¿vXn-«p-f-f-Xv. ]pd-t¼m¡v P\-X-bp-ambn CXns\ XmcXayw

sN¿p-t¼mÄ D]-Po-h-\-km-[y-X, Btfm-l-cn-h-cp-am-\-̄ nsâ ]¦v (Share)

B[p-\nI DXv]m-Z-\-L-S-I-§-fnse {]thiw F¶n-hsb AÃ {]m[m-

\y-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. adn¨v P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ \n¶v Ipd-hp- h-cp-¯n-s¡m v

tÌäv hnX-cWw sNt¿- p¶ hnln-Xs¯ Npcp-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

hyh-lmcw 190

BZn-hm-kn-þ-Z-fnXv kaq-l-§-fnÂ kv{XoIÄ¡v kw -̀hn¨ {]k-h-

\n-tcm-[-\-amÀK-§Ä km¼-¯n-I-ambn CÃm-¯-Xpw, imco-cn-I-hr-¯n¡v

Imbn-I-ambn sXmgnÂ am{Xw t]mwh-gn-bp-ap-ff kaq-l-¯nse ]IpXn

AwK-§sf AYhm kv{XoIsf KÀ -̀kw-_-Ô-hpw, \s«Ãv kw_-Ôhpw

Bb tcmKn-I-fm¡n AYhm s]¬tcm-Kn-Isf \nÀan-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

CXv \ni-_vZ-am-bXpw \s«-Ãvþ KÀ -̀]m-{X-tcm-Kn-I-fmb Hcp s]¬k-aq-

ls¯ ]pd-t¼m-¡n-s\m¸w sI«n-tbÂ¸n-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IpSpw_w

Hcp LS-\bpw A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ N«-¡qSpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p- v. tIc-f-k-aq-

l-¯n-epw. F¶mÂ ^qt¡m kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Ip¼-km-chpw AXnsâ

A[n-Im-c-cq-]hpw Zfn-X-k-aq-l-¯nÂ \nÀ½n-X-am-hp-¶Xv kwLm-X-cq-]-

¯n-em-Wv. Cu kwLm-X-cq-]-am-hs« `n¶n-¡-ensâ (Split) ASn-¯-d-

bmWv \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-f-f-Xpw. ]mÀ«n Hmô-kv, ]mÀ«n-I-½-än, t\Xm-hp-am-bp-

ff hn\n-a-bw, ]Ån \nÀ½n¨ ]utcm-ln-Xyw, sNdpXpw At\-I-hp-amb

s{]m«-Ìâ v ]Ån-IÄ, F¶n-§s\ AXn-hn-]p-e-amb `n¶n-¡Â, tI{μ-

§Ä, Ip¼-kmcw tIÄ¡p-¶, ]cmXn tIÄ¡p¶, Ic-¨nÂ tIÄ¡p-

¶, Bh-em-Xn-tIÄ¡p¶ A[n-Imc tI{μ-§-fmbn¯ocp-I-bpw, HcÀ-

°-¯nÂ cl-ky-am-bn-cn-t¡ Ip¼-kmcw ]c-ky-am-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw CXv

\nÀ½n-¡p¶ hn\n-abw Bßm-`n-am-\-s¯bpw \ne-\n-ev]n-s\bpw tNmZyw

sN¿p-¶-Xp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.

]utcm-ln-Xy-kz-`mhw ]Ån-bn-epw, ]mÀ«n-Hm-ô-knepw {]hÀ¯n-

¨Xv Htc LS-\m-cq-]-¯n-em-Wv. ]utcm-ln-Xy-t¯mSv Ip¼-km-cn-¡p-I-

bpw, ]Ån-¡-½-än-IÄ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡p-Ibpw (B-ßo-b-hpw, ùXn-

I-hp-am-bn) sN¿p¶ AtX cq]-¯nÂ Xs¶-bmWv ]mÀ«n t\Xr-Xz-§Ä

{]iv\-§Ä tIÄ¡p-Ibpw ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. CXn-

eqsS `c-W-L-S\ þ \nbaw F¶n-§s\ B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ

]e A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§fpw ASn-¯-«nÂ ]mÀ«n-t\-Xr-Xz-§-fpw, ]ptcm-ln-X-

tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw Bbn hÀ¯n¨p F¶p ImWn-¨p-X-cp-¶p- v. ]ptcm-ln-

hyh-lmcw 191

X-tcmSv Ip¼-km-cn-¡p-I-bpw, Bh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Bßob

tI{μ-ambn Zfn-Xsc kw_-Ôn¨v ]mÀ«n Hmô-kp-IÄ amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. Zfn-XÀ¡v Bßo-b-amb tI{μ-§Ä kzbw _ln-jvI-cn-¡m³ Bh-

iy-s¸« cmjv{So-b-{]-Øm-\-§Ä kzbw Bßob tI{μ-§-fm-hp-Ibpw

a[y-hÀ¤, D]-cn-hÀ¤-P-\-k-aq-l-§Ä¡v ]c-¼-cm-KX t£{X Bßo-bX

\ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

D]-Pm-Xn-IÄ, {]tZ-i-cm-jv{S-k-aqlw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `c-W-IqSw Hcp ‘lnμp-cmPyw’ F¶ \nÀh-N\w

kzbw {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ kz`m-h-co-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn ASn-Øm-

\-¯nÂ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-§Ä cPn-kväÀ sN¿-s¸«p XpS-§n-bXpw Cu

L«-¯n-em-Wv. \mbÀ skmssk-än -IÄ, Cug-h-skm-ssk-d-dn -IÄ,

{InkvXy³ skmssk-än-IÄ F¶n-§s\ Adn-b-s¸-«p. Aln-μp-¡fpw,

lcn-P-\-§-fpw C¯cw {ia§Ä \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ kÀ¡mÀ CXns\

hÀ¤ob kwL-§-sf¶v hnfn¨v \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯n.... Cu hÀ¤ob

kwLw F¶ sslμ-h-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Blzm\w

]n¶oSv I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw Gsä-Sp-¡p-I-bpw, ZfnXv kwL-§sf hÀ¤o-

b-ambn A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-hm\pw XpS-§n. {_mÒ-W- \m-bÀ hn`m-

K-§-sfmcp hi¯pw {InkvXy³, apÉnw, Cugh þ ZfnXv hn`m-K-§Ä

adp-h-i¯pw \nÂ¡p¶ c p-k-aq-ls¯ B[p-\nI tIc-f-̄ nÂ ImWm-

hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kn.-tI-i-hsâ tImg-t©cn {]kwKw C§-s\-bm-Wv. ‘Rm³

]d-bp-¶Xv kÀ.-kn.-]n.-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv. B ‘P´p’ \ap-¡m-h-iy-anÃ. Rm³

P´p F¶Ã ]d-ªXv ‘lnμp’ F¶m-Wv. At±lw Cug-h-\pw,

{InkvXym-\n-¡pw, apÉo-an\pw Hcp KpWhpw sN¿n-Ã.’86

PmXnsb \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m v PmXn-bpsS Ak-a-Xz-§Ä Ah-

km-\n--¸n¡mw F¶p-ff {ia-amWv \S-¯n-bXv. CXv PmXnsb AXnsâ

86. t]. 30-þ31, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw þ Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ.

hyh-lmcw 192

apgp-h³ \nb-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-s¡m-Sp-¡pI am{X-am-Wv sNbvXv.

I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-IÄ PmXn-s¡-Xnsc \S-¯nb {ia-§Ä¡v XpSÀ -̈

bn-Ãm-Xm-hp-Ibpw PmXn-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä s]«p-

t]m-hp-I-tbm, Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-I-tbm, D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

Itbm Bbn-cp-¶p.

CXnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-§Ä, ZfnX kaq-l-¯n-\mWv cq£hpw FXn-

cmbpw Gähpw IqSp-XÂ kzoI-cn-t¡- n-h-¶-Xv. kzbw kap-Zm-bmÀÖn-

X-hpw, PmXn-hn-cp²hpamb c p kao-]-\-§Ä¡pw Gsd apt¶m«p

t]mhm-\m-bn-Ã. kwh-cWw t]mep-ff P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Imiw \ne-

\nÀ¯m³ PmXnsb adn-I-S-t¡- -XnÃ F¶ Xncn- -̈dn-hmWv Zfn-X-cn-ep-

m-b-Xv. Cu [mcW Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. hn]p-e-P-\-X-Xn-bpsS

Hcp kaqlw F¶ coXn-bnÂ AXnsâ cmjv{Sobw ]cm-Pbs¸Sp-Ibpw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ lnμpXzw ZfnX D]-Pm-Xn-I-fnÂ sNep-¯nb

kzm[o\w IqSp-XÂ hnÅ-ep-IÄ¡v Imc-W-am-Ip-IbmWv sNb-X-Xv.

“kz´w kmaq-ln-I-]-Z-hn¡p \nZm\w Xm³ DÄs¸-Sp¶ PmXn-

bpsS kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bm-sW¶ hnizmkw Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv PmXn-

\-ho-I-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä sN¿p-¶-Xv.”87

PmXn-hn-cp² {]Øm-\-§Ä F¶ e£yw A¿³Im-fn¡pw

s]mbvI-bnÂ A¸-¨\pw tijw Is¿m-gn-b-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-\-

ho-I-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä F¶ \ne-bnÂ {]hÀ¯\w CSw t\Sm³ {ian-

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v Hmtcm hyànbpw DÄs¸Sp¶ PmXn-bpsS

al-Xzs¯ DbÀ¯m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXv P\X F¶ \ne-bn-

ep-ff AkvXnXzw CÃm-Xm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\nI tÌän-t·Â

\nÀ½n-X-am-th- p¶ \h-P-\X F¶ e£ys¯ \nÀÖo-h-h-evI-cn-¡p-

87. t]. 33, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ.

hyh-lmcw 193

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXnt_m[w AXnsâ kq£va-tI-{μ-§-fnÂ \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-

ff Gän-d-¡-§Ä, ip²-X, Ipeo-\-X, am\y-X, B[n-Im-cn-X, GI-X,

asäm-cp-Pm-Xn-tb-¡mÄ Db-sc-bm-sW¶v Iev]n-¡p¶ t_m[w Ch-bn-ep-

sS-sbm-s¡, B[p-\nI tÌänsâ D]-I-c-W-§Ä e`y-am-¡p-Ibpw D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm pXs¶ PmXn-t_m-[-¯nsâ cq]§sf

adn-I-S-¡msX P\-X-Xn \ne\n¶p.

P\X-bv¡p-ÅnÂ¯s¶ X§Ä DbÀ¶ kzXz-§-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶

hn\n-a-b-¯n-\p-ff {ia-§Ä hmbvsam-gn-bmbn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-«Xv C¡m-

e-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. CX-c-PmXn kaq-l-§Ä kz´w PmXn t_m[-¯nsâ

al-Xzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-t¼mÄ Iogv¯-«p-P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw C¯cw

]qÀÆ-Im-e-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ hymJym\w IqSp-XÂ Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cn-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-¶p. imkv{Xo-bhpw bpàn-]-c-hp-amb ]T-\-§-fpsS ]n³_ew

D m-bn-cn-s¡-¯-s¶, P\-X-bpsS \nÀan-Xn-bn-tebv¡v Ch hyh-Øm-

]nX Ncn-{X-t¯mSpw hoj-W-§-tfmSpw Ie-l-s -̧«p-sIm- n-cp¶p. knÔp

\mK-cn-IX (Indusvalley civilization), {Zmhn-U-P-\-hn-`mKw (Dravidas)

Bcy\m-{I-a-§Ä¡p-tijw XIÀ¶p-t]m-b-hÀ F¶n-§s\ B[p-\nI

Ncn-{X-¯nsâ \nco-£-W-§Ä Zfn-X-cpsS ]m«p-I-fnbpw hmbvsam-gn-I-fn-

epw, ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. P\X F¶ \ne-bn-ep-ff kzm[o-\-

ambn CXns\ DbÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. ImcWw C§-s\-sbmcp P\-

k-©bw F¶ [mc-bp-sSbpw ASn-bnÂ D]-PmXn aln-a-bpsS \oscm-

gp¡v Gsd kPoh hn\n-a -b-am-bn -cp -¶p.*21 PmXnt_m[-¯nsâ

*21. “hwi-ip-²n-bpw, ]mc-¼-cyhpw Ncn-{X-hp-a-ff P\-X-bmWv tNc-aÀ, tNmfcpw (cholas)]mWvUycpw (Pandhians) ktlm-Z-c-hw-i-§-fm-Wv. tNc-a-cpsS Ahm-́ -c-hn-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ _Ôp-

Xz-sIm pw IeÀ¸p-sIm p DÄs -̧Sp-¶-h-cmWv kn²-\mcpw kmw_-h-cpw. tNc-aÀ¡v am{XamWv

CÃ-§Ä Df-f-Xv. Ahm-́ -c-hn-̀ m-K-§-f-tebv¡v CÃ hyh-ØnXn hy]n¨p. tNc-·m-cpsS CÃw

Xmbvhgn¡v t]mIp-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v CÃ-§Ä D m-Ip-hm³ ImcWw AhÀ A¡m-e¯v

{]i-kvX-cm-bn-cp¶ tNc-aÀ CÃ-§-fnse tNc-aÀ kv{XoIsf thfn-I-gn¨p F¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv.

tNc-a-cp-sSbpw {_mÒ-W-cp-sSbpw CÃ-§-fpsS kwÚ-IÄ kq£va-]-T-\-̄ n\v hnt[-b-am¡n-

bmÂAh-bvs¡Ãmw [mXp H¶v Xs¶-sb¶v hyà-am-Ipw.tNc-aÀ 32 ]cn-j-I-fmbn hn -̀Pn-¡-

s -̧«n-cp-¶p. sXmgnens\ Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-ff hn`P-\-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. BZn CÃw AsÃ¦nÂ

hmb-\mÄ CÃw, ]pen-bmÄ CÃw, X¨-\n-Ãw, I® CÃw, tNmXn CÃw, Dghń CÃw,

hyh-lmcw 194

{]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n- -̈Xn-\p-tijw cq]w sIm \nco-£-W-§-fm-bn-cp¶p

Ch F¶-Xn\v \nK-a-\-§-fpsS LS-\-]-cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ am{Xw aXn. ]Xn,

IpSpw-_-]-Xn, a{´-io-e-§Ä, a{´-io-e-§Ä¡v ]-Icw t£{X-¯nÂ

{]th-in-¡Â, t\m¼v, ]Ån-hn-izm-k-io-e-§Ä, Igp-¶v, s]cp-¶m-fv,

t\À¨, t\m¼v, aebv¡v t]m¡v F¶n-§s\ asämcp B´-cnI hn\n-

abw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p- v.

C¯cw B´-cnI hn\n-a-b-¯n\pw DÅnÂ PmXn-bpsS al-Xz-

¯nsâ am\-§Ä AXo-h-Kq-V-ambn hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. ]pe-

t¸-Sn-bn-eqsS h¶ \¼q-Xncn kv{XobpsS ]n³X-e-ap-d-bm-Wv, hmWn-Py-

¯n-\p-h¶ hntZ-in-bpsS _Ôw \nÀ½n¨ ]n³X-e-ap-d-bm-Wv. ]pe-bsâ

Iew \¶v, ]d-bsâ Ipew \¶v, Bßm-hnÂ c£n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-

\mÂ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¡m¯ kzmPm-Xn-¡mÀ arK-§tfm km¯m³

amtcm Bhp-¶p, ]m¡-\m-cpsS ]n³X-e-ap-dbm-b-Xn-\mÂ tZth-{μ-\p-ambn

_Ô-ap-f-f-h-cmWv. the³-þ-sh-fp-t¯-S³-þ-]-c-hÀ C§-s\-sbmcp ]c-kv]-

c-ssh-hm-ln-I-_Ôw cl-ky-ambn hn\n-a-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ChÀ ]pe-b-scbpw

]d-b-sc-bpw, Ipd-h-scbpw Xmsg PmXn-bmbn hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. BZn-hm-

sIm©nCÃw XpS-§n-bh GXm\pw CÃ-§-fpsS kwPvR-IÄ am{Xw. hmb\ CÃw (Houseof Teacher)¡mÀ D]-tZ-jvTm-¡-·mcpw ̀ c-W-¡mcpw Bbn-cp-¶p. ]pen-bmÄ (House of Tigers)CÃ-¡mÀ t]mcm-fn-IÄ Bbn-cp-¶p. X¨-\nÃ (House of builders) ¡mÀ F³Pn-\n-bÀamÀ

Bbn-cp-¶p. I® CÃw (House of Krishna) t£{X ]qPm-cn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. shÅ-CÃw

(House of commerce) hmWnPyw \S-̄ nbhcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. “shÅ” F¶Xv \mW-b-̄ nsâ

\m\mÀ°-§-fnÂ s]Sp-¶-Xm-W-tÃm. tNmXn AYhm tPymXn CÃw (House of Lights) tPymXn-

im-kv{X-Ú·mcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p, Dg-hń CÃw (House of planters) Dghcp-tSXv F¶ AÀ°-

¯nÂ Irjn he-cp-tSXv- F¶mbn-cp-¶p. sIm©n-Im-c-·m-cpsS CÃw (House of Artists) \À¯-

I-cpsS AYhm Iem-Im-c-·m-cpsS CÃw Bbn-cp¶p. C{]-Imcw Hmtcm CÃ-̄ n\pw AXn-tâ-

Xmb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ncn-{X-§fpw D m-bn-cp-¶p. \menÃw \ÃnÃw Fs¶mcp sNmÃp- v.

\mev CÃ-§Ä t{ijvT-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Ch hmb\mÄ, ]pen-bmÄ, X¨-\mÄ,

It®-cmÄ F¶nhbmsW¶v AhÀ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶psh¦nepw aäp-Nne CÃ-¡mÀ GsX-

¦nepw H¶v hn«v Ifªv X§-fp-tSXp IqSn tNÀ¯v AhbmWv \mev \ÃnÃw F¶pw ]d-bm-dp-

v. (t]Pv” 80-þ81, kn.-Fw. Fkv, k`m-N-cn-{Xw, Ìo^³ h«-̧ m-d)

“t]män-amÀ¡v CÃw DÅ-Xp-t]mse R§Ä¡pw CÃ-sam v \men-Ã-§fm. shÅn-b³, tXbn-

b³, Ih-c³, sNdp-\m-S³ Hmtcm Øe-̄ p-sN¶v Hmtcm P·w ]nSn-̈ -hcm Ch-cv. sNdp-\m-S\m

Rm\pw ho«p-Imcpw sN§-f¯v Imhv P·-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnÂ¯s¶ Xncn-̈ p-hy-Xym-k-sams¡

D m-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-semcp Iq«cv \Ã kpμ-c-·mcpw kpμ-cn-IfpamWv. R§sS apSn-sh-«p-

¶Xv Ah-cm. kmw_-hcv Xs¶ CÃw sImd-ª-h-cm-sW-t¶-sbm-Å-Xv. D¨-I-gnªm R§-sS-

sbm¶pw ho«nt¡än-tbe.” (t]Pv. 16, amWn-¡w-s]-®v, adn-bm-½-t¨-S-̄ n, `mjm-t]m-jnWn,

P\p-h-cn, 2003).

hyh-lmcw 195

kn-IÄ ho«nÂ Ib-dm³ Xmgv¶ PmXn-bmb ]pe-b-scbpw aäpw A\p-h-

Zn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p¶p F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n DÅd ASb-ep-IÄ (indoor closed

system) {]hÀ¯n¡p¶-Xns\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-sXbpw {]iv\-h-evI-cn-¡m-

sX-bpw, Alw þ Bßwþ hyànXzw þ kzXzw F¶n-hsb ùXnI

bpàn¡v A¸p-d¯v hnth-N-\-¯nsâ Alw sIm v \nÀ½n-¡m³ Ign-

ªn-«p-ff Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v Als¯ tNmZyw sN¿m-\p-ff tijn PmXn

\ho-I-cW{]Øm-\-§Ät¡m, Iayq-WnÌv {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ät¡m

D m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

“ -PmXn th , aXw th , ssZhw th F¶v {]kw-Kn-¡p-

Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ At±lw Cug-h-\-sÃ¶v {]Jym-

]n-¨p-In-«m³ sIm¨n tImS-Xn-bnÂ tIkv sImSp-¡p-I-bmWv Nne Cugh

{]am-Wn-amÀ sNbvX-sX¶Xv {i²n-¡-s¸-tS Hcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-

bmWv.”88 \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ {]Xn-tNÀ¯v Cug-h-k-aqlw sImSp¯

tIkpIfpw ]mc-¼-cys¯ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp [n¡-cn¨p F¶Xpambn _Ô-

s¸-«-Xm-Wv.*22

PmXn-s¡-Xnsc an{i-t`m-P-\-hpw, PmXn¡pw aX-¯n\pw ssZh-

¯n\pw FXnsc \ne-\n-ev¡p-Ibpw sNbvX ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³

88. t]. 33, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ.

*22 ]d-hqÀ ap³kn^v tImSXn ap¼msI 1099Â AÊÂ \{¼v þ427, 17-þmw {]Xn \mcm-b-W-

Kpcpkzman F¶p-IqSn ]d-ªp-h-cp¶ 70 hb-Êp-ff \mWp-hm-im³ (a-cn-̈ p) IqSp-XÂ 18-þmw

{]Xn {io. tKmhn-μm-\-μ-kzman AhÀIÄ inh-Kncn hÀ¡e Nnd-bn³Io-gv. hmZn-IÄ knhnÄ

\nbaw 56-þmw hIp-̧ p-{]-Imcw t_m[n-̧ n-¡p¶ A\ym-bw. (A-\ym-b-̄ nÂ Nne-Xv).

11. 17-þmw {]Xn Cugh PmXn-¡m-cpsS CSbnÂ an{i-t`m-P\w \S-̄ n-¡phm-\p-ff {ia-̄ nÂ

{][m-\-ambpw {]Xn-I-fnÂ NneÀ an{i-t`m-P-\-̄ nÂ DÄs¸« I£n-¡m-cpsS ]mÀiz-̄ nÂs¸-

«n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw IqSmsX 9þmw {]Xn an{i-t`m-P-\-̄ nÂ DÄs¸« Bfp-am-bn-cn-¡-bmÂ 17-þmw {]Xn¡p

Imfn-Ip-f-§c t£{Xm-h-Im-is¯ Hgnªp- sIm-Sp-̧ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ XmÂ]-cy-s¸«v Ir{Xn-a-ambn

`mK-]-{X-̄ nsâ HSp-hnÂ FgpXnt¨À¯-Xmbpw Adn-bp-¶p.

13. AXn-s\-K-Wn-¡msX 17þmw {]Xn Ah-Imi A[n-Im-c-§sf _e-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\mbn 99 hrÝn-

I-̄ nÂ Imfn Ipf-§sc t£{X-̄ nÂ \ymb-c-ln-X-ambpw _emÂ¡m-c-ambpw Hcp kwLw

IqSn-¡bpw AXnÂ an{i-t`m-P-\-¡mcpw ]pe-bÀ apX-em-b-hcpw IqSn t£{X-A-Xr-¡-I¯p

{]th-in¨v t£{X--̄ n\p Aip²n ̀ hn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p,

14. A¼-e-̄ ns\ Aip-²-am-¡n-b-Xns\ ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ ip²n ]pWym-l-̄ n\p h«w Iq«n-b-

Xns\ 17-þmw {]Xn-bpsS BÄ¡mÀ XS-ªXpsIm p AXn-s\-̧ än s]cp-¼m-hqÀ 1þmw ¢mkv

aPn-kvt-{Säp tImÀ«nÂ Hcp {Inan-\Â tIkv 2þmw {]Xn^b-en-em-¡n-b--Xmbn Adn-bp-¶p. (t]Pv.

2þ5 F.-hn. kp{_-Ò-Wy³ Kpcp-tZh bqWn-äv, Ipªn-ss¯)

hyh-lmcw 196

{]Øm\w ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv C¯-c-samcp k¦oÀWm-h-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp-

¶p. ]pe-b-cnse alXzw ]pe-bÀ t\Sn-s¡m v PmXn-s¡-Xnsc \ne-

\nÂ¡-W-sa¶v Cug-hÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Cug-hcpw kz´w

alXzw {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ Hcp PmXn kaq-l-ambn kzbw Npcp-§p-I-bm-bn-

cp-¶p. kz´w PmXn-bpsS al-Xzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m v kz´w PmXn-

¡p-Ånse HcmÄ¡v PmXnbv¡v FXnsc \ne-\n-ev¡m-\m-hn-Ã. ]I-c-am-

hs« hnI-kn-t¡ p¶ aq¶mw-CSw cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xp-an-Ã. C¯-c-samcp

P\m-[n-]Xy (Democratic), kmaq-ly-P-\m-[n]Xy (Social democratic)

CS-̄ n-\m-bp-ff At\z-j-W-§sf GIo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿-s¸-«-Xp-an-Ã. F¶mÂ tIcfw t]mep-ff kaq-l-¯nÂ P\m-[n-]Xy

CS-¯n-\p-ff km[y-Xsb Kh¬saâ v/ A[n-Imcw/ sslμ-h-Xn-cp-hn-

Xmw-IqÀ/ sslμh A]c-§-fm-¡-s¸« kap-Zm-b-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hÀ

kwL-SnXambn Hgnhm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kwh-c-W(Reservation) ¯nsâ

Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv C¯-c-samcp Hgn-hm-¡Â IqSp-X-Â hyà-am-b-Xv.

kwh-c-W-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä¡pap¼v (1950\p ap¼v) P\m-[n]Xy Ah-Im-i-

¯n-\mbn \ne-sIm v Iogv¯«v kaq-l-§-fnÂ \n¶v t\XrXz-]-chpw

Bi-b-]-c-hp-ambn h¶ \nc-h[n [mc-IÄ kwhc-W-¯nsâ LS-\-

bnte¡v amän {]XnjvT¡pIbmWv P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\m-bp-ff apJy-[mc

{]Øm-\-§Ä sNbvX-Xv. CtXmsS tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§fpsSbpw/ I½yq-

WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fp-sSbpw Iogv¯«v P\-X-bp-am-bpff ]e \ne]mSp-

Ifpw Is¿m-gn-b-s¸-SpI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

CXnÂ \n¶v hyà-am-hp¶ asämcp {]iv\-sa-s´-¶mÂ Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnsâ kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob ico-c-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ apXÂ PmXn-kz-

Xz-¯nsâ Øm]\w XpS-cp-Ibpw PmXn kzXz-¯n\v ]pd-¯p-ff Øm]-

\§sf AI-äp-Ibpw sNt¿- p-¶ t_m[w \ne-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw {]hÀ¯n-

¨p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. AtX kabw P\-X-bmbn \ne-\n-ev¡m³

Bbn-sÃ-¦nÂ¯s¶bpw PmXn kzXz-§-fn-eq-sSbpw, D]-PmXn amlm-

hyh-lmcw 197

ßy-¯n-eq-sSbpw Iogv¯«v PmXn P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä \nÀ½n¨ P\m-[n-]-Xy-

þ-s]m-Xp-k-aql \nÀan-Xn-¡m-bp-ff At\z-j-W-§-sfm-s¡bpw kwh-c-W-

¯nÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kwh-c-W-¯nsâ cmjv{Sobw NÀ -̈sN-¿m-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw, AXv

sslμh P\-X-bpsS {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-am-sW¶ Xc-¯nÂ Npcp-¡-

s¸-Sp-Ibpw CXv FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw ZfnX P\kaq-l-¯nsâ hn]p-e-

amb At\z-j-W-§sf ac-hn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wp- m-b-Xv. C¯-c-samcp ac-

hn-¸n-¡-ensâ a§nb Ime-L«w ho pw Xpd¶p sImSp-¡p-¶Xv F¬]-

Xp-IÄ¡v tij-am-Wv.

kvtImfÀjn-¸v, ]mÀ¸nS\nÀ½mW ]²-Xn-IÄ, kuP\y sshZy-

k-lm-bw, hnhm-l-\n-[n, hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§Ä, tlmÌ-ep-IÄ, A\m-

Ym-e-b-§Ä, Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ, kmaq-lnI tkh-\-Øm-]-\-§Ä, ]Ån-

s¸-cp-\m-fp-IÄ, t\À -̈s¸-cp-\m-fp-IÄ, DÕ-h-§Ä, kn\n-a-IÄ, \mS-I-

§Ä, skan-\m-dp-IÄ, ¢_p-IÄ, hmb-\-im-e-IÄ F¶nh \nÀ½n¨v

s]mXp CS§Ä, s]mXp CS-§sf {]Xn-\n-[m-\-s¸-Sp--¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. s]mXp-P-\-X-bpsS B{K-l-¯n-te¡v CXv hnI-kn-¨n-Ã. adn¨v a[y-

hÀ¤-P-\-X-bpsS B{K-l-¯n-te¡v s]mXp kaq-ls¯ ]cphs¸-Sp-¯p-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

“Cý¡p kzmX{ýw e`n¨ Ah-k-c-¯nÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ

`qan-bpsS \sÃmcp iX-am\w {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ssII-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p.

AXn-\mÂ 1948Â ]«w XmWp-]n-ff sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-ep-ff `q]-cn-jvI-

cWw sIm p-h-¶-t¸mÄ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw {InkvXy³k- -̀Ifpw H¶-

S¦w FXnÀ¯p. ho pw 1954Â ]«wXmWp-]n-f-f-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ

]n.-F-kv.-]n. a{ń-k` Cý-bn-em-Zy-ambn Ggn\ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-baw

sIm p-h-¶p. Cug-hÀ¡pw lcn-P-\-§Ä¡pw CXp-aqew t\«-ap- m-

¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw tIm¬{K-Êp-

hyh-lmcw 198

Imcpw CXns\ Hcp t]mse FXnÀ¯p. ChÀ X§sf hn«v ]n.-F-kv.-]n-

bnÂ tNÀ¶mtem F¶ `b-amWv _nÃns\ FXnÀ¡m³ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-

Isf \nÀ_-Ôn- -̈Xv.”89

s]mXp CS-§Ä ]n¶nÂ hnXm-\n-¡p¶ bYmÀ° Ah-Ø-Ifpw

AXnsâ kmap-Zm-bnI am\-§fpw C.-sP.-tXm-akv \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-

§-fn-eqsS hyà-am-¡p-¶p- v. `qan-bv¡p-taÂ Zfn-XÀ Ah-Im-i-ap-d-¸n-

bv¡m³ {ian¨ Hmtcm L«-¯nepw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu

]cm-P-b-s¸-S-ensâ ]n¶nÂ Hmtcm ka-b-§-fnepw Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-§-

fpw, aX-§fpw cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§Ä¡p ]n¶nÂ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-«p- v.

{]Xo-Im-ßI (Symbolic) ambn B[p-\n-IX \nÀ½n-¡p¶ a\p-

jy-hn-cp-²-X-bmWv AXnsâ cq]w. Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ Pohn-X-¯n\v sa -̈

ap- m-hpI F¶Xv ssZhnIX-bnÂ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡pI F¶ {]mY-an-I-

t_m-[-amWv IÂ¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. Cu Pohn-X-an¨w Iogv¯«v (Under-

ground) Pohn-X-§-sfbpw, taÂ¯«v (High class and caste) Pohn-X-§-

fpsS amXrI kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p- v. D]-Po-h-\-¯nse

an -̈kz-̀ m-hw, IjvSX Ifª Pohn-Xw, XpS-§n-bh ssZhm-\p-{K-l-̄ nsâ

ê-am-sW¶v IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. Cu ssZhn-Im-\p-{Klw Nn«-\ndª Pohn-

X-¯nsâ amXr-I-bpsS A\pI-cWw (A-]-c-Xzw) \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. AXp-

hsc X\n¡v e`n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ XpSÀ¨sb t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ ZfnXv PohnXw

sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶Xv sslμh PohnX Nn«-sb-bm-Wv.

CXv sNs¶-¯p¶XmIs« apt¶m-«m-IÀjn¨ hgn-bpsS ]X-\-

¯nepw. ImcWw CSÀ¨-bpsS Imc-W-§-sf-bpw, ê-s¯-bpw, `mhn-

sbbpw hgn-bn-ep-t]-£n-bv¡p-I-bpw, hnizm-ks¯ {][m-\-am-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. C¯cw Pohn-X-§sf \h-ssl-μ-hn-b-X-bp-ambn tNÀ¯v

Im©m sFe¿-sb-t¸m-epÅ ZfnXv _lp-P³ Nn´-IÄ hymJym-\n¨n«p-

89. t]Pv 93. tIc-f-̄ nsâ kaq-l-L-S-\bpw cq]m-́ -chpw tUm.-C.-sP.-tXm-akv

hyh-lmcw 199

v. C§-s\-bpÅ \h-ssl-μ-hm-h-Ø-bnÂ\n¶v adn-I-S-¡m-\m-hmsX

Ch-cpsS ap¶nÂ ZfnXv tNmZyw D¯-cw-ap-«p-Ibpw Acm-jv{So-b-Xbv¡v

XpS-¡-an-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

kmaq-lnI cq]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw hln-¡p¶ Bt]-

£n-I-amb kzbw ]cym-]vX-Xm-_Ôw AÂ¯q-kÀ Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶p. apX-

em-fn-¯-¯n\v sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS A²zm\w am{X-a-Ã, apX-em-fn¯ hyh-

Øsb AwKo-I-cn¨v Iogvs]-Sp¶ sXmgn-em-fn-sb-¡qSn Bh-iy-ap- v.

Ahn-sS-bmWv apX-em-fn¯ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. {Ia-

§fn-eq-sSbpw LS-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw kmaq-ln-I-bm-

YmÀ°y-§sf `mh-\m-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v Iogvs¸-Sp-¯Â [Àaw

\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. hyàn-I-fpsS IÀ¯r-Xz-\nÀ½mWw t]mepw {]Xy-

im-kv{X-]-c-am-sW-¶mWv AÂ¯yq-k-dnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sv. AtX-k-a-bw,

X§Ä kzX-{ćpw kzbw {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ kaÀ°-cp-am-sW¶ anYym-

[m-cW hyàn-IÄ h¨p-]p-eÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-

\-§Ä, ]Ån, IpSpw-_w, am[y-a-§Ä, Ie-IÄ, Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-§Ä,

kwkvIm-c-Øm-]-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv {]Xy-b-im-{X-]-c-ambn ]uc-·msc

hmÀs¯-Sp-¡m-\pÅ tÌänsâ D]--I-c-W-§Ä.

tÌänsâ C¯cw D]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ ]eXpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv

\h-ssl-μ-ho-b-X-bp-sS, hnizmk k¦-ev]-¯n-tebv¡v B\-bn-¡p-hm-\m-

bn-«m-Wv. AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ B[p-\n-I-\mb ]ucÀ F¶-Xv, \h-ssl-

μ-ho-b-X-bpsS ioe-t_m-[-¯nsâ hg¡w e`n- -̈hÀ F¶ AÀ°-¯n-

tebv¡p amdp-¶p.

LS-\m-hmZ amÀIvkn-khpw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-Whpw

]pXnb Ime-s¯-¡p-dn¨v LS-\mhmZ-amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ apt¶m-«p-

h-bv¡p¶ ]e \nK-a-\-§fpw, Awt_-ZvIÀ kmaq-lym-h-Øsb ]cn-

hyh-lmcw 200

tim-[n-¡m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-ambn amÀIvkn-s\-¡mÄ IqSp-

XÂ ASp-¯p-\nÂ¡p-¶p- v. apX-em-fn-¯-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ LS-\m-hm-Z-

amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-fpsS ]e \nco-£-W-§fpw Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-¯nb

]e-Xn-t\mSpw kam-\-am-hp-¶p- v. PmXn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ AXnsâ kz`m-

h-s¯-bpw, apX-em-fn¯w {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ AXnsâ kz`m-h-s¯bpw LS-

\m-hm-Z-amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-fpw, Awt_-ZvIdpw kam\ \nco-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-

b-am-¡n-bn-«p- v. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Bt]-£n-I-kz-`mhw AXnsâ Ab-

hmÀ¶Xpw/ISp-¸-amÀ¶-Xp-amb cq]-s¯-bmWv ImWn¨p Xcp-¶-Xv.

sXmgnemfnsb am{X-aÃ sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡nSbnÂ PmXn-\-S-¯p¶ c mw

hn -̀P-\s¯ Cý³ Ah-Ø-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bmbn Awt_-ZvIÀ I n-

cp-¶p. CXn\v kam-\-ambn apX-em-fn¯w sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS A[zm-\s¯

amXaÃ apX-em-fn-¯s¯ AwKo-I-cn¨v Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p¶ sXmgn-em-fn-sb-

¡qSn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v {]Xy-imkv{Xw \nÀan-¡p-¶p v F¶v

AÂ¯yq-kÀ Is -¯p-¶p. sXmgn-em-fnsb D]-Pm-Xn-bn-tebv¡v hn -̀

Pn-¡p-¶Xv AÂ¯yq-kÀ90 kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se, apX-em-fn-¯-þ-h-

tcWy {]Xyim-kv{X-¯nsâ A\p-Iq-en-I-fmb P\-X-Xnsb \nÀan-¡p-¶-

Xp-t]m-se, PmXn-bnse Aip-²n-IÀaw \nÀh-ln-¡p¶ ip²-sc-t¸mse

apX-em-fn-¯hpw htc-Wy-Xbpw, sXmgn-em-fnsb þ PmXn-Isf Iogvs¸-Sp-

¯p-¶p- v.

“hyh-kmbhÂIrX kaq-l-¯nÂ, hnZym-k-¼-¶À¡v A[n-Im-c-

¯n-te¡p c p amÀK-§-fp- v. kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-

sâbpw Cu c -[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-§fpw apX-em-fn¯ hyh-Ø-bp-ambn At -̀

Zy-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kzImcy k¼-Zvta-J-e-bnÂ {]Nm-c-W-

¯nsâ Npa-X-e-tbÂ¡p¶ t\Xm-hns\ _p²n-Pnhn F¶-Ã, amt\-P-

sc-t¶m, ]n. BÀ kvs]j-en-sÌt¶m BWv \mw hnfn-¡p-I. kzIm-cy-

90. t]. 56, \h-amÀIvkn-Ìv, kmaqly hnaÀi-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 201

ta-J-ebv¡v shfn-bn-ep-Å-h-cm-Is« tÌäp-am-bn-_-Ô-s¸-«-amÀK-§-fn-eq-

sS-bmWv A[n-Im-chpw A´kpw t\Sp-¶-Xv. A[n-Imcw ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-

Itbm A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXp-sIm v _p²n-

Po-hn¡v Abm-fpsS D -̄c-hm-ZnXzw \nd-th-äm-\m-hn-Ã. B[p-\nI ]mÝmXy

en_-d-enkw t_mÄtj-hn-k-¯nÂ\n¶pw hf-sc-sbm¶pw `n¶-a-Ã.”91

C§-s\-bpÅ P\-X-Xn¡v AXn-tâ-Xmb BNm-c-co-Xn-IÄ {_mÒ-

WXzw Iev]n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p- v. BNm-c-¯n-\p-taÂ ]gpXpw \nÀ½n-

¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p- v. apX-em-fn-¯-{I-ahpw (order) CtX LS-\-bn-emWv

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. PmXn AXnsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-\nÀan-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv

hyàn-Xzs¯ \nÀan-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AÂXyq-k-dnsâ ho£-W-¯nÂ apX-

em-fn¯w AXnsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv IÀ¯rXzw \nÀan-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

PmXn AXnsâ DÅnÂ hcp-¶-hÀ¡pw ]pd-¯p-\nÂ¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw

t{ijTXzw \evIp-¶p- v. Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡v Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xm-bn. Hmtcm

PmXn¡pw AXnsâ B´-cnI hn\n-a-b-¯nÂ t{ijvTXzw tNÀ¡m-hp-

¶-Xm-Wv. CtX t{ijvTX Xs¶-bmWv apX-em-fn-¯hpw hnX-cWw

sN¿p-¶-Xv. kzX-{´-cpw, kaÀ°-cpw, kzbw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hcpw F¶

anYym-[m-c-W-tbmsS hyàn-Isf apX-em-fn-¯-¯n-tebv¡v tNÀ¡p-¶-Xv.

]Ån, IpSpw-_w, am[y-aw, kmln-Xyw,-I-e-IÄ, Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-§Ä

kwkvImc Øm]-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-sbms¡ apX-em-fn¯w AXnsâ

{]Xy-b-im-kv{Xs¯ Agn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p. PmXn-bm-hs« CXp-t]m-se-Xs¶

AXnsâ AXn-hn-]p-e-amb icocwsIm mWv ]pdt¼m¡v/AI-¡m¼v

P\-X-sbbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xv.

CubÀ°-¯nÂ amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ho£-W-]-cn-anXn AÂ¯yq-

k-dn-eqsS Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ NÀ -̈sN-¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw adn-I-S-¡m-\pÅ {iaw

Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ Cý³ amÀIvkn-Ì-I-fm-hs« ap¸-

91. t]. 73, t\mwtNmkvIn ss[j-WnI Poh-N-cn-{Xw, APbv ]n. a§m-«v.

hyh-lmcw 202

¯n-A-©pIfnÂ hnI-kn¨ Awt_-ZvIÀ Nn´m-[m-csb I n-sÃ¶v \Sn-

¡pI am{X-aÃ bqtdm-]y³ ZÀi-\-§Ä¡mbn Im¯n-cp¶p apjn-bp-I-

Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. amÀIvknkw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ bqtdm-]y³ A[n-\n-th-i-

¯nsâ A]-c-þ-]-tcm-£-I-S-¶p-I-b-ä-ambn CXns\ ImWm³ Ign-bpw.

“dqtÊmbpsS Bi-b-§-tfmSpw _Ip-\n³ap-t¶m-«p-h¨ kzmX-{ý-

k-¦-ev]-t¯mSpw tNmwkn¡v s]mcp-¯-ap- v. Ak-a-Xz-s¯-¸än dqtkm

Fgp-Xn-bXv tNmwkvIn D²-cn-¡p-¶p- v. dqtÊm, {^m³knse kmap-Zm-

bnI Øm]-\-§-fpsS AkvXn-Xzs¯ shÃp-hn-fn-¡pI am{X-aÃ kzIm-

cy -kz¯pw k¼¯pw kw_-Ôn¨v A¶p- m-bn -cp¶ Bi-b-§-

sfbsbÃmw At±lw \ntj-[n-¨p. Nqj-W-¯n-\mbn [\n-IÀ cq]w-sIm-

Sp¯ Hcp KqVmtemN-\-bpsS ê-amWv s]mXp-k-aqlw (kn-hnÂskm-

ssk-än) F¶p dqtÊm hmZn-¨p. kaq-l-§fpw \nb-a-§fpw ZpÀ_-eÀ¡p

]pXnb N§-e-IÄ \ÂIn-b-t¸mÄ [\n-IÀ¡p ]pXnb iànt\Sns¡m-

Sp-¯p. A§s\ a\p-jy-t\mfw ]g-¡-ta-dnb ss\kÀKnIX \in-¸n-¡-

s¸-«p. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS k¯ a\pjykzmX-{ýhpw AXn-s\-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ t_m[-hp-am-Wv. AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bXv A[n-Imc tI{μ-§fpw. Cu

Bi-bs¯ ZrV-am-bn-B-hÀ¯n-¡p¶ tNmwkvIn dqtkm-bpsS asämcp

hmIyw-IqSn HmÀ¡p¶p: ASn-a-bpsS k´Xn ASn-a-bm-bn-cn¡pw F¶

hn[n \ÂInb \nb-a-]-WvUn-X³, asämcp hn[-¯nÂ C§-s\-bmWp

]d-ªXv, a\p-jy³ a\p-jy-\m-bÃ P\n-¡p-¶-Xv.....”.92

Gjy³, B{^n-¡³ kzmX-ý-\n-co-£-W-§-f-¡p-taÂ kmÀÆ-

tZ-io-b-ambn amÀIvknkw \nÀan¨ IS¶p Ib-äs¯ asäm-cÀ°-¯nÂ

kmÀ{Xns\ hnaÀin-¨p-sIm v ^m\³ (France Fannan) Fgp-Xnb Ipdn-

¸n\v kam-\-ambn \nco-£n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. “AhÀ AS-¨p-sI-«nb I®p-

IÄ Rm³ Xpd-¡m³ `mhn-¡p-t¼m-tgbv¡pw Ah-scs¶ kmÀh-eu-In-

92. t]. 74, t\mw tNmwkvIn ss[j-WnI Poh-N-cn-{Xw. APbv ]n. a§m-«v.

hyh-lmcw 203

I-am-b-XnÂ ap¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ XpS-§p-¶p” F¶mWv ^m\³ ]d-ª-Xv.

kmÀ{Xnsâ CS-s]-S-ens\ km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ asäm-cp-ap-J-ambn þ A]-

c-am-b-Xns\ X¶n-te¡v Aen-bn¨p tNÀ¡m-\pÅ {ia-ambn þ hymJym-

\n-¡p-¶p.”93

temI-ap-X-em-fn-¯-L-S-\bpw AXnsâ a\-im-kv{X-s¯bpw (a-\-

im-kv{X-§Ä) ico-chpw/a\kpw/ico-c-an-Ãm-bvabpw/ a\kn-Ãm-bvabpw

kw_-Ôn-¨v, \ho\ ]T-\-§Ä Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£n-¨n-«p- v.

Ata-cn¡ Idp-¯-h-tcmSv kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \ne]mSnepw, CX-c-hw-i-

§-tfmSv kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \ne-]m-Snepw C§s\ Hcp Awiw \ne\nÂ¡p-

¶p v. amÀIvknsâ apX-em-fn¯ \nco-£-W-¯n\p ]pd¯m-WXv kw -̀

hn-¡p-¶-Xv. AYhm Ata-cn-¡-bpsS apX-em-fn¯ CS-s]-S-enÂ Awt_-

ZvIÀ \nco-£n-¡p¶ PmXn-bpsS kq£va-Xew Fhn-sS-sbs¡tbm

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p- v F¶À°w. CXn-\À°w hwio-b-ambn Cý³

{_mÒ-Wo-b-X-tbmSv AXv kwth-Zn-¡p-I-bpw AXn-eqsS, kw{I-an-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿pw F¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv.

]cp-h-s¸-Sp¶ P\X

{]tbm-Kw, kw -̀hw, hkvXp-X, ùXn-IX F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv

hyh-lm-cw {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. tImf-\n, e£w-ho-Sv, ]pdt¼m¡v, Nmbv]v,

]mÀ«n-kw-c-£-Ww, aX-Øm-]-\-kw-c-£-Ww, IpSnIn-S-¸v, tNcn, \K-c-

]pd-t¼m-¡v, A\m-Ym-e-bw, `n£-k-t¦-Xw, AK-Xn-a-μncw XpS-§n-b-h-bn-

eqsS thsdmcp Xc-¯nÂ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯-en\v B[p-\n-II-Xbv¡v tijw

tIc-f-¯nÂ kw`-hn¨ cmjv{Sob CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ¡v Ign-ªp. CXv

“^qt¡m ]d-bp¶ ‘tlmkv]n-äÂ P\-dÂ’ F¶ \nc-£-W-t¯mSv kmay-

ap-Å-Xm-Wv. A[:ØnXÀ, {`m´³, Zcn-{ZÀ, AK-Xn-IÄ Chsc ]mÀ¸n-

93. t]. 77, tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw þ C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.

hyh-lmcw 204

¡m³ DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fmb [\m-Vy-cpsS klm-b-¯m-tem, kÀ¡mÀ klm-

b-¯mtem ap³ssI-s¿-Sp-¡p¶ Øm]-\-§Ä, XS-h-d-IÄ, XpS-§n-b-

hbv¡v kam-\-am-hp¶p.”94

B[p-\nI temI-kw-hn-[m-\-s¯bpw `c-W-Iq-S-s¯bpw tNmZyw

sN¿m-\m-hm¯ hn[-¯n-epÅ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw ChnsS hn\n-abw sN¿-

s¸-Sp-¶p- v. P\-Iob P\m-[n]Xy hn¹-h-¯nsâ {iaw F¶ \ne-bn-

epÅ Xmev¡m-en-I-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-am-{X-am-Wn-Xv. AXn\v tijw C¯-c-an-S-

§-fnÂ \n¶v tamN\w F¶-XmWv I½yq-WnÌv hymJym-\-§Ä. KmÔnPn

AS-¡-apÅ a\p-jy-cpsS aqÀ¯-cq-]-§Ä Ds ¶pw kzbw ]cn-jvI-cn-

¡m-¯-Xn-sâbpw aäpw Ipg-¸-§-fmWv {]Xn-k-Ôn¡v Imc-W-sa¶v \nc-

ćtamÀan-¸n-¡p¶ he-Xp-]-£-hym-Jym-\-§fpw \nÀan-bv¡p¶ {]Xy-b-

im-kv{Xm-Sn-¯-d-bmWv hyh-lm-c-s¸« asämcp Bi-bw.

B[p-\nI Pohn-X-¯nsâ asämcp LS-\-{]-hÀ¯n-¨Xv Zfn-Xsc

kw_-Ôn¨v IpSn-tb-dm-sX-bpw, Øew amdm-sXbpw sI«n-bn-S-s¸-«-Xp-ambn

_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. Ønc-hm-kn-I-fmbn Ccn-¡-¯s¶ AhnsS ]«-W-tam,

\K-c-tam, ]cn-jvIrX {]tZ-i-tam, tImf-\ntbm Bbn-¯o-cp-¶-Xnsâ amä-

am-Wv. IpSn-tb-ä-¯n\v {ian-¡msX hnI-k-\-¯n\v D]-I-c-W-§-fm-hp¶

Cu ico-c-§Ä ]c-¼-cm-K-X-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-bpw, AtX-k-abw {]XnIm-

ß-I-ambn (Symbolic) Bcw-`n -¡p¶ \nc-h[n A[n -Im-c -§Ä

AhÀ¡ptaÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Ah-k-cw, Xmev]-cyw, B{Klw

F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§fpw {]hÀ¯n¨p

XpS-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]pd-¯m-hmsX Xs¶ ]pd-¯m-hp¶ Hcp LS-

\-bn-emWv C¯cw hnI-k-\hpw ZfnXv P\-Xbpw \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-Xv.

94. t]. 34 antjÂ ̂ qt¡m, hÀ -̄am-\-̄ nsâ Ncn-{Xw, tUm. ]n.-]n. cho-{μ³.

hyh-lmcw 205

BZn-hm-kn-k-aq-ls¯ ]cp-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

kaq-l-¯nse Ign-hp-Ip-dª hn`mK (Weaker section) s¯ kwc-

£n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ̀ mK-ambn AXnsâ ]cn-k-c-§sf hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-

p-X-s¶, 1960þÂ BÀ«n¡nÄ 340se ]«n-I-PmXn Gcnb tZiob I½o-

j³ \nP-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp- m-bn. {io.-bp.-F³ tZ_À (U.N. Dhebar) thcn-

bÀ FÂhn³ (Varrier Elvin) sNbÀam\pw sk{I-«-dn-bp-ambn Xnc-sª-

Sp-¡-s¸« tZio-b-I-½n-änÂ A©mw-]-«n-I-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m v BZn-

hm-kn-I-fpsS `qcn-]-£-hm-k-Ø-e-§fpw kwc-£n-t¡ Xnsâ Ah-iy-

IX hyà-am-¡n. CXv B {]tZ-is¯ BZn-hmkn hmk-Ø-e-s -̄

bpw, BZn-hm-kn-I-sfbpw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.”95

B[p-\nI `c-W-IqS-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\]²Xn C¯-c-¯n-emWv

{]hÀ¯\ kÖ-am-hp-¶-Xv. BZn-hm-kn-t£-a-̄ n-\mbn AXn-hn]p-e-amb

\nba \nÀ½mW§Ä Øm]n-X-am-bn. tIc-f-¯nsâ B[p-\nI kmaq-

lo-I-c-W-¯nÂ c m-bncw hscbpw C¯-c-samcp NÀ¨ Dcp-¯n-cnbs¸-

Sm-Xn-cp-¶Xv BZn-hmknkaq-l-¯nsâ taÂ tÌäv F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶p, F§s\ FXn-cmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ DZm-l-c-W-

t¯m-sS-bm-Wv.

“1850-I-fnÂ¯s¶ {InkvXp-aXw (Christianity) ap m(Mundas)

kaq-l-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§n. Ch-bm-Is« PÀa³ anj-W-

dn-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xpw. P·n-

amÀs¡-Xnsc {_n«ojv `c-W-IqSw \S-¯nb Nne A[n-Im-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-

§Ä ap BZn-hmkn kaq-l-¯n\pw klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-. P·n-amÀ

{InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-amÀs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff Iem-]-¯n\v CXv Imc-W-am-

¡n. _nÀk {]Øm\w (Birsa movement) Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv Cu Ime-

95. P.12 whither Tribal Areas?, B.D. Sharma.

hyh-lmcw 206

L-«-¯n-emWv AXn\v Htc-k-abw {_n«ojv kaq-l-t¯mSpw AtX-k-

abw P·n kaq-l-t¯mSpw Ie-ln-t¡- n-h-¶p.96

BZn-hmkn {]Øm-\-§Ä AXnsâ ZmÀi-\n-I-amb kao-]\w hnI-

kn¸n¡p-¶Xv Htc kabw P·n-hn-cp-²hpw AtX-k-abw {_n«ojv hncp-

²-hp-amb \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-¨p-sIm- m-Wv. Xe-bv¡Â N´p-hnsâ

{]Øm-\-¯n\pw CXn\v kam-\-amb \ne-]mSv apt¶m-«p-h-bvt¡ n h¶p.

F¶mÂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS IS-¶p-h-chv Zfn-XÀ¡p-taÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡-p-

¶-Xn\p kam-\-ambn BZn-hmkn kaq-l-s¯bpw ASn-¯-d-bn-f-¡p-Ibpw

`qanbpw kmaq-ln-I-Xbpw A\ym-[o-s -̧Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-̄ nse

ae-A-c-bÀ sslμ-hn-b-Xbv¡v ]pd-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm p IqsS-bm-

hWw AXnÂ ]IpXn kaqlw ss{IkvX-h --aX kzoI-c-W-¯n\v X¿m-

dm-b-Xv. 1848 emWv ae-A-c-b-·m-cpsS CS-bnse anjy-\-dn-{]-hÀ¯\w

Bcw-`n- -̈Xv. X§-fpsS CS-bnÂ kvIqfp-IÄ Bcw-`n-¡Ww F¶v A©v

ae-A-c-b³amÀ sXmgp-ssI-I-fp-ambn h¶v anjy-\-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶ dh:

slâdn-t_-¡-dn-t\mSv At]-£n- -̈Xns\ XpSÀ¶m-bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯\w

Bcw-`n- -̈Xv. slâ-dn-t_-¡À Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v \mb-

IXzw \evIn-b-Xv. 1400 Hmfw t]À Hcp-an¨v Xs¶ ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvXv

Bw¥n-¡³ k`mwKXzw kzoI-cn-¨p. ae-b-c-bÀ hmÕ-ey-]qÀÆw slâdn

t_¡-dns\ hnfn-¨n-cp-¶Xv “]Ås¯kmln_v” (Pallatu Sahib) F¶m-

bn-cp-¶p”97

1882-þ83Â IÂ¡-«-bnÂ tNÀ¶ anjy-\dn tIm¬^-d³knÂ

dh.sP. tIen. (Rev.J. Caley) kaÀ¸n¨ anjy-\dn dnt¸mÀ«nÂ \n¶pw

kw{K-ln¨ Hcp hnh-c-W-amWv CXv. F¶mÂ ae-A-c-b-kq-ls¯ Cu

\o¡w c mbn apdn-¡p-¶p- v F¶pw hyàamhp¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv.

96. P. 7-8, Birsa Munda, K.S. Singh.97. t]Pv. 77 kn.-Fw.-F-kv. k`m-N-cn-{Xw. tUm.-Ìo-̂ ³ h«-̧ m-d.

hyh-lmcw 207

F¶mÂ 1950 IfnÂ kÀ.-kn.]n..-cm-a-kzman A¿-cpsS CS-s]-S-ensâ ê-

am-bmWv cma³ta-«q-cnsâ ap³I-¿nÂ AJn-e-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ ae-b-c-a-

lm-k` {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv. aX-]-chpw BNm-c-]-c-hp-amb kzX{´

AkvXn-Xzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ hfsctbsd {iaw th n h¶p Cu

kaq-l-¯n\v {]tXy-In¨v sslμh {_mÒ-Wo-bXtbmSv aÕ-cn¨p

sIm p-Xs-¶.98

“GXv kml-N-cy-¯nepw Pohn-X-c-l-ky-§Ä Is ¯n Im«nÂ

\nh-kn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv BZn-hm-kn-IÄ F¶v shcn-bÀ FÂhn³ Nq n-

¡m-«p-¶p. CXnÂ {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-§tfmSv ]S-s]m-cpXn PohnXw

]nSn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-¶-h-cmWv tX³ Ipdp-aÀ P\-X.”99 IpSn-tbäw Bhm-k-

tI-{μs¯ asäm-¶m-¡p-I-bpw, Bhm-k-hyq-l-s¯-¯s¶ sX¶n-am-äp-

Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ shcn-bÀ FÂhnsâ \nK-a-\-¯n\v B[p-\nI `c-W-

IqSw A«n-adn krjvSn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v ImSv

\jvS-s¸« P\-X-bmbn A\y-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸« \nc-h[n tKm{X-k-aq-l-

§Ä Cý-bn-ep- v. am{X-hp-aÃ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-§Ä tImf-\n-I-fmbn

Npcp-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-¶p.

1956Â BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡pw Zfn-XÀ¡pw t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Bcw-`n-¡m³ hIp-¸p-I-fpw, Xmeq¡v Hmô-kp-IÄ tI{μo-I-cn¨v

{]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\À°w HutZym-KnI `c-W-

kw-hn-[m-\-¯nÂ ZfnXv BZn-hm-kn-IÄ Øm\w ]nSn¨p XpS-§p-¶Xv

CXc kmap-Zm-bnI iàn-IÄ Ah-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ta-J-e-IÄ Øm]n¨

tij-amWv F¶m-Wv. “1969 G{]nÂ 16\v ]peÀs¨ hb-\m-«nse Xncp-

s\Ãn FÂ.-]n.-kvIq-fn-\-Sp v̄ P\-§Ä Iq«w IqSn \n¶v Hcp t]mÌÀ

hmbn-¨p: 1969 sabv H¶p apXÂ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen Bdv

98. ]n.-sI. kPo-h³, \mj-WÂ BZn-hmkn sÛ-td-j³ sNbÀam-\p-am-bpÅ kw`m-j-Ww.

99. t].11, Im«p Pohn-X-̄ nsâ kv]μ-Xm-f-§Ä. tUm.-]n.-Pn. ]Zvan-\n.

hyh-lmcw 208

tkÀ s\Ãsh¨p IW-¡m-¡p-I. sImSp-¯Xp Ign¨p _m¡n DSs\

sImSp-¡p-I. CS¯cw sNdp-InS Irjn-¡mÀ hn¹-h-amÀK-§-fp-ambn H¶n-

¡p-I.”100

kÀ¡mÀ klm-b-tI-{μ-§fpw BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw X½n-ep-ff Zqcw,

CS-¯cw sNdp-In-S-IÀj-Icpw kÀ¡mcpw X½n-ep-ff Zqc-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv.

t]mÌÀ ]Xn-¸n¨ \IvkÂ hÀ¤okn-sâbpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sSXpw X½n-

ep-ff Zqcw NÀ¨bv¡v FSp-¡msX Hcp Imcyw hyà-am-¡mw. kÀ¡mcpw,

sNdp-In-S-IÀj-Icpw H¶n¨v \n¶v BZn-hm-kn-bn-tebv¡v Zqcw Iq«p-I-bm-

bn-cp¶p F¶v. amÀIvknÌv se\n-\n-Ìp-IÄ BZn-hm-kn-I-sfbpw sNdp-

In-S-IÀjI-scbpw H¶n-¸n-¡m\pw kzmX{ýw {]Jym-]n-¡m\pw {ian¨p.

F¶mÂ sNdp-In-S-IÀj-IÀ kÀ¡m-dn-s\m¸w \n¶v kzbw Akzm-X{ýw

{]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡p-ap-¶nÂ kzmX{ýw \Sn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

C§-s\-sbmcp kzmX{ý {]Jym-]-\-¯nsâ/ \Sn-¡-ensâ tIc-

f-a-WvU-e-¯nÂ BZn-hmkn ZfnXv tNmZy-§sf A{]-kvI-X-am-¡p-hm-\p-

ff \nc-h[n {ia-§-fmWv Hmtcm s]mXp-a-Þ-e-§fpw DbÀ¯n-s¡m-

p-h-¶-Xv. bqtdm-]y³ s]mXp aWvU-e-¯nÂ DbÀ¯nb Nne At\z-

j-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v lÄ (Hall), t]mÄKnÂtdmbv (Poul Gilroy) XpS-§n-

b-hÀ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p- v. ]mc-¼-cy-§Ä (ethnicity), enwK-]-Zhn (gen-

der), ssewKn-IX (Sexuality) XpS-§n-bh ]T-\-¯nÂ {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-

th- -Xnsâ tNmZy-amWv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡-s -̧«-Xv. hÀ¤-_-Ô-̄ nÂ kw_-

Ôn-bv¡p¶ hnhn[ cq]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v lÄ (Hall) hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p- v.

shfp¯ sXmgn-emfn t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ A]-I-S-hpw, IjvS¸mSpw

thdn-«-Xp-amb Ah-Ø-bmWv Idp¯ sXmgn-em-fn¡v t\cn-tS- n-h-cp-¶Xv

F¶v At±lw Fgp-Xp-¶p. H¶m-aXv Idp-¯-hÀ Ah-cpsS s]mXp-hmb

100. t]. 9, kJmhv hÀ¤o-kv, ASn-tbm-cp-sS s]cp-a³.

hyh-lmcw 209

A\p-` -hw, hwi-] -c -am -b -X v , ]pd -t¼m-¡p -I -fm -¡-s¸ -Sp -¶Xv

(marginalization) ]pd¯v sIm p-h¶p XpS-§n. c m-aXv cmjv{So-bhpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I--hp-amb Øm\w \nÀan-¨p-Xp-S§n. Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-

cn-I-hp-ambn \nÀh-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-sâ-Xmb Ub-kvt]md

(diaspora) t]mÄKnÂ tdmbn AS-¡-ap-ffhÀ DbÀ¯n-s¡m- p-h-¶p.101

Zfn-X-cp-tSXv AÃmsX Xs¶ Cým-k-aqlw t\cn-Sp-¶ {]Xn-k-

Ôn-sb-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb Hcp kao]\w DbÀ¶p h¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. Cý-

bpsS kmam-\y-cq-]-s¯, km¼-¯nI kao]-\s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯m³

t]mepw Cý-bpsS `c-W-k-aqlw AwKo-I-cn-¨nÃ “1947 apX-ep-ff Cý-

bnse km¼-¯nI \b-sa-Sp¯p ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ km{am-PyXz XmÂ]-

cy-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah-bpsS apJy-L-S-I-sa¶v a\-kn-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

ImÀjn-I-cw-K¯v h³tXm-Xn -ep-ff B[p-\n-I-hÂ¡-cWw \S-¶-

t¸mÄ¯s¶ ̀ q-hp-S-am-_-Ô-§-fnÂ cmPy-hym-]-I-ambn kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-

\-ap- m-bn-Ã. km{am--Py-Xz-km-¼-¯nI Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡p-th n Bhn-

jvI-cn-¡-s¸« lcn-X-þ-[-h-f-hn-¹-h-§Ä {Kma-§-fnse _lp-`q-cn-]£w

km[m-c-W-P-\-§-fp-sSbpw PohnXw IqSp-XÂ ZpjvI-c-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-I-

bm-Wp- m-b-Xv.”102

apIÄ¯-«nsâ \nco-£-W-§-fpsS s]mXp-hym-Jym-\-§Ä am{X-

am-bn-cp¶p ]e-t¸m-gpw {Kma-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff hÀW-i-_-f-amb A\p-

kva-c-W-IÄ, CXv taÂ¯«nsâ hÀW-i-_-f-X-am-{X-am-Wv. Cu \qäm-

nsâ Bcw- -̀¯nÂ \S-¯nb hn¹-h-þ-P-\m-[n-]-Xyþ PmXn-hn-cp² {ia-

§fneq-sS-bmWv s]mXp kaqlw \nÀ½n-bv¡m³ Fs´-¦nepw {ia-§-

fp- m-bXv. F¶mÂ Abn-¯-{K-a-§Ä¡p-taÂ taÂ¯-«n-\p- m-bn-cp¶

101 . P. 152-153, Contemporary Cultural Theory, Andrew Milner and Jeff Browitt.102. t]. 56, \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn¡v tJZ-]qÀÆw, FUn-äÀ ̀ mkp-tc-{μ-_m_p.

hyh-lmcw 210

A[n-Im-c-hÀW-i-_-f-Xsb tZio-b-ambn {Kma-X-e-¯nÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-

I-bm-bn-cp¶p B[n-Im-c-hyq-lw.

^yqUÂ HmÀa (fudal nostalgia)-I-fpsS Hcp {Kma-Po-hnXw Hcp

sNdnb hi-̄ n\v am{X-amWv hÀW-i-_-f-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ {]nânwKv

anUn-b-bn-epw, cmjv{Sm-[n-Im-c-¯n-epw, sshÚm-\nI taJ-e-bnepw

ChÀ¡p km[n¨ A[n-Im-c-ap-d-¸n-¡Ä hgn, ^yqUÂ HmÀa-bpsS {Kma-

Po-hn-Xs¯ s]mXp-P-\-¯n\v taÂ Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-Im-bn-cp-¶p.

hmevao-Insb {_mÒ-W-\m-sW¶p Øm]n-¡m-\p-ff AXn-hn-]p-e-

amb {ia-¯nÂ `c-W-IqSw Xmev]cyw ImWn-¡p-¶-Xns\¡p-dn¨v sF.-

im-´-Ip-amÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. “hmevaoIn cmam-bWw ae-bmfhym-Jym\w

þ _me-Im-WvUw, HmIvkvt^mUv bqWn-th-gvknän {]kv, lnμn þ ae-

bmfw \nL p (F³.-_n.-F-kv), i_vZ-þ-Xm-cm-h-en, ]pcm-WnIv F³ssk-

t¢m-]o-Un-b, ]©-a-lm-\n-L- p F¶n-§s\ IrXn-I-fn-seÃmw P·w

sIm v hmevaoIn {_mÒ-W-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Im«m-f-·m-cpsS IqsS tNÀ¶v

IÅ\pw IhÀ -̈¡m-c-\p-ambn¯oÀ¶p.”103 Fs¶-gp-Xn-bn-«p- v. s]mXp-

k-aq-l-¯n\v BZn-hm-kn-Isf IÅ-·m-cpw, IÅp-Ip-Snb-·mcpw B¡n

\n-e-\nÀt¯- Xv _m[y-X-bm-hp-¶-Xp-h-®-amWv C¯cw Aim-kv{Xob

hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-I-fpsS B[n-Im-cnI hymJym-\-§Ä.

kv{Xok-aq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸Sp-¯p¶p

B[p-\nI kaqlw kv{Xok-ao-]-\-¯nÂ F´p-\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-¯n-

cp-¶p F¶-Xp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨v Gen-bm½ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

“Hcp Cý³ kv{XobpsS ]Zhn \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ Gsd ]¦p-h-ln-

¡p¶ Nne LS-I-§-fmWv Ah-fpsS km¼-¯nI ]Ým-¯-ew, PmXn,

hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X, tPmen XpS§nbh. Cý³ P\-X-bpsS `qcn-`m-

103. t]. 8-, 9. At\z-jWw AIe§fnÂ, sF.-im-́ -Ip-amÀ

hyh-lmcw 211

Khpw {Kma-¯nÂ hkn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. hen-sbmcp iX-am\w BÄ¡mÀ

C¶pw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J-bpsS Xmsg Ign-bp-¶-h-cm-Wv. Hcp icm-icn Cý³

kv{Xo C¯-c-samcp kml-N-cys¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-fm-Wv. {]mb-

]qÀ¯n-bm-bmÂ ]ns¶, X\nsb ]pd-¯n-d-§m-t\m, kzX-{´-ambn k©-

cn-¡m-t\m, kaq-l-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sm-t\m, kv{XoIÄ¡v s]mXpth

kzmX{ýw e`n-¡m-dn-Ã.

Npa-X-em-t_m[w, hnt[-b-Xzw, A\p-k-cW XpS-§nb KpW-§Ä

Dff D¯-a-ho-«-½bpw `mcy-bp-sa-¶mWv Hcp \Ã kv{Xosb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff

k¦ev]w. IpSpw-_hpw AXnsâ Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-Wv Ah-fpsS {]hr-

¯n-a-WvU-ew. IpSpw_w ]peÀ¯m-\mbn kv{XobpsS hcp-am\w AXym-

h-iy-ambn hcp¶ L«-§-fn-epw, AX-hÄ \nÀh-ln-t¡- Xv IpSpw-_-

tPm-en-IÄ¡pw D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§Ä¡pw ]pd-ta-bm-Wv. Cc« tPmen-`mcw

kv{Xo t]td n hcp¶p F¶-XnÂ A\o-Xn-]-c-ambn H¶pw Xs¶

kaqlw ZÀin-¡p-¶n -Ã. PmXn-a-Xm-Nm-c -§fpw {]t_m-[-\-§fpw

kv{XobpsS IS-a-I-sf-¸-änbpw Øm\-s¯-¸-änbpw Dff ]Xnhv k¦-ev]-

§Ä \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ac-¡n-«p-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.”104

B[p-\n-IX ZfnXv At\z-j-W-§Äs¡m¸w Hgn-hm-¡nb At\z-j-

W-ambncp¶p kv{Xo kaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-§-fpw. tZim-cmjv{Sw F¶ \ne-bnÂ

AXnsâ t\À]-IpXn hcp¶ kv{Xok-aq-l-̄ nsâ ]Z-hn-bpw, A[n-Im-chpw

kw_-Ôn¨v At\z-jWw DbÀ¶p-h-cm-Xn-cp-¶XpXs¶ FÃm AÀ°-

¯nepw kmaq-ly-amb Nn´m cq]-§fpw DbÀ¶p-h-¶Xv ]pcp-j-tI-{μo-Ir-

Xm-hØbnÂ Bbn-cp-¶p. iq{Z-scbpw kv{XoI-sfbpw ]pd´Ånb-Xnsâ

tNmZy-§Ä B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ {]iv\-h-evI-cn-¡-s -̧«n-Ã.

104. t]. 71, kv{Xobpw kaq-lhpw Hcp enwK-]-Zhn ImgvN-̧ m-Sv. Gen-bm-½.

hyh-lmcw 212

B[p-\n-I-X-bnse ssewKn-I-k-Zm-Nmcw ]nXr-A-[n-Im-c-¯n-te¡v

{]th-in-¡p-I-bpw, tIc-f-¯nse Iogmf kv{XoI-fpsS CS-bnÂ sshhm-

lnIþA-¨-S¡w \S-¸m-¡n-b-Xpw, \h-h-tc-Wy-hÀK-¯nsâ hym]vXnbpw

kzm[o-\hpw hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ Ime¯p cq]-s¸« Øm]-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-

sW¶v sP.-tZ-hn-I. A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. “Ccp-]Xmw \qäm- nÂ ChnsS

hfÀ¶p hnI-kn¨ \h-h-tcWy hÀK-ssew-KnI kmZm-Nm-c-hp-ambn AXn-

\p- m-bn-cp¶ tNÀ -̈bp-ambn IpSpw-_m-kq-{XW]cn-]m-Sn¡v _Ô-ap- v.

ssewKn-I-hmRvN \nb-{ń-¡m-\p-ff apJy-amÀKw Bß-\n-b-{´-Whpw

A -̈S-¡-hp-am-sW¶v AXp hn[n-¨p. arZp B¬tIm-bva-bn-eqsS kv{Xo

]pcp-j-_-Ôs¯ {Iao-I-cn¡mw F¶ \ne-]mSv AXv sIm p-h-¶p.

CXn-eqsS B[p-\nI ]nXr-tI-{μnX AWp-Ip-Spw_kao-]\w Øm]n-¡-

s¸-«p.”105

\h-h-tc-Wy-hÀKw ssewKnI kZm-Nm-c-¯n-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡p-

¶Xv cmjv{So-b-ambn kw -̀hn¨ DWÀ -̈bpsS `mKw IqSn-bm-bn-«m-bn-cp-

¶p. ssewKnI Acm-P -I-Xz -¯n -s\-Xnsc \mbÀ iq{Z -k-aq -l-

§Ä¡pÅnÂ \n¶v {_mÒ-WnI LS-\-tbm-Spw, {_mÒ-WnI LS-\-

bv¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-X-s¶bpw Bcw-`n¨ cmjv{Sob DWÀ¨-bmWv

{_mÒWnI ]pcp-j-ssew-Kn-Im-[n-Im-cs¯ tNmZyw sNb-X-Xv. C¯cw

tNmZy-§Ä¡p-taÂ ]pcp-jm-[n-Imcw Øm]n-s -̈Sp¯ Ipdp-¡p-h-gn-bm-

bn-cp¶p arZp B¬tIm-bva-bnÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]nXr-tI-{μo-IrX

ssewKn-I-X.

“P\\-§-fpsS `mcw Ipd-¨mÂ kv{XoIÄ amXr þ `mcym-]-Z-hn-

IÄ ssIhn«v s]mXp-cw-K¯v Xn§n-¡q-Sp-sa¶v Hcp Iq«À ̀ b-¶p. A¶m

Nm n, sIm¨m-«nÂ IÃym-Wn-¡p«n XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv kv{XoIÄ¡v kz´w

ico-c-¯nsâ taep-ff \nb-{´-W-¯n-t·Â X§-fpsS hmZ-§sf Dd-¸n-

105. t]. 24-þ25-, tIcfw ssewKn-I-Xm- enw-K-\o-Xn, FUn-äÀ, sI. Fw. thWp-tKm]mÂ.

hyh-lmcw 213

¨-hÀ. AhÀ¡v AXn\v henb hne \ÂtI- n-h¶p. IpSpw-_-¯nsâ

A -̈S¡w \jvS-s¸Spw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p asämcp Iq«-cpsS `bw”106

amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ apt¶m-«p-h¨ amXr-Ibpw ssewKnI A -̈S-¡-hp-

ambn _Ôs]-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. {]P-\-\-hp-ambn _Ôs¸«v kv{XobpsS Ah-

Imiw C\nbpw NÀ¨ sNbvXn-«n-Ã-. ]s£ ZfnXv þ Iogm-fsc kw_-

Ôn¨nSt¯mfw KÀ -̀\n-tcm-[\ NnIn-Õbv¡v hnt[-b-amb `pcn-]-£hpw

Imbn-tIm-]-Po-h-\-¯n\v £bn¨hcm-bn-¯oÀ¶n«p- v.

“ZenXv kv{XoIÄ A[n-Ihpw hnZym-`ymkw Ipd-ª-hcpw Ipd-

ª-th-X\w e`n-¡p-¶-hcpw A¯cw sXmgn-ep-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-

am-Wv. a[y-PmXnIfnÂs¸« ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡v Hcp DtZymKw e`n-¡p-t¼mÄ

Ah-cpsS kv{XoIsf AhÀ PmXn sXmgn-ep-I-fnÂ \n¶v ]n³h-en-¡pw.

F¶mÂ ZfnXv kv{XoI-fpsS Imcyw CX-Ã. Ah-cpsS `À¯m-¡-·mÀ

tPmen-bp-f-f-h-cm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ Ah-cpsS PmXn-sXm-

gn-ep-I-fnÂ XpS-cm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-hp-¶p. UÂln-bnse hmßoIn PmXn-

bnÂs¸« ]pcp-j-·mÀ ]ecpw tXm«n-¸-Wn Dt]-£n-¨v am\y-amb sXmgn-

ep-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-«-s¸mgpw Ah-cpsS kv{XoIÄ ]g-b-sXm-gn-ep-I-fnÂ XpS-

cp-¶-Xmbn amf-hnI IÀte-¡À \S-¯nb ]T-\-¯nÂ Nq n-¡m-«p-¶p.

tXm«-¡mÀ, ho«ptPm-en-¡mÀ XpS-§nb sXmgnÂ It¼m-f-¯nse Xmgv¶

Øm\-§Ä \nd-bv¡p-¶Xv C¶pw PmXn-bnÂ Xmgv¶-hÀ BWv. Xq¯p-

hm-cp-¶Xpw shÅw tImcp-¶Xpw C¶pw ZenXv kv{XoI-fm-Wv. ImÀjnI

cwK-¯p-ff B[p-\n-I-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn ]pXnb kmt¦-XnI

hnZy GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xp-hgn ZenXv kv{XoI-fpsS Ht«sd sXmgn-e-h-k-c-

§Ä A]-l-cn-¡-¸-SpI am{X-aÃ sXmgnÂ cwK¯v Ah-ti-jn¨ kv{XoI-

fpsS tPmen `mcw hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.”107

106. t]. 27-, tIcfw ssewKn-I-Xm- enw-K-\o-Xn, FUn-äÀ, sI. Fw. thWp-tKm]mÂ.

107. t]. 122-, tIcfw ssewKn-I-Xm- enw-K-\o-Xn, FUn-äÀ, sI. Fw. thWp-tKm]mÂ.

hyh-lmcw 214

B[p-\nI sXmgnÂ D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS hnIm-khpw {]hÀ¯-\-

§fpw Zfn-Xsc Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ \n¶pw DbÀ¯n-bn-«n-Ã. CtX

LS-\-bnÂ¯-s¶-bmWv {Kma-§-fpsS hÀW-i-_-f-Xsb sIm«n-¸m-Sp¶

htc-WyX {Kmas¯ F{X-am{Xw kv{Xo ZfnXv kv{Xo hncp-²-am-bn-«mWv

I n-cp-¶Xv F¶v cW-PoXv Kpl (Ranajith Guha) Fgp-Xnb N{μ-bpsS

acWw F¶ _wKm-fnse PmXn-]-T-\s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ Iogmf ]T\

(Subaltern study) ̄ nÂ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. “Ignª ̂ mÂKp\ amk-¯nsâ

Ah-km\w aKm-dmw-Nmj Fsâ {Kma-¯nÂ h¶p-]-dªp Ignª \me-

©p-am-k-ambn \n§-fpsS aIÄ N{μ-Nm-j-\n-bp-ambn Rms\mcp Ahn-

ln-X-{]-W-b-_-Ô-¯n-teÀs¸-«-Xnsâ ê-ambn AhÄ KÀ`n-Wn-bm-bn-

cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsf \n§-fpsS ho«nÂ sIm p-h¶v Fs´-¦nepw acp-¶p-

sImSp¡m³ GÀ¸m-Sp-sN-¿p. AsÃ-¦nÂ Rm\-hsf tÌn-em-¡pw.”108

tÌn-em-¡pI F¶mÂ PmXn-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw PmXn¡v ]pd¯m¡pI

F¶m-Wv. Cu \S-]-Sn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw CXn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff tIkn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw

c¬PnXv Kpl ]d-bp-¶Xv ̀ c-W-¯nsâ AaqÀ¯-amb GI-kz-c-X F¶m-

Wv. B¬tIm-bva-bpsS ]pcm-hr- -̄¯n-emWv \½psS {Kma-§Ä. “]Xn-

s\«mw \qäm- p apXÂ sseKn-I-X-bpsS hn\ymkw kmaq-ly-\n-b-{´-

W-¯n-\p-ff Hcp kzX{´ D]-I-c-W-ambn BhnÀ -̀hn-¡p-Ibpw _mÔ-

h-¯nsâ hn\ym-k-¯n-\p-taÂ AXp kzbw NmÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-

¶p.” ^qt¡m ]d -bp¶ bqtdm -¸ nÂ \n¶p hyXy -kvX -ambn

]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm- nsâ Cý-bnÂ ssewKn-I-_m-Ôh-¯n\p-

ÅnÂ¯s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p B¬tImbva {]hÀ¯n- -̈Xv. Ieym-W-¯n\pw

_Ôp-Xz-¯n\pw t]cpw kz¯p-¡fpw ssIamäw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw Chsb

\nb-{ń-̈ n-cp¶ Bi-b-§Ä¡p-sa-Ãmw A§s\ ssewKnI _Ô-¯nsâ

\nb-{´Ww hnhm-l-_-Ôs¯ \nb-{ń-¨n-cp¶ A[n-Im-c-Øm-]-\-§-

108. t].146, Iogmf ]T-\-§Ä, FUn-äÀ, kqkn-Xm-cp, Fkv. kRvPo-hv.

hyh-lmcw 215

fp-sSbpw kwhn-[m-\-§fpsSbpw (]-©m-b-¯p-IÄ, BÚ-IÄ, hne-

¡p-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bp-sS) I¿n-em-bn.”109

{Kmaw Zfn-X-]-Z-hnsb ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

Xt±inb -B-Nm-c-hy-h-Ø-I-fp-sSbpw, ]pcm-W-§-fp-sS-bpw, PmXn-

k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sS-bpw, HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯Â, Ch-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb A\p-

jvTm-\-§Ä s_ys_mØ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ CXns\

hyhØsb¶p-hn-fn-¡p¶ PmXn s_y_-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p _wKm-fnse

{KmaoW Npäp-]m-Sv. C¯cw {Kma-§-sf-bmWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpw, tijhpw

hÀWm-`-amb {Kma-ambn hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. KmÔnPn C¯-c-samcp

s_ym_-Ø-bpsS hmàm-hp-am-¡-s¸-«p.

“\½psS cmPy¯v Zmcn-{Zy-¯n\v Hcp _lpaXn D m-bn-cp-¶p.

Zcn-{Z³ Xsâ \nÀ[-\-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v eÖn-¨n-«n-Ã. [\n-Isâ sIm«m-c-

s¯-¡mÄ Xsâ IpSnens\ AbmÄ IqSp-XÂ CjvS-s¸-«p. F¶Ã

AXnÂ AbmÄ A`n-am\w sImÅp-Ibpw sNb-Xp. ùXnI hkvXp-¡-

fnÂ Ah\v Zmcn-{Z-ap- m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Bßo-b-Zm-cn{Zyw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p.110

KmÔnPn Zcn-{Zs\ hne-bn-cp-¯p¶Xn§-s\-bm-Wv. [\n-Isc kwc-

£n-¡p-Ibpw Zcn-{Zs\ \nebv¡p \nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cc-«-t_m-[-

¯n-tâ-Xm-Wn-Xv. Zcn-{Z\v Xsâ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-bnÂ Hcp aXn¸pw CÃ

F¶ kXys¯ Bßo-b-[m-cm-fn¯w sIm v adn-I-S-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-

bm-Wn-hn-sS. Bßo-b-ambn AXn-ò-XnXambn On¶n-¡-s¸-«-h-cmWv Cu

]nt¶m-¡-km-aqly P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä F¶-dn-ªp-sIm p Xs¶-bmWv

At±lw Xsâ Bßob hkv{Xw AhÀ¡p-taÂ ]pX-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

109. t]. 160, Iogm-f-]-T-\-§Ä F-UnäÀ, .-kq-kn-Xm-cp, Fkv. kRvPo-hv.

110. t]. 60, ss\Xn-I-kw-hm-Zw, sabv, 2006.

hyh-lmcw 216

“hÀWm-{i-a-[Àaw a\p-jy\v Cu `qan-bn-ep-ff {]hÀ¯-\-[Àa-

s¯-¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. Znh-kw-tXmdpw a\p-jy³ P\n-¡p-¶Xv [\w

Ip¶p-Iq-«p-¶-Xn-\p-ff amÀ¤w Bcm-bp-¶-Xnt\m hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn-ep-ff Pohn-

X-hr-¯n-IÄI p ]nSn-¡p-¶-Xnt\m AÃ; {]Xyp-X, Ahsâ iàn-bpsS

Hmtcm AWphpw Ahsâ krjvSm-hns\ Adn-bp-¶-Xn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-

¡m-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm v, ico-c-s¯bpw Bßm-hn-s\bpw H¶n¨v kwc-

£n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡mbn AXv Ahsâ ]nXm-a-l-·m-cpsS sXmgn-enÂ

Ahs\ HXp¡n \nÀ¯p-¶p. AXmWv AXnÂ IqSp-X-tem, Ipdthm

Bb asäm-¶p-aÃ þ hÀ®m-{i-a-[À½w.”111

]nXm-a-l-·mÀ, Ah-cpsS sXmgnÂ, krjvSm-hv F¶n-§s\ {]IrXn

Xs¶ krjvSn-¨Xpw Xnc-sª-Sp-¯Xpw kwc-£n-t¡- -Xp-sa¶ \ne-

bn-emWv KmÔnPn hÀ®m-{i-a-[À½s¯ ImWp-¶-Xv. hyh-Øm-]nX

kaq-l-¯n-t·Â Cf¡w X«m¯ H¶mbn Xsâ B{K-ls¯, \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ PmXn ZÀi-\-hp-ambn tNÀ¯p-h-bv¡p-I-bmWv Chn-sS.

C§-s\-sbmcp hn-I-e-k-aq-ls¯ hÀW-i-_-f-am-¡p-t¼mÄ `qcn-

]-£-k-aq-lhpw Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-

Xv. {Kmwjn C§s\ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. “HcmÄ¡v Abm-fpsS am\-kn-I-

amb ]e {]hÀ -̄\-§fpw hnI-kn-¡p-¶Xv kvs]jyÂ hnZym-`ym-k-

¯n-eq-sSbpw AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. Hmtcm Nn´m]-c-

amb {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p-

\nÂ¡p-¶p. AXv F{X-am{Xw imkv{Xo-b-amWv F¶-Xns\ B{i-bn-¨p-

IqSn \nÂ¡p-¶p.”112 hnZym-̀ ym-k-ta-J-e-bp-am-bp-ff Cu NÀ -̈bnÂ imkv{Xo-

b-X-sbbpw AXnsâ Npäp-]m-Snsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sbbpw {Kmwjn-hn-e-bn-

cp-¯p-¶p- v. AÔ-hn-izm-k-P-Vn-e-amb kmaq-ly-t{i-Wn-Isf AYhm

111. t]. 61, ss\Xn-I-kw-hm-Zw, sabv, 2006.

112. P.27. Selection from the prison Notebooks, Antonio Gramsci.

hyh-lmcw 217

bqtdm-]y³ P·n A´-co-£-s¯-t¸mepw \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw imkv{Xo-

b-hpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb bqWn-än-bpsS km[y-X hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p.

X©m-hqÀ {Km-a-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ff B³t{U s_sä-bven (Andre

Beteille) bpsS ]T\w Cý³ {Kma-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ hÀ¯-am-\- A-h-

Øsb hyà-am-¡p-¶p. ]s¯m³]-Xmw. \qäm- p-ap-XÂ {Kma-¯nsâ

Ah-Imiw Nne kap-Zm-b-§-fnÂ tI{μo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. {_mÒn-WÀ,

adm¯ IpSpw-_-§-fnembn-cp¶p CXv. \nc-h[n hmk-cq-]-§Ä ChnsS

ImWmw. BZn-{Zm-hn-U-Øn-c-hm-k-hpw, AXnsâ B{in-X-Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-

bp-sS-Xpw. {io]p-c-s¯-bpw, taeq-cn-s\bpw am{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ ChnsS

A¿-¦mÀ kaq-l-¯n\v kz´-amb ImÀjnI ]²-Xn-Ifpw AXn-\m-h-iy-

ap-ff sXmgnÂ kaq-l-hpw, hmÀjn-I-B-tLm-j-cq-]-§fpw DÅ-

Xmbn¡mWmw. ùXn-I-ambn hyà-am-hp¶ Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-IÄ (Divisions)

A{K-lm-c-¯n\v ]pd¯v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. aqt¶m AXnÂ IqSp-Xtem

Ipd-thm-h-cp¶ Xncn- hp-I-fp- v. B{K-lmcw/ IpSn-bm-\-sX-

cphpw (Kudiana - Non Brahmin Streets) tNcn (Cheri Adi-Dravida

residential area) kmaq-ly-ambn hf-sc-tbsd hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p Cu

CS-§Ä. A{K-lm-c-§Ä saäÂ tdmUpambn Ing¡v ]Sn-ªmdv ZÀi-\-

t¯msS ImW-s¸-Sp¶p. CXv saäÂ tdmUnÂ \n¶pw AIew ]men-¡p-

¶Xpw sX§p-\n-d-ª-Xp-amb sXmSn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-Wv. saäÂ tdmUp-

IÄ¡v hfsc Zqc-bmWv tNcn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A{K-lm-c-§Ä

AXntâXmb sXcp-hnÂ Hä¡v \nÂ¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-W-c-Ãm-¯-h-cpsS

sXcp-hp-IÄ \nc-h[n ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. C§s\ \nc-h-[n-bp- m-bn-cp-¶n«pw

AhÀ¡v ih-t¡m-«-IÄ CÃm-Xn-cn-bv¡p-¶p. inh-t£-{X-¯n-\-Sp¯v

{_mÒWcÃm-¯-h-cpsS hk-Xn-I-fp- v. F¶mÂ AXn-\-Sp¯v AIew

hyh-lmcw 218

]men-¨p-sIm v tXm«n-I-fmb sXm«p-¡q-Sm- -̄h-cpsS hk-Xn-IÄ ImWmw.

ChÀ {]tXy-I-ambn amän ]mÀ¸n-¡-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv.113

C§s\ hfsc hyà-ambn \nÀan-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ff PmXn hyh-Ø-

bpsS kmaq-ly-i-co-c-s¯-bmWv {Kma-§-sf¶ hÀW-i-_-fn-X-tbmsS

sIm m-Sp-¶-Xv. Xncn-hn-sâ-bpw, AS-cn-sâbpw C¯cw ]pdw kaq-lnI

Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb Xmc-X-tay\ \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm-\p-ff {iaw Bbn-cp-¶p

B[p-\nI Cý³ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ. Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-bnepw, hnizm-k-cq-]-

§-fnepw ssZ\w-Zn-\-¯nepw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ A[oi/AS¡ kao-]-\s¯

tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm pw {]iv\hÂ¡-cn¨p sIm pw \nÀÖo-h-s¸-Sp-

¯n-s¡m- p-amWv B[p-\nI kaqlw apt¶m«p t]mtI- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

kap-Zm-bhpw hÀ¤hpw

kwkvImcw F¶Xv A\p-`-h-¯nÂ \n¶v hnI-kn-¡p¶ Nn´m-]-

²-Xn-bm-Wv. Bi-b-§Ä hnI-kn-¡p-¶Xv hnizm-khpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-

¯nsâ aqeyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨mWv. a\p-jysâ kmam-\y-Nn-´m-[m-cbpw

A\p- -̀h-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-§fpw Ahsâ IÀXr-¯s¯ (Subjectiv-

ity) kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p- v. Xmgv¶Xpw DbÀ¶-Xp-amb Øm\-§Ä \nc-

h[n Bi-b-§sf apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p. hnizm-khpw t_m[hpw kmaq-

ly-\nÀan-Xn-bnÂ {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p. kmaq-lyhpw imkv{Xo-b-

hp-amb Hcp ]T\w DbÀ¯n-sb-Sp-t¡- Xv C¯-c-¯n-em-Wv.114

hnizmk-¯nsâbpw aqey-¯n-sâbpw ASn-¯-d-bn-ep-ff ]T\w

NneÀ¡v KpW-I-c-am-sW-¦nÂ NneÀ¡v {]Xn-¡qeamhp-¶p. CXv ]e-

Xcw {]iv-\-§-sfbpw D m-¡p-¶p- v. ChnsS kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ \nco-£-

W-§-sfms¡¯s¶ Hcp hnizm-k-¯n-sâbpw aqey-¯n-sâbpw BsI-

113. P.25-26 Caste, class and power. Andre Beteille.114. P. 30, Exploring self and society, Ro samund Billington, Jenny Ho ckey, Sheelagh

Strawbridge.

hyh-lmcw 219

¯p-I-bmbn apgp-h³ kaq-l-s¯bpw \nco-£-¡-s¸-S-cpXv F¶m-Wv.

AYhm Cý-\-h-Ø-bnse Hcp sNdp-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-tem-I-

¯n-eq-sS-bÃ AXnsâ AXn-{_-l-¯mb P\-X-Isf hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-

tS- -Xv.

A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v sk_m-Ìy³ h«-aäw CXns\ hne-

bn-cp-¯p-¶p. Ime-tZ-i-§-tfm-Sp-ff Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ kwhm-Z-km-[y-X-

I-fn-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-XnÂ apJy-]-¦p- v A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-¶-hÀ¡v. AXp-

sIm- mWv A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ Ac-a-\-I-fnÂ \n¶pw ]e-t¸mgpw PoÀW-

X-bpsS ZpÀKÔw han-¡p-¶-Xv. A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-¶-h-cmWv amäs¯,

hfÀ¨sb Gähpw ̀ b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. knwlm-k\§-fpsS Dd-¸mWv AhÀ¡p

{][m\w. Ah-cpsS hn[n-\n-tj-[-§sf {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw `mj-bn-eqsS

a\-Ênsâ AKm-[-X-e-§-fnÂ IqSn-]mÀ¸n-¡p-¶p. Nne kμÀ`-§-fnÂ

Nne-hm-¡p-Ifpw tNjvT-Ifpw hne-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v Adn-bmsX Xs¶

\ma-dn-bp-¶p. Cu At_m-[-Úm\amWv \s½ kaq-l-¯nÂ sImÅm-

hp-¶-hÀ B¡p-¶-Xv. \ne-hn-ep-ff kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnÂ kzbw {]Xn-

jvTn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\pw DXIpw hn[w Hcm-fpsS Rm³-

þ-t_m-[s¯ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw `mj-bn-eqsS cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.115

A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ \nc-h-[n-I-fnse kwh-Z-\-tO-Z-\-ambn B[p-\n-

I-k-aqlw AXnsâ `mjm-hy-h-lmc \nÀan-Xnsb DSÂ]-Wn-bp-¶p- v.

kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-S-ensâ LS\I-fnÂ Cf¡w km[y-am-¡p¶ `mjm hyh-

lm-c-§Ä sImtfm-Wn-bm-\-´-c-Im-e-¯nepw kwkvIr-X-_-²-am-hp-I-bpw,

^yqUÂ-A-[n-Im-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS ]mcUn (Parody) bmbn-¯p-S-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. CtX L«-¯nÂ kwkv-Ir-X-_-²-X-bm-hs« bqtdm-]y³ kmaq-

ly-[m-c-tbmSv IqSp-XÂ ASp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. Cμn-c-tKm-kzman (Indhira

115. t]. 36, ̀ mj-bpw B[n-]-Xyhpw, sk_m-Ìy³ h«-a-äw.

hyh-lmcw 220

Goswami)116 AS-¡-ap-f-f-hÀ kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ bqtdm-]y³ KXn-

am-ä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p- v. tIc-f-L-S-\-bnÂ bqtdm-]y-\m-

hm³ Blzm\w sNbXXv \mbÀ kaq-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Htc-k-

a-b¯v Krlm-Xp-cXbpw AtX-k-abw bqtdm-]y\pw Bhp¶p. Cc-«-ap-

J-t¯m-sS-bmWv Cý³ tImfWn-bm-\-ć A[n-Im-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä

{]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv.

AXp -sIm p Xs¶ Cw¥ojv Hcp {][m\ `mj-bm -Ip -

t¼mÄ¯s¶ kwkvIrXw AXn-{]-[m-\-amb `mj-bmbn Øm]n-¡p-

Ibpw Poh³ sImSp-¡m³ `c-W-IqSw bXv\n-¡p-Ibpambn-cp-¶p. B[p-

\nIL«-¯nse B{Ôm-{]-tZ-inse hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§-fnÂ DÅnÂ

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw ]pdw-X-Å-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbX \nc-h[n ZfnXv {]hÀ -̄

Isc (Activists) ¡pdn¨v Im¯n-]-Zva-dmhp (Katti Padma Rao)-hn-h-cn-¡p-

¶p- v. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm- nse ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v FÃmw

{_mÒ-Wy-h-tc-Wy-X-bpsS kz`m-hs¯ ]mc-Un-bm-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kz`m-h-

ap- m-bn-cp-¶p. CXns\ cmP³Kp-cp-¡Ä C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. “Ccp-

]Xmw \qäm- nÂ cq]o-Ir-X-amb FÃm-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n¨p

t\m¡n-bmÂ kmap-Zm-bn-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-kz-`m-h-ap-ff ]cn-jvI-c-W-k- -̀I-

fmWv cq]o-Ir-X-am-bXv F¶p-Im-Wmw. Cu k`-IÄ apgp-h³ tbmK-

t£-a-k- -̀bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf amXr-I-bm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶À°w.

PmXn-bpsS B`n-Pm-Xy-[m-c-W-IÄ ]g-b-Xp-t]mse XpSÀ¶p F¶À°w.

Hmtcm PmXnbpw PmXn-am-lmßyw km[n-s -̈Sp-¡m\pw kzbm`n-am\w D m-

¡n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw PmXn-bv¡-¯p-Xs¶ \ho-I-cWw krjvSn-¨p.... AtX-

k-abw ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb Hcp PmXn A´Êv krjvSn-¡p-hm-\p-ff {iaw

XpS-cp-Ibpw sNb-Xvp.117

116. apgp-an-̧ n-¡m¯ Bß-I-Y. Cμn-c-tKm-kzm-an.

117. t].11, ZfnXv kzXzhpw A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâ {]iv\-hpw. FUn-äÀ, Sn.Fw, tbip-Zm-k³.

hyh-lmcw 221

{]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-bn-Xm-Wv. 1925\pw 1950\pw CS-

bnÂ, ]cn-jvIr-X-amb apgp-h³ {ia-§fpw PmXn ip²-X-bn-tebv¡v aS-

§n-t¸m-hp-I-bmWv sNbv-X-Xv. A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v CXp-{]-

hÀ¯n¨p F¶Xv hkvXp-Xm-]camWv. P\m-[n-]Xy þ PmXn-hn-cp-²-[m-c-

bpsS {ia-§sf hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«Xv IogvPm-Xn-I-fpsS {]iv\-§Ä F¶

\ne-bnÂ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. IogvPm-Xn-bpsS {]iv\w F¶ Cu \nco-£-

W-am-hs« taÂPmXnsb¶ Øncw {]Xn-jvTn-Xm-h-Ø-bv¡mbn hymJym-

\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Øm]n-X-am-hp-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. am{X-hp-aÃ IogvPmXn

ZÀi-\-§Ä¡v apgp-h³ a\p-jy-scbpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿m-\p-ff

tijn-bnÃ F¶ Øm]n-¡Â IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w PmXn-hn-cp-

²-a-Ãm¯ P\m-[n-]Xy hncp-²-amb A[n-Im-c-L-S\ FÃm kaq-l-

¯nsâbpw {]Xn \n[nIfm-hp-¶Xv XpS-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\-§sf B[p-\nI Cý \nco-£n-¨Xpw CtX

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS am\-Z-Þ-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. P\-X-Xn-bp-tSXv F¶

AXnsâ ZmÀi-\n-IX Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Akv]ÀiyÀ¡pff tkh-

I³ F¶ \ne-bnÂ hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\X F¶

\ne-bnÂ Cý³ kaql-t¯mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-bm-fmbn Awt_-ZvIÀ

]cnKWn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. B[p-\nI \thm-°m\ {ia-§fn-seÃmw C¯cw

hmb-\-IÄ \ne \n¶n-cp-¶p. AXXv kmap-Zm-b-§-fpsS ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-

¡Ä F¶ \nco-£-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p AXv \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. AtX-

k-abw CXn-sâ-sbms¡ ]n¶nÂ, ASn-̄ -d-bmbn a\p-kvar-Xnbpw, sslμ-

h-{K-Ù-§fpw hymJym-\-þ-B-{i-b-{K-Ù-§-fmbn XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

AYhm cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ B[p-\nI LS-\-bv¡vap¼v

A[n-Imchtc-Wy-[m-csb amÀKw \ÂInb sslμh ZmÀi-\n-IX B[p-

\nI kmaq-ly-cm-jv{So-b-L-S-\-bnÂ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-amb (Symbolic)AXnsâ A[n-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

\thm-°m-\-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v PmXn {]Øm-\-§-fmbn Npcp-

t§ n h¶Xv Cu AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨

\nc-h[n Øm]-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv PmXn-[mc AXnsâ {]Xo-Im-ßI

hyh-lmcw 222

A[n-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-̧ n-̈ -Xv. ]mT-]p-kvXI I½-än-IÄ, I -̈h-S-tI-{μ-§Ä,

]Ån-I-fpsS DZ-bw, t£{X-¡-½-än-IÄ, {]nânwKv aoUnb C§s\

kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[\w A[n-Im-c-ta-J-e-bnÂ IqSp-XÂ Øm\w Dd-¸n¨p

XpS-§p-¶p- v. kmap-Zm-bnI {]hÀ -̄\-§-fpw, cmjv{Sob CS-s]-Sepw

X½nÂ hyà-amb hnÅÂ Øm]n-Xambn-cp-¶n-Ã. am{X-hp-aÃ kap-Zm-

bhpw/hÀ¤hpw F¶ {[pho-I-cWw Akm-[y-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

kap-Zm-b-s¯-hÀ¤-am¡nbpw, kmaq-ly-hn-`m-K-§-sf, kap-Zm-b-am-

¡nbpw hymJym-\n-¡p-I-bmWv Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä sNb-X-Xv. kmaq-

ly-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡p-Ån-se/ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡p-Ånse Zcn-{Zsc tI{μo-I-cn-

¨p-sIm- m-Wv hÀ¤-hym-Jym-\-¯n\v apXnÀ¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Zcn-{ZÀ tI{μo-

I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp¶ hÀ¤-k-ao-]\w hn]p-e-s -̧«-Xp-an-Ã. PmXn-L-S-\-bnÂ \n¶pw

hÀK-L-S-\-bn-te¡v {]th-in-¸n-¡p¶ AtX Af-hnÂ¯s¶ hÀK-

LS\bnÂ \n¶pw PmXn-L-S-\-bn-te¡pw P\-Xsb {]th-in-¡p-hm³

Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä XmÂ]cys¸«p.

km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-kw-L-¯nsâ {]Xn-kÔn AJneXn-cp-hn-Xmw-

IqÀ ]pe-b-a-lm-k- -̀bnÂ cq£-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p tIi-h-im-kv{Xn-bpsS

Ime-L-«-¯nÂ. ss{IkvX-h-]p-e-bcpw (tN-c-aÀ) sslμ-h-]p-e-bcpw (tN-

c-aÀ) F¶ `n¶n-¡-en\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶-Xp-Xs¶ B`y-´-c-ambn PmXn-

ip-²-X, aX-ip-²X F¶n-§s\ {_mÒ-Wy-t_m-[s¯ ss{IkvX-h,

sslμh ]pe-b-cpw, tNc-acpw ]mc-Un-bm-¡p-I-tbm, A\p-I-cn-¡p-Itbm

sNbvXp F¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv. CXn-eqsS A¿³Im-fn-bpw, tPm¬ tPmk^v

]m¼m-Snbpw {]hÀÖ-I-am-hp-Ibpw {_mÒ-WnI sslμ-h, ss{IkvX-

ho-bX amÀ¤hpw e£yhpw Bhp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ahn`à Iayq-WnÌv

{]Øm-\-¯nsâ hn -̀P-\-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ ]pe-bÀ¡v tIc-f-]p-e-bÀ alm-

k` F¶ PmXn {]Øm\w \nÀan¨p sImSp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cý³

Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm\w sNbv-X-Xv. CXmhs« Zfn-XÀ¡n-S-bnse Ass\-

Iys¯ cq£-am-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp¶p.

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