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Hypothesis based typologies for capturing diversity
Stephanie Alvarez, Wim Paas, Katrien Descheemaeker, Jeroen Groot
Wageningen University, Farming Systems Ecology & Plant Production Systems groups
Humidtropics
Aim of typologies:
- Capture variability of farming systems
- Understand heterogeneity in regions
Introduction
Hengsdijk et al., 2014; N2Africa report – 2 action sites in Kenya
Franke et al., 2014
Aim of typologies:
- Capture variability of farming systems
- Understand heterogeneity in regions
For
1. Targeting and tailoring
2. Scaling out; dissemination
3. Selection of representative farms
4. Scaling up; extrapolate to larger scale
Introduction
Major steps:
1. What is the objective?
2. Hypothesis on farming systems
diversity
3. Data collection
4. Selection of key variables
5. Clustering the farms
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Overall:
Combine expert knowledge from
participatory work with statistical
analysis
Guidelines
Major steps:
1. What is the objective?
Specific: Improve forage production in
mixed systems of Rwanda
Broad: Improve food security in the
humid tropics
Guidelines
Major steps:
2. Hypothesis on farming systems
diversity
Participatory process for ex-ante
description of farm types ; identification
of discriminating criteria
Guidelines
Major steps:
3. Data collection
4. Selection of key variables
Variable categories:
- Structural vs. functional characteristics
- Resource availability vs. management
- Biophysical vs. socio-economic
- Farm vs. external
key variables: 5 - 46, av. 15
sampled farms: 18 – 2746, av. 138
#farms > 5 * #variables
Guidelines
Major steps:
5. Clustering the farms
Guidelines
Major steps:
5. Clustering the farming systems
a. Multivariate statistics
(PCA, MCA, MFA)
Discriminating variables
Guidelines
Guidelines
Major steps:
5. Clustering the farming systems
a. Multivariate statistics
(PCA, MCA, MFA)
Discriminating variables
b. Cluster analysis
Major steps:
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Guidelines
Major steps:
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Example from Ghana – participatory and statistical approach
Guidelines
Poster, Katja Kuivanen et al.
Major steps:
1. What is the objective?
2. Hypothesis on farming systems
diversity
3. Data collection
4. Selection of key variables
5. Clustering the farms
6. Hypothesis and typology verification
Guidelines
coffee >35%
grazing land>20%
khat>30%
enset>35%
Classification trees and trends
Homegarden types in Ethiopia
Khat Enset-cereal
Enset Enset-coffee
Enset-livestock
Khat Enset-cereal
Enset Enset-coffee
Enset-livestock
Are
a sh
are
of
khat
(%
)
Are
a sh
are
of
coff
ee (
%)
Khat Enset-cereal
Enset Enset-coffee
Enset-livestock
Are
a sh
are
of
ense
t (%
)
Are
a sh
are
of
graz
ing
lan
d (
%)
Khat Enset-cereal
Enset Enset-coffee
Enset-livestock
Farms
4 types
Enset-coffee
3 types
Enset-livestock
2 types
Enset-cereal-vegetable
Enset
Khat
khat
>30%
coffee
>35% Grazing
land>20%
Enset
>35%
1991 2013 20132 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 12 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 44444 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 34 34 34 3 54 3 54 3 54 3 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 55553 2 53 2 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 43 43 43 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 22225 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 3 25 3 25 35 35 45 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 33331 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 3
Enset
Enset-
livestock
Enset-
coffee
Enset-
cereal-
vegetable
Khat
1991 2013 20132 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 12 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 44444 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 34 34 34 3 54 3 54 3 54 3 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 55553 2 53 2 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 43 43 43 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 22225 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 3 25 3 25 35 35 45 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 33331 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 3
Khat
Enset-
livestock
Enset-
cereal-
vegetable
Enset
Enset-
coffee
Classification trees and trends
31%
30%
19%
17%
3%
24%
24%
21%
18%
13%
Spatial organization of farm types
Type Main characteristics
1 HRE, large cattle herd, ample off-farm activities
2 MRE, large farms, market orientation
3 MRE, small ruminants, on-farm labour intensive
4 MRE, small ruminants, ample hired labour
5 LRE, maize dominated, few off-farm activities
6 SRC, livestock sales, ample off-farm activities
Katja Kuivanen
Small & medium farms
Small ruminants
Market oriented
farms
High resource
endowed farms
Statistical background and examples
Appendix C of the report
R code to explore the data and run the analysis
Tips for interpretation of statistical results
Conclusions
Typology guidelines: 6 steps, no recipe book
Interpretation of results ; degree of subjectivity
Combine statistical methods with participatory work
Thank you
https://humidtropics.cgiar.org/constructing-typologies-to-capture-farming-systems-diversity
http://humidtropics.cgiar.org/openaccess/?did=231