i
CONTROL AND ANALYSIS OF ANTI-ISLANDING PROTECTION
TECHNIQUES FOR GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
TEOH WEI YEE
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2014
iii
Specially dedicated to my beloved parents, brothers and sisters for their enduring
love, encouragement, motivation and support.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my profoundest
gratitude and deepest regards to all those who gave me the possibility to successfully
complete this project. I am deeply indebted to supervisor Dr. Tan Chee Wei. I wish
to express a million thanks for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the development of the project. In those moments of
uncertainty and doubts when things used to turn dark without a clear understanding
of the knowledge that their tried to share, their kind and patient way of explaining
had indeed a soothing effect. The blessing, help and guidance given from time to
time shall indeed carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to
embark in the near future.
Sincere appreciation is also extended to all the helpful and experienced
members of Electrical Power Department and FKE Technicians for their guidance
help and cooperation in my search of project related equipments, components, and
other activities throughout the project development. I also wish to extend my sincere
appreciation to Prof. Dr. Zainal Bin Salam and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Naziha Binti Ahmad
Azli for their consulting in the standard and policies of Photovoltaic Gird-Connection
System. Besides, I would like to thank to my fellow researchers Mr. Wong Jenn Hwa,
Ms. Ngan Mei Shan, Mr. Tie Siang Fui, Dr. Ehsan Najafi and Mdm. Hanifa for their
sharing and fruitful discussion.
Lastly, to all my well-wishers who had helped me both directly and indirectly,
I virtually fall to short words to express my gratitude. Therefore, I end this
acknowledgement with only two words “Thank You!” in their reminiscence.
v
ABSTRACT
This thesis presents a comparative study of anti-islanding detection
techniques for Photovoltaic (PV) systems which also includes energy policy review
and the related standards. The studied anti-islanding detection includes passive,
active and a proposed hybrid technique. The proposed hybrid anti-islanding detection
technique combines both active and passive detection techniques, namely Voltage
Frequency Protection (VFP) and Active Frequency Drift (AFD). The passive
technique is used as a primary protection, whereas the active technique is activated
when an islanding situation is suspected by the passive technique. The studied anti-
islanding techniques are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink simulation package.
The results of simulation show that the proposed hybrid anti-islanding detection
technique is able to achieve higher detection efficiency as compared to the single
detection technique. The proposed technique is able to detect without having the
problem as occurred to the VFP while it gains at least 50% improvement of total
harmonics distortion (THD) than the AFD. In addition to that, other improvements
such as, a narrower non-detected zone (NDZ), faster response time and better power
quality are achieved compared to single detection technique. Besides that, the
standard compliance of grid-connected PV system is reviewed as it is significant for
the PV grid interconnection and distribution generation. The PV grid interconnection
standards specify the criteria in utility interface and islanding prevention, in order to
fulfil the requirement of MS IEC 61727:2010 and MS IEC 62116:2010 in Malaysia.
Lastly, the Malaysian government's efforts in reconstructing the energy policies to
promote PV are also reviewed. This study reveals that proper execution and support
from local community to international level, financial aids or subsidies, technical
support after installation, and PV policies and promotion plans are essential in
making the PV systems development a success.
vi
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini menerangkan kajian perbandingan di antara teknik pengesanan anti-
islanding, berserta kajian polisi tenaga Photovoltaic (PV) dan piawaian berkaitan.
Teknik-teknik pengesanan anti-islanding yang dikaji termasuk teknik pasif, aktif dan
hibrid yang dicadangkan. Teknik hibrid yang dicadangkan ini merupakan integrasi
daripada teknik pasif dan teknik aktif yang bernama teknik Perlindungan Voltan
Frekuensi (VFP) dan teknik Frekuensi Hanyut Aktif (AFD). Teknik pasif digunakan
sebagai perlindungan utama, dan teknik aktif akan diaktifkan apabila situasi
islanding disyaki oleh teknik pasif. Teknik-teknik anti-islanding tersebut akan
disimulasikan dengan menggunakan pakej simulasi MATLAB/Simulink. Keputusan
simulasi menunjukkan bahawa teknik pengesanan hibrid anti-islanding yang
dicadangkan ini mampu mencapai kecekapan pengesanan yang lebih tinggi
berbanding dengan teknik pengesanan tunggal. Teknik hibird yang dicadangkan
tidak menghadapi masalah yang berlaku di VFP, disamping dapat meningkatkan
prestasi Jumlah Herotan Harmonik (THD) sekurang-kurangnya 50% daripada AFD.
Tambahan lagi, peningkatan lain berbanding dengan teknik pengesanan tunggal
adalah termasuk dapat mengecilkan Zon Tidak Dikesan (NDZ), masa pengesanan
yang lebih pantas dan kualiti kuasa yang lebih baik. Disamping itu, pematuhan
piawai bagi sistem PV sambungan grid juga dikaji kerana ia adalah penting bagi
penyambungan PV ke grid dan penjanaan pengedaran. Piawaian PV sambungan grid
menentukan kriteria dalam perantaran utiliti dan pencegahan islanding, untuk
memenuhi keperluan MS IEC 61727:2010 dan MS IEC 62116:2010 di Malaysia.
Akhir sekali, usaha-usaha kerajaan Malaysia dalam membina semula dasar tenaga
dalam mempromosikan PV juga dikaji semula. Kajian mendedahkan bahawa
perlaksanaan dan sokongan daripada masyarakat tempatan ke tahap antarabangsa,
bantuan kewangan atau subsidi, sokongan teknikal selepas pemasangan, dasar PV
dan pelan promosi PV adalah penting dalam menjayakan pembangunan sistem PV.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxiii
LIST OF APPENDIXES xxvi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Research Objectives 5
1.4 Scope of the Research 5
1.5 Research Methodology 6
1.6 Thesis Structure 7
2 THE REQUIREMENTS, STANDARDS AND
POLICIES OF ANTI-ISLANDING PROTECTION
9
viii
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Principle of Islanding in Distribution Generation
Systems
12
2.3 Types of Islanding 13
2.4 The Needs of Anti-islanding 14
2.5 Non-Detected Zone and Quality factor 15
2.6 Grid Interconnection Standards for Photovoltaic 15
2.7 Malaysia‘s Energy Policies 20
2.7.1 The Energy Policies of Malaysia 22
2.7.1.1 Five-fuel Diversification
Policy 2000
23
2.7.1.2 National Green Technology
Policy 2009
23
2.7.1.3 National Renewable Energy
Policy 2010
24
2.7.2 The Key Player in Photovoltaic
Development Malaysia
25
2.7.3 Key Programmes in Photovoltaic
Development
27
2.7.4 The Policy Drivers 28
2.7.5 Discussions 29
2.8 Chapter Summary 31
3 LITERATURE REVIEW ON ANTI-ISLANDING
DETECTION METHODS
32
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Local Anti-islanding Detection Methods 33
3.2.1 Passive Methods 33
3.2.1.1 Voltage Protection and
Frequency Protection
35
3.2.1.2 Voltage Phase Jump
Detection
35
3.2.1.3 Detection of Voltage and
Current Harmonic
36
ix
3.2.1.4 Others Passive Islanding
Detection Methods
37
3.2.2 Active Methods 38
3.2.2.1 Impedance Measurement 40
3.2.2.2 Active Frequency Drift
(AFD)
42
3.2.2.3 Sandia Voltage Shift 42
3.2.2.4 Sandia Frequency Shift 42
3.2.2.5 Other Active Islanding
Detection Methods
44
3.2.3 Hybrid Methods 44
3.3 Remote Anti-islanding Detection Methods 46
3.3.1 Utility Method 46
3.3.1.1 Impedance Insertion 47
3.3.2 Communication Anti-islanding
Method
48
3.3.2.1 Transfer Trip Scheme 48
3.3.2.2 Power Line Carrier
Communication (PLCC)
50
3.3.2.3 Others Communication
Islanding Detection Methods
51
3.4 Comparisons and Discussions 52
3.5 Chapter Summary 56
4 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING ANTI-
ISLANDING CONTROL METHOD
57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Passive Islanding Detection Method: Voltage
and Frequency Protection
57
4.3 Active Islanding Detection Method: Active
Frequency Drift
62
4.4 Simulation of The Islanding detection Methods
in MATLAB/Simulink
63
x
4.4.4 Simulation of the Voltage and
Frequency Protection
64
4.4.2 Simulation of the Active Frequency
Drift
91
4.5 Chapter Summary 104
5 THE PROPOSE HYBRID METHOD OF ANTI-
ISLANDING PROTECTION
106
5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 The Existing Hybrid Anti-islanding protection
methods
106
5.3 The Principle of The Propose Hybrid Anti-
islanding Detection Method
108
5.4 Simulation of the Proposed Hybrid Anti-
islanding Detection Method
109
5.5 Chapter Summary 121
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH 122
6.1 Recommendation for Future Work 125
6.2 The List of Publications 127
REFERENCES 128
Appendices A - D 140-161
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Specifications of anti-islanding testing 19
2.2 The standard of harmonics and waveform distortion for
grid connected inverter
19
2.3 Energy Policies and Acts 22
2.4 Various popular policies driver had implemented in
Malaysia
28
3.1 Comparison of islanding detection method based on
various characteristics
55
4.1 Voltage and frequency limits for VFP under standard MS
IEC 61727 and 62116
64
4.2 VFP method simulations parameters 66
4.3 The ripple percentage of RMS voltage 72
4.4 VFP simulation cases and simulation results 79
4.5 The parameters of the local load 97
4.6 AFD simulation cases and the simulation results 99
5.1 The Comparisons of Hybrid anti-islanding detection
methods
108
5.2 The proposed hybrid anti-islanding detection method
simulation cases and results
115
5.3 The comparison of hybrid anti-islanding detection method
and AFD method
121
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 The block diagram of a PV grid-connected system 2
2.1 The overview block diagram of Microgrids connected to
utility grid
10
2.2 The grid-connected PV system at the PCC where anti-
islanding control present
13
2.3 Electricity generation and consumption trend of Malaysia
since 1971
21
3.1 The classification of anti-islanding detection methods 32
3.2 Local measuring parameters of local anti-islanding
detection methods
33
3.3 The passive islanding detection methods 34
3.4 The flowchart of the passive islanding detection methods 34
3.5 The operation of voltage phase jump detection 35
3.6 The active islanding detection methods 39
3.7 The flowchart of the active islanding detection method 40
3.8 The path of disturbance signals during an islanding
condition,
(a) before the circuit breaker is opened; and
(b) after the circuit breaker is opened
41
3.9 SFS islanding detection method: Current waveform with
dead time and truncation
43
3.10 The flowchart of the hybrid islanding detection method 45
3.11 Classification of remote islanding detection methods 46
3.12 Topology of Impedance Insertion Method where a low
value impedance load had been added to the utility
47
3.13 The illustration of Transfer Trip Scheme in a distribution 49
xiii
system
3.14 Topology of PLCC control with transmitter (T) and
receiver (R) added to the system
51
4.1 The power flow in a PV grid-connected system under a
normal operating condition
58
4.2 The NDZ of VFP method 61
4.3 Theoretical distorted current waveform of AFD 62
4.4 The VFP mapping for a 230 V / 50Hz system 65
4.5 NDZ for 85% - 110% Vrms and 98% -102% frequency 66
4.6 The VFP operating flowchart 67
4.7 The VFP simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink 67
4.8 The block to measure the frequency at PCC
(a) Frequency block
(b) The elements of frequency block
68
4.9 The parameter setting of the frequency measure block
(a) Discrete 1-phase PLL block
(b) Discrete 2nd-order Filter
69
4.10 The block to measure the RMS voltage at PCC
(a) VRMS PCC block
(b) The elements of VRMS PCC block
69
4.11 The parameter setting of the RMS block 70
4.12 The RMS voltage when the frequency of the
instantaneous voltage input is increasing from 50Hz to
52Hz at t = 0.2s
(a) Before filter or before the Average and low pass filter
block
(b) After the Average blocks.
(c) After filter or the Average and low pass filter block
(d) Comparisons of (a) (b) (c)
72
4.13 The details elements of Average block 72
4.14 The Active and Reactive Power block 73
4.15 Function block parameter of Active and Reactive Power
block
73
xiv
4.16 The block develop to represent a PV inverter output
(a) The PV Output block
(b) The elements of PV Output block
74
4.17 Parameter of the PV output block: voltage and frequency
setting in normal condition (no islanding)
75
4.18 Parameter of the PV output block: voltage and frequency
setting in islanding condition
75
4.19 The block to preform UFP and OFP check
(a) the UFP/OFP Check block
(b) The details elements of the UFP/OFP Check block
76
4.20 The block to preform UVP and OVP check
(a) the UVP/OVP Check block
(b) The details elements of the UVP/OVP Check block
76
4.21 The VFP Controller block 77
4.22 (Case 1 in Table 4.4)
The detection signals for VFP under the normal operation:
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 49Hz
(a) OFP/UFP checker: V = 0
(b) OVP/UVP checker: V = 0
(c) VFP Controller: V = 1
(d) Circuit breaker maintains at closed status
81
4.23 (Case 11 in Table 4.4)
The detection signals for VFP under the UFP operation:
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 48Hz
(a) OFP/UFP checker trigger UFP at t = 0.3504 s: V = 1
(b) OVP/UVP checker: V=0
(c) VFP Controller detects islanding at t = 0.3506 s: V = 0
(d) Circuit breaker opens at t = 0.3506 s
82
4.24 (Case 16 in Table 4.4)
The detection signals for VFP under the OFP operation:
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 52Hz
(a) OFP/UFP checker trigger OFP at t = 0.3602 s : V = 1
(b) OVP/UVP checker: V=0
83
xv
(c) VFP Controller detects islanding at t = 0.3602 s: V = 0
(d) Circuit breaker opens at t = 0.3602 s
4.25 (Case 1 in Table 4.4)
The simulation result for VFP under the normal operation
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 49Hz
(a) Frequency at PCC: FPCC = 49Hz
(b) Peak voltage at PCC: VPCC_p = 277 V
(c) RMS voltage at PCC: VPCC_rms = 196 V
84
4.26 (Case 11 in Table 4.4)
The simulation result for VFP under the UFP operation
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 48Hz
(a) Frequency at PCC: FPCC = 48Hz
(b) Peak voltage at PCC: VPCC_p = 277 V
(c) RMS voltage at PCC: VPCC_rms =196 V
85
4.27 (Case 16 in Table 4.4)
The simulation result for VFP under the OFP operation
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 52Hz
(a) Frequency at PCC: FPCC = 52Hz
(b) Peak voltage at PCC: VPCC_p = 277 V
(c) RMS voltage at PCC: VPCC_rms = 196 V
86
4.28 (Case 1 in Table 4.4)
The power consumption of the load for VFP under the
normal operation
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 49Hz
(a) Load Voltage (Vload): inverter continues supplying the
load.
(b) Load Current (Iload)
(c) The active power (Pload) and reactive power (Qload) of
the load
87
4.29 (Case 11 in Table 4.4)
The power consumption of the load for VFP under the
UFP operation
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 48Hz
(a) Load Voltage (Vload): Inverter stops supplying to the
88
xvi
load at t = 0.3826 s (Run-on time)
(b) Load Current (Iload)
(c) The active power (Pload) and reactive power (Qload) of
the load
4.30 (Case 16 in Table 4.4)
The power consumption of the load for VFP under the
OFP operation
VPCC = 196 V FPCC = 52Hz
(a) Load Voltage (Vload): Inverter stops supplying to the
load at t = 0.3910 s (Run-on time)
(b) Load Current (Iload)
(c) The active power (Pload) and reactive power (Qload) of
the load
89
4.31 The AFD simulation model in Simulink 91
4.32 The Universal Bridge block representing a single-phase
inverter
93
4.33 The setup parameter for the Universal Bridge block 93
4.34 The blocks generating the PWM signal for the inverter
switching devices (IGBT)
93
4.35 The parameters setting for the PWM signal generating
blocks
(a) The Discrete PID Controller
(b) The PWM Generator
94
4.36 The main component of the AFD simulation block
(a) The AFD controller block
(b) The elements contained in the AFD controller block
94
4.37 The simulation flowchart for the block AFD_Controller 95
4.38 The AFD signal generated from the AFD_Controller 96
4.39 The Parallel RLC Branch 97
4.40 The parameter block of the Parallel RLC Branch 97
4.41 The grid disconnected control 97
4.42 The parameter setup for the Step block 97
4.43 (Case 1 in Table 4.6) 99
xvii
The simulation output of AFD for FPCC = 49.4Hz, cf =
0.049
(a) Islanding detection time, t = 0.1006 s
(b) The load VPCC stop at t = 0.1475 s
(c) Islanding detected
4.44 (Case 3 in Table 4.6)
The simulation output of AFD for FPCC = 50.0Hz, cf =
0.05
(a) Islanding detection time, t = 0.1992 s
(b) The load VPCC stop at t = 0.2253 s
(c) Islanding detected
100
4.45 (Case 5 in Table 4.6)
The simulation output of AFD for FPCC = 50.4Hz,
cf = 0.0504
(a) Islanding detection time, t=0.1008 s
(b) The load VPCC stop at t=0.1455 s
(c) Islanding detected
101
4.46 Comparison of detection time with various frequency for
case Qf = 1.0
106
4.47 Comparison of run-on time with different Qf for the case
(case 5) FPCC = 50.4Hz, cf = 0.0504
107
5.1 The operating flowchart for the proposed hybrid anti-
islanding detection method
109
5.2 The simulation model for the proposed hybrid method 110
5.3 The grid disconnected control
(a).The block of Grid Breaker and control
(b) The parameter setup for the Grid breaker
(c) The parameter setup for the Step block
110
5.4 The Local Load setup to have Qf = 1.0
(a) The Parallel RLC Load block
(b) The parameter setup for Parallel RLC Load block
111
5.5 The controller of the proposed hybrid anti-islanding
method
112
xviii
5.6 The monitoring components of the designed controller 113
5.7 (Case 2 in Table 5.2)
The simulation result of hybrid method (Detection signal)
FPCC = 49.4Hz, cf = 0.049
(a) Frequency at PCC drift out of the frequency checker
limits
(b) OFP/UFP checker trigger UFP at t = 0.3612 s
(c) OVP/UVP checker trigger UVP at t = 0.3926 s
(d) Circuit breaker open at t = 0.3614 s
(e) AFD detect islanding at t = 0.2436 s
118
5.8 (Case 2 in Table 5.2)
The simulation result of hybrid method
FPCC = 49.4Hz, cf = 0.049
(a) Grid peak-peak voltage and Grid RMS voltage:
Vgrid-rms = 230 V
(b) PV peak-peak voltage and Grid RMS voltage:
VPV-rms = 230 V
(c) Inverter stops supplying to the load at t = 0.3870 s
119
5.9 (Case 3 in Table 5.2)
The simulation result of hybrid method (Detection signal)
FPCC = 50.4Hz, cf = 0.0504
(a) Frequency at PCC drift out of the frequency checker
limits
(b) OFP/UFP checker trigger UFP at t = 0.3636 s
(c) OVP/UVP checker trigger UVP at t = 0.4036 s
(d) Circuit breaker open at t = 0.3636 s
(e) AFD detect islanding at t = 0.2424 s
120
5.10 (Case 3 in Table 5.2)
The simulation result of hybrid method
FPCC = 50.4Hz, cf = 0.0504
(a) Grid peak-peak voltage and Grid RMS voltage:
Vgrid-rms = 230 V
(b) PV peak-peak voltage and Grid RMS voltage:
121
xix
VPV-rms = 230 V
(c) Inverter stops supplying to the load at t = 0.3958 s
xx
LIST OF SYMBOLS
cf - chopping fraction
FPCC - Frequency at the Point of Common Coupling
Hz - Hertz
IPV-inv - Sinusoidal inverter output current
Kd - derivative
Ki - integral
Kp - proportional
kVA - kilovolt-ampere
mH - MilliHenry
- pi
P - Active power
pf - Power factor
Pload - Real Power of load
PPV - Inverter Power
Q - Reactive power
QC - Reactive power consumed by capacitive load (VARC)
Qf - Quality factor
QL - Reactive power consumed by inductive load (VARL)
Qload - Reactive power of load
QPV - Inverter reactive power
tZ - Dead time
V - volts
VAR - reactive power of load
VARC - volt-ampere reactive for capacitive loads
VARL - volt-ampere reactive for inductive loads
Vload - Load Voltage
xxi
VPCC - Voltage at Point of Common Coupling
VRMS - Root mean square voltage
W - Watts
ΔP - real power variation
ΔQ - reactive power variation
μF - MicroFarad
Ω - Ohm
R - resistive load
C - capacitive load
L - inductive load
IPV-inv - PV inverter current amplitude
wPV - PV inverter current frequency
ØPV - PV inverter current phase angle
iPV-inv - PV inverter current
K - accelerating gain
fa - Measured frequency of voltage at the common coupling
fline - Line frequency
jQPV - Reactive power from PV distribution generation
jQload - reactive power flowing from the PCC to the load
Rload - Local load resistive
Vref - Reference voltage
fref - Reference frequency
Vmax - Over voltage threshold
Vmin - Under voltage threshold
fmax - Over frequency threshold
fmin - Under frequency threshold
df - forcing current frequency
fn - nominal frequency
∆VO - voltage different
Vout-max - maximum voltage of a ripple voltage
Vout-min - minimum voltage of a ripple voltage
Vripple - ripple percentage of a ripple voltage
Vout-avg - average voltage
xxii
f - Input frequency
V - Input RMS voltage
δ1 - Acceptable variance
Vrms - Root mean square voltage
s - Time Second
rad - radian
ms - millysecond
xxiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
10MP - The 10th Malaysia Plan
8MP - The 8th Malaysia Plan 2001-2005
9MP - 9th Malaysia Plan
AFD - Active Frequency Drift
AFDPF - Active Frequency Drift with Positive Feedback
BIPV - building integrated photovoltaic
BST - Binary Signal Transfer
CDM - Clean Development Mechanism
CETDEM - Centre for Environment, Technology and
Development Malaysia
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
DGs - distributed generation
DLC - Distribution Line Carrier
EC - Malaysia Energy Commission
EE - Energy Efficiency
FiTs - feed-in tariff
FJ - Frequency Jump
GHGs - Greenhouse Gases
GreenTech - Malaysian Green Technology Corporation
GT - Green Technology
GTFS - Green Technology Financing Scheme
IEC - The International Electrotechnical Commission
IEC 61727:2004 - Photovoltaic (PV) Systems - Characteristic of The
Utility Interface
IEC 62116:2008 - Testing Procedure of Islanding Prevention
Measures for Utility Interactive Photovoltaic
Inverters
xxiv
IEDs - intelligent electronics devices
IEEE 1574-2003 - Interconnection Distributed Resources with
Electric Power Systems
IGBT - Insulated-gate Bipolar Transistor
ISC E - Industry Standards Committee on Generation,
Transmission and Distribution of Electrical
Energy
KeTTHA - The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and
Water
LV - Low Voltage
MBIPV - Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic
Projects
MIDA - Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
MPIA - The Malaysian PV industry association
MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking
MS IEC 61727:2010 - Malaysian Standard of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
- Characteristic of The Utility Interface
MS IEC 62116:2012 - Malaysian Standard of Testing Procedure of
Islanding Prevention Measures for Utility
Interactive Photovoltaic Inverters
MSD - Main Monitoring Units with Allocated All-pole
Switching Devices Connected in Series
MV - Medium Voltage
MW - Megawatt
NDZ - non-detected zone
OFP - Over Frequency Protection
OVP - Over Voltage Protection
PCC - Point of Common Coupling
PCU - Power Conditioning Unit
PID - proportional-integral-derivative controller
PJD - Voltage Phase Jump Detection
PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication
PLL - Phase Lock loop
xxv
PTM - Malaysia Energy Centre
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
R&D - research and development
REs - renewable energies
RMS - Root Mean Square
RoCoF - Rate of Change of Frequency
SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SEDA - The Sustainable Energy Development Authority
of Malaysia
SESB - Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd
SESCO - Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation
SFS - Sandia Frequency Shift
SIRIM - Standards and Industrial Research Institute of
Malaysia
SMS - Slip Mode Frequency Shift
SPD - Signal Produced by Disconnect
SREP - Small Renewable Energy Program
SVS - Sandia Voltage Shift
TC-82 - Technical Committee of Solar photovoltaic energy
systems
THD - Total Harmonic Distortion
TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad
U.S. EIA - U.S. Energy Information Administration
UFP - Under Frequency Protection
UL 1741 - Standard for Inverter, Converter, and Controllers
for Use in Independent Power System
UVP - Under Voltage Protection
VFP - Voltage Frequency Protection
xxvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Tables and Figures for Chapter 2.7 140
B Program and Driver of RE Energy Policies Malaysia 144
B.1 PV System for Rural Electrification Programme 144
B.2 Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic
Showcase and demonstration programmes
144
B.3 SURIA 1000 Programme 145
B.4 SURIA for Developers Programme 146
B.5 Other key PV development under MBIPV 147
B.6 Building Energy Efficiency Programme (BEEP) 149
B.7 Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariffs 150
B.8 Net-metering 152
B.9 Domestic and Foreign Direct Investments 153
C Calculations 155
C.1 Local Load Setting for VFP simulation blocks 155
C.2 Non Detected Zone (NDZ) 157
C.3 Local Load Setting for AFD simulation blocks 158
D Source Code 159
D.1 Voltage and Frequency Protection (VFP) 159
D.2 Active Frequency drift (AFD) 160
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In the age of technological mastery and rapid development of
industrialization, the world energy consumption has been increasing rapidly. This
scenario has led to exhaustion of resources as well as serious environmental pollution
[1]. Since the fuel resources become scarce, the cost of energy resources will
continue to increase in the coming decades. Such prediction created an imminent
need to develop an affordable and sustainable alternative energy system around the
world [2]. The development of green energy system thus gained tremendous
worldwide attention in recent years and brought rapid development in distributed
generation (DGs).
Solar energy or photovoltaic (PV) has become one of the most promising
renewable energies (REs) sources due to the attribute of photovoltaic energy being
free to harvest and will always be environmental friendly [3]. This made solar energy
a prospective reliable energy supply in the future. At present, the use of solar energy
can reduce the dependency on non-renewable energy. Malaysia is a country that is
well suited for solar energy development due to its location, which is close to the
equator. Moreover, Malaysia receives high sun light density throughout the year.
Besides that, Malaysia‘s high level of tropical rainfall also reduces the maintenance
cost of the solar panels. Hence, solar energy has a very high potential for wide-
spread use in Malaysia [4]. With the introduction of 9th
Malaysia Plan (9MP), more
2
conducive environment preservation and efforts had been further promoted to
support the implementation and utilization of renewable energy resources [5].
The output of PV is DC voltage, which needs to be converted back into AC
voltage before being connected to the grid. The illustration of energy flow in a
typical grid-connected PV system is shows in Figure 1.1. In grid-connected PV
systems particularly, the connection of PV array and the balance of system to the
utility grid need to fulfil the technical requirements of the utility grid‘s
interconnection. This is to ensure high power quality as well as substantial safety
interaction and high reliability of the utility. Therefore, abnormal operating
conditions that could adversely affect the grid-connected PV systems have to be
prevented [6]. One of the major safety issues in grid-connected photovoltaic system
is to avoid unintentional operation in islanding mode. However, the issue of
islanding remains a challenge in distributed generations. Therefore, the research of
islanding detection technology is necessary and important.
AC Load
DC
= DC
=
DC
= AC≈
MPPT Control
Power Conditioning Unit (PCU)
PV Array
GridProtection
&Grid interface
DC-DC Control
DC-AC
Control
AC linkDC link
MonitoringMonitoring
DC-DC Converter Inverter
Figure 1.1: The block diagram of a PV grid-connected system
Grid interactive inverters must adhere to the voltage and frequency
characteristics of the utility generated power presented in the distribution line. PV
grid-connected systems should be equipped with real time monitoring unit to ensure
well communication to the utility supply as well as for protection purpose.
3
The main reason of having anti-islanding is unintentional islanding cause
deviation to the voltage and frequency of DG , which may harm the component in
the systems within the islanded section. More importantly, the neutral point of
inverter output is not grounded. Hence, the safety of maintenance workers will be
threatened as they may not be aware of the occurrence of islanding in their service
section, thus increasing the risk of electric shock [7]. In addition to that, if the system
does not have synchronization equipment, and the PV system was accidentally
reconnected during islanding, an asynchronous condition in which transient over-
currents flow through the PV system will occur. This may result in damages to the
inverters and/or protective equipment such as circuit breakers as well as to sensitive
electrical equipment [8].
In case of islanding, the PV generators should be disconnected immediately
from the local loads. If the grid remains connected during islanding, transient over
currents can flow through the PV system inverters, consequently protective
equipment such as circuit breakers might be damaged [8]. Islanding control can be
achieved through inverters or via the distribution network. Inverter controls can be
designed based on detection of grid voltage or measurements of impedance,
frequency variation or harmonics.
1.2 Problem Statement
In utility grids, the safety, liability and quality of delivered power are highly
ranked in the list of priorities. A good islanding mode control is necessary to ensure
the safety of maintenance workers and to prevent the damage of equipment
belonging to end users. Various anti-islanding algorithms and detection methods had
been developed in the past decades [9-26]. According to the information gathered
from various literatures, none of the islanding detection methods was perfect. Several
limitations had been detected, which include:
4
i. Presence of non-detected zone (NDZ) causing possible anti-islanding
detection failure.
ii. Degradation of power quality and system stability
iii. False operation in multiple DG
iv. Requirement of additional circuitry or equipment
v. High implementation cost [27].
Hence, further research and development on anti-islanding detection algorithm is
inevitable in order to minimize the pitfall of the existing techniques.
Aside from all that, the standards compliance is very important for PV grid
interconnection. Many standards and codes are imposed on PV source DGs. In order
to meet the terms of all standards and codes make the design of PV grid-connected
system difficult. Therefore, establishing a standard review for design is necessary to
clearly explicate and fulfil the requirements for local application.
In addition to that, a country‘s energy policies are significantly important to
promote widespread use of REs. For this reason, Malaysia government has
restructured the country‘s energy policies to encourage the development of REs.
Therefore, REs has been added as the fifth source of energy in the Five-fuel
Diversification Policy after its introduction in 2000. The objective of the policy is to
ensure that in 2005 REs contribute to 5% of the total national electricity energy mix
[5]. However, by the year 2010, 10 years after the policy had been announced, REs
only contributed to 0.19% in national electricity energy mix [28]. This shows that the
progress of REs development was extremely slow. To further boost the use of REs in
electricity generation, Malaysia Government introduced the National Green
Technology Policy in 2009 and the Renewable Energy Policy in 2010, respectively.
Despite the fact that there are other factors causing the slow REs development, it is
especially worse when the policies do not have a clear plan, direction and guideline
to achieve the goals [28].
5
1.3 Research Objectives
The objectives of this research are as follows:
1. To investigate the existing anti-islanding control techniques for grid-
connected PV system.
2. To simulate the passive, active and to propose a hybrid anti-islanding
method for grid-connected PV system using MATLAB/Simulink.
3. To review and analyse the PV grid connected energy policies and
standards.
1.4 Scope of the Research
This research investigates the islanding control techniques at the end part of
grid-connected PV systems. The work covers the design of an effective anti-
islanding control algorithm. The proposed algorithm is a hybrid islanding protection
method that combines a passive and an active anti-islanding control algorithm for
islanding detection. The proposed anti-islanding control techniques for PV islanding
mode control should be able to detect any sudden power disconnection from the
utility grid. This is important to ensure the safety of maintenance workers and to
prevent the damage of equipment of end users. This research is made thoroughly by
simulation and hence there is no experimental work involved.
This research also covers the interconnection standards of PV grid-connected,
focusing in the anti-islanding requirements. Finally, the effort of Malaysian
government in re-structuring energy policies in order to promote PV will be review.
The study focuses mainly on the policies that closely related to PV promoting,
without further mentioned about others REs sources.
6
1.5 Research Methodology
The first step of this research is to review the past studies on anti-islanding
detection methods. First, the contexts of the method principles were looked into then
they were classified accordingly based on the study resources background. Both
advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be identified through the review.
The substances of literature review will also help to verify the analysis and
discussion later. The literature sources are comprised of journal papers, conference
papers, textbooks, municipal reports and official websites. In this phase, the
interconnection standard of PV grid-connected that focuses in the anti-islanding
requirements will also be studied. Lastly, the effort of Malaysian government to re-
structure energy policies in order to promote PV also reviewed. The main issues and
challenges of promoting PV identified. Programs, funding, financial scheme and
incentive introduced by the Malaysian government also highlighted in this research.
Finally, a conclusion was drawn concerning the effectiveness of Malaysian energy
policies.
In the next stage, one passive and one active islanding detection methods will
select to merge onto a newly proposed hybrid method. The proposed hybrid method
is expected to overcome the problems identified in literature review part. The next
step is to develop a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink to test both the passive
method and the active method selected based on the standards mentioned in the
previous section. The developed model is then used to simulate the developed block
and results were obtained for analysis purpose. There are several parameters data to
be collected in this phase, for both selected active and passive models which
including: Detection time, Run-on time, THD and NDZ. Lastly, the outcomes were
used to develop a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink for the proposed hybrid
method.
Finally, all the results will be gathered for analysis and discussion. In this
stage, the results of all three of the passive, active and hybrid method simulation
7
results will be compared based on the data collected in the previous stage to verify
the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid method.
1.6 Structure of Thesis
Chapter 1 introduces the development of PV grid-connected systems and the
anti-islanding detection. This includes the problem statement of the PV grid-
connected system, the objective and scope of this thesis, and the methodology
applicable to the completion of this thesis.
Chapter 2 is an overview of the fundamentals of islanding conditions and a
review of published standards of PV grid interconnection for standardization
requirements. Hence, test conditions applicant to islanding detection and the
standards of anti-islanding control fulfilling the requirements for local applications
are clearly explicated. In addition, this chapter also reviews the energy policies
promoted by Malaysians government to encourage the developments of REs,
especially on PV. Therefore, programs, funding, financial scheme and incentive
introduced by the Malaysian government are also highlighted. Furthermore, the main
issues and challenges of promoting solar energy with energy policy are identified.
Chapter 3 is the literature review concerning anti-islanding detection
techniques. In this chapter, the available islanding detection methods are reviewed
and analysed. In addition to that, a comprehensive comparison among the studied
methods was also made. Finally, summary and conclusions of this review are written
up.
Chapter 4 presents the analysis of the existing anti-islanding protection
methods. A description of the principle of passive method and active method used to
develop the proposed hybrid method are detailed. The advantages and drawbacks of
8
each method are highlighted. Furthermore, this chapter also explains the simulation
constructions of the PV grid-connected anti-islanding detection method in
MATLAB/Simulink simulation software. The chapter to end with the simulation
results of both passive and active methods as well as the results discussion and
analysis.
Chapter 5 describes the principle of proposed hybrid anti-islanding detection
method. In this chapter also explains the simulation constructions of the PV grid-
connected hybrid anti-islanding detection method in MATLAB/Simulink simulation
software. Finally, the simulation results are discussed and analysed. Nevertheless, the
results of the proposed hybrid method also compared with the single passive method
and active method. The improvements of the proposed hybrid method are also
highlighted.
Chapter 6 concludes the findings of this research based on the simulation
results. This also includes a conclusion made concerning the effectiveness of
Malaysia energy policies and establishment of regulation framework relevant to PV
system. In addition, a possible direction of further research based on this work is
suggested as well.
128
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