I

1

I

Dynamic Deflections 1 to Determine

Roadway Support Ratings

Final Report Project HR-245 -

1

February 1983 Highway Division

Iowa Department of Transportation

Disclaimer

The cont?nts of th is report reflect the views of the author who i s responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do n o t necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Iowa Department of Trans- portation or the Federal Highway Admin- is trat ion. This report does not consti- tu te a standard, specification or regulation.

FINAL REPORT

FOR

IOWA HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD

PROJECT HR-245

DYNlMIC DEFLECTlnNS TO DETERPINE

ROADWAY SUPPORT RATINGS

BY

V e r n o n J . M a r k s

5 1 51239-1447

O f f i - c e o f M a t e r i a l s

H i g h w a y D i v i s i o n

1 o w a . D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

Ames, I o w a 50010

F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 3

i i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Introduction

Objective

Project Description

Iowa DOT Road Rater Program

Flexible Pavements

Rigid Pavements

Correlation of the Road Rater and Thumper

Data Collection

Data Reduction and Evaluation

Determination of Subgrade Support Values

Conclusions

Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

Appendix A-Method of Test for Determining Pavement Deflection Using the Road Rater

Appendix 0-Road Rater and Thumper Correlation Data

ABSTRACT

The Benkelman Beam structural test of flexible pavements was

replaced in 1976 by dynamic deflection testing with a model 400

Road Rater. The Road Rater is used to determine structural ratings

of flexible pavements. New pavement construction in Iowa has

decreased with a corresponding increase of restoration and rehabili-

tation. A method to determine structural ratings of layered systems

and rigid pavements is needed to properly design overlay thickness.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility

of using the Road Rater to determine support values of layered

systems and rigid pavements. This evaluation was accomplished by

correlating the Road Rater with the Federal Highway Administration

(FHWA) Thumper, a dynamic deflection testing device. Data were

obtained with the Road Rater and Thumper at 411 individual test

locations on 39 different structural sections ranging from 10" of

pcc pavement and 25" of asphalt pavement to a newly graveled unpaved

roadway. A high correlation between a 9000 pound Thumper deflection

and the 1185 pound Road Rater deflection was obtained.

A Road Rater modification has been completed to provide 2000

pound load inputs. The basin, defined by four sensors spaced at 1 foot

intervals, resulting from the 2000 pound loading is being used to

develop a graph for determining relative subgrade strengths. Road

Rater deflections on rigid pavements are sufficient to support the

potential for this technique.

INTRODUCTION

Prior t o 1976, Iowa DOT pavement s t ructural t es t ing was conducted

using a Benkelman Beam t o determine s t a t i c deflection resul t ing from

an 18000 l b . axle load. As par t of Iowa Highway Research Board

Project HR-178, "Pavement Deflection Stud " a model 400 Road Rater was 4 i ) purchased from Foundation Mechanics, Inc. I t was evaluated and sub-

sequently replaced the Benkelman Beam tes t ing. The Road Rater is

routinely used t o determine s t ruc tura l ra t ings of asphalt pavements f o r

secondary and primary roadways.

The current trend i s a reduction of new construction and increased

res torat ion o r rehabi l i t a t ion of older oavements. This often r e su l t s

i n resurfacing acc and pcc pavements w i t h e i t he r asphalt cement concrete

o r portland cement concrete. The determination of support values f o r

these layered systems i s complex. More research i s a l so needed in

determining s t ructural ra t ings f o r r ig id pavement.

The Federal Highway Admini s t r a t i on has developed a pavement deflec-

t ion t e s t system named "Thumpe $7 The Thumper will apply loads, e i t he r

s t a t i c or dynamic, u p t o 9000 lbs . t o a roadway surface and record the

resul t ing def lect ions from sensors on t h a t surface.

The system i s mounted in a l a rge f ron t wheel dr ive van. When

tes t ing, the vehicle ' s a i r suspension system i s deactivated and the r ea r

of the van i s raised on hydraulic jacks providing a s t ab l e platform from

which t o conduct the t e s t s . A reference frame from which the sensors

a r e suspended and a 12" diameter c i r cu l a r loadplate a r e lowered t o the

roadway surface. The load i s then transmitted through the loadplate, arid

the sensors, located a t loadpoint and 10 1/2", 15", 24", 36", and 48"

from loadpoint paral le l with the center l ine , measure the resu l tan t

deflections.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the project i s t o determine the f e a s i b i l i t y of

determining support values f o r r i g id pavements and layered systems with

the Road Rater by correla t ing i t w i t h a device which will apply loads

u p t o 9000 1 bs.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Iowa DOT was advised by the FHWA t h a t i t s research section was

interes ted in a study t o determine s t ruc tura l values using the Thumper.

The Iowa DOT developed a work plan fo r t es t ing and an agreement was made

between the FHWA and the Iowa DOT f o r t es t ing w i t h the Thumper, the only

cost t o the Iowa DOT being lodging expenses incurred by the FHWA tes t ing

personnel.

A two week tes t ing schedule i n April 1982 was established, and

tes t ing was conducted a t the predetermined locations by the Road Rater

and then the Thumper.

The FHWA had retained Gilbert Baladi, PhD of Michigan S ta te

University t o conduct the s t ructural value determination study. Thumper

data were t o be u t i l i zed i n determining subgrade moduli and support

values. Unfortuantely, t h i s study f e l l victim t o funding r e s t r i c t i ons ,

and Dr. Baladi was retained fo r only a shor t time a f t e r f i e l d t e s t data

were obtained. Due t o manpower r e s t r i c t i ons , complete data reduction

was delayed u n t i l January 1983 and Dr. Baladi was not avai lable t o

evaluate the data and provide exper t ise in determining subgrade moduli

o r support values.

IOWA DOT ROAD RATER PROGRAM

Flexible Pavements

Even though special rigid pavement studies had been conducted with

the Benkelman Beam, its primary application was on flexible roadways.

The Road Rater (Figure 1) replaced the Benkelman Beam and therefore the

initial consideration was aimed at flexible pavement.

Figure 1 The Iowa DOT Model 400 Road Rater

A standard Road Rater procedure was established as Test Method

No. Iowa 1009-A June 1977 (Appendix A).

Foundation Mechanics, Inc., the manufacturer, recommended the use

of a Mass displacement of 0.058" or 58 mils and a vibration frequency

of 25 Hertz for testing flexible pavements. The manufacturer pro-

vided the following formulae to determine the peak to peak force

output of the Road Rater:

F = 32.7 f2 D

F is the peak to peak force output in pounds

f is the frequency of the loading in Hertz

D is the peak to peak displacement of the mass in inches.

The peak to peak output for standard flexible pavement testing

is :

F = (32.7)(2512 (0.058)

= 1185 pounds

This force has b isfactory for evaluation of flexible

pavements.

Due to problems front suspension, the Road Rater loading

and sensing units were moved from the front to the rear of the van but

the procedure remains unchanged.

A study of the relationship of oretical structural number

to dynamic deflection was conducted on several roadways. A nomograph 0

was developed to normalize all data to 80 F. These temperature adjusted

deflections have exhibited a definite correlation with theoretical

structural ratings.

Rigid Pavements

Recent California research(3) has shown that lighter dynamic testing

devices can correlate well with heavier dynamic testing devices and can

be used to evaluate stronger pavement sections. With this and other

research as background, a decision was made to ascertain the potential

of determining the structural capability of rigid pavements using the

Iowa DOT Model 400 Road Rater. The manufacturer recommended an increased

loading for rigid pavements. Modifications to accomplish this end were

completed in the fall of 1982. The peak to peak output at a mass dis-

placement of 0.068" and a frequency of 30 Hertz is:

F = (32.7)' (30)~ (0.068)

= 2001 or 2000 pounds

This greater output was not available for collection of data at the

time of the Thumper correlation in April 1982. An independent rigid

pavement study in the fall of 1982 indicated a potential for determining

structural ratings.

CORRELATION OF THE ROAD RATER AND THUMPER

Data Collection

The data for the correlation was obtained from April 19, 1982

through April 29, 1982 from 26 different roadway sections which are

tabulated in Appendix B. Some of these roadways were research projects

with variable structural characteristics, thus yielding 39 different

structural sections.

The Road Rater was operated at a mass displacement of 0.058" and a

frequency of 25 Hertz to obtain all correlation data. Tests were con-

ducted in the outside wheel path. Test interval was normally 0.1 mile,

but a shorter interval that would provide 10 individual tests was used

for shorter sections. The Road Rater preceded the Thumper in obtaining

deflection data. Deflection data was recorded for four velocity sensors

placed at the load and at distances of 1 , 2 and 3 feet from the load.

The Thumper (Figure 2) normally utilized a 9000 pound 1 cycle per

second dynamic load at the same locations as the Road Rater. An oscillating

t race on a s t r i p chart was obtained a t each location. A t the f i f t h

location of each se r i e s of 10 t e s t s , deflections were determined f o r

loadings of 3000, 6000 and 9000 pounds. In general, deflections a t

9000 pounds were approximately three times those of the 3000 pound

loading. The loading was reduced t o 3000 pounds on the weakest paved

and the unpaved roadways to yie ld readable t races . Traces were obtained

from s i x sensors with one a t the load and the other a t 10 1/2", 15", 24",

36", and 48" from the load.

Figure 2 The FHWA Thum~er

Data Reduction and Evaluation

The deflection i n mils was determined f o r the sensor a t the load

for each individual Road Rater Test. The data fo r deflection a t the

1 , 2 and 3 foot intervals i s available b u t was not reported o r used

in t h i s correla t ion. The average Road Rater deflection and standard

deviation of a l l data for each s t ructural section were calculated and

are given in Appendix 8. These averages are provided as a be t t e r

evaluation of the d i f fe ren t s t ructural sections b u t were not used in

any correla t ions . The only Road Rater deflections used i n the correla-

t ion were those where a comparitive Thumper deflection a t the same

location was available.

The FHWA evaluated the t races from the Thumper data and provided

the millimeters of t race deflection. Deflections from a l l s ix sensors

were provided f o r the f i r s t half of the data. Upon not i f icat ion tha t

only the deflection a t the load was t o be used for the correlation

and to complete the data reduction w i t h limited manpower, only the

deflection a t the load was determined f o r the l a s t half of the data.

Deflection a t some individual t e s t locations, generally on weaker

s t ructures , could not be determined because the t race went "off the s t r i p

chart" o r was "too noisy" (too e r a t i c ) f o r interpreta t ion. Deflections

were provided f o r 411 individual t e s t locations. All 3000 pound Thumper

data were normalized t o 9000 pounds by multiplying resul tant deflections

by a fac tor of 3.

A graphical plot of the average deflections f o r each s t ruc tura l

section ( f igure 3 ) d i d not exhibit any s ign i f ican t curvature of the

data points. A l inear correlation program was therefore used f o r a l l

comparisons. The data point for s t ruc tura l section 128 was excluded

from the correla t ions as the graphical plot showed i t to vary sub-

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I s t a n t i a l l y from a l l other data.

A corre la t ion coeff ic ient of 0.94 (r2 = 0.88) resulted when the 410

individual deflections were used. The l inear re la t ionship was:

Thumper a (9.88) (Road Rater) - 1.18

When the average def lect ion f o r each of 37 s t ruc tura l sections was

used (Figure 3 ) , the correla t ion coeff ic ient was 0.97 ( r 2 = 0.94) with I

the following relationship:

Thumper = (10.98) (Road Rater) - 3.01

The average deflections from the 17 f l ex ib l e pavements yielded a

correla t ion coeff ic ient of 0.99 ( r 2 = 0.97) with a re la t ionship of :

Thumper = (8.43) (Road Rater) + 1.94

A corre la t ion coeff ic ient of 0.75 ( r2 = 0.56) was obtained from the 16

r ig id pavement sections with the following relationship: I

Thumper = (5.31) (Road Rater) + 2.68

The correla t ion coef f ic ien t i s much lower f o r r iq id pavements than for

f l ex ib l e pavements o r f o r the combination of r ig id and f l ex ib l e pavements

and unpaved sections. The Road Rater deflections were the r e s u l t s of the

load i n p u t used for f l ex ib l e pavements. The correla t ion may have been

be t t e r had the heavier load input modification been completed.

DETERMINATION OF SUBGRADE SUPPORT VALUES

The correla t ion of the Road Rater t o the Thumper supports the

potential of the Road Rater fo r determining support values. The data

obtained from t h i s research a re not presently adequate f o r t h i s purpose.

This research has increased confidence i n the Model 400 Road Rater

f o r determining s t ruc tura l ra t ing, subgrade moduli and subgrade

support values. Based on t h i s research, a study t o determine subgrade

support values using the 0.068" mass displacement and 30 Hertz frequency,

yielding a 2000 pound load i n p u t , has been in i t i a t ed .

The plans a r e t o use the deflection basin defined by four sensors

in the same manner a s Louisiansa t o determine subgrade charac te r i s t i cs . 4

Louisiana determines r e l a t i ve subgrade strength (Es) from the Dynafl e c t

deflections and the graph of Figure 4.

DYNAFLECT DEFLESTION ESTIMATED STRUCTURAL ?:UllErER (IYCXES I 10- )

2.0-3.0

4.0-3.0

Figure 4 Louisiana Pavement Evaluation Chart 5.0-6.0 ~.

A preliminary graph t o determine subgrade support values has

been developed, by the Iowa Department of Transportation, b u t i s

not suf f ic ien t ly supported by data t o ver i fy i t s accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

From t h i s research i t can be concluded tha t :

1. The def lect ions from the 1185 pound Road Rater dynamic loading

cor re la te very well with the 9000 pound Thumper dynamic def lect ions .

2. Road Rater def lect ions on r ig id pavements a re su f f i c i en t t o

indicate t h a t i t can be used t o determine subgrade support values.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Research should be continued t o develop and prove the use of

Road Rater def lect ions and the basin defined by four sensors t o

determine subgrade support values.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research Project HR-245 was supported by the Iowa Highway

Research Board and the Iowa Department of Transportation. Funding

f o r t h i s project was $251 from the Primary Research Fund and $224

from the Secondary Road Research Fund.

The FHWA part ic ipated i n t h i s research by providing the Thumper

and personnel t o operate i t . Special appreciation is extended t o

FHWA personnel Gi lber t Baladi, Bil l Bralove and L. R . Staunton f o r

t h e i r e f f o r t , extra long days of t es t ing and data reduction.

The Iowa D.O.T. Road Rater t es t ing was under the direct ion of

Charles Pot ter and the Special Investigations personnel. Charles Potter

put fo r th special e f f o r t in the evaluation and interpreta t ion of Road

Rater data and conducted the i n i t i a l e f f o r t s in using the def lect ions

t o determine subgrade support ra t ings .

REFERENCES

1. Heins, Douglas - Dynamic Deflections f o r Determining Structural

Rating of Flexible Pavements, Iowa Department of Transportation, 1979

2. McMahon, T. F. and May, R. W. - Solving the Mysteries of Pavement

Deflections With "Thumper" pp 121-125 Public Roads, Vol 42 No. 4

March 1979.

3. Roberts, Donald V. "Evaluation of the Cox Deflection Devices"

FHWA-CA-TL-3150-77-14, Cal t rans , June 1977.

4. Kinchen, R. W. & Temple, W.H. "Asphalt Concrete Overlays of Rigid

and Flexible Pavements" Final Report, Louisiana Highway Research

FHWAILA-801147, October 1980

Appendix A

Method of Tes t f o r Determining Pavement D e f l e c t i o n Using the Road Rater

T e s t M~!tt,od 110. low;, 1009-A June 1977

IOWA DXPAIVfM1:PIT 01.' TIUIN!iPOI(TATION I<ICINlAY DIVISION

o f f i c e o f M a t e r i a l s

METllOD OF TEST FOR DBTERMINING PAVEMENT DOFLCCTION USING TIE ROAD IWCER

The Rood Rate r is an e l e c t r o n i c a l l y con- 7. Date t e s t e d : May 4, 1977 - 050477 t r o l l e d , h y d r a u l i c a l l y powered u n i t 8. Time: when t e s t i n g beg ins based on mounted on t h e f r o n t o f a van t y p e ve- . a 24 hr . c loek h i c l e . The u n i t i n p u t s o dynnmic f o r c e 9. Lab Number and Year B u i l t i n t o t h e pavement and measures t h e move- 10. Observer: The person o p e r a t i n g t h e ment o f t h e s u r f a c e us ing v e l o c i t y sen- Road Rate r s o r s . This v e l o c i t y is i n t e g r a t e d to 11. Weather: Cl-cloudy. S-sunny, PC- show displacement which is r e f e r r e d to p a r t l y cloudy, C-clear as pavement d e f l e c t i o n which is a 12. H i s t o r y by year and s t r u c t u r a l measure o f s t r u c t u r a l adequacy. The r a t i n g pavement d e f l e c t i o n d a t a can b e used to 13. The l o c a t i o n (by ! r i l epoe t or odo- p r e d i c t t h e performance of t h e sur face , mete r ) , range (Robd h a t e r conso le t h e -.obable maintenance requ i red . and s e l e c t i o n ) , s e n s o r 1 (per c e n t o f t h e r e s u r f a c i n g needed to r e s t o r e t h e mete r ) , sensor 2 a1.9 remarks (en s u r f a c e to requi red s t r u c t u r a l capa- i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of a complete re- b i l i t y . mark shoun a t t h e hottom) .

14. Remarks should inciude: l a n e de- Procedure s i g n a t i o n on mul t i l ane roadways,

a i r and s u r f a c e temperatures , A . Apparatus f i x e d r e f e r e n c e s and unusual

condi t ions . 1. Road Rate r (F igure I! 2. A i r P ressure Gauge C. T e s t Procedures 3. l 'empcrature equipment (Raytek

I n f r a r e d gun or thermocouple) 1. Determination o f t e s t i n g f r e - 4. S a f e t y Support Vehic les quency

B. T e s t Record Form

O r i g i n a l d a t a is recorded on a d a t a p rocess ing i n p u t form (see example on Page 4 ) . I f a v a i l - a b l a t h e fo l lowing d a t a should b c recorded:

1. The numeric d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e county

2. The highway system: P-primary. S-secondary. I - i n t e r s k a t e

3. The s t a t e or county m u t e d e s i g n a t i o n

4. Ucciinninq anci ending m i l c - pos t on tlic primary system or mileage designation on t h e secondary system.

5. Dir rcc ion o f t h c l a n e bcing t c s t c d

6. Pzv~mont T p e : PC-Portland crwicn:: c o n c r ~ ~ l c , AC-Asphaltic concre te , SC-peal c o a t

a. A minimum o f 30 i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s s h a l l b e ob ta ined p e r t e s t s e c t i o n when inven- to ry ing . i\ minimum of 50 i n d i v i d u a l t e s - s a r e needed f o r s p e c i a l eva lua t ion o f a given roadway.

1. under 8 miles a d j u s t s ? d c l n ~ t o o b t a i n a minimum of 30 tests.

* ' For t e s t s e c t i o n s < l r c a t c r than 8 miles in lan,ith i t ainimtm c,i < t e s t s s h a l l he made f o r each two-lane mile.

3 . TC!:ts of ~ ld l , arent l a n e s s h a l l be stmssrrii and cvo,l.y spaced cc o b t , ~ i n a maximum reprmcntr . - t i d n of I'", Yoartway.

Test Method No. Iowa 1009-A June 1977

Page 2

b. Test ing frequency s h a l l be a s noted or a s d i r ec t ed by t h e engineer f o r spec i a l t e s t sections.

2. Preparat ion p r i o r t o t e s t i n g

a. Open overhead engine com- partment vent.

b . Check engine o i l l eve l .

c. S t a r t t he engine and allow to run f o r a f i v e minute warm- up period.

d. Check a i r pressure in t h e t w o upper a i r spr ings with a good t i r e a i r pressure gauge. Add a i r i f required to bring t h e spr ing pressure to 50+5 ps i .

h. With the u n i t i n the " f u l l up ' condition l i f t t he upper lock r ings on the e leva tor cy l inders and remove t h e t w o s e t s of mechanical locking tubes.

i. With the power switch t o "monitor" and the function switch held t o "elevate", hold the movement switch t o "lower" u n t i l t he u n i t has been lowered s u f f i - c i e n t l y t o e leva te t he van. Maintain these switch po- s i t i o n s u n t i l no motion is evident (allow about 5 seconds) .

j. wi th t h e function switch held t o "elevate" and the movement switch held t o "lower", read t h e system hydraulic pressure on t h e gauge. The pressure should be 600+25 ps i .

k. S e t t he frequency cont ro l a t 25 Hertz.

e. Check a i r pressure i n t h e s i x cen te r a i r springs. This check must b e made wi th t h e s m a l l valve t h a t separa tes t h e t w o s e t s of a i r spr ings i n t h e open pos i t ion (clock- wise t o open). Add a i r a s may be required t o b r ing t h i s pressure t o 4025 ps i . Close the small valve (counter-clockwise) u n t i l f inger - t ight .

f . I n s t a l l t h e channel t h a t holds t h e sensors i n t h recess a t t h e base of t foot. Lock t h e channel i n place with s e t screws. For normal operat ion, only sensor N o . 1 and No. 2 w i l l be used. Secure t h e elec- t r i c a l connections t o t h e r ecep t i c l e s designated f o r No. 1 and No. 2.

g. On t h e console ( f i g u r e 2) wi th in t h e vehic le p lace the power switch t o "monitor". Hold t h e func- t i o n switch t o "elevate". Hold t h e movement switch i n .Figure 1 t h e " r a i s e ' pos i t i on u n t i l t h e e leva tor cv l inders a r e The Road Rater

> f u l l up" aga iks t t h e s tops .

Test Method No. Iowa 1009-A June 1977 ,

Page 3

1. Place the function switch t o v i b r a t e and set meter No. 4 t o read 58 by adjus t ing wi th t h e ' l e v e l " cont ro l .

m. Observe the reading on Meter NO. 1.

n. Repeat s t eps g i, 1 and m t o check the r epea tab i l i t y of the s e t t i n g .

o. Raise the u n i t to the " fu l l up" pos i t ion .

p. Stop the engine and check the l eve l of hydraulic o i l i n t he reservoi r . Use clean "Aero- s h e l l Fluid 4" to b r ing the l e v e l to between 1 and 2 inches from t h e top of t he reservoi r .

3. Tast ing Operation

a. With t h e engine running, pos i t ion the Road Rater foo t over t h e outs ide wheel t rack a t t he predetermined longi- tudina l loca t ion .

b. Place the vehic le i n t h e "park posi t ion".

c. Lower t h e u n i t s u f f i c i e n t l y t o e l eva te the van. maintain t h e switch pos i t ions f o r about 5 seconds u n t i l no motion is evident.

d. With the power switch i n "monitor" and t h e function switch i n "vibra 58 pe r cent readin NO. 4.

e . Se l ec t a range t a reading between 50 and 100 on meter No. 1.

f . Record the lane, milepost, range and readings fo r sensor #1 and #2. Note any changes i n surface type.

g. Raise the u n i t and proceed t o the next t e s t locat ion.

Q . After t e s t ing operation

a . When t r ave l ing between t e s t i n g loca t ions assure t h a t the e leva tor cy l inders remain in t h e up pos i t ion . I f t rave l ing more than 2 miles without t e s t ing , en- gage t h e mechanical locking tubes and "lower" the u n i t t o secure them.

b . Upon completion of t e s t i n g , remove the channel holding t h e sensors.

D. Precautions

1. Do not move the vehic le with the u n i t i n the down pos i t ion . A red l i g h t on t h e console indica tes t h a t t he t e s t i n g u n i t is too low t o t r ave l .

2 . Before moving onto the t rave led port ion of t he roadway, insure that a l l t r ave l ing s a f e t y i s , a s required by t h e Tra f f i c Enqi- neering layout. Be su re t h a t t he required s igns a r e i n po- s i t i o n and t h a t a l l warning l i g h t s a r e functioning.

3. Read the Road Rater "Owners Manual Operations and Mainten- ance Guide" before operat ing the un i t .

Figure 2

The cont ro l console of the Road Rater showing the se l ec t ion con t ro l s and

display meters.

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