Published with financial help of

·~ ~ ..... • •• ~.. lnstituto Tecnol6gico i ~ GeoMinero de Espana

Special Publication No. 8 ~ ~of_t_h~~-S~o~c~_· e~ty_· f_o_r_G~e~o-lo_g_y_.t______ . pp 1e o mera epos1 s

Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes Edited by

L. Font bote, G. C. Amstutz, M. Cardozo, E. Cedillo and J. Frutos

With 310 Figures and 1 Map

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Prof. Dr. G. CHRISTIAN AMSTUTZ Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 236

D-6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany

Prof. Dr. MIGUEL CARDOZO Universidad Nacional de lngenieria, and Newmont Peru Limited Gerente de Exploraciones Av. Jose Galvez Barrenechea 218, Urb. Corpac Lima-San Isidro, Peru

Prof. Dr. ESTEBAN CEDILW Facultad de Minas, Metalurgia y Geologia, Universidad de Guanajuato Ex-Hacienda de San Matias s/n Apartado Postal 347

Guanajuato, Gto. 36020, Mexico

Prof. Dr. Lwfs FONTBOTE Departement de Mineralogie, Universite de Geneve 12, rue des Maraichers CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland

Prof. Dr. JOSE FRUTOS Programa de Geologia Econ6mica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepci6n Casilla 4107 Concepci6n, Chile

ISBN 978-3-642-88284-5 ISBN 978-3-642-88282-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-88282-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Stratabound ore deposits in the Andes I edited by L. Fontbote ... [et a!.]. p. em. - (Special publication no. 8 of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-642-88284-5 1. Ore deposits - Andes. 2. Mineralogy, Determinative. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic - Paleozoic. 4. Geology, Stratigraphic - Mesozoic. I. Fontbote, (Lluis), 1952- . II. Series: Special publica­tion of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits; no. 8. QE390.S766 1990 553'.098 - dc20 90-9751 CIP

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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1990 Softoover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990

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Preface

The present volume Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes has its roots in an international seminar on stratabound ore deposits which took place in September 1986 in Cusco, Peru, sponsored by Multi­ciencias (Peru) and UNESCO. During this seminar it became clear that the amount and quality of research done on stratabound ore deposits in the Andes required a synthesis.

Researchers in industry and government as well as in academia, including many which had participated at the Cusco Seminar, were invited to contribute. The answer was extremely positive, confirming the idea that a book expressing the state of the art of the study of stratabound ore deposits in the Andes was long overdue.

As editors we sought to give maximum coverage to the present knowledge, yet keeping the length, and thereby the price, within rea­sonable limits. The book contains three types of contributions. In the first part the reader will find review papers focusing on ( 1) the geologic framework (Frutos), (2) the metallogenesis in Andean countries including also types of deposits differing from those of stratabound nature (Cardozo and Cedillo, Oyarzun), and (3) an in­troductory overview of the stratabound ore deposits in the Andes, emphasizing their geotectonic position as a classification tool (Font­bote).

In the second part 53 invited contributions describe individual ore deposits and districts. They were selected on the basis that sig­nificant investigations had been carried out already, and, although not exhaustive, they give a fairly good coverage of the present knowledge on stratabound ore deposits in the Andes. Due to spatial limitations the authors were asked to treat their topics as syn­thetically as possible and to refer to previous work for complemen­tary information. Fact description prevails over genetic discussions. The contributions are organized according to the geotectonic posi­tion of the host rock, and, within each group, from north to south.

In the third part three papers deal with comparative geochemical and isotopic aspects of the possible metal sources of stratabound ore deposits in the Andes (Soler and Lara, Puig, and Fontbote et al.).

1\vo appendixes contain information on main characteristics of several hundred ore deposits and occurrences. This information is

VI Preface

included in printed lists of a data base as well as in a fold-out with three color maps (1: 10000000) in which the most representative stratabound ore deposits have been plotted in their geological an paleogeographical framework. Comprehensive mines and subject indices allow the retrieval of a large amount of detailed information which is of interest not only in metallogeny but also in regional geology.

We are indeed grateful to the many individuals and institutions who helped to make both this book and the Multiciencias-Unesco Course in Cusco possible. Whereas all cannot be mentioned here in­dividually, we do wish to point out a few. Victor Latorre, Director of the Multiciencias courses in Peru strongly supported the whole organization of the seminar. The Instituto Tecnol6gico GeoMinero de Espana provided generous financial support to the printing of the present book, making possible at the same time its free distribu­tion to the libraries of the main universities and research institutions of the Andean countries. The major aim of the Multiciencias Course in Cusco was a "science transfer" to developing countries in contrast to a mere "technology transfer". To this, the lectures of the following invited "non-Andean" colleagues were major contribu­tions: G. 0. Allard, Univ. of Georgia; G. M. Anderson, Univ. of Toronto; I. Lambert, Baas Becking Laboratory, Canberra; and D. Large, Braunschweig. We are especially grateful to all authors who have contributed to this book, both with their papers and with numerous suggestions regarding content and form. We thank also the German Science Foundation (DFG), the German Academic Ex­change Service (DAAD), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Volkswagen Foundation for their generous financial sup­port during the numerous research projects which led to this book and for making possible the coordination between the five editors, presently working in four different countries. Appreciation is due to Dr. W. Engel, Mrs. G. Hess, and Mrs. M. Boning, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, and also many members of the staff of the Mineralo­gisch-Petrographisches Institut of the University of Heidelberg, specifically Dr. Cornelia Kluth, Mrs. Marion DeMille, Mrs. Silvia Rosas, Mr. Cesar Munoz, and Mr. Michael Doppler for their con­tinuous help during all stages of the preparation of this work.

As editors, we are confident that this volume will constitute a valuable contribution to Andean metallogeny. Three main aims should have been accomplished. First, it is primarily a report of facts, or a new interpretation of known facts. The coverage of the subject is, quite naturally, not complete; but we believe that the ex­amples given represent most if not all of the major types of strata­bound ore deposits in the Andes and that they will make investiga­tions available to the international community which in many cases were hardly accessible or even unpublished. It is understood that this book deals only with stratabound deposits. In several contribu-

Preface VII

tions, however, the deposits described lie at the edge of the defini­tion and transitions to other ore deposit types also referred to.

The second aim is to provide type examples for reference in a more general, international context. The past 40 years of explora­tion for, and research on stratabound ore deposits have resulted in an upsurge of more exploration. It has also become clear that strata­bound ores are, in many cases, more extended and extensive than other types of ore deposits. And since stratabound deposits require knowledge of the stratified sedimentary and/or volcanic host rock, the previous gap between stratigraphy and/or sedimentology on the one hand, and economic geology, on the other, had to be closed as much as possible.

But this last statement touches on the third aim already. This is the clarification of the heavily battered and often misunderstood terms and concepts, syngenetic versus epigenetic, with respect to stratabound ores. The reader will s.ee in all instances that the term stratabound does not have any genetic implication. Stratabound ore deposits form both contemporaneously, and also much later than their host rock through a variety of genetic processes.

Numerous contributions include results of advanced geochemi­cal techniques. Trace element and/or isotope signatures, fluid inclu­sion data, etc. provide useful tools for better interpretations and, logically, more reliable indications in exploration. However, we should never rely on only one approach. The geo-metric and the geo-chemical approach must go hand in hand. And, if there is disagreement, it is certainly not a bad recommendation to stay "sit­ting on the fence", until a better solution is found. A genetic model based on one approach only too often has led to one-sided inter­pretations which hold back the advancement of our science and lead exploration astray.

Of course, "tempora mutantur et nos mutamus in illis" - and not only we, but also our approaches to the truth vary with the course of history. Consequently, there will be improvements and ad­justments of the models presented in this book. Nevertheless, we hope that it will serve the three aims mentioned above and, at the same time, it will help to define new research and exploration objec­tives.

January 1990 G. C. AMSTUTZ, Heidelberg M. CARDOZO, Lima E. CEDILLO, Guanajuato L. FONTBOTE, Heidelberg/Geneve J. FRUTOS, Concepci6n

Contents

Part I Introduction

The Andes Cordillera: A Synthesis of the Geologic Evolution J. Frutos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Geologic-Metallogenetic Evolution of the Peruvian Andes M. Cardozo and E. Cedillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

The Metalliferous Ore Deposits of Chile and Argentina, and Their Geologic Framework J. Oyarzun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes: A Review and a Classification According to Their Geotectonic Setting L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Part II Description of Ore Deposits

Pre-Andean Period

Stratabound Sulfide Occurrences in the Paleozoic of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru H. W. Kobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Stratabound Cu-(Ag) Deposits in the Permian Mitu Red-Bed Formations, Central Peru H. W. Kobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Geology of the Cu-(Ag, Bi) Stratabound Deposit Cobriza, Central Peru M.A. Huaman, E. Antunez de Mayolo and A.M. Rivera 129

Gold Deposits in Lower Paleozoic Sediments of the Cordillera Real, Bolivia H.-J. Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

The Stratabound Kellhuani Tin Deposits, Bolivia B. Lehmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

X

El Aguilar Mine: An Ordovician Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Lead-Zinc Deposit in the Central Andes

Contents

R. J. Sureda and J. L. Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Oolitic Stratabound Iron Ores in the Silurian of Argentina and Bolivia M.-A. Boso and C. R. Monaldi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

The "La Helvecia" Pb, Zn, and Barite Deposit, Argentina A. Brodtkorb and M. K. de Brodtkorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

The Barite Deposits of Canota, Argentina M. K. de Brodtkorb, I. B. A. Schalamuk, S. Ametrano, R. Fernandez and R. Etcheverry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Massive Sulfides in the Greenstone Belt of South-Central Chile - An Overview G. Alfaro and S. Callao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Banded Iron Formation and Massive Sulfide Orebodies, South-Central Chile: Geologic and Isotopic Aspects S. Callao, G. Alfaro and K. Hayashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Data from Some Massive Sulfide Occurrences in the Metamorphic Basement of South-Central Chile F. Herve, R. J. Pankhurst, M. Brook, G. Alfaro, J. Frutos, H. Miller, W. Schira and G. C. Amstutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

The Piren Alto Cu-(Zn) Massive Sulfide Occurrence in South-Central Chile - A Kieslager-Type Mineralization in a Paleozoic Ensialic Mature Marginal Basin Setting W. Schira, G. C. Amstutz and L. Font bote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Andean-Cycle

Triassic-Liassic (Carbonate Platform)

Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Pucara Basin An Overview L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru A Summary H. W. Kobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

The Zn-Pb-(Ag) Deposits Huaripampa and Carahuacra in the Mining District of San Cristobal, Central Peru M. Dalheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Machcan Mine: A Pb-Zn Ore Deposit in Pucara Sediments of the Atacocha District, Central Peru W. Hirdes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Contents XI

Sulfur Isotope Studies in the Zinc-Lead Mine San Vicente, Central Peru H. Gorzawski, L. Fontbote, C. W. Field and R. Tejada 305

Liassic-Lower Cretaceous

a) Volcanic Sequences at the Magmatic Arc

Geology of the Buena Esperanza Copper-Silver Deposit, Northern Chile C. M. Palacios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

The Susana Copper(-Silver) Deposit in Northern Chile. Hydrothermal Mineralization Associated with a Jurassic Volcanic Arc F. Wolf, L. Fontbote and G. C. Amstutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

b) Volcaniclastic Sequences in Intra-Arc Basins

The Conglomerate-Hosted Copper Deposits at Caleta Coloso, Chile S. Flint and P. Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

The Atacama-Coquimbo Ferriferous Belt, Northern Chile S. Espinoza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

La Negra-Coquimbana Manganiferous District, Southern Atacama Desert, Chile M. Pincheira and L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

c) Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences in Back-Arc Basins (in Part Marginal Basins)

Massive Sulfides in Colombia F. Ortiz B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

The Cu-Zn-Au-Ag Deposit of La Plata (Toachi), Ecuador R. W. Lehne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

The Copara Metallotect in Central Peru: Geologic Evolution and Ore Formation M. Cardozo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Palma: A Nonmetamorphic Stratabound Massive Zn-Ba Occurrence in the Eastern Casma Group of Central Peru K. Steinmtiller and A. Wauschkuhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

The Agustina Mine, a Volcanic-Hosted Copper Deposit in Northern Chile S. Hopf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

XII Contents

El Soldado, a Stratabound Copper Deposit Associated with Alkaline Volcanism in the Central Chilean Coastal Range E. Klohn, C. Holmgren and H. Ruge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Geological Characteristics of Stratabound Deposits Associated with Lacustrine Sediments, Central Chile F. Camus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

The Cerro Negro Mine, Chile: Manto-Type Copper Mineralization in a Volcaniclastic Environment S. Elgueta, A. Hodgkin, E. Rodriguez and A. Schneider 463

The Toqui Zinc-Lead-Copper-Silver Deposits, Aysen Province, Chile F. W. Wellmer and E. J. Reeve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

The Mining District of the General Carrera Lake and the Rosillo Manto Deposit, Aysen Province, Southern Chile A. Schneider and R. Toloza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

d) Marine Sedimentary Sequences in Back-Arc Basins

Geologic Evolution of the Atacama Basin During the Lower Cretaceous M. E. Cisternas and L.. L. Diaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

The Bandurrias Iron Ore Deposit, Atacama Region, Northern Chile M. E. Cisternas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

The Bellavista Zn-Ag Mine, Copiap6 Region, Chile L. L. Diaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

The Mamifia Barite Mine, Atacama Region, Chile L. L. Diaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

e) Platform Sediments Attached to the Foreland

Stratabound Lead-Zinc Deposits in the Jurassic Chaucha Formation, Central Peru E. Cedillo .... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Stratabound Polymetallic Ore Deposits of the Santa Metallotect in the Huanzala and Pachapaqui Mining Areas in Central Peru R. Carrascal and J. Saez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Stratabound Ore Deposits of Hualgayoc, Cajamarca, Peru S. Canchaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Geology of Iscaycruz Ore Deposits in the Santa Formation, Central Peru G. Flores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Contents

Vanadiferous Occurrences in the Pariatambo Formation and at Sincos, Central Peru

XIII

c. Canepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

The Barite and Celestite Metallotects of the Neuquen Retroarc Basin, Central Argentina V. A. Ramos and M. K. de Brodtkorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Upper Cretaceous-Recent

The Polymetallic Ore Deposit of Colquijirca, Central Peru R. W. Lehne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

The Sediment-Hosted, Stratabound Copper Deposits of San Bartolo, Northern Chile S. Flint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

The Stratiform Ag-Cu Deposit El Jardin, Northern Chile C. K. Mayer and L. Font bote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

The Stratabound Tuff-Hosted Elisa de Bordos Silver-Mercury Deposit, Northern Chile M. Jurgeit and L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

Origin of the Copper Ores at Corocoro, Bolivia W. Avila-Salinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Stratabound Uranium Deposits in the Argentinian Andes R. E. Ferreyra and L. E. Lardone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

The El Laco Magnetite Lava Flow Deposits, Northern Chile: An Up-To-Date Review and New Data J. Frutos, J. Oyarzun, Y. Shiga and G. Alfaro . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Volcanic Sulfur Deposits in the Andes of Northern Chile F. Ferraris and T. Vila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Salar Deposits in Northern Chile T. Vila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Borate Deposits in the Andes R.N. Alonso and J. G. Viramonte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Part III General Geochemical Topics

Minor and Thace Elements in the Polymetallic Stratabound Ore Deposits of the Central Peruvian Andes P. Soler and M.A. Lara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

Lead Isotopes in the Chilean Ores A. Puig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

XIV

Metal Sources in Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes (Andean Cycle) - Lead Isotopic Constraints

Contents

L. Font bote, K. A. Gunnesch and A. Baumann . . . . . . . . . . 759

Appendix

Main Characteristics of Representative Andean Stratabound Ore Deposits and General Index of Districts. Mines, and Occurrences (Printed Lists of a Data Base) L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

Map of Stratabound Ore Deposits of the Andes J. Frutos, L. Font bote and G. C. Amstutz (Inside Back Cover)

Contributors

You will find the addresses at beginning of the respective contribution

Alfaro, G. 199, 209, 221, 681 Alonso, R.N. 721 Ametrano, S. 193 Amstutz, G.C. 221, 229, 319 Antunez de Mayolo, E. 129 Avila-Salinas, W. 659 Baumann, A. 759 Boso, M.A. 175 Brodtkorb, A. 187 de Brodtkorb, M.K. 187, 193,

599 Brook, M. 221 Camus, F. 449 Canchaya, S. 569 Canepa, C. 595 Cardozo, M. 37, 395 Carrascal, R. 555 Cedillo, E. 37, 537 Cisternas, M. E. 495, 505 Collao, S. 199, 209 Dalheimer, M. 279 Diaz, L. L. 495, 513, 253 Elgueta, S. 463 Espinoza, S. 353 Etcheverry, R. 193 Fernandez, R. 193 Ferraris, F. 691 Ferreyra, R. E. 671 Field, C. W. 305 Flint, S. 339, 621 Flores, G. 583 Fontbote, L. 79, 229, 523, 305,

319, 365, 637, 647, 759, 777 Frutos, J. 3, 221, 681 Gorzawski, H. 305 Gunnesch, K.A. 759 Hayashi, K. 209 Herve, F. 221 Hirdes, W. 293 Hodgkin, A. 463 Holmgren, C. 435

Hopf, S. 421 Huaman, M.A. 129 Jurgeit, M. 647 Klohn, E. 435 Kobe, H. W. 113, 123, 267 Lara, M.A. 735 Lardone, L. E. 671 Lehmann, B. 147 Lehne, R. W. 389, 615 Martin, J. L. 161 Mayer, C. K. 637 Miller, H. 221 Monaldi, C. R. 175 Ortiz, F. 379 Oyarzun, J. 61, 681 Palacios, C. M. 313 Pankhurst, R. J. 221 Pincheira, M. 365 Puig, A. 749 Ramos, V. A. 599 Reeve, E. J. 463 Rivera, A.M. 129 Rodriguez, E. 463 Ruge, H. 435 Saez, J. 555 Schalamuk, I. B. A. 193 Schira, W. 221, 229 Schneider, A. 473, 485 Schneider, H.-J. 137 Shiga, Y. 681 Soler, P. 735 Steinmtiller, K. 413 Sureda, R. J. 161 Tejada, R. 305 Toloza, R. 485 Turner, P. 339 Vila, T. 691, 703 Viramonte, J. G. 721 Wauschkuhn, A. 413 Wellmer, F. W. 473 Wolf, F. B. 319