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r ü ü f í j . t i a t 'i-í t t i". u. . t ' 1 u.b c o t j v e r t t i i . t o ^ i . u " i i t , u r u l t l e

i r . ces iBe i i . .uuet- t l -o u i i . u r d t i e i i . v i . i t l e C c s r r a t r h cf i r a , -

c r b : u r r . U r e r ! i n t h e ' o c r r r * c f t h e i i ^or. "sr i <• >-- L ^ , P Í r i5 up t o t i e

C r e a t o r ' 6 t o s e t i e h c l o r u u o t o f t V e i r h y ' n : , l l l r e t h e -^.orrint;^

l a l f u r - i r s t e a n r a i s e s i r ^Vie T j ^ p i f ! ^ir tVe ■i.ei.dow & r c * - í i , t h e

sonj^n o f t h e f l c w c s a r d t^ e > r i c r i r t o . ^ i t^at i c n , T h e v o i c e

u f o u r . ; e l f Í H ] n e c b ' a a du"uiied u p , c ' r d i n t h e r e t i r e r t ' t c f ^ o u l ? ,

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t h r o u g h their i .a t ranRcer .der . t f i2 r u r : i « r of a e p i r a t i o n and of a

rew c o r f i d e n c e i s h e a r d . " S a c r i f i c a t e j a c r i f i c a t ii.:i j i . . t i t i a e ,

e t s p e r a t f i n Doir.ino!?

I t Í B unrier t h e i n f l u e n c e of one of t h e o e er.ot i r n a , v e r y e e l -

dotr. f e i 1 ir . r^, ti^e Bcorcl e i Vy t h e i r y r e s e cf e x p e r i e n c e , t l - ^ t 1

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ü c . F e r e ...:_..y . ^ ( . . . e r a t i o n s h u / t j e t i e ) . t h r o u j . a f ^ e r tl.wSe f r c -

dk-u;.. v e i n e of t h e o c i e n o e cf a o o i c * y , i r whicl decp I r a n c h e e

t h e enioU".;.» cf t h e p r o l l e i r . s cf t h e h u r a r f a m i l y c.'^..i i r ^ t i - r

fir-.f' t h e i r c o n d i t i c r . s of e v c l u t l c r . c r t í ic er- r th 'L . s u r f a c e . w c i t K

f c " t h e ir.ces.r.<'»nt ■ . i n e r ' b \\QV\:,-f,]<icy ÍP. r o t l oo t i encd hy t h e

e n c r e c r i r . - a; d r i ? i r d i f f i c u l t ie.9 c f t h e • • v c r l n r t i : . j t a c k .

Here t i c T o r t no^i - f^e iu i-er», r-.err."!-e:-- cf 1 arli;-.;r.erit ar.d r t a -

t e s r . e : c f y o u - d have i^rcvide . l Lhe...tie] v t c \ / i t h t i e f i r õ t d e a -

l i r £ ; o i ' t h e ".. ; . t . : :L c f Irr.vr. 11.o J u r i Bd i c t i c u , a t ' j " i n ib t : ' ; i t i _ i.

and t h e p r c f e c - F c r s l ã p of i h e s e v a y t ar.d p e r p ^ e x EULJ e-it n, ,.pori

w l ' i r l t h e r t i ^ u r t u r e r f t i e n t a t e i s P p t t l e - 1 , •T.-'f h e r e t^^e a v i ? -

r y c f r-íjr a r l t i t r , t h e i L ^ l o r í t c r y - f PC l u t i r \ r , t l -e r-rl-col of r y r -

tu ; "T ,o f t h e o r i e s . o f r e f i i t d t : ' u t h s £.nd r f q t l o ? t : r r . : r u h y . i t t e d

t o i n v e s t i{;at ic n , . t \ l l t i e i n t ei " c c t u a l r r o ~ r o 3 r c f vou. ' c o u n -

t r y h a s t r a n s i t ed , uur 1: g i t n e l a V c r a l i cn , c::;; • >- ic n , c c n s o l i d a -

t i c n aiid f ru : t : ' " io f t i r n , thruu;_,h the : ;o r^-c; ,r , t h r c u f h thec-e l e ; -

c h e e . t h r o u t j V t h e - í ? ^ f f ^ft^j'-!^cr' .- c h a i r r , whic l t h e l u r t r e c f .[;lo-

r i c u s i-esrn d r e r es w i t h thcxt h o l i r e c s w i t h v.hich t h e v c r d i -

g r i c c f t i : e rt^ndcrr, : 'e leT:r ; : tc- ' t h e a n ? i r r t I r o r . z c p .

A l i t h t í s e : r . a g e B , t l ' e BYCÍCWC- - f t l i c r c t r < - d : t i r n s , t h e h c l p

c f t h e c e rer .e ; ": r a i . c e s t ^ l o r i f i e d h\ t h e o d r - i " , i t i c i i and ; - r f . t i -

t u d e cf t h e conte;..x-c: a r i e ; - . u - 1 ' ,f their. ncw cum.i^.ried m \y t h e

p a t r i o t i c d a t e s a r d Vy t h e ] i h e r a l J i l y rcccrd í - - ,y ^u v/ou] d tl.i '-.k

t i ej -.v.-.a : f i l l up t h e ha in c f t l : i . . l-a.-ul l \ , .vhen u fpv. r . i r i - t f

ago Hiv h e ó l t a t i r ^ i f c o t n t e j - E c f a f o r o

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vvit}, v/hich l e r.i ht know 1-o* t e v/i.d i t t a c h , j ar .cca c v e r i t a

t h r e s h > > J . The l o r g and I r i ^ i . t t l e u i i t í : í i ^ LUI ii.-.-i.orta: a, tl-.ei r

l o n g r e t m u t ' v. f 2aurfM.t»'S , u r f oi d i n ^ t o cur e; •_•; M e h i b t e r j

~ :' t h e ^ . r c e r t i r . i a r . i r . te l" ! e r t u i l i t y , hat: l e v . i Z d e r e d ..r..\ i . i x c i

Ui Vrill t h t F.plei .dcur c f tl-.ic. f e - T t i v i t y . h . t r,y i n ' . ^ : : ; : eye

e i -1 t r t i l l d i n c e r n r . tl^en k e r e ;.''"£ ~V 1 e :, e:;Yc2 vinjf t h e r ' ; j

a l i v t i ^ u l t i t u d e on t}'c dur rr-^wd : f t h e r e v i v e i d quv:;, i j ,

7: ■.. t i . t i T p e n e t r a t i n ^ ^ c u r i ç s i t y , t i e r a r h r e r c cT t h e ptr. .r-t_c: ■.vho

hue n u t had t h e " f r ^ r e t i c n --f r c f u s i r , - , ^ LUÍ' c a l ] , '..'l.y . i h . a l d

t h e foxeir ' i . ( - : , t i e unl:ni/.-r , t i e inco ; i] " t e 1 " , ,e h» r e ?

lie haf c . i , e , - r e i i t ] e r e r , t o h r i n i j ' o t h e r.ovfrr- : ,,*2 ' '^ *'• '

Ar j u t . t i n i a j {^reati.er.. , t h e t r i h u t - - ' r f . ' ! * d Í P r - ' 0 cf ; f r e e ' - e r r t ,

.vhicl I -.0 n o t know v . h e t r e r o\<tíí: ;..ore lo yo^. t o di y i n ' l i h c -

n o u r s of t h i s no] cr.r i t y , . s 3'ou r e c e i v c rc l i k e ":y G o v e r n r e : t

and ivj l l a t i c n n^eüccncer , c r twe: t y t h r e e yec. rc a,_o, .''l en . o u oi : ;

n o t r t ' f u t e t o th.e e x x . a t r i a t e d t h e a p y l u . of ^ c u r hc ::,pitu"; i t y ,

t h e e h e l t e r of y o u r l a w ü . t l s u r e t y of y o u r i ^h ie ld ,

Froiii _^_Qlj j;y' J'<^ I n d e p e n c e r . e e

I t wac t i en t h a t l i e r e a d i n i / c i r r y L>:i1e üe^ - y .•ti.v*i>.r^

th.e v c l u r e c c f \ou i - A l t e r e i , l h e f i i c t . u t , . c t cf i,o:-Tfi -A-I-o r e t

r.e i n c o n n e c t i c n Víith t h e A r g e n ' - i n i a r . l i l e r a l tLcü^l t i i , L..''U V ÍI O".,

d e c p i t e hi í - a n t i - L r a i i i l i a n p r e v ê : . t i c r.;-;;, 1 uli.iro : . . r e ar.d .-.ore,

a r d up t o t h i s da^ I re^jard au one of t h e rr.o^-t c e l c c t i t e l l i -

t^cnccc i r . t h e Arncrl.ca;. Z i t e r a i u r e .The l e a r . : t r l "Tucui.-v.i.'.;r" , or.e

of t l . e í j l o r i t c of ?ui;:i:.j£- A i r e s a n c i ^ n t U : . i v e r 6 i t j / , ir. t l :e second

q u a r t e r of l a c t c e n t u r y . o r t h e Irrd days c f h i s c o u r . t r y , e>:pe: ' icn-

ced t v ; i c e t h e Gci-rtAv cf a r e f u g e o , r e e k i n r f i r r>t m : . . cn t ev i aeo

and t h c n i r C h i l i . a t t h e nhadov/ cf f c r r i ^ j i e r ' s l - d g i n g . t h e s h e l -

t c r ' . ,hre Ye c o u l J frec. : : , ' ahc u s e c f l.it. . v r i t i n ^ and t h i r . k i n ;

r i g h t e .

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It víaíí under similar circur.stancec that I got to know tl.e Ar^entinian regicns in l893. " 'oü dejé lai pais",sai(i he la­ er on,"yo dejé :r.i pais en buí­ca de ]a :ihertc.á de atacar Ia pcii­tica de su jol ieme, >.iuando ese gcbiernc castigaba e: exercício de toda libertad, ccrio criinen de traiçon á Ia pátria". For hini it wae not E.uf f iciebt, as it wa;­ fcr oth.ers, "ei deseo de ser libre" He 1 ad not, regarding freedom,ti is kind of "platonic le­ve". He lüved it in n.aterii­.l end riatter of fact way. "I love it to poseess it",he added."La arno para pooeeria. . .Pero no hay nas que un m xio de poseer su libertad.y ese consiste en poaecr Ia seguridad coupleta de si misiiiÈ. Libertad que no es set uri­

dad no es garantia,es un escollo". That ic ho­.v it was defined ir. Kngland,United States,and the

Argen'.inian vãt enterpreted through oine of its best thirJíer's work.used already to define it no other way."La civilizacion politica í-.s Ia I iberi ad, .Pero Ia libertad... no es otra cosa wue Ia Eeguridad:la seguridad de Ia vida,de Ia persona.de Ia fortuna. 2er civiniz^do parH un Bajon de raza.es ser libre. Ser libre es estar seguro de nao ser atacado en su persona,en Bu vida.en su bieHes.por tener opinones desagradables ai go­bierno. La libertad que no significa eB0,es una libertad de comedia. La primera y ultima palabra de Ia civilizacion es Ia seguridad individual".

Ali civilization.thereby,is contained in freedom.all free­dorr. in the safety of individual rights. Freedom and lawful sa­fety are equivalent terms which can be substituted one for the Other. The social state that does not ground on this truth is an oppresBive social Btate:the oppresBion of majorities against minoritiefa,or that of minoritiea against majorities,two ex­preasions substancially sistere of tyranny,both illigitimate, abBurd and barbarising. The Latir, Hepublic. ir. thir Continent

that divorse fron their more or lese free Costituticns, ai:d sirik them.selves ir savagery,wi] 1 nut owe this unforturate luck but to the disgrace of despi­in,­: and rot practising this very cimple ludirnent of conotitutiona] philosèphy.

Forgotten or abolished this elementary principie, the íjovern­inentti, devcted, trhough theii' cli rterr., to the reputlican s steiu, but really grounded on intolerance, shall fali iiiímediatel in­to this peculiar ütate cf chmaicle epilepcy, whicl phenoriina l.lr. Lucas Ayagarray described with Tacitus' bri^htness in his book­"La Anarquia Argentina y ei Caudi lisr.o"­and one of your greatest historinas lÂr. Vicente Lopez,characterized in proper words,when he treats,in his great "Historia de Ia .Republica Argentina"of "ei descenso fatal dei organismo pcMtico hacia Ia tirania absoluta".

The flpanish dominatiou had not fitted the people8,like the Eritish Colonization of llorth AJaerica did.for the regime of liberty, From the absolute oubmisaion to rudimentary forms of passive obeyance,they could not get at the sel­government on the system of people íor people,without sorrowful transitions. The Beed cultivated by the truculent despotism of the absolute kings logically beggot th( despotism of the rude doihineerir.g leaders, llence this "barharian põem" of servility and disorder, this"cyclopic oubversion" , the "gauchocracy" (gaúcho* s rule).t:.at practise anarohy to mendicity, encourage cruelty to delyriuiii, make mob conuaotion and brir­g forth the doraineering leader, dye the history of the pampas with bloud.and, with a savage military 8Uperatition,with the customa of a cruel partizanahip, divide Bociety into excecutioners and outlaws,classify the ci­tizens In patriótica and traitors,enthrone up in the power the blood­thirsty dominoering ones.and desert the country With

8 cultured witB.arieing with them the exile,whre.omidBt dazzling constellations.shine your firbt rate starsithe Sarmiontoa,the AlberdiB.the Rivadavias, the Tejedores, the Lopez.the í­Iitrec, the Varelas,the Canes,the Escheverrias,the Lavalles,the Gutier­ree.the Indarte8,the Irigoyens,and so,80 nany others.where the Lrigliteet rays of the Argentinian intelligence are concentra­ted.and whence they epread themeelves off.

Ali those who do not enlist in this cruel and plundering de­inago y are out cf the"laws protection", are"egrogicuo criminais", have"infar.ous feelineB« .are taken for the^vilest tein re in 80­ciety",rtinke up the class of the"fi]thy and the savage onee? In virulent literature,which is eent forth hy these disaatrous pa­radoxims.the plethoru cf the brother­killing hatred introducea thia monstroua vocatulary,wh!­e eaoh outrage reflecto out the darkeat pasaions of misuse of power,encouraged with omniform facultieb.with tuK.ultuary dictatorship.with grottec^que plebiscite, in which the unanir/.ity of votes collected by Terror, crowns the "law restorers",anà the betraying decreea.that strike the notlest representatives of the just arising but already alive.apreading and brightenir­ii juridical culture.

These unrelatal.le dark and accursed days.for Argentine'B hap­pinesR.go by already far away. For her they have paasad away, though have not done so in other regicns of this Continent.There were republica,Just twenty years ago.under the ­South Croas", where the political outcastc were branded in their destiny with the stigmu of treachery.eniiiatir­g from official utterances just to tíu­nish abroad the peraecuted ones.

Argentine of to­day Yòu have.however,long ago consolidatcd your civilization.Twen­

ty five years, at least,of steady govenincnt, incessant order c.nd

^^

uninterrupted progresíj, have releaeed you for ever froin the re­falle into the anarchy evil. A vast devei op.­ient of lAealth.the collecticns of work in the proaperity,an ^bundant trannfuKicn of the Kuropean blood.a civiain educated on the lect exe;fiplc.rie8 of conservative liburty, f.:reat refcrmations pickec out with is­

cretion,loyally úàopted and honestly practised,have releaoed the tracea of the ancient aiJiaents frc;. your rcbust crganism, fated fcr ;, giant growth.^iave secured you a (ieflnitive reputa­tion in the world.and Lave made out cf the Argent_nian Republic one f}'.e contemporury civili:'.aticn centerD.a nation v/hoce envya­ble progress can te òl;ortened in a v/ord­saying that Argentir.e iiS' an organiaed country,

Whwnever a situaticn like thie is secured and Eettle.,you can turn your rr.ir.d tack to the r.ci.e \y bad days with tranquil­lity and pride. i:eithei tLe An.erican sky.nor ti e race cr the teriitory can answer fcr those bad days. The ultraí.iari e oprec­pion.tLe colonizaticn and tiie conqueat influencc­s are the ones responsable fcr their., Saturated with a nonastic, iespotic, super* titicus and servi] e educat ic/,, the peoplc­founJe.^s cf theae iar.cte, implanted in ther.,with rhe original tm cf their cífspring ti e attav.sm of absolutÍLn vices, entríiiled for centuries i:. the or­ganisn of the Iberian people,vices whose riali(­:naric,\ cul.Tinatec: under the Uidaay P­einon and y.is degeneratc­d after­cor,erL­.. Like­

Barthloraev/ ,,. . ^ „ . wice tr. ­itrt .it see G te r..e th.at"ningun pueblo se hu­biese gobernado iiiejor a si .lútr.o en Ias condicicnes eri que se enccntrancn Ias colcniós his}, ano­ar er: car.as , c.l en.: .,cipórse y fun­dar Ia Republica,que estaba en su genialidad pero no en sus an­tecedentes y coGtumbres."

Mr. Louis Varela,ii his notatle"Histcrir Constitucicnd rfe the

Ia Repucllca /irger.t inn , lercnr.trate . ,with diíference celwetn ti e

10 two emancipaiing movenents,how much more difficult it was that of Hiver Plate Urúted Provirxes, in tlio co;ainence lont of tl.e l^th century.to that of United 3tates jf North ;uiierica, in lhe second quarter of the eighteenth century. The ::Qrt: Air.erica­.s pleaded for rights.in v/hich possessior. they had been sinoe th.o Gottleiient, while the Argentinians entered a revolution to have riglita to whi­ch tliey aspired and had ncver had. The puritans who peopled the !Torth American Colonies brought over there, ai'.ng with them, the British civilizing institutiona. But the Spaniards „ho took up the River Plate regiona were conquerers of territórios,which they held .bending themselves to the arms la.v. In the Chartej­á granted by the Engliah Crown to the líorth American Colonies there were real constitutiona,that extended to the emigrants ali freedom secured in their raother­land. The Spanish Coloniea were but factor's esta­bliahinenta discretionally ruled by vica­roys in the name of the Surope in Sovereign. When rid from the Metrópole, the Britiah Domi­

niona were already seif­governea entitieo,politically provided wi­th republican representative governments. The Argeiitinians upon breaking their colonial bonda did not find anything else in the heap with which they ente:íll the aelf­ruling life but the Gpanish centralization traditions,the lawa of Indies.and a ruainental out­line of township in the "cabild08''of the citiea. Up there ali the local power raiaed from the people,w?iü3e polis elected their go­vernora. Ilere the ruled onea had no individual or collective vote on the choice of their rulerc. Up there, to raise up a nation.it y(

was suflicient the Btates corabining together and reaigning a very small fraction of their aovereignty. Here everything relating to local,provincial and national inatitutiona,which the Republic pro­ducing a popular­fiat",aummoned from a chaoa and iraprovised from nothing.waa to be done.

11 It was not straiige, thereforti, that i:­en of a .'lear vision wcu~ d

fear the work th.at was to be und^ertaken, and that Dr. I.Iar.ael Cas­tro, before the :neeting of Tucunan Congress, expressei hiõ fears, sayin^:" De.iics que se organioe Ia r/AJ Lella Constttuciu.i Fedearal que h ui conocido los Hstados . ual será será ei genic.^ue acierte en ponerla en ejecucion? Uoraento pe:ijroão;el tie..;po rcsjZverá et­ta gran question."

The question fi.Mshe up in the course of time. üut it .vas n^t solved by anyboày's genius. The miracle of solving it belongs to the Argentinian people's wit. I t was th.eir de:'"i0c rat. o 1;. tinct tljeir powerful qualitiea of assimilat ion, their natural character of familiarizing with free inatitutio.iü, that leu youkr total and absolute entrance into the really emancipated naticna consent.

Hiatorical abrid^ement of the Argentinian independence When the revolutionary drarric. broke .jut , on the vast scenery

of Latin America, along with tiie insurreotions which br^ke out from River Plate to Chili.fro... Venezuela to IJexico.on a general impelling force that comprises ali the Spanish Colonies,the hou­se of Perdinand 7 fh and Charles ■4­th, deethroned m loOo by ílapolec­nic invaaion,eees that Count Àranda's forebodings were a fact. Thia nobleman in l/Bi already advised his Sovereign to give vo­luntarily up the hold of his "profesaion3"in the two Américas, establishin.i down there three distinct kingdu:rP, upon which the sha­dow of tho old European Monarchy,raiaed to imperial di­nity.shoula be extended.

The celebratcd atateaman.on a atroke of wonderfui long­aightod­ness.annoLÍèed since that epoch the aeparation of international eatatea.that Caateila Crown thouglit aub.mitted to its ownerohip by an unbibdable dependence. The aeparation of the North Amoricai. Colonies did not diminiah their confidence i n the vasaalage of those of their own. But the Counaellor Preaident of Llaàrid

(,

Goverruuent, on the oontrary, unders^anding the iraportance of that leason.tried to persuade the Spanish Throne. "AcaLaínoa^aaid he, "acabamoa de reconocer una nueva potência,en un pais en que nu eiis-te ninguna otra en estado de cortar BU vuelo. i-sta Republica Fe­deral naciü pigruea. Ilegarú un dia en ^ue creaoa y se torne un gigante y u*; coloso en quellas regionea. Dentro de pocoa anos veremoa con veriadero dolor Ia existancia de ese coloso. Su pri-::ier paso qui ndc huya logrado engrandecimiento, serú apoderarse de Ia Florida y doiainar ei í olfo dei IJejioo. Estoa temores san r.ují furulaios.y deben realisarse dentor de pocoa anos, si no presenciar­mos V tra comociones mas funentas en nueatraa A;..ericaa."

e The crovaied forheads do not use to listen to warnir.gs like these.

Charles 3d dià not take heed of his long-sigíited counsellor. Aud or. the track ^í the' Xortii Araericaii revolution there caine the Fren-ch Hevolution.and on that of l,"'d') follov/ed the "apoleonic deluge, ir. whose torraer.ts sir.ke the house of Bourbon, in Spain. The '.Vashir,--ton and Paria sparkü -./ould soon crackle in the Plate'3 air. The 3oul3 3:ribued, through the worKs of lúoreno and Belgrano.with the French pliilosophy of the l8th century, agitate themyelvea excitedl^' and the happeningâ fly clci...iourously up i;. a fast rua'' towards the arri7al of this nationality,aince iSCó.when,w-th the rcconquert of Buenos A^res,with the Cabil Io Albierto froni Plaza ::ayor,and víi*;"! the vietoriouo entry of Linier.the first appearance of the Argentinian people v/ab noticed, until lolo.when Tucuman Asseiably announcea áefinitively tlie nc.tional ejnat.jipation.

On the lOth of February of l3C7,a Eoarà of otacles deterüii-r.ed t\e õuspension of the vioe-roy cnd the seisure of his papers, That Í3 what youfc liiatoriana reasonably call the firat trianph of the soverei;ig people. Froi.i the aeconi.' to tl-i' fifth of July, the charge and deforice of th:.e City is stru-j gled for. The Lritish

13 aea and land forces surrender, emb .rk, leave River Plate. "Buenoa AyreB'',aaid Don Cornelio de Saave.ira, "I ueiija Ayrej con aua solos }.ijoa y aua /ecindar ios ,hiiQ esta i.;e. lorubl e deftínBa,y ae cubrió de gloria".

The revolution of lat of January of l30^, disbi.miing th Sparásh forcea, surrer»dered to the popular n.ili tia , ge jureo for thein ano-ther great atep on lhe Wd.y to independ i.ce. This victory of Bue-no'3 Ayrea araia :.-.ade vvay for tiie next yaar revolution. Tliat of l8l0,8tarted on May 2Ct"i.,Gan be accounted as actually carried out on the 22d,w''rien the Cabilio Albierto, that waa naned General Congresa.puts down tlie Spanish legal pov/ers. The general feeling then can already be declared in the rtiinarkable phrase of .'loreno: "La Espana ha caducado en Arr.erica".

Tvfo days afterv/ards a monentary reaction ^ien to establisli the king's lav,'s again. But on the saine day.at nigrit.the city peo­ple, free frora reatraint,agita'e threateningly iu the streets; and at tlie next day dav;n,tlie popular rnasses burat the colonial aubn.is-sion chains.announ.^ing.upon the election of the Bulir. ; Junta, the con?titution of the firct Gover:i.;.erit set up - o rule the Ur.i-ted Prcvinces oÊ River Plate.

It iJ the revolution of ;.Iay 25th tj at rnakes the Yice-Kinjdorn in Beunoa Ayrtfs tj expire. The other towns and villages on the invitation of the lattcr help i: ser.ding their aeputies to the organization íf a federal governTien t, o f an executivo power,eot.i-blisheJ Jn Deccnber of lólO, in v/hich the outline of a federution, 01' the repreaentati ve aystern and of the republican forin is ...ade, v/hich oth : deeds of tlie great revo:j.tion vvcull not take long to develop, conclude -ind soZ ilify,

In the fvvo following yeara the redeoning and crganizinf agi-tcvticr. increacer.-. In iSll the Ruli. .j Board supplies the ari^in^

14 rspubli:; with the Organic Regulation of the 22d of Cctobcr,it5 first conatitution,-..-hose ardinancea, in their maj ority .preced those Cf the present constitution. Tliat ia 7/here the nation is baptized with the name of United Proviacea. In thia primitive document of your oonstitutional exiatence,the declaration of war, the performing of v;ork,the tax-levying of tlie country,t;e esta-blishing of tribunais and public officed,the inviolability of mer.bera jf Parliainent, tlie legal responsability of the exccutive power.the independence of the judicial one and the inuividual garanties, are already preserved to the legislative power;and a-niongst these, the greatest of allrthat of "habeaa-corpus" .which amongat us in Brazil.haa gotten the greatest deveiopment,but aid not nationalize with the Brazilian legislation but twenty one years after It waa consagrated in your firat scheme of conatitu-tion.

The Blavery traffic A few montha later.in April of l8l2,a Govern.Tient act closes

the territory of the country to the human flesh traffic:"Se pro-hibe absoluteunente Ia intriduccion de expediciones de esclavos en ei territotio de Ias Provincias Unidas". That is the great humanitarian aspiration.which Brazil could only carry out fifty two and United Gtates thirty yeara later on,through one of the moB" wondiful civil wars that have ever stained the world with blood,

Fourty eight years after the act of l8l2,the Argentinian Cons, titution stated:"There are no slaveo in the Argentinian Nation; the ones existéng shall be freed since the oath of this Consti­tution." At that time United States had not yet succede in at-taining this conquest,which,preciaely in that epoch.was on the eve of originating the tremendous internai revolution,that,during a luster menaced to dissolve the '.'orth Ainerican ündion.and Brazil

15 cculd only carry into effejt twenty aeven years afterv/ards.

A parallel. Coramenting this parallel,! wrote seven yeara ago.in the Brazi-

lic-n press:"Had Brazil impressed the same chriatian principie upon the angular stone of her independence and of her political organization,the courae of our civilization,the swiftness of our prugresü.the lature of our charucter,woul i be otherwise." "Jr.for-tunately the lot preaerved for ua Ly the original inconsequence of the authora of our ej-iancioation,v/aa prett\ diverae. Our future hiatorinas will not be able to say,as the historian of her inde-penuence said twelve yaera ago.with refence to Argentino Kepublii:: that slavery,as an institution,Lffected very littie the econoni-cal and moral conditions of the ariaing society. Far from that, aniongat us,on the contrary,all the chain of our histjry coiinects with the iron ring of the African slavery. Kence tlie bi -gest con-trast between men and nature,vvhich tarnish our reputation and hurable our forhead before the foreignero. During three genera-tions we had been free,prosperous and rich at the cost of our fellow-creature'8 oppression. We are going to-day throue h the great expiation that shall never fail,shall never forgive the h a-torucal attempt8,the cajiital criiaes against humankind. The cor-pse of the yesterday defunct slavery is in decoraposition amongst U8,poi8oning our 3oula,our ideas.our inatitutiona with its cada-veroua miasra. Threfore we fail to have in men'8 aspect and iti that of thingo,that luster, that elegance, that brightness of tlie European civilization. These otigmaa are tenacious and do not deceive, They repreaent the Divine Justice, froin whose sentences, both people and individuais do not ransome themselves but by un-dergoing endurance.

What we owe to the Argentinian contact fot the extirpation of thia câncer, iid not pasa unperceived by our gratitudc.

16

In lbb5,Councellor Saraiva forebode that the alliance of/the Bmpire .vith the Platir.e Republica would neceoBarily reault in the extmction of slavery in Brazil. Six yeara afterwarda, Paranhos.pleadins the bill.from which carne the act of Sept>«;u­bor 28th,confirmed eloquentely theae preaentimenta;"In the end of Paraguay war I was in contact with fifty thouaand Brazi­liana.wlio were In contact with the ncighbourint; people;! know throutjh the confeaaioi. of the moat learned amongst them.how often the hated alavery inatitution vexed and humbled ua a­broaijand one oould ask the moat illuatrioua of our coiTipatriots who c a m e d out the cumpaign.whether ali of then cairiâ back, or not.eagerli wislunt^ to see initiated the reform of the ser­vile element ,whethei' we owe or not.in fact to them the nost po­.verful irapulsion which t)ie idea lately acquireJ".

The Argeatmian ^ation was quite right ii not forgetting in the feotiTitiec of Llay of l388,this title of foreruiu.er of the ."ianuraiasiou of sl:»very in Ajnerica^couatersigned by tlis greutc;üt Brazilian statesraen" ,and of her xnflueutial coopera­tion ,on the ­.v rk of cur regeneration. She was consciuus of her ..uperior ccntingent in this hu:nan ^onqucat when she opene " bro­therly her urr.is tous, celebrating '.vith us the "i ast act of the servitude supprôyai JH ir. the ^ivilized world.

It ib lijro prcciouG, let.vecn twc pc^^pleo, . traditlon li<e X that in their history than the iea-i of an alli.­nce treaty ir.

the ir chaiicerie.T. IndcT^eudeuce and emane iivatiof.

In the usual i.ni naturu] or ler c f ti.­:, .i.eoí)]­i'3 mdepea­íencc takesà place Lefore thei.' e:r..v'".ci_t at iO;.. Tui ai;.onj..t ^a, the events have altered tc e I'J.SZQ^\.^.-J sey^D.-c af V:e Lclit­­

1? y o u r e m a n c i p a t i o n r e a o m ^ j e d frQ::i Tucu:.c.i. o v e r t o th^. r i j i o n f i

t i e F ^ a t e . x r i l 5 l o , t i . e ArgeiiLir.iu.!. ^ . i t i a l Ccna t i : a t í on, tVit ■■ o-

t h u r s)f h e r l a t e r Conat i t a i ior..-, .vu.: a l r e ^ l y wrQUfe;h; ir . t h e «c r i

of Dea:. F^I .C-LJ . Í : . t L i a " O r g a n i c Regul . •.. . . . "on t h e t h r e e p o d a r a ,

w h i c h , s i n c e l . ' - i l l . was a d o p t p 1 an'-' ] . . I j c . t t J l;, tht . . - 'onaerva-

t i v e J u n t a of Euuuoo AyrciJ . T h a t war i c i;..i.,,. . . - . - .-.'■ i y.

b u r n i , ' i L r ^ t i . ^\y \,^.^^ o l J ^pt»,..^. .■. ? wl- ; .y , j . : . ' ' : ?cn: ;c i iUE " i -

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a l r e ^ d y d e v e l o p p e i i i t i t h i ^ h . a . . k ' ^ f t h e • e.v c o - i - . t ^ . t l e

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t h e faupreT..c di rer^t. -', whor, ■'^e Cen£,rec;: I t r :•„.-' ncriX' . ' i^cl, The

a í i -ü r . l l : , ^a r .nc t reí . i í . . t c r dcl< uny rc"» . The ií .iiej c rde r -ce c f

t l e Uni t t ;d r r ü v i i . c e s I r t h e " O r J e : c f t l e ■la^"fL: t h e c i l t l n t -

c f 7 u l y ? t h , The '"cr.i^rcrt r c e s n c t : . ae : " . i i . i i t a:., r. j jrt

t l e a i p l a i , . - e e '. f ' ]'^ - u Z t i t u d e t i a t -' c: i Ty i t , i n ar. . . - t cf t hn

h i ^ h e í ^ t l a n e r u a - , ' l . n i j - c v . r ' - <■ l • e , : . , , r , t c ^>c p o p u -

20

püpul. i t ic i .1, ■'"C *,].(,' r ^ r i c . w h c are 'CJr.j t e vcv." i t 'jjvíe:

parnxisr- cf f r thua ia : - r i .