I. Middle AgesI. Middle Ages

A.A. Time period between Time period between the fall of the Roman the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD) and Empire (476 AD) and the Renaissance the Renaissance (1400s)(1400s)

B.B. Also known as the Also known as the Medieval Times (Latin Medieval Times (Latin for Middle Ages)for Middle Ages)

C.C. Considered the times Considered the times between ancient and between ancient and modern timesmodern times Dover Castle, England

D.D. Middle Ages started as a Middle Ages started as a result of the Western Roman result of the Western Roman Empire collapsingEmpire collapsing

E.E. Invaders from all over Invaders from all over destroyed Roman towns and destroyed Roman towns and trade routes.trade routes.

F.F. Small Kingdoms would Small Kingdoms would develop throughout Europe develop throughout Europe with their own languages, with their own languages, laws, and cultures.laws, and cultures.

G.G. These isolated kingdoms and These isolated kingdoms and invaders were less educated invaders were less educated so reading and writing was in so reading and writing was in danger of disappearing.danger of disappearing.

II. FranksII. FranksA.A. Germanic people that would Germanic people that would

settle in Gaul, which would later settle in Gaul, which would later become Francebecome France

B.B. King of the Franks, Clovis, would King of the Franks, Clovis, would convert to Catholicism which convert to Catholicism which brought support from the Churchbrought support from the Church

C.C. With the support of the Church, With the support of the Church, Charles Martel would defeat an Charles Martel would defeat an advancing army of Muslims in advancing army of Muslims in 711 AD at the Battle of Tours711 AD at the Battle of Tours

D.D. This would help Christianity to This would help Christianity to remain Western Europe’s main remain Western Europe’s main religion religion

E.E. His son Pepin would become His son Pepin would become King of the Franks and grow King of the Franks and grow their empiretheir empire

CLOVIS

III. CharlemagneIII. Charlemagne

A.A. Pepin’s son Charles would take Pepin’s son Charles would take over and grow the empire by over and grow the empire by defeating the Saxons in defeating the Saxons in Eastern Germany and he took Eastern Germany and he took the northeastern corner of the northeastern corner of Spain from the MuslimsSpain from the Muslims

B.B. His empire covered most of His empire covered most of Central and Western Europe, Central and Western Europe, which is why he was given the which is why he was given the name Charlemagne or “Charles name Charlemagne or “Charles the Great.”the Great.”

C.C. Pope would declare him the Pope would declare him the new Roman Emperor angering new Roman Emperor angering the Byzantine Emperor.the Byzantine Emperor.

E.E. Charlemagne helped to Charlemagne helped to spread Christianity through spread Christianity through out his empireout his empire

F.F. He opened schools and He opened schools and brought several scholars brought several scholars from all over to help educate from all over to help educate his people.his people.

G.G. After his death, the empire After his death, the empire would be divided amongst would be divided amongst his sons which would his sons which would weaken the kingdom for weaken the kingdom for foreign invadersforeign invaders

IV. The VikingsIV. The VikingsA.A. Vikings originated in Vikings originated in

Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland)Finland)

B.B. Lack of farmland, forced them Lack of farmland, forced them to become skilled fishermen to become skilled fishermen and tradesmen.and tradesmen.

C.C. Norsemen were also ruthless Norsemen were also ruthless warriors warriors

D.D. Around 800, the Vikings sailed Around 800, the Vikings sailed South into Europe raiding and South into Europe raiding and looting towns by surprise (300 looting towns by surprise (300 Years)Years)

E.E. Reopened trade routes but Reopened trade routes but would not make a united lasting would not make a united lasting empire.empire.

V. EnglandV. EnglandA.A. When the Vikings attacked the When the Vikings attacked the

island of Britain in the late A.D. island of Britain in the late A.D. 800s, the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 800s, the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms would unite and drive them out would unite and drive them out under the leadership of King Alfredunder the leadership of King Alfred

B.B. The new united kingdom would be The new united kingdom would be named “Angleland” or Englandnamed “Angleland” or England

C.C. Descendant of the Vikings, William Descendant of the Vikings, William the Conqueror would take control the Conqueror would take control of England in 1066 and his of England in 1066 and his descendants would increase the descendants would increase the power of the King under their rulepower of the King under their rule

D.D. Henry II would establish common Henry II would establish common law and juries to settle land and law and juries to settle land and law disputeslaw disputes

VI. Magna CartaVI. Magna CartaA.A. Henry II son, John, would Henry II son, John, would

become King in 1199become King in 1199B.B. Moved quickly to increase his Moved quickly to increase his

wealth and power, which the wealth and power, which the nobles did not likenobles did not like

C.C. Nobles hated him because Nobles hated him because he was not successful in he was not successful in warfare and constantly warfare and constantly demanded more money, demanded more money, heavily taxed the people, put heavily taxed the people, put his enemies in jail with a trial, his enemies in jail with a trial, and appointed bishops to the and appointed bishops to the Church without Papal Church without Papal approval and gets approval and gets excommunicatedexcommunicated

D.D. The Nobles would rebel The Nobles would rebel and force him to sign a and force him to sign a document limiting the document limiting the King’s powerKing’s power

E.E. The document was The document was called the Magna Carta called the Magna Carta which is Latin for the which is Latin for the “Great Charter.“Great Charter.

F.F. Limitations/Rights Limitations/Rights included in the Magna included in the Magna Carta:Carta:1.1. King could not raise King could not raise

taxes without taxes without consulting the Nobles consulting the Nobles (Great Council, which (Great Council, which would later become would later become Parliament)Parliament)

2.2. Freeman accused of a Freeman accused of a crime had a right to a crime had a right to a trial by jury (peers)trial by jury (peers)

3.3. Establishes limited Establishes limited government and rights government and rights of free people which of free people which would influence our would influence our US ConstitutionUS Constitution

VII. The ChurchVII. The Church

A.A. Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Church was simply know as “THE was simply know as “THE CHURCH”CHURCH”

B.B. In the absence of a In the absence of a centralized government centralized government the Catholic Church will the Catholic Church will play an important role in play an important role in Western EuropeWestern Europe

C.C. It is the only common It is the only common thing in Europe becoming thing in Europe becoming the centralizing figurethe centralizing figure

D.D. The Church will develop The Church will develop power in 5 areas:power in 5 areas:

1. Royal Favor1. Royal Favora.a. The clergy (person who had The clergy (person who had

authority to perform religious authority to perform religious duties) could read and write duties) could read and write (most others couldn’t)(most others couldn’t)

b.b. They were often called upon They were often called upon to write, witness, and verify to write, witness, and verify contracts for the king and contracts for the king and noblesnobles

c.c. This will allow the Church to This will allow the Church to gain favor with very powerful gain favor with very powerful people including the Crownpeople including the Crown

d.d. The Clergy were high The Clergy were high advisors to noble and kings advisors to noble and kings in political mattersin political matters

e.e. Could make laws and Could make laws and had courts to enforce had courts to enforce themthem

f.f. Used power to limit Used power to limit feudal warfare with feudal warfare with truces = temporary truces = temporary peacepeace

g.g. They will be rewarded They will be rewarded with gifts or favors these with gifts or favors these servicesservices

2. Monopoly2. Monopoly

a.a. It was the only source of It was the only source of Christianity in Western Christianity in Western EuropeEurope

b.b. Tribes that settled in Tribes that settled in Europe began converting Europe began converting to Christianity to Christianity

c.c. It was also the only It was also the only source of literacy and source of literacy and educationeducation

d.d. This gave them influence This gave them influence in contracts, as they were in contracts, as they were the ones reading, writing, the ones reading, writing, and validating themand validating them

3. Control of the Sacraments3. Control of the Sacramentsa.a. Dispensed the sacraments Dispensed the sacraments

and controlled who and controlled who received themreceived them

b.b. Denial of sacraments Denial of sacraments meant denial of admittance meant denial of admittance into Heaveninto Heaven

c.c. When the Church denied When the Church denied the sacraments it was the sacraments it was called excommunication - called excommunication - being kicked out of the being kicked out of the ChurchChurch

d.d. Many wouldn’t associate Many wouldn’t associate with those removedwith those removed

e.e. Popes could Popes could excommunicate kings and excommunicate kings and nobles who crossed them nobles who crossed them of the Churchof the Church

4. Land4. Land

a.a. The Church will receive The Church will receive fiefs (land) as payment for fiefs (land) as payment for services rendered services rendered (contracts, advice, duties) (contracts, advice, duties) to the king, nobles, and to the king, nobles, and lordslords

b.b. As a result the Church will As a result the Church will become one of (if not) the become one of (if not) the largest land owner in largest land owner in Western EuropeWestern Europe

c.c. Land = PowerLand = Power

5. Everyday life5. Everyday life

a.a. The Church was very The Church was very influential with all peopleinfluential with all people

b.b. It was involved “from the It was involved “from the cradle to the coffin” touching cradle to the coffin” touching almost every aspect of lifealmost every aspect of life

c.c. Childbirth, baptism, Childbirth, baptism, communion, confession, communion, confession, marriage, sickness, and marriage, sickness, and death were all part of the death were all part of the Church’s involvementChurch’s involvement

d.d. The Church helped people The Church helped people follow the rules and confess follow the rules and confess sinssins

e.e. Forgave people “In the Forgave people “In the name of God”name of God”

E. Church StructureE. Church Structure

1.1. The Church had a The Church had a centralized government centralized government papacy papacy

2.2. The Pope was the top The Pope was the top and spoke directly for and spoke directly for GodGod

3.3. The structure allowed the The structure allowed the Church to influence every Church to influence every kingdom, village, town, kingdom, village, town, and fiefand fief

4.4. The Bishop became an The Bishop became an important religious leader important religious leader in the Churchin the Church

F. EducationF. Education1.1. The Church controlled educationThe Church controlled education2.2. Some people felt the need to live Some people felt the need to live

amongst religious men and women amongst religious men and women and dedicate their life to Godand dedicate their life to God

3.3. Monks (monasteries) nuns Monks (monasteries) nuns (convents) a way for women to be (convents) a way for women to be educatededucated

4.4. Cared for sick, developed schools, Cared for sick, developed schools, copied the Bible, scripture and copied the Bible, scripture and manuscripts (preserving culture) manuscripts (preserving culture)

5.5. Literate in Latin and own languageLiterate in Latin and own language6.6. Started to use reasoning to back Started to use reasoning to back

up Church teachings (St. Thomas up Church teachings (St. Thomas Aquinas)Aquinas)

VIII. Growth of TownsVIII. Growth of Towns

A.A. By 1000 AD, Europe was By 1000 AD, Europe was becoming a safer place, and becoming a safer place, and populations were growing under populations were growing under feudalism.feudalism.

B.B. Feelings of safety allowed many Feelings of safety allowed many people to begin to travel and trade people to begin to travel and trade with distant places.with distant places.

C.C. Major trade centers would develop Major trade centers would develop into large towns throughout into large towns throughout EuropeEurope

D.D. Merchants, traders, and crafts Merchants, traders, and crafts workers developed into a new workers developed into a new middle classmiddle class

E.E. Guilds would form to protect their Guilds would form to protect their individual crafts and set prices.individual crafts and set prices.

F.F. Overcrowding within these towns Overcrowding within these towns caused unsanitary conditions caused unsanitary conditions which spread diseases very which spread diseases very rapidlyrapidly

IX. Gothic Architecture IX. Gothic Architecture

A.A. Huge cathedralsHuge cathedrals

B.B. Stain-glassed Stain-glassed windows told storieswindows told stories

C.C. Stone and brickStone and brick

D.D. Flying buttresses Flying buttresses

E.E. Glorified God and Glorified God and was a credit to their was a credit to their citycity

Stained-Glass - told Bible StoriesStained-Glass - told Bible Stories

Gargoyles - Serve an Interesting PurposeGargoyles - Serve an Interesting Purpose

- Filter water away from the foundation using series of aqueducts and gargoyle spouts.- Some believe they served as a message that evil lurks outside the church

Flying ButtressFlying Buttress