5 5 7

I N D E X

AABS resin, 393

blends, 305, 362crazing, 394as graft copolymer, 10impact strength, 199preparation, 361properties, 359, 390rubber phase, 304toughening, 200

accelerator, 370, 371acetal (see polyoxymethylene)acetaldehyde, 64, 363acetate, 341acetylene polymerization, 50Achras sapota, 339acrylamide

polymerization, 69Q-e values, 43

acrylatecopolymerization, 355polymer, 527

acrylic acid copolymer, 364acrylic fiber, 3, 340, 346, 347, 349acrylics, 526

acrylonitrilecopolymer, 347, 364copolymerization, 360, 369polymerization, 69Q-e values, 43rate constants, 35

acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, 361ACS nomenclature, 14activation energy

of initiator dissociation, 30of secondary relaxation, 200

activator, 370activity, 94addition polymers, 4additives, 283, 284adenine, 331adhesive, 308adriamycin, 521aerobic degradation, 277affine deformation, 255Aflas™, 373AIBN, 31, 60alanine, 327Alcaligenes eutrophus, 277Alfin catalyst, 368Alfrey, 42aliphatic diesters, 288

5 5 8 Index

alkenyl sodium compounds, 368alkyd, 430alkyltin, 291N-allylacrylamide graft, 518a-helix, 329a-keratin, 329alumina trihydrate, 292aluminosilicate layers, 316aluminum, 522aluminum chloride, 61aluminum foil, 524aluminum oxide, 356aluminum trialkyls, 356aluric acid, 345amidation, 24amino acid, 326, 327, 3282,2-bis[(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexa-

fluoropropane, 408aminoplast, 382, 384ammonium persulfate, 347amorphous state, 19amorphous Teflon, 403amphoteric, 363amylase, 337amylopectin, 280, 335amylose, 280, 335, 336anaerobic degradation, 277angular frequency, 208anhydroglucose, 62annular die, 428annular flow, 459annulus, 472anticancer drug, 521antimony mercaptide, 291antimony oxide, 292antioxidant, 270, 370antiplasticization, 289antistatic agent, 294apparent shear rate, 463apparent viscosity, 231, 440, 441aramid, 345, 392, 421arginine, 327Arrhenius relationship, 443arsenic pentafluoride, 522artificial hip replacement, 358aspargine, 327

aspartic acid, 327ASTM nomenclature, 14atactic, 10ATR spectroscopy, 72autoacceleration, 53Avogadro's number, 134Avrami equation, 165axial annular Couette flow, 460axial annular drag flow, 475azeotrope, 44azobenzene dendrimer, 4232,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (see AIBN)azo compound, 293, 363, 364

BBaekeland, 2, 429Bagley, 464Bagley correction, 466Bagley plot, 465Bakelite, 2, 383balata, 338, 338, 339band gap, 523barrier properties, 392, 486Barus effect, 452batteries, 524Bayer, 373benzoic acid, 175benzophenone, 270, 292benzothiazoles, 370benzothiazolyl group, 370benzotriazoles, 292benzoyl peroxide, 30Bingham behavior, 448Bingham fluid, 449binodal, 110, 296, 300, 301biocide, 292biocompatibility, 61, 518biodegradation, 264, 277, 280biomass, 277, 280biomedical applications, 404biomedical engineering, 5172,2'-bipyridine, 70birefringence, 172bischloroformates, 373, 374bismaleimide, 409bisphenol-A, 379

Index 5 5 9

blade coating, 438blend

heterogeneous, 305phase behavior, 304properties, 303volume change of mixing, 304

blowing agent, 294, 360blow molding, 435, 436body force, 455Boltzmann constant, 96Boltzmann relation, 96, 252Boltzmann superposition principle, 245Bombyx mori, 340boron fiber, 289, 290, 319boron trifluoride, 47Boyer, 173Boyer crankshaft motion, 157Bragg peak, 167Brownian motion, 154, 155buckministerfullerene, 289bulk-molding compound, 317butadiene

block copolymerization, 49copolymerization, 369graft, 304Q-e values, 43

butene-1copolymerization, 358polymerization, 50

n-butyllithium, 368t-butyl peroxide, 60butyl rubber, 48, 371, 372, 494butyraldehyde, 64

Ccalcium carbonate, 290, 291, 447calcium stearate, 290, 291calendering, 428, 437, 449calorimetry, 174capacitance, 233capillary

die, 428. 457, 472flow, 456, 457, 458, 459, 464pressure profile, 464

capillary rheometry, 457, 462e-caprolactam polymerization, 346

carbamate group, 374carbamic acid, 374carbanion, 45carbon black, 270, 397, 447carbon disulfide, 342carbon fiber, 522carbonium, 45, 47carbon nanotubes, 289carboxylic acid anhydrides, 379carboxymethylcellulose, 337, 337Carothers, 4, 27, 325Carreau model, 449cast polymerization, 53, 54cation-exchange resin, 62ceiling temperature, 39, 40, 265, 266Celgard™, 507, 510cellophane, 63, 342, 519celluloid, 432cellulose, 335

acetylation, 343chemical structure, 334dissolution, 337fiber, 63, 340, 343membrane, 130properties, 62regenerated, 130, 342, 350, 519structure, 336triacetate, 63xanthate, 63

cellulose acetatefrom cellulose, 337, 343critical concentration, 445dual-mode parameters, 504fiber, 339, 340, 341, 349Mark-Houwink constants, 140membrane, 490, 492, 511as modified polymer, 61for packaging, 435permeability, 494reduced viscosity plot, 141solubility parameter, 115solution properties, 138specific viscosity, 446

cellulose diacetate, 343cellulose ethers, 337cellulose gum, 337

5 6 0 Index

cellulose nitrate, 61, 337, 383, 432cellulose triacetate, 343, 490cellulose xanthate, 342, 343ceric ion, 280chain expansion factor, 92chain growth, 8chain scission, 265chain transfer, 34chain-transfer coefficient, 38characteristic pressure, 107characteristic ratio, 92, 94, 94characteristic temperature, 124charge density, 233Charpy impact test, 186, 199chelating agent, 336chemical potential, 100, 108, 110, 129chemical shifts, 76chemical vapor deposition, 525chewing gum, 339, 369chicle, 339chitin, 326, 334, 336, 336chitosan, 336, 336, 337chlor-alkali process, 498, 508, 509chloroacetic acid, 337chlorofluorocarbons, 60chloromethylation, 614-chlorostyrene copolymerization, 41cholesteric, 417cholesteryl esters, 416chrome yellow, 294chromium oxide, 356clay, 317cloud-point temperature, 297coating, 437, 438cocatalyst, 47codon assignments, 298cohesive energy density, 113cold drawing, 193cold sterilized, 489collagen, 71, 329colorants, 284, 293combination, 33compatibilizer, 69, 295, 305, 397complex compliance, 224, 245complex dielectric constant, 236complex heat capacity, 240

complex modulus, 210, 245complex stress, 210compliance, 189, 195composites, 308

applications, 308continuous reinforced, 309dynamic mechanical properties, 313fabrication, 317heat-distortion temperature, 310interface, 309, 312, 313linear expansion coefficient, 311market, 308maximum strength, 311mechanical properties, 309metal-filled, 525modulus, 310packing fraction, 310particulate, 289, 310, 311processing, 309spray-up, 317strength, 311uniaxially oriented, 310

compressibility coefficient, 105, 117, 170compression molding, 429, 430, 449compression section, 428condensation polymers, 4conduction band, 523conductive polymer, 419, 522cone-and-plate rheometer, 231, 452, 467configuration, 10, 88conformation, 10conformational entropy, 244conservation of energy, 455conservation of momentum, 455consistency, 448constitutive equation, 441, 448, 449, 454,

456constrained-chain models, 255contact lens, 364contact sites, 106continuity equation, 456, 479continuum mechanics, 255controlled release, 277, 308, 364, 519, 521converging flow, 440copolyester, 378, 402, 417copolymer nomenclature, 15

Index 5 6 1

copolymerizationalternating, 41, 44free-radical, 40ideal, 44random, 41

copolymerization equation, 41, 42copper, 522core volumes, 106cornstarch, 280Cossee mechanism, 50cotton, 339, 340, 342Couchman–Karasz equation, 182Couette flow, 439, 466, 469Couette rheometry, 231, 461, 465counterion, 46coupled transport, 500, 507, 508coupling agent, 309, 312Cox-Merz rule, 231craze, 184, 306crazing, 183creep, 186, 195, 222creep compliance, 196, 197, 228Crick, 331crimp, 346, 348critical micelle concentration, 55critical molecular weight, 155critical point, 111critical strain, 271crosslink density, 183, 253crystalline-melting temperature, 20, 160,

180, 302crystallization

shear-induced, 442strain-induced, 193, 253

cull, 431cuprammonium process, 337, 342curing agents, 293curtain coating, 438Cyamopsis tetragonologus, 453cyclooctadiene, 376cyclopentadienyl ligands, 52bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride,

357cysteine, 327cytosine, 331, 332

DDacron, 344dashpot, 221deacetylation, 337Debye, 237Debye equation, 138de Gennes, 155degree of polymerization, 27, 37dehydrofluorination, 404dehydrohalogenation, 267dendrimer, 404, 422, 529dendrons, 422denier, 340density measurements, 165depolarization, 265depolymerization, 39desalination, 516desmosine, 338devolatilization, 429dextrose, 2784,4'-di(5-nonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, 70dialkyl phthalate, 288dialysis, 488, 4974,4-diamino diphenyl ether, 406dichlorosilane, 415dicyclopentadiene, 376die characteristic, 458, 459, 469, 471dielectric analysis, 232dielectric constant, 233dielectric relaxational strength, 235dielectrics, 525dielectric spectroscopy, 218diene elastomers, 366die swell, 427, 450, 452diethylaluminum chloride, 358differential scanning calorimetry, 174dihydric alcohol, 344diisocyanates, 373, 434diisooctyl phthalate, 287dilatant, 442dilatometry, 168, 172, 478dimethyl distearyl ammonium chloride, 316dimethyl ditallow ammonium bromide, 316dimethylol, 385, 386dimethyl stearyl benzyl ammonium

chloride, 316

5 6 2 Index

dimethyl sulfoxide, 445dimethyl terephthalate, 276dimethyl terephthalate acid, 365dioctyl adipate, 288dioctyl phthalate, 287diols, 373, 374dipole moment, 232disproportionation, 33dissymmetry method, 137dissymmetry ratio, 137disulfide, 30, 329, 339divinylbenzene

copolymer, 62, 361copolymerization, 142, 307

DNA, 71, 329, 331, 332, 332, 333Doolittle equation, 477double helix, 332drag flow, 459, 469, 473drag reducers, 453drag reduction, 440, 453, 453draw stress, 192drug delivery, 518, 519, 521dry spinning, 349dual-mode model, 502, 505dual-mode parameters, 503, 504, 507duct flow, 459ductile failure, 193Durham process, 419dyeability, 364dynamic compliance, 211dynamic equations, 455, 479dynamic mechanical analysis, 208dynamic moduli, 225dynamic viscosity, 230

Eebonite, 370efflux times, 140E-glass, 289, 290, 318, 319Ehrenfest transition, 168Einstein coefficient, 447elastic properties, 450elastin, 71, 338electrical insulators, 521electrically-conductive, 521electrochromic displays, 525

electrocoating, 490electrodialysis, 497, 497, 516electromagnetic shielding, 289, 524, 525electron donor, 522electronic shielding, 525electron-withdrawing, 45electroosmosis, 497electrophilic substitution, 399electropolymerization, 421elution volume, 144emeraldine salt, 523encapsulation, 65, 415, 525encapsulated, 519end-to-end distance, 89, 135endurance limit, 200energy equations, 455energy of vaporization, 113energy storage, 335engineering plastics, 389, 391engineering strain, 186engineering stress, 186enrichment factor, 496entanglements, 154, 190, 441, 442, 445entropy of mixing, 98environmental agents, 263, 264environmental stress cracking, 271EPDM, 306, 371, 376, 378epichlorohydrin, 379epoxide, 288, 379epoxidized soybean oil, 288epoxy

amine cure, 380anhydride cure, 380encapsulants, 526formation, 379functionality, 312market data, 3production, 379properties, 309, 379RIM, 435as thermoset, 378

epoxy-silane coupling agent, 312equation-of-state theories, 103equilibrium melting temperature, 162ESCA, 59Escherichia coli, 71, 278

Index 5 6 3

ester groups, 379esterification, 24, 333, 365ester interchange, 24, 25, 365ethylcellulose, 492ethylene

ceiling temperature, 40copolymer, 54, 403heat of polymerization, 40metallocene polymerization, 357polymerization, 356, 358Q-e values, 43rate constants, 35reactivity ratios, 43

ethylene-cycloalkene copolymer, 52ethylene diamine, 375ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, 356ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, 356ethylene-propylene rubber, 3, 367, 371,

376ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (see

EPDM)ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, 294,

305, 356ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, 356di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, 287tris(2-ethylhexyl trimellitate), 288ethylidene norbornene, 376Euler's identity, 210, 248evapomeation, 496Ewart, 57exchange interaction parameter, 107, 112excluded volume, 91exfoliated, 316exfoliation, 317exit pressure, 427, 452, 461, 464exit region, 452extensional flow, 453extensional viscosity, 440, 453extension ratio, 253external degrees of freedom, 107external lubricants, 293external plasticization, 286extruder, 470extrusion, 428, 449, 468

Ffacilitated transport, 500, 507failure envelope, 194fatigue life, 200fatigue test, 186, 200fatty acid, 3716FDA, 408feed section, 428fibers, 339

asymmetric, 350high-performance, 421naturally occurring, 339surface modification, 313suspension, 453U.S. production figures, 341

Fiberglas®, 308fibroin, 340Fick's first law, 505, 506filament winding, 309, 318, 409filler, 284, 289filtration, 488, 495first law of thermodynamics, 249first normal stress difference, 451first-order transition, 168flame retardant, 284, 292flash, 430Flory, 16, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 416Flory constant, 142Flory distribution, 18Flory equation of state, 103, 106, 112, 118,

123, 299, 300, 301Flory-Huggins equation, 101, 103, 111,

118, 502Flory-Huggins theory, 96, 102, 163, 298,

299, 502Flory interaction parameter, 302Flory–Krigbaum theory, 102Flory partition function, 104flue gas, 489Fluorel, 373fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer,

404fluorinated polyolefins, 372fluoroelastomers, 366, 371, 372, 373fluoropolymers, 60, 75, 402, 526foam, 435

5 6 4 Index

forced oscillation techniques, 214forced-vibration methods, 218force field, 455formaldehyde-based resins, 378Fox equation, 182Fox–Flory equation, 180Fox–Flory parameters, 180Fox–Loshaek equation, 183free energy of fusion, 162freely jointed chain, 88free-radical scavenger, 291free volume, 118, 123, 124, 156, 180, 181,

244, 304, 444, 477, 477, 478,493, 500, 505

Friedel-Crafts, 61, 399, 420Friend, 528FTIR, 72fuel cell, 412, 498, 508fugacity, 94fumaric acid, 381

Ggage length, 186gamma function, 139g-irradiation, 30, 273, 364gas

diffusivity, 501kinetic diameter, 500mean free path, 500permeation, 516separation, 491solubility, 492, 501

Gauss's flux theorem, 233Gaussian distribution, 88, 253, 255Gaussian radial distribution function, 252Gee, 94gegen ion, 47gel effect, 53gel-permeation chromatography, 128, 142,

143generalized Newtonian fluid, 441, 463genetic engineering, 71geometric isomers, 178geotextiles, 347Gibbs–Dimarzio theory, 156

Gibbs free energy of mixing, 100, 101,295, 298

glass fiber, 308glass transition, 156, 443glass transition temperature

blends, 287copolymers, 286definition, 154effect of crosslinks, 183heating rate effect, 183ionomers, 411mixtures, 180molecular weight dependence, 180plasticized PVC, 287pressure dependence, 182

glassy plateau, 285D-glucosamine polysaccharide, 518glucose, 335glutamic acid, 327glutamine, 327glycine, 326, 327glycogen, 334, 335glycolide, 279glycolysis, 276glyptal, 2, 381godet, 347Goodyear, 2, 339Gordon–Taylor equation, 286Gore-Tex®, 510Gossamer Albatross, 393Gough, 249Gough–Joule effect, 249Graham, 491graphite fiber, 289, 290, 308, 319graphite filaments, 347Grignard reagent, 46group-contribution methods, 113group interaction parameter, 122guanine, 331, 332guar, 453Guth–Smallwood equation, 253gutta percha, 338, 339, 411, 428, 428gyromagnetic ratio, 75

HHagen–Poiseuille equation, 458

Index 5 6 5

hair, 340Halley's comet, 397Halpin–Tsai equation, 310Hansen, 118Hansen solubility parameter, 271head-to-tail polymerization, 32heat-distortion temperature, 176, 294, 305heat of fusion, 175heat of mixing, 118heat of polymerization, 38, 40Heeger, 522Helmholtz free energy, 252heme, 329hemicellulose, 335hemoglobin, 329Henis, 514Henry's law, 501, 502, 503, 505heparin, 58, 518Hevea brasiliensis, 338, 339Hevea rubber, 2, 339, 369hexabromocyclododecane, 360hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene

polymerization, 66hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide,

3161,4-hexadiene, 376hexafluoroethylene copolymer, 404hexafluoroisobutylene copolymer, 403hexafluoropropane, 407hexafluoropropylene, 403hexamethylene diammonium adipate salt,

345hexamethylenediisocyanate, 375hexamethylenetetramine, 384hexene-1 copolymerization, 358tris(2-hexyl)trimellitate, 286hindered amine, 291, 397hindered phenols, 291histidine, 327homolytic cleavage, 265Hookean material, 195, 210Hooke's law, 188, 191, 195, 208hopper, 428Hoy, 113Huggins, 96, 99, 100Huggins coefficient, 139

Huggins equations, 139Human Genome Project, 329Hyatt, 432, 435hydrazine derivatives, 294hydrodynamic volume, 144hydrogel, 520hydrogen as chain-transfer agent, 358hydrogen bond, 329, 331, 332, 364hydrogen bonding, 376, 391hydrolysis, 264, 271, 276, 415hydrolytic stability, 271hydroxyapatite, 279p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 418o-hydroxybenzophenone, 292hydroxycaproic acid, 24hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 364hydroxyl-containing polymers, 3642-(o-hydroxyphenol)benzotriazole, 292hyperbranched, 69, 422, 423hyperpolarizability, 526

Iideal mixture, 95, 97iminodiacetic acid, 70impact modifier, 284, 291, 294impact testing, 199incineration, 276incompressibility, 192incompressible fluid, 455inertial terms, 456initial modulus, 189initiator

association, 30dissociation, 30, 35efficiency, 36

injection blow molding, 436injection molding, 430, 432, 432, 449inorganic polymers, 415insulin, 329interaction energy, 300, 301interaction parameter, 100, 101, 102, 103,

112, 112, 163, 298interfacial adhesion, 304interfacial slip, 452intermolecular energy, 106internal lubricants, 293

5 6 6 Index

internal plasticization, 286interpenetrating network, 306, 307, 307,

307intrinsic viscosity, 128, 139inverse emulsion, 57inverse gas chromatography, 112inverse rule of mixtures, 182ion-exchange resin, 55, 62, 308ionic copolymerization, 48ionic polymers, 411ionizing agents, 264ionizing radiation, 370ionomer, 356, 404iron oxides, 294iron porphyrins, 329isobutylene

polymerization, 47Q-e values, 43

isocyanates, 374isocyanate-terminated prepolymer, 375isocyanic acid, 374isoentropic state, 156isofree volume, 156, 181isoleucine, 327isopentylpyrophosphate polymerization,

339isoprene

copolymer, 372copolymerization, 48

isotactic, 10isothermal flow, 456, 458, 473isoviscous state, 156, 444IUPAC nomenclature, 14, 140ivory, 432Izod impact test, 186, 199

Jjute, 339

KKalrez, 373Kaminsky, 51, 357Kapton, 405, 409, 525Kel-F, 373, 403Kelley–Bueche equation, 181, 285

Kendrew, 329keratin, 340Kerimid, 409Kevlar, 289, 290, 308, 345, 391, 392, 393,

421kidney dialysis, 519Kinel, 409kinetic chain length, 37Knudsen flow, 500, 501Knudsen number, 500Koningsveld, 103Krigbaum, 102Kronecker delta, 456Kynar, 403

Llactam polymerization, 346lactide, 278ladder polymer, 347, 410lamellae, 158landfill, 280, 280Langmuir capacity, 503, 505, 506Langmuir mode, 502Langmuir sites, 505, 506Langmuir-type microvoids, 500latent solvent, 512latex, 57, 339, 447lattice model, 99Lee, 511Legendre transformation, 170Lennard-Jones collision parameters, 499Lennard-Jones potential, 500, 504leucine, 327Lewis, 42Lewis acid, 47, 358, 372Lewis–Randall law, 97light-emitting diode, 525, 528light scattering, 133light-scattering instrumentation, 135lignin, 490liquid-crystal polymer, 416, 417liquid–liquid equilibria, 118liquid separation, 494lithium hexafluoroarsenate, 524lithium perchlorate, 524lithium tetrafluoroborate, 524

Index 5 6 7

lithium triflate, 524logarithmic rule of mixtures, 182log decrement, 214loss compliance, 211loss modulus, 211, 248low-angle laser light scattering, 138, 145lower critical solution temperature, 111,

296, 297lubrication approximation, 469, 473lysine, 327lysozyme, 329

MMacDiarmid, 522macromer, 69maleic anhydride

copolymer, 364copolymerization, 360, 381Q-e values, 43

Maltese cross, 159market data, 3Mark–Houwink parameters, 139, 144Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation, 139mass flow rate, 475master curve, 197, 242mastication, 274material functions, 452maturation agent, 317Matyjaszewski, 69Maxwell element, 221Maxwell equation, 223Maxwell model, 237Maxwell–Wiechert model, 226, 227, 228Mayo, 42McMaster, 299mean-field expression, 100mechanodegradation, 264, 274, 441medical applicatiosn, 518medical packaging, 519melamine–formaldehyde resin, 385melamine resin, 3melt fracture, 427, 452melt index, 356melting-point depression, 112, 163, 163,

175melt instabilities, 452

melt spinning, 346, 347membrane

asymmetric, 511, 514capillary modules, 517composite, 514concentration polarization, 494, 519fouling, 490hollow-fiber, 350, 511, 516, 516, 517ion-exchange, 497macroporous, 508microporous, 510module fabrication, 516plate and frame, 516preparation, 510resistance model, 514spiral-wound, 516, 517track etching, 510tubular, 516, 517

membrane osmometry, 129, 131mercury, 522Merrifield, 329Merrifield synthesis, 61metallocene catalyst, 51, 357, 358, 361metallocene-polymerized, 519metastable region, 110metathesis, 60, 66, 66, 369, 420metering section, 428, 469methacrylate coupling agent, 312methacrylic acid, 43, 411methanolysis, 276methionine, 3274-methoxy-4'-nitrostilbene moiety, 527methylaluminoxane, 522-methyl-1,3-butadiene polymerization,

3694-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 291methylcellulose, 3374,4'methylene-bis(cyclohexylisocyanate),

375methylene bridges, 386methylene-4,4'-diphenyldiisocyanate, 374,

375methyl methacrylate

copolymer, 364copolymerization, 44heat of polymerization, 40

5 6 8 Index

polymerization, 67, 68Q-e values, 43rate constants, 35reactivity ratio, 43

methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer,294, 305

methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrenecopolymer, 294, 305, 362

methylol, 383, 384p-methylphenylsulfonate, 523a-methyl styrene polymerization, 40mica, 289micelle, 55, 56Michael addition, 409microcomposite, 316microfiber, 289microfilter, 489microfiltration, 489, 490, 491, 516microporous, 492microsphere, 308microvoids, 505Mimusops globosa, 338mineralization, 277mineral oil, 293, 466miscibility, 109modacrylic fiber, 347molar attraction constant, 113, 114molar permachor, 488mold-release agents, 293molecular sieving, 501molecular weight

averages, 15critical, 155, 442determination, 128between entanglements, 155, 190, 446number-average, 16viscosity-average, 128, 139weight-average, 16z-average, 16

monoethylolphenol, 383monomethylol, 386montmorillonite, 316Mooney, 448Mooney–Rivlin equation, 254, 255multiplet, 411

myoglobin, 329

NNafion, 412, 497, 498, 509nanocomposite, 315nanofilter, 490nanofiltration, 490, 491naphthalene, 49naphthalene dicarboxylate, 402naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate, 375Natta, 2, 50, 358, 360natural rubber, 521

biosynthesis, 339doped, 521Flory EOS parameters, 106membrane, 491permeability, 494Poisson's ratio, 188stress-strain data, 254thermal oxidation, 291WLF parameters, 244

Navier-Stokes equations, 456nematic, 417neoprene, 377Newtonian fluid, 196, 221, 439, 440, 447,

448, 458, 460, 466, 473, 475,477

Newtonian plateau, 441Newtonian viscosity, 471, 474Newton's law of viscosity, 196, 209, 230,

231, 439, 440, 448nitrile rubber, 366

blend, 302, 303production figures, 3, 367properties, 369

nitro-displacement reaction, 4083-nitrophthalic anhydride, 408NMR, 75, 77, 77nomenclature, 13Nomex, 20, 345, 391, 392, 421nondiene elastomers, 366, 371nonlinear optical effects, 527nonlinear optical material, 419, 525nonlinear optical polymers, 526nonlinear optics, 526non-Newtonian behavior, 446

Index 5 6 9

non-Newtonian flow, 440, 455, 469non-Newtonian fluid, 449, 454, 462non-zero pressure drop, 452norbornene

end-functionality, 407polymerization, 66, 67

normal stress, 450, 451, 452normal-stress coefficient, 452normal-stress difference, 451Norrish–Smith effect, 53Noryl, 283, 396no-slip assumption, 439, 456, 459, 468novolac, 383, 384nucleation index, 165nucleation track etching, 510nucleic acids, 329nucleophilic displacement, 413nucleophilic substitution, 399nucleotides, 331nylon

fiber, 3, 3, 340, 344, 453hydrogen bonding, 161nomenclature, 14production figures, 354

nylon-6density, 166nanocomposite, 315properties, 390structure, 391

nylon-11, 391nylon-12, 392nylon-4,6, 392nylon-6,10, 7, 14, 391nylon-6,6

density, 166heat-distortion temperature, 177hydrogen bonding, 162nomenclature, 14properties, 390structure, 391synthesis, 5, 7, 24, 25, 28, 345, 345Tg, 161Tm, 161water sorption, 391

Ooctene-1 copolymerization, 358Ohm's law, 514Oishi, 123olefin fiber, 3, 340, 347oligomer, 2oligo(oxyethylene), 524oligosaccharides, 337open discharge, 469operating parameters, 471optical band gap, 526optical signal processing, 526optical storage, 526organometallic compounds, 46organo-tin compounds, 362orientation hardening, 192osmium tetroxide, 304osmometry, 129osmotic pressure, 129osmotic pump, 520Ostwald-de Waele-Nutting behavior, 448Ostwald–Fenske viscometer, 141oxidative stability, 26910,10'-oxybisphenoxyarsine, 293ozone, 264ozonide structure, 270ozonolysis, 270

PP. aeruginosa, 280packing fraction, 448paint, 445, 524Palaguium oblongifolium, 338paper maché, 429paraffin, 290paraformaldehyde, 384parallel plate flow, 459parallel-plate rheometer, 452parison, 435partial-immobilization theory, 505, 507particle scattering function, 134PBI, 20, 409, 410, 421pectin, 335PEEK, 166, 309, 311, 312, 312, 312, 312,

412, 413, 413

5 7 0 Index

Pelouze, 432pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, 133pentose sugar, 330perfluorinated vinyl ether, 412, 508perfluoro-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole), 403perfluoroalkoxy, 403perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, 404perfluorosulfonate ionomer, 412, 497, 498,

500, 508period of oscillation, 214Permachor, 486permeability, 486, 487, 501permselectivity, 493peroxides, 30, 363, 364, 376, 381persulfate-ferrous initiator, 55pertraction, 496pervaporation, 494, 495, 507, 516phantom chain approximation, 255phase angle, 208phase equilibria, 108phase inversion, 512PHEMA, 5201,10-phenanthroline, 70phenol–formaldehyde resin, 378, 383, 429phenolic resin, 3, 378, 379, 383, 429, 430phenoplast, 382, 383phenylalanine, 3281-phenylethyl chloride, 70Philips catalyst, 356phosgene, 395phosphinic ligands, 61phosphoric acid, 329photoconductive polymers, 421photoconductivity, 421photolysis, 292photonic polymer, 526photonics, 525photooxidation, 264, 270photoresist, 58, 415phthalic anhydride, 381pigments, 291pitch, 289plane Couette flow, 440, 459, 470plasma polymerization, 514plasmid, 71plasticizer permanence, 286

plasticizers, 284, 285, 286plastisol, 447plateau modulus, 190platinum, 522Plunket, 403PMP, 414, 494PMR-15, 407Poiseuille flow, 457Poisson's ratio, 188, 192, 310polarization, 232, 234polyacetylene, 404, 419, 521, 522, 523,

524, 526polyacrylamide, 54, 453poly(acrylic acid), 54polyacrylonitrile

as carbon fiber precursor, 289cyclization, 268, 346fiber, 347, 350membrane, 517permeability, 486, 487solubility parameter, 115structure, 6Tg, 179

polyalkenamers, 66polyalkenylenes, 8polyalkylenes, 8poly(alkyl sulfide), 524poly(3-alkyl-thiophene), 523polyalkynylenes, 8polyallomers, 378poly(amic acid), 405, 406polyamidation, 25polyamide, 391

aromatic, 24, 391, 392blend, 396classification, 24fiber, 347FTIR, 75membrane, 490, 490RIM, 435

poly(amide-imide), 406, 408poly(amino acid), 521polyanhydrides, 9polyaniline, 420, 492, 522, 523, 524,

524,526polyarylate, 401

Index 5 7 1

poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (see PEEK)poly(aryl ether ketone), 404, 412polybenzamide, 269polybenzimidazole, 269 (see also PBI)polybenzobisoxazole, 421, 422polybenzobisthiazole, 421, 422poly(g-benzyl-L-glutamate), 71, 416polybismaleimide, 409cis-1,4-poly(1,3-butadiene), 161trans-1,4-poly(1,3-butadiene), 161polybutadiene

in ABS resin, 393as elastomer, 366geometric isomers, 12, 178in HIPS, 360market data, 2production figures, 367rubber properties, 369structure, 368synthesis, 13, 54Tg, 178

poly(butylene terephthalate), 166, 360,364, 401

polycaprolactone, 20, 24, 25, 161, 161,280, 288, 303

polycarbamate, 374polycarbonate

blend, 395classification, 24crazing, 183critical molecular weight, 155critical strain, 184from cyclohexanonebisphenol, 395degradation, 292density, 166dielectric spectroscopy, 239dual-mode parameters, 504enthalpy of fusion, 163entropy of fusion, 163FTIR spectrum, 72, 73heat-distortion temperature, 177impact-modified, 305impact strength, 199Me, 155Mark–Houwink parameters, 140mechanical properties, 194

membrane, 510nomenclature, 14permeability, 494Poisson's ratio, 188power-law parameters, 449properties, 390, 394secondary relaxations, 158stress-relaxation data, 243synthesis, 5, 7, 394Tg, 157Tm, 163from tetramethylbisphenol-A, 297,299, 302, 303, 395torsional creep data, 243WLF shift factor, 444

polychloroprene, 3, 366, 367, 368, 369polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 403, 404poly(dichlorophosphazene), 65, 66, 415poly(diethyleneglycol adipate), 375poly(dimethylene cyclohexane

terephthalate), 401poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide),

396blend, 302, 303, 305, 396classification, 24craze, 185critical strain, 184, 271density, 166dual-mode parameters, 504Mark–Houwink parameters, 140membrane, 513permeability, 494properties, 283, 390solubility parameter, 271Tg, 157

polydimethylsiloxanein controlled release, 520critical molecular weight, 155Flory EOS parameters, 106Fox-Flory parameters, 180Me, 155Mark–Houwink paramters, 140nanocomposite, 317permeability, 487Tg, 19, 157, 174thermal expansion coefficient, 174

5 7 2 Index

polydispersity, 47, 145polydispersity index, 15polyelectrolyte, 411polyene, 267polyester

aromatic, 24, 269blend, 397classification, 24composite, 312engineering-grade, 401fiber, 3, 340, 344, 347glass-reinforced composite, 313, 319hydrolysis, 271hydroxyl-terminated, 375liquid crystalline, 365, 418Tm, 178thermoplastic, 364unsaturated, 3, 308, 317, 318, 319,379, 380, 380, 382, 430

polyesterification, 24, 25polyether, 375polyetheretherketone (see PEEK)polyetherimide, 406, 408, 492polyether-polyurethane, 277polyethersulfone, 398, 399poly(ethyl acrylate), 306, 307polyethylene

blends, 280blow molded, 435branching, 356, 357carbon black-filled, 522ceiling temperature, 267chain conformation, 92, 93chlorinated, 294, 305conductivity, 522die swell, 450encapsulants, 526enthalpy of fusion, 163entropy of fusion, 163film, 486g-relaxation, 158heat-distortion temperature, 177high-density, 358history, 49, 355impact strength, 199linear low density, 358, 453

low-density, 355mechanical properties, 194medium-density, 358membrane, 513molecular-weight distribution, 17permeability, 487, 494Poisson's ratio, 188production figures, 3, 354properties, 355sharkskin, 453Tg, 161, 179Tm, 161, 163UHMW, 289, 313 358, 414very-low-density, 358viscosity, 468WAXS, 167

poly(ethylene glycol), 521poly(ethylene naphthalate), 402poly(ethylene oxide), 453, 524poly(ethylene pyromellitimide), 7poly(ethylene terephthalate), 364

applications, 366, 486blends, 402commercial market, 366crystallization kinetics, 164density, 166DSC thermogram, 175enthalpy of fusion, 163entropy of fusion, 163magnetic tape, 437permeability, 494Poisson's ratio, 188properties, 344, 401, 418recycling, 275synthesis, 24, 25Tg, 161Tm, 161, 163track-etched, 511WLF parameters, 244

poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), 520poly(ethyl methacrylate), 179, 244, 301,

302, 303polyformaldehyde, 397polyfuran, 58poly(a, L-glutamic acid), 71poly(hexamethylene adipamide), 345

Index 5 7 3

polyhydroxyalkanoate, 277, 277polyhydroxybutyrate, 277poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (see

PHEMA)polyimidazopyrrolones, 410polyimides, 404

classification, 24composites, 309dielectric, 525encapsulant, 5266F, 527properties, 406rigid-rod, 527synthesis, 405thermoset, 407

polyimines, 9polyisobutylene, 372

critical molecular weight, 155as drag reducer, 453Flory EOS parameters, 106Me, 155osmotic pressure, 131permeability, 487solubility parameter, 115solution properties, 123, 124standards, 133synthesis, 47, 48WLF parameters, 244

cis-1,4-polyisoprene, 155, 161, 339, 369trans-polyisoprene, 161polyisoprene, 338, 369

as elastomer, 366ozonolysis, 270photooxidation, 270structure, 368

polyisothianaphthalene, 523, 524poly(lactic acid), 278poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 279, 520polymer electrolyte, 522, 524polymeric plasticizer, 285, 288polymerization

anionic, 46atom transfer radical, 69cationic, 47chain-growth, 23, 29coordination, 50

emulsion, 55gas-phase, 57Gibbs free energy, 38group-transfer, 67ionic, 45living, 17, 46, 47metallocene, 51, 357, 360oxidative coupling, 26plasma, 58rate, 34solid-state, 57solution, 54steady state, 35step-growth, 23, 28suspension, 55yield, 27

polymethacrylamide, 272polymethacrylates, 179polymethacrylonitrile, 486, 487poly(methyl methacrylate), 362

applications, 363blend, 301, 302, 303ceiling temperature, 267critical molecular weight, 155critical strain, 184dual-mode parameters, 504Fox-Flory parameters, 180heat capacity, 54IPN, 306Me, 155Mark–Houwink parameters, 140mechanical properties, 194membrane, 511NMR spectrum, 78Poisson's ratio, 188solubility parameter, 115, 116structure, 6Tg, 157, 174, 178, 179tacticity, 77, 178, 218, 219thermal conductivity, 54thermal-expansion coefficient, 174torsional-braid analysis, 218, 219viscosity, 468

poly(4-methylpentene-1) (see PMP)poly(a-methylstyrene), 155, 180, 267poly(p-methylstyrene), 361

5 7 4 Index

poly(methyl vinyl ether), 302, 303polynorbornene, 369polynucleotides, 329polyoctenamer, 369poly[3-(4-octylphenyl)-2,2'-bithiophene],

528polyolefins, 355

blends, 397chlorinated, 517specialty, 414

polyols, 381poly(organophosphazene), 65, 404, 415polyoxyethylene, 159polyoxymethylene

enthalpy of fusion, 163entropy of fusion, 163synthesis, 5, 58, 397Tg, 161Tm 161, 163

polypentenamer, 66, 67poly(p-phenylene), 269, 420, 522, 523,

528poly[2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-

bibenzimidazole] (see PBI)poly(p-phenylene-benzobisthiazole), 526poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide), 392poly(p-phenylene sulfide), 166, 390, 400poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), 392poly(p-phenylene vinylene), 523, 526polyphenylsulfone, 398polyphosphazene, 75, 498, 524poly(phosphoric acid), 421polypropylene

amorphous, 50atactic, 358blends, 306, 377ceiling temperature, 267enthalpy of fusion, 163entropy of fusion, 163fiber, 347film, 486heat-distortion temperature, 177helix, 159history, 2, 358impact strength, 199isotactic, 358, 359

market data, 3mechanical properties, 194medical applications, 518membrane, 510, 513nanocomposite, 315permeability, 487power-law parameters, 449production numbers, 354properties, 277, 355spherulites, 160syndiotactic, 51, 358Tg, 179Tm, 163thermooxidative degradation, 359viscosity, 468

poly(propylene glycol), 375poly(propyl methacrylate), 179polypyromellitimide, 405polypyrrolane, 492polypyrrole, 269, 420, 421, 522, 523, 524polyquinoline, 527polysaccharide, 334, 335, 337poly(N,N'-sebacoyl piperazine), 173polysilane, 415polysilastyrene, 415, 416polysiloxane, 8, 24polysiloxane-block-polycarbonate, 492polystyrene

applications, 360blends, 297, 299, 302, 303, 377ceiling temperature, 266, 267chloromethylation, 61, 62critical molecular weight, 155critical strain, 184crosslinked, 61, 361dispersity, 18dual-mode parameters, 504early production, 2encapsulants, 526expandable, 275, 294, 295, 359Flory EOS parameters, 106Fox–Flory parameters, 180general purpose, 359GPC chromatogram, 143heat capacity, 54heat-distortion temperature, 177

Index 5 7 5

high-impact, 10, 200, 283, 294, 304,306, 360, 396history, 3, 359impact strength, 199, 199IPN, 306, 307isotactic, 360Me, 155Mark–Houwink parameters, 140mechanical properties, 194medical applications, 518membrane, 513molecular weight, 2permeability, 494photooxidation, 270, 360Poisson's ratio, 188power-law parameters, 449production figures, 354properties, 359secondary relaxations, 158solubility parameter, 115solution, 446solution viscosity, 447standards, 133, 144stereospecific, 360syndiotactic, 12, 51, 52, 360, 519Tg, 157, 174, 179thermal conductivity, 54thermal expansion coefficient, 174TMDSC, 241toughening, 304viscosity, 442, 444, 468WLF parameters, 244

poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (see SAN)polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-

polystyrene, 378polysulfide, 370, 370, 371, 371polysulfone, 398, 503

applications, 399classification, 24composites, 309critical strain, 184, 271dual-mode parameters, 504dynamic mechanical data, 219, 220heat-distortion temperature, 177impact strength, 199membrane, 490, 492

nanocomposite, 317permeability, 494properties, 390, 398solubility parameter, 115, 271structure, 219, 398sulfonated, 517synthesis, 399Tg, 157

polysulfurnitride, 521polytetrafluoroethylene, 402

ceiling temperature, 267conductivity, 522degradation, 266dielectric constant, 525electrical insulator, 521film, 510nomenclature, 14processing, 403structure, 404thermal degradation, 292

poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)],373

poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-propylene),373

polytetrahydrofuran, 374polytetramethylene ether glycol, 378polythioether, 9polythiophene, 58, 420, 522, 522, 523,

526, 528poly(thio-1,4-phenylene), 400polytriazole, 492poly(trimethylene terephthalate), 344poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne], 492,

493, 494polyurea, 9polyurethane, 373

biodegradation, 277classification, 24elastomer, 371, 375encapsulants, 526foam, 292, 294, 373IPN, 306polyester-based, 375polyether-based, 375RIM, 293, 434, 435

5 7 6 Index

segmented, 518synthesis, 26, 376WLF parameters, 244

poly(urethane-urea), 518poly(vinyl acetate), 363

critical molecular weight, 155hydrolysis, 363Me, 155Mark–Houwink parameters, 140permeability, 487as precursor, 64solubility parameter, 115structure, 6thermal expansion coefficient, 174Tg, 157, 174WLF parameters, 244

poly(vinyl alcohol)biodegradation, 280fiber, 349, 350as gas barrier, 486hydrogen bonding, 161membrane, 490, 496permeability, 487as precursor, 61, 363in suspension polymerizations, 55synthesis, 54, 61, 64Tg, 161Tm, 161thermal degradation, 267

poly(vinyl amides), 271poly(vinyl butyral), 61, 64, 363poly(N-vinylcarbazole), 421poly(vinyl carboxylic acid), 271, 272poly(vinyl chloride)

blends, 302, 303calendering, 437chlorinated, 362chlorination, 61dehydrochlorination, 267, 268, 362density, 166dry blend resin, 361dual-mode parameters, 504encapsulants, 526extrusion grade, 55fiber, 350flexible-grade, 283, 361

Fox–Flory parameters, 180FTIR spectroscopy, 74heat capacity, 54heat-distortion temperature, 177, 395impact modified, 305impact strength, 199incineration, 277injection-molding grade, 55market data, 3Mark–Houwink parameters, 140mechanical properties, 194medical applications, 518membrane, 492paste, 442permeability, 487for pipe applications, 290Poisson's ratio, 188production figures, 354properties, 362property modification, 362rigid grade, 361solubility parameter, 115Tg, 174tacticity, 12, 161thermal conductivity, 54thermal-expansion coefficient, 174thermal stabilizers, 267toughening, 362WLF parameters, 244

poly(vinyl esters), 271poly(vinyl fluoride), 403, 404poly(vinylidene chloride), 6, 486, 487poly(vinylidene chloride-co-vinyl

chloride), 55poly(vinylidene fluoride)

blends, 303copolymer, 403structure, 404synthesis, 54Tg, 161Tm, 161

poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene), 373

poly(vinylidene fluoride-co- hexafluoropropylene), 373

Index 5 7 7

poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-tetrafluoroelastomer), 373

poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-propylene),373

poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)],373

poly(a-vinyl naphthalene), 179poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone), 54, 363,

514poly(vinyltoluene-co-a-methylstyrene),

347porous media, 500porphyrin, 329potassium persulfate, 364power consumption

in dynamic deformation, 213in extrusion, 472

power-law fluid, 454, 457, 458, 459, 460,463, 474, 475, 477

power-law index, 448, 458, 474, 477power-law model, 448power-law parameters, 448Prausnitz, 123preform molding, 317pressure drop, 471Price, 42primary amine silane coupling agent, 312processing additives, 291, 293proline, 328propagation rate constants, 35propagation step, 31proportional limit, 189propylene

ceiling temperature, 40heat of polymerization, 40polymerization, 51

propylene carbonate, 524protein

adsorption, 518conformation, 326fibrous, 328, 329globular, 328primary structure, 328

quaternary, 328secondary structure, 328synthesis, 61, 329, 333tertiary structure, 328

Protein Data Bank, 329proteomics, 329Pseudomonas oleovorans, 277puffup, 452pultrusion, 309, 319purine, 330purine base, 331pyridine base, 331, 333pyrimidine, 330pyromellitic anhydride, 405pyrrole polymerization, 421

QQ-e scheme, 42quinone derivative, 25, 27

Rradial distribution function, 89radiation-sterilizable, 518radiolysis, 273radius of gyration, 135Raman spectroscopy, 74Raoult's law, 95rate-of-deformation tensor, 450, 454Rayleigh ratio, 134rayon, 3, 63, 289, 337, 339, 341, 342,343,

350reaction-injection molding (see RIM)reactive compatibilizer, 295reactivity ratio, 41, 43Rebok, 403reciprocity relationship, 250recycling, 274redox initiator, 55reduced viscosity, 140refractive index, 134reinforced reaction injection molding (see

RRIM)reinforcement, 284relative viscosity increment, 139, 140relaxational time, 235

5 7 8 Index

relaxation spectra, 228relaxation time, 222relaxation-time distribution, 229repeating unit, 1reptation, 155, 156resite, 383resole, 383, 383resorcinol, 382retardation spectrum, 228, 230retentate, 495reverse osmosis, 488, 489, 490, 491, 511,

516rheology, 439rheometry, 461ribosome, 328, 333RIM, 293, 373, 434, 435RNA, 329, 333roll coating, 437, 438rotational molding, 436rotomolding, 436Rouget, 337roving, 319RRIM, 435rubber

crosslinking, 370market data, 3production, 367

rubber elasticity, 249rubbery plateau, 190, 245, 285rule of mixtures, 181runners, 433

SSalame, 486SAN, 55, 301, 302, 354Sanchez, 103Saran, 362, 486SBR, 3, 13, 360, 366, 367, 368, 369, 377SBS, 10, 48Scatchard–Hildebrand equation, 117Schatzki crankshaft motion, 157Schering bridge, 238Schiff base, 61Schonbein, 2Schrager equation, 311Schultz, 16

Scott, 298screw characteristic, 458, 472secant modulus, 189secondary relaxation, 19, 154, 157, 220second law of thermodynamics, 249second normal stress difference, 451, 452second-order transition, 168, 170second virial coefficient, 112, 130, 138segment fractions, 106segment volume fraction, 119self-condensation, 24, 25separation factor, 496serine, 328serum albumin, 329S-glass, 290, 318sharkskin, 452shear banding, 183, 185shear compliance, 191shear flow, 439shear-induced degradation, 441shear modulus, 191, 253shear storage modulus, 230shear strain, 439shear strain rate, 439shear stress, 439shear-stress tensor, 456shear thickening, 442shear thinning, 441, 445sheet-molding compound, 317, 318shellac, 428shift factor, 242, 244Shirakawa, 522siemen, 521silanol group, 312silicon carbide, 416silicon dioxide, 525silicone rubber, 316, 366, 371, 492, 492,

494, 502, 514, 526silk, 71, 339, 340Silly Putty, 207silver, 522Simha, 103, 173simple flow, 439, 454, 468simple shear flow, 454SIMS, 59Sinn, 51, 357

Index 5 7 9

site fraction, 107size exclusion, 499size-exclusion chromatography, 128, 142slit die rheometer, 452slit flow, 472slit rheometer, 461, 467slush molding, 436Small, 113smectic, 417SMC (see sheet-molding compound)Smith-Ewart, 57sodium cellulose, 337sodium naphthalenide, 48, 49sodium thiocyanate, 350solubility parameter, 113, 118, 271solution

critical concentration, 445rheometry, 467viscoelastic properties, 230viscosity, 445

solution-diffusion model, 499solution-diffusion transport, 501solution-of-functional groups, 118solvent cracking, 271solvent crazing, 271Sourirajan, 511Spandex, 350, 366, 371specific heat, 169, 174specific heat increment, 172, 176specific refractive increment, 134specific retention volume, 112specific volume, 129spherulite, 153spherulitic growth, 164spinneret, 347, 349, 350spinning, 428spinodal curve, 110, 296, 300, 301spinodal decomposition, 513sprue, 433Staphylococcus, 488starch, 278, 280, 334, 335star polymers, 69static testing, 186statistical theory of rubber elasticity, 255Staudinger, 252steady-shear flow, 231

steady-shear viscosity, 231stearic acid, 370steel, 290step growth, 8stereoregularity, 368Stirling approximation, 96storage compliance, 211storage modulus, 211, 215, 248strain softening, 192stress-at-break, 192stress relaxation, 186, 195, 198, 223stress-relaxation modulus, 198, 245, 248stress-strain curve, 192, 193stress tensor, 450, 455structure-property relationships, 177styrene

biodegradation, 280ceiling temperature, 40copolymer, 360copolymerization, 41, 44graft copolymerization, 361heat of polymerization, 40initiation, 46polymerization, 31, 69, 70, 359Q-e values, 43rate constants, 35reactivity ratios, 43

styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, 184, 294,361, 393

styrene-butadiene rubber (see SBR)styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock

copolymer, 377styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, 305,

397styrenic elastomers, 367styrenic polymers, 3, 354sulfate anion, 55sulfolane, 513sulfonyl chloride, 399sulfonyl fluoride, 412, 509sulfur bridges, 370sulfuric acid, 522sulfur vulcanization, 339supercritical fluids, 60supramolecular structure, 329surface area, 107, 119

5 8 0 Index

surfactant, 55Surlyn, 411suspension, 447suture, 518syndiotactic, 10

TTakayanagi model, 313talc, 401N-tallowdiethanolamine, 513tan d, 211Tedlar, 403Teflon (see polytetrafluoroethylene)temperature-modulated DSC, 176, 240tenacity, 340tensor, 450terephthalic acid, 344termination, 32terpolymer, 10terpolymerization, 403,5,3',5'-tetramethyldipehnoquinone, 396texturing, 348thermal conductivity, 54thermal degradation, 264, 264thermal-expansion coefficient, 105, 117,

170, 173, 444, 478thermally induced phase separation, 510,

512thermally-stable polymers, 268thermally stimulated current analysis, 239thermal-pressure coefficient, 105Thermid, 407thermoelastic behavior, 252thermoforming, 435thermoplastic, 4, 354thermoplastic elastomers, 366, 367, 377thermoset, 4, 378, 431q conditions, 130, 154q temperature, 94, 102third virial coefficient, 130thiuram disulfides, 370thixotropic, 445Thomson formula, 166threonine, 328threshold stress, 449thymine, 331

time lag, 507time-temperature superposition, 197, 198,

242tires, 276, 369titanate coupling agent, 312titanium dioxide, 294, 397titanium tetrachloride, 356toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 374, 375Torlon, 406, 408torque, 466torsional-braid analysis, 214, 217torsion pendulum, 214, 215, 217tortoise shells, 435toughened plastics, 304tow, 319transesterification, 395transfer molding, 430, 430, 431transfer pot, 430transform space, 247transient testing, 195Treloar, 94trialkyl phosphate, 288trialkyl trimellitates, 288triazine structure, 404tributyltin oxide, 293tricresyl phosphate, 288trioctyl trimellitate, 286, 288trioxane polymerization, 5, 58, 397Tripodi, 514Trommsdorff effect, 53Trouton viscosity, 440true stain, 187true stress, 187tryptophan, 328tyrosine, 328

UUbbelohde viscometer, 141Udel, 400Ultem, 406, 408ultimate stress, 192ultrafilter, 489ultrafiltration, 489, 490, 491, 516UNIFAC, 118UNIFAC-FV, 118, 123, 124Unipol process, 52, 57, 58, 358

Index 5 8 1

UNIQUAC, 118, 120unity tensor, 456universal calibration curve, 144unperturbed dimensions, 93, 93, 94, 154upper critical solution temperature, 110,

296, 297, 513uracil, 331urea–formaldehyde resin, 378, 384, 385urea linkage, 375urea resins, 3, 379urethane groups, 376urethane-polyolefin formulation, 293UV

absorbers, 292coating, 438irradiation, 30, 363stability, 269

Vvacuum forming, 435valine, 328van der Waals surface area, 119van't Hoff equation, 129van Krevelen, 113vapor–liquid equilibria, 118vapor-pressure osmometry, 132Vectra, 417velocity profile, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460vibrational spectroscopy, 72vibration damping, 308Vicor glass, 510Victrex, 412vinyl acetate

Q-e values, 43rate constants, 35

vinyl chloridecopolymer, 361copolymerization, 362polymerization, 361Q-e values, 43rate constants, 35reactivity ratios, 43

vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloridecopolymer, 362

vinyl ester copolymerization, 355vinyl ether copolymerization, 355

vinylidene chlorideQ-e values, 43rate constants, 35

vinylidene fluoride copolymer, 403, 404vinylmethylsilanol, 372vinyl polymerization, 45N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 43vinyl silane coupling agent, 312viscoelastic, 207viscometric flow, 459viscose, 343viscose process, 63, 342, 350viscosity

coefficient, 439dynamic, 467molecular weight dependence, 442number, 140pressure dependence, 444shear-rate dependence, 449temperature dependence, 443time dependence, 445

viscous flow, 190, 500, 501viscous fluid, 196viscous heating, 427, 465Viton, 366, 371, 373Voigt element, 221, 225Voigt–Kelvin model, 228, 229volume change of mixing, 101volume fraction, 99, 129volumetric flow, 461, 469volumetric flow rate, 458, 460, 463vulcanization, 48, 366, 369, 370

Wwater-soluble polymer, 61, 453, 514, 518Watson, 331weak-link degradation, 265weathering, 264web, 437wet spinning, 349, 350Wheatstone bridge, 238whiskers, 289Wilkins, 331Williams-Landel-Ferry (see WLF)wire coating, 428, 475WLF equation, 243, 443

5 8 2 Index

WLF parameters, 254, 444, 477, 478wood, 335Wood equation, 285wood flour, 383wood pulp, 342, 490wool, 339, 340work in dynamic deformation, 213Wurtz reaction, 415

XXanthamonas, 453xanthan, 453xanthate process, 337x-ray scattering

small-angle (SAXS), 166wide-angle (WAXS), 166

Xydar, 4172,6-xylenol polymerization, 27

Yyarn, 340yield behavior, 448yield strength, 194yield stress, 192, 449Young's modulus, 189, 245, 253, 310

Zzero-shear viscosity, 441, 442Ziegler, 2, 50Ziegler catalyst, 66, 356, 358Ziegler–Natta catalyst, 358, 368, 376Ziegler–Natta polymerization, 50, 52Zimm method, 136Zimm plot, 137, 137zinc oxide, 370, 371zinc stearate. 317