I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s Results

a. Dominantb. Recessive

E. Mendel’s Hypothesisa. Gene Segregationb. Punnett Squares

F. Terminologya. Alleleb. Genotypec. Phenotyped. Homozygouse. Heterozygous

G. Simple Monohybrid CrossesH. Dihybrid Cross : Principle of Independent Assortment

GREGOR MENDEL

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITY: Passing of Traits from parents to

offspringB. Origin of Genetic

Personal: 1822 – 1884 (Jan. 6th)

Education: Monastery in Czechoslovakia University of Vienna

Research: Pea Plants Seven Different Traits

Used Mathematics to Solve 1866 Published Results Rediscovered in 1900’s

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s Experiment

Pea Plant- easy to grow- produce lg. # offspring- short growing season- picked seven traits

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s Experiment

a. Self Pollination

b. Cross Pollination

c. GenerationsP Gen

F1 Gen

F2 Gen

D. Mendel’s Results

a. DOMINANT

b. recessive

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s Results

E. Mendel’s Hypothesis

- There are alternative forms of genes, called alleles.

– For each trait, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent.

– Alleles can be dominant or recessive.

– Gametes carry only one allele for each inherited trait.

GENE SEGREGATIONThe two member of an allele pair segregate from each other

during the production of gametes.

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s Results

E. Mendel’s Hypothesis

GENE SEGREGATION

PUNNETT SQUARE - chart

- prediction - gametes outside

- offspring inside

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s Results

E. Mendel’s Hypothesis

F. Terminology

a. Gene vs. Allele

b. Genotype vs Phenotype

c. Homozygous vs Heterozygous

In rabbits the allele for black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat color (b).  What is the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio be for a cross between a homozygous black rabbit and homozygous brown rabbit?

White (W) hair in sheep is caused by the dominant gene while black (w) hair is recessive.  A heterozygous white male and a black female are parents of a black lamb.  What is the probability that their next lamb will be white?  What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

In humans, polydactyly (an extra finger on each hand or toe on each foot) is due to a dominant gene.  When one parent is polydactylous, but heterozygous, and the other parent is normal, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their children? 

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s Results

E. Mendel’s HypothesisF. Terminology

G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses

H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment1. Crossing two traits at the same time

Round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r)Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g)

Homozygous round yellow pea plant is crossed with wrinkled homozygous green pea plant, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Parents ____________________ x __________________________

Possible Gametes

Genotype:

Phenotype:

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s Results

E. Mendel’s HypothesisF. Terminology

G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses

H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment1. Crossing two traits at the same time

Round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r)Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g)

Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant is crossed with Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant , what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Parents ____________________ x __________________________

Possible Gametes

Genotype:

Phenotype:

Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant is crossed with Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant , what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Parents ____________________ x __________________________

Possible Gametes

I. Principles of GeneticsG. Simple Monohybrid Crosses: Principle of Gene Segregation

1. Alleles will separate during meiosis to make haploid gametes

H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment1. If the genes are on different chromosomes they move independently of one another during meiosis.

Genetic Corn LAB

Purple (RR) is dominant to yellow (rr)Smooth (Su) is dominant to wrinkled (su)

HYPOTHESISMonohybrid: P Gen. Homozygous Purple x Homozygous Purple

F1 Gen.

F2 Gen.

HYPOTHESISDihybrid: P Gen Homozygous Purple x Homozygous Purple

F1 Gen.

F2 Gen.

Group Purple Kernels Yellow Kernels Total Kernels

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Totals

Convert to Percents

Corn Kernels for F2 Generations in Monohybrid Cross of a Purple and Yellow Corn Plant

Group Purple and Smooth Kernels

Purple and Wrinkled Kernels

Yellow and Smooth Kernels

Yellow and Wrinkled Kernels

Total Kernels

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Totals

Convert to Percents

Corn Kernels for F2 Generations in Dihybrid Cross of a Purple, Smooth and Yellow, Wrinkled Corn Plant

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s ResultsE. Mendel’s HypothesisF. Terminology

G. Simple Monohybrid CrossesH. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

1. Blood Types

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and GeneticsB. Incomplete Dominance

1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and GeneticsB. Incomplete Dominance

1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend

Red snapdragon is crossed with pink snapdragon, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

Pink snapdragon is crossed with white snapdragon, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and GeneticsB. Incomplete Dominance

1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend

HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

HH = Hypercholesterol = High levels of CholesterolHN = Slight Higher Levels of Cholesterol NN = Normal Levels of Cholesterol

Normal (LDL receptors) Mild Disease (Few LDL receptors) High – No LDL receptors

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. Codominance = two allele are dominant and both are expressed equally, they do not blend.

COWS:

BB = Black BW = Black and White WW = White

Cross a black male with a black and white female, determine the possible genotype and phenotypes for the offspring?

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

1. more than just two alleles2. Examples: Coat Color in Chinchillas

Cross a Dark Gray Chinchilla (Cch) with a albino (cc) Chinchilla, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

1. more than just two alleles2. Examples: Coat Color in Chinchillas

Cross a Light Gray Chinchilla (cch ch) with a Himalayan (ch ch) Chinchilla, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles

 

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles

Cross a man with blood type AB and a women with blood type O. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring?

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles

Cross a man with blood type A and a women with blood typeB. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring?

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s ResultsE. Mendel’s HypothesisF. Terminology

G. Simple Monohybrid CrossesH. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

1. Blood Types

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work RediscoveredB. Sex Determination

1. Autosomes2. Sex-Chromosomes

C. Sex-Linked Inheritance1. Thomas Hunt Morgan

D. Many Genes- One Effect1. Continuous Variation2. Multiple Genes

E. Expression of Genes

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered

1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s 2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

a. chromosomes segregate during meiosis, like allelesb. and that each chromosome has hundreds of genes

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered

1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s 2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

B. Sex Determination1. Thomas Hunt Morgan2. Worked with Fruit Fly (Drosophila)

a. 3 sets of autosomesb. 1 set of sex-chromosomes

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered

1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s 2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

B. Sex DeterminationC. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)

1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,

a. so either dominant or recessive expressed b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females

Cross a red-eyed female (XRXR) and a white-eyed male (XrYo) . What is the genotype and phenotype?

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered

1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s 2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

B. Sex DeterminationC. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)

1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,

a. so either dominant or recessive expressed b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females

Cross a heterozygous red-eyed female (XRXr) and a white-eyed male (XrYo), What is the genotype and phenotype ?

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered

1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s 2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

B. Sex DeterminationC. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)

1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,

a. so either dominant or recessive expressed b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females

Cross a white-eyed female (XrXr) and a red-eyed male (XRYo), What is the genotype and phenotype ?

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered

1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s 2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

B. Sex DeterminationC. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)

1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,

a. so either dominant or recessive expressed b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females

4. HUMAN Sex-Linked Traits a. colorblindness

b. hemophiliac. Duchene muscular dystrophy d. Fragile X syndrome

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work RediscoveredB. Sex Determination

1. Autosomes2. Sex-Chromosomes

C. Sex-Linked Inheritance1. Thomas Hunt Morgan

D. Many Genes- One Effect1. Continuous Variation or Polygenics

-presence of many phenotypes from on extreme to another

EXAMPLES-height-skin color

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work RediscoveredB. Sex Determination

1. Autosomes2. Sex-Chromosomes

C. Sex-Linked Inheritance1. Thomas Hunt Morgan

D. Many Genes- One Effect1. Continuous Variation2. Multiple Genes

E. Expression of Genes1. Modifier Genes = genes interact with other genes to control

various patterns of inheritance. Human Eye Color:

B = brown b = blueother gene = other levels of melanin

= hazel, gray, green 2. Environment = sometimes environmental factors influence genes

Reptiles = temp effect sex of offspring

Phenotypes are hard to predict because expression of genes is effected by many different factors.

I. Principles of GeneticsA. HEREDITYB. Origin of GeneticC. Mendel’s ExperimentD. Mendel’s ResultsE. Mendel’s HypothesisF. Terminology

G. Simple Monohybrid CrossesH. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment

II. Solving Genetic ProblemsA. Probability and Genetics: already coveredB. Incomplete DominanceC. CodominanceD. Multiple Alleles

III. The Chromosomal Theory of HeredityA. Mendel’s Work RediscoveredB. Sex Determination

C. Sex-Linked InheritanceD. Many Genes- One Effect

E. Expression of Genes

CHAPTER 8I. Principles of GeneticsII. Solving Genetic ProblemsIII. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

This is it for Chapter 8, but we will also cover chapter 11 on this test.

I. Human Genetic DisordersA.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)C.Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Codominant)D.Sex-Linked Disorders

II. Prevention and Possible CuresA. Genetic CounselingB. Diagnosis in UterusC. Gene Therapy

 

Chapter 11I. Human Genetic Disorders

A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)1. Symptoms2. Cause 3. Treatment 4. Other Autosomal recessive disorders

a. Tay Sachsb. PKU- Phenylketonuriac. Albinism

Chapter 11I. Human Genetic Disorders

A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)

1. Pedigree2. Knowing the Future

Chapter 11I. Human Genetic Disorders

A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)

3. Other Autosomal Dominant Disordersa. achondroplasia (dwarfism)b. 15 year girls

Chapter 11I. Human Genetic Disorders

A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)C. Sickle-Cell Anemia (Co dominant)

Chapter 11I. Human Genetic Disorders

A. Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)B. Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)C. Sickle-Cell Anemia (Co dominant)

D. Sex-Linked Disorder1. Colorblind2. Hemophilia

Chapter 11I.Human Genetic Disorders

II. Prevention and Possible CuresA. Genetic CounselingB. Diagnosis in Uterus

1. Amniocentesis2. Chorionic Villus Biopsy3. Ultrasonography4. Fetoscopy

Chapter 11I.Human Genetic Disorders

II. Prevention and Possible CuresA. Genetic CounselingB. Diagnosis in UterusC. Gene Therapy

CHAPTER 8I. Principles of GeneticsII. Solving Genetic ProblemsIII. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

Chapter 11

I. Human Genetic DisordersA.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)C.Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Codominant)D.Sex-Linked Disorders

II. Prevention and Possible CuresA. Genetic CounselingB. Diagnosis in UterusC. Gene Therapy