I. The Land and Peoples of Italy Romes central location and
geographic features made it a desirable location from which to
expand A. The location of Rome was ideal for settlement, and
provided a central position in Italy from which to expand B. An
Indo-European people known as the Latins were living in the hills
of Rome from about 1500 to 1000 B.C. 1. They were herders and
farmers 2. Spoke Latin
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Reflection: Look at the location of Rome. What makes it an
ideal location for a new settlement?
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C. The Greeks and the Etruscans heavily influenced the
development of Rome 1. Greeks came to Italy in large numbers during
the age of Greek colonization 2. The Greeks occupied Sicily and
influenced Romes cultural and artistic systems 3. It was the
Etruscans who influenced the Rome the most a. By 650 B.C., they
controlled the city and most of Latium
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Reflection: The Latins in Rome were influenced by two major
groups: the Etruscans and the Greeks. In your opinion, which group
most influenced the development of Rome and why?
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II. The Roman Republic The Romans were practical and skillful
in politics and military matters A. A new era in Roman history
occurred in 509 B.C. when the last Etruscan king was overthrown and
a republic was established B. By 264 B.C., Rome had conquered
virtually all of Italy C. The Roman historian Livy provided stories
that glorified the virtues of past Romans
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II. The Roman Republic D. Rome was a successful empire because:
1. Romans were good diplomats 2. They were smart about extending
citizenship rights 3. Gave conquered states the autonomy to run
their own affairs 4. Romans were excellent at military operations
a. They were brilliant strategists b. Built roads throughout the
empire to move armies and supplies 5. Romans created practical
legal and political institutions
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Roman Senate Roman Road
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II. The Roman Republic E. Patricians and plebeians made up
Roman society 1. Men in both groups were citizens and could vote a.
However only patricians could be elected to public office 2.
Patricians and plebeians struggled over social and political
equality
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II. The Roman Republic F. The Roman Senate was made up of 300
patricians who were elected for life 1. The Roman Senate selected
the consuls and praetors and passed laws 2. Two consuls, chosen
every year, ran the government and led the army into war 3. A
praetor was in charge of civil law Reflection: How would you
describe the social structure of Rome?
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II. The Roman Republic G. By 287 B.C., a law making all Roman
males equal citizens was passed H. Romes first attempt at a legal
system was the Twelve Tables adopted in 450 B.C. 1. This code of
laws proved to be inadequate for the needs of the Roman society 2.
Romans then established standards of justice that applied to all
Roman citizens 3. The principles of this legal system provide the
basis of our current legal system
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Reflection: Greece created a direct democracy and Rome formed a
republic. Are they both forms of a democracy? How would you define
a democracy? If so, what are similarities between the two? What are
the differences?
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III. Roman Expansion After their conquest of Italy, the Romans
faced the state of Carthage A. In 264 B.C., the First Punic War
began between Rome and Carthage 1. A Phoenician colony in North
Africa that had grown wealthy from trade 2. Rome was victorious and
claimed the island of Sicily
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III. Roman Expansion B. In 216 B.C., the Carthaginian general
Hannibal crossed the Alps with his army of 46,000 men and 37 battle
elephants to attack Rome 1. This was the beginning of the Second
Punic War 2. In 206 B.C., the Romans pushed the Carthaginian forces
out of Spain 3. At the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C., Rome defeated
Hannibal, and Spain became a Roman province C. In 146 B.C., the
Third Punic War was fought. 1. The Romans destroyed Carthage and
became the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.
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Create a cartoon of the Punic Wars You will create a foldable
according to the teachers instructions. You will create a cartoon
for the Punic wars. Each drawing will be in chronological order and
must show what took place during the 3 Punic wars. Each slide must
have a caption which gives some insight into what is happening in
the slide. (using bubbles to show talking is also acceptable) Each
slide must also be colored (Remember your teacher is visual and
loves COLOR!!!
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IV. The End of the Roman Republic Political and social unrest
led to civil wars, ending the Republic A. By the second century
B.C., the Senate was in control of foreign and domestic policy of
Rome, including financial affairs B. A small group of landed
aristocrats began to gain more power and soon brought instability
to the Roman Republic 1. Small farmers were forced off their lands
2. They moved to the city where they created a large class of poor
3. Large landed estates, latifundia, were created by the rich 4.
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to institute land reform but were
murdered by a group of rich senators
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Video: Why do you think the patricians would take the land of
the farmers? How do you think this contributed to the fall of
Rome?
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IV. The End of the Roman Republic C. A change in the
recruitment of soldiers also created problems 1. Soldiers seeking
land swore allegiance to the general, not the state a. Giving
military generals great power b. Generals commanded legions of
soldiers 1) A legion consisted of 5,000 troops
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IV. The End of the Roman Republic D. In 60 B.C., the First
Triumvirate was formed to run the government 1. Triumvirate is a
government by three people with equal power 2. The leaders of the
triumvirate were Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar E. Julius
Caesar illegally crossed the Rubicon River with his army 1. causing
a civil war in which he defeated Pompey 2. He went into Rome
because he felt Rome needed to be saved from the instability
Slide 24
IV. The End of the Roman Republic F. In 45 B.C., Julius Caesar
was made dictator and controlled Rome 1. Dictator is an absolute
ruler 2. Caesars land reform policies were unpopular with the rich
3. Members of the senate thought he wanted to be a king 4. He was
assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C. 5. Rome plunged into
civil war again
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The Assassination of Julius Caesar Why do you think that the
Senate killed Caesar? How do you think this contributed to the fall
of Rome ?
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IV. The End of the Roman Republic G. The Second Triumvirate was
composed of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus 1. Octavian and Antony
soon came into conflict a. Antony joined forces with Cleopatra of
Egypt b. After defeat, they committed suicide 2. Octavian soon
became the sole ruler of the Roman Empire
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Video: Why do you think Octavian was so successful in defeating
Antony? Why do you think the Roman Republic came to and end?
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V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire A. In 27 B.C., Octavian
gave the Senate some power but became the first emperor of Rome 1.
The Senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, meaning the revered
one 2. The Senate also gave Augustus the title of imperator a.
Imperator means commander in chief
Slide 31
V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire B. Augustus new political
system allowed the emperor to select his successor 1. The next four
emperors came from his family 2. They became more powerful and
corrupt C. Nero was a ruthless ruler 1. He blamed the burning of
Rome on the Christians 2. He killed his own mother and also
committed suicide 3. His death in 69 A.D. caused a civil war to
break out
Slide 32
V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire D. Following the civil
war, emperors were more tolerant 1. The time period known as the
Pax Romana began a. Period of peace and prosperity 2. The building
of roads and public works was undertaken to help the empire 3. The
Roman Empire expanded to include Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai
Peninsula 4. Trajan, one of the good emperors, strengthened his
defenses along the Rhine and Danube Rivers in Europe 5. Hadrian
built a wall in England to defend against the Scots
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Hadrians Wall
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V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire E. The empire at its
height was one of the greatest the world has ever known F. Latin
was the language of the western empire, whereas Greek was spoken in
the east G. Roman culture spread through the empire and mixed with
the existing Greek culture resulting in a Greco-Roman civilization
Interactive Map of the Roman Empire and Celtic Lands
Slide 36
Roman Empire Map 1. Use map on page 158 2. Color the area of
the Roman Empire and Create a Key and match it to key 3. Color the
rest of the land area Brown 4. Color the water of Blue 5. Label the
city of Rome and Byzantium 6. Label the area of Africa and Asia
Minor 7. Label the waterways: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian
Sea, North Sea, and Red Sea, and Atlantic Ocean Roman Empire
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VI. Roman Arts and Literature The Romans spread Greco-Roman
arts and culture throughout the empire A. Art and Architecture 1.
The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek styles of art and
architecture 2. Greek art and sculptures were highly prized by
Romans 3. Unlike Greeks, Roman art depicted realistic forms
Slide 40
VI. Roman Arts and Literature B. The Romans constructed roads,
bridges, and aqueducts throughout the empire 1. They used curved
forms: arches, vaults, and domes 2. They used a new and better
concrete on a massive scale 3. Built 50,000 miles of roads 4. Built
dozens of aqueducts that brought water to the city of over one
million people
Slide 41
The Pantheon
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Roman Aqueduct
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The Coliseum
Slide 44
VI. Roman Arts and Literature C. Literature 1. The Age of
Augustus is known as the golden age of Latin Literature 2. Virgil
wrote of the splendor of Rome a. His masterpiece was the Aeneid a.
Aeneas was the ideal Roman whose virtues are duty, piety and
faithfulness b. Romes gift was the art of ruling.
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C. Literature 3. Horace wrote Satires about the Roman people a.
Laughs at the weakness of humans 4. Livy wrote about the history of
Rome, although his accuracy is often questioned a. The Early
History of Rome b. 142 books that told stories about people and
their character
Slide 46
VII. Life in Ancient Rome City life in ancient Rome had
problems similar to life today A. Family Life 1. Roman households
were headed by the paterfamiliasthe dominant male 2. Could sell his
children into slavery or have them put to death 3. Absolute
authority over wife 4. Over time this authority over the family
declined
Slide 47
VII. Life in Ancient Rome B. Boys and girls were educated in
Roman society 1. Greek slaves were often teachers for rich Romans
2. Upper-class girls were often sent to primary schools for their
education 3. At the age of 12 to 14 boys entered secondary school
while girls entered into marriage
Slide 48
VII. Life in Ancient Rome C. Women had considerable freedom and
independence 1. They could not enter politics 2. They could own and
sell property, attend theatre and races, and socialize 3. Women
were not segregated from males 4. Marriage meant for life but
divorce was possible for both male and
Slide 49
VII. Life in Ancient Rome D. Slaves 1. Slavery was common in
the ancient world, and the Romans depended heavily on slave labor
for household duties and the building of public works 2. Most
people owned slaves and many were looked upon as part of the family
household 3. Roman conquest brought about a change in the use of
slaves 4. Greek slaves were used as tutors, musicians, doctors, and
artists
Slide 50
D. Slavery 5. Some slaves were used for hard labor on farms and
construction projects like roads and buildings a. These slaves were
treated harshly b. Spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt
in 73 B.C. 1) Involved 70,000 slaves 2) Defeated several Roman
armies 3) When finally captured, Spartacus and 6,000 followers were
nailed to crosses lining the streets entering Rome
Slide 51
VII. Life in Ancient Rome E. Living Conditions 1. Rome was the
cultural center of the Roman Empire 2. The large public buildings
and magnificent architecture of the city was unequaled anywhere
else in the empire a. The place to be if you wanted to become
somebody 3. Very noisy and busy 4. No carts or wagons allowed in
streets during the day because of congestion
Slide 52
VII. Life in Ancient Rome 5. A gap existed between the rich and
the poor. a. The wealthy lived in comfortable villas the poor lived
in apartment complexes called insulae b. Fire was very much a
threat in the insulae c. Rooms often very crowded because of so
many people living in them due to the high cost of rent 6. People
often spent much of the time, even at night, outside 7. Conditions
were not so great for the poor
Slide 53
VII. Life in Ancient Rome F. Starting with Augustus, emperors
provided the poor with grain for bread G. The emperor provided the
entertainment for the city 1. Horse and chariot races, theater
performances, and gladiator fights 2. This was done to keep many
poor preoccupied and their minds off of their terrible living
conditions
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An Example of a Roman Mosaic
Slide 56
Creating a Mosaic 1. On a sheet of paper, create your design. A
simple geometric design is the easiest. Animals, birds, fish or
objects such as bowls or pitchers are more difficult. 2. Copy your
design on a piece of cardstock. 3. Take four sheets of colored
paper and cut them into squares of about 1/8 th of an inch. 4.
Spread glue all over youre the design on the cardstock. 5. Placed
colored papers in your design.
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VIII. Religion in the Roman Empire Prior to Christianity, Roman
religion involved the worship of a number of gods and goddesses and
the belief that Rome had earned the favor of the gods A. Although
tolerant of other religions, the official religion of the Romans
involved the worship of numerous gods and goddesses 1. They were
not tolerant if other religions threatened public order or morals
2. Rituals guaranteed peace and prosperity
Slide 59
Religion in the Roman Empire B. Rome controlled the Jewish
state of Judaea under the direction of an official called a
procurator 1. The head Roman official of a province C. There was
unrest in Judea among the Jews
Slide 60
Religion in the Roman Empire D. Four different groups of Jews
had varying opinions on how to deal with Roman rule 1. The
Sadducees favored cooperation with the Rome 2. The Pharisees
believed observance of their religious laws would protect them from
Roman influence 3. The Essenes waited for God to save Israel from
oppression 4. The Zealots called for the violent overthrow of Roman
Control E. A Jewish revolt was ended in A.D.70, and the Jewish
temple in Jerusalem was destroyed
Slide 61
IX. The Rise of Christianity A. Jesus was a Jewish teacher who
traveled and taught in Judaea and Galilee 1. Despite his adherence
to the Law, Jesus primary emphasis was on the transformation of the
inner person 2. Jesus taught ethical concepts such as humility,
charity, and love towards one another 3. Jesus preaching led some
to believe he would lead a revolution against Rome
Slide 62
The Rise of Christianity B. After Jesus death, apostles such as
Simon Peter and Paul spread the message of Jesus to Jews and
Gentiles 1. Paul founded Christian communities all along the shores
of the Aegean Sea and Asia Minor C. The teachings of Jesus were
passed on orally and, eventually, written down by his followers.
These writings would become the core of the New Testament
Slide 63
The Rise of Christianity D. Even though the Romans tolerated
other religions, Christianity was seen as dangerous to the state 1.
Christians refused to worship the state gods a. This was seen as an
act of treason punishable by death b. Christians saw this as
worshipping false gods and endangering their own salvation.
Slide 64
The Rise of Christianity E. Persecutions of the Christians
started under the reign of Nero F. Roman persecution of Christians
strengthened Christianity 1. Fear of persecution meant only the
most committed would choose to follow the faith 2. The structure of
Christianity became more organized 3. Bishops emerged to control
church communities 4. Clergy, church leaders, had distinct
functions separate from the laity, or church members.
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Video: What did Nero do after the fire? Why did he blame the
Christians for the fire?
Slide 67
The Rise of Christianity G. Why was Christianity able to
attract so many followers? 1. It was a personal religion and
offered salvation to all. Doing so gave life meaning to many 2. The
state-based religion was impersonal and existed for the good of
Rome 3. It was similar to existing religions offering immortality
4. Christianity fulfilled the human need to belong 5. Christianity
proved attractive to all classes, especially the poor and
powerless
Slide 68
The Rise of Christianity H. The last great persecution of the
Christians was under Emperor Diocletian 1. Even he recognized the
strength of the Christian religion I. In the fourth century A.D.,
the Roman emperor Constantine became the first Christian emperor o
He issued the Edict of Milan which proclaimed official tolerance of
Christianity J. Theodosius the Great adopted Christianity as the
official religion of the Roman Empire
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Video: Who is this video about? Why do you think that
Constantine reversed Diocletian's ban on Christianity? Why do you
think Constantine declared he was a Christian?
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X. The Decline Political upheavals, the plague, and the
division of the empire led to its decline A. After the last of the
five good emperors died in 180 A.D., a period of conflict,
confusion, and civil wars followed B. Roman rulers relied on
military strength to control the large empire C. From A.D. 235 to
284, the Roman throne was controlled by the person with the most
military power D. The throne was occupied by 22 different rulers
during this 50 year period 1. Most met a violent death
Slide 73
The Decline E. In the third century A.D., invasions, civil
wars, and plague nearly caused an economic collapse of the empire
1. Plague created a shortage of labor and soldiers 2. Trade and
farm production declined 3. Armies were needed more and more but
cost a great deal of money 4. Sassanid Persians moved into Roman
territory in the east 5. German tribes poured into Gaul, Spain and
the Balkans
Slide 74
The Decline F. Two emperorsDiocletian and Constantine attempted
to save the empire by changing the government structure, economic
and social systems, and by implementing Christianity as the new
state religion G. Diocletian ruled from 284 to 305 and split the
empire into four regions 1. Enlarged the army 2. Created more civil
service jobs 3. Created price and job freezes
Slide 75
The Decline H. Constantine ruled from 306 to 337 and created a
new capital city in the east 1. The capital city was called
Constantinople and was built on the site of the former Greek city
of Byzantium on the shores of the Bosporus 2. Continued policies of
Diocletian I. Spending large amounts of money to save the empire
hurt the Roman economy and inflation appeared
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XI. The Fall The migration of Germanic tribes helped bring an
end to the Roman Empire A. To survive hard times, the Roman Empire
was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman
Empire 1. Western capital remained Rome 2. Eastern capital was
Constantinople B. The Huns moved into Eastern Europe and pushed the
Germanic Visigoths west across the Danube River 1. The Visigoths
were initially Roman allies but revolted 2. They sacked the Roman
capital in A.D. 410 C. The Vandals poured into Spain and North
Africa 1. They captured Rome in A.D. 455
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The Fall D. In A.D. 476, the western emperor Romulus Augustulus
was deposed by the Germanic army 1. This marks the end of the
Western Roman Empire 2. The Eastern Roman Empire remained a. It
became known as the Byzantine Empire E. A.D. 476 is considered the
end of the Roman Empire
Slide 80
The Fall F. There are many theories to propose the fall of the
Roman Empire 1. The rise of Christianity weakened Roman military
virtues
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The Fall 2. Italian values decreased as the non-Italian
population increased 3. Lead poisoning through lead cups and pipes
caused a decline in the population 4. Plague weakened the Roman
population 5. Slavery led to a decline to technology 6. Rome could
not create a workable political system