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UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC
AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
International Hydrological Programme
Conflicts over water resources
Raya Marina Stephan
Water Use and Climate Change
HENVI Science Day
Helsinki, 16 April 2009
Outline
I. UNESCO’s IHP
II. PCCP
III. ISARM
IV. Case studies
I. UNESCO’s IHP
The Preamble to the Constitution of UNESCO declares that‘since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of
men that the defenses of peace must be constructed’
The purpose of theOrganization is to contribute topeace and security bypromoting collaboration amongthe nations through education,science and culture (article 1)
The opening lines of UNESCO'sConstitution are engraved in tenlanguages on a stone wall in the Squareof Tolerance
The challengeThe challengeHow to putHow to put ““waterwater”” in the mindsin the minds
of people?of people?
International HydrologicalProgramme
The only global intergovernmentalscientific programme on
water resources of the UN system* Created in 1975 after the International Hydrologicaldecade* Member States define needs and plans of phases* Growing emphasis on management and social aspects* Executed by Member States and other partners
IHPIHP--VIIVII (2008(2008--2013)2013)Water Dependencies:Water Dependencies:
Systems under Stress and Societal ResponsesSystems under Stress and Societal Responses
THEME 1THEME 1:: Adapting to the Impacts of GlobalAdapting to the Impacts of GlobalChanges in River Basins & Aquifer SystemsChanges in River Basins & Aquifer Systems
THEME 2THEME 2:: Strengthening Water GovernanceStrengthening Water Governancefor Sustainabilityfor Sustainability
THEME 3THEME 3:: Ecohydrology for SustainabilityEcohydrology for SustainabilityTHEME 4THEME 4:: Water and Life Support SystemsWater and Life Support SystemsTHEME 5:THEME 5: Water EducationWater Education for Sustainablefor Sustainable
DevelopmentDevelopment
II. PCCP
From Potential Conflict
to Co-operation Potential
One of UNESCO’s contributions to theWorld Water Assessment Programme
Mission Statement
Serving UNESCO’s overallmandate:Fostering peace in humans’ minds andco-operation among Member States
To facilitate multi-level andinterdisciplinary dialogues in order tofoster peace and development related tothe management of shared waterresources
Target audiences
Member States
Donors and funding agencies
Educators at all levels
Professionals (current & future) involvedin water management
The general public
First phase outcomes 2001-2003
Contribution to WWDR1 through Chapter on SharingWater
Analysis of water conflict & co-operation field• Historical experiences, existing legal, diplomatic and systems
analysis tools, case studies and training material.• Published in TDHs (3000 Pages)
4 Short courses designed
2 Pilot courses held
Public information on the PCCP spirit throughwww.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp
Second phase outcomes 2004-2006Research
• Contribution to WWDR2 through Chapter on Sharing Water
• Co-operation reinforced in the Lake Titicaca basin
• Review and assessment of international groundwater law
Education
• Design process launched for a Master’s programme on water conflictand co-operation
• 2 region specific courses and 34 mid and high level professionals,and around 12 trainers, trained in Latin America and South EastEurope
• Design of an electronic game on the challenges of climate changeand shared water resources management designed
Process support
• Design and production of a Conflict Resolution Support Systemsoftware
• Design of the Water Cooperation Facility concept
Third Phase - Main Tracks of Activities
• Education and Training Activities
• Research
• Process Support
PCCP Phase IIITRACK 1: EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES
PCCP training course in the Middle East for trainers in ADRtechniques.
PCCP/USAID/OSU Course for MRC representatives onconsensus building and conflict resolution
PCCP/UNESCO-IHE/MRC training programme
PCCP LA course sessions for young professionals in various LAuniversities.
PCCP training course for high level decision maker from aroundthe UN system.
Publication of a workbook on transboundary watermanagement.
PCCP joint MSc with Dundee and UNESCO-IHE.
Aqua Pax Game.
Climate Quest Game.
PCCP Phase IIITRACK 2: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Online data base on conflict and co-operation events.
263 Wiki.
Water and History in the Jordan.
Publication of “Water for peace and for the people in the MiddleEast”, Jon Martin Trondalen
Contribution to WWDR 3.
PCCP Phase IIITRACK 3: PROCESS SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
Euphrates and Tigris Basin Development Programme.
Case study on the Mono river
Case study on the Ostua Metapan
PCCP Phase IIITRACK 4: DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
PCCP web: www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/
In English, French and Spanish.
III. ISARM
Resolution XIV-12 (June 2000)
The Intergovernmental Council of UNESCO’s IHP, representing 160 MemberStates, adopted a resolution to promote studies in regard to internationally
shared aquifers
Internationally Shared/Transboundary Aquifer Resources
ManagementISARM
OAS – FAO – UNECE – IAH – IGRAC - ESCWA
To improve the existingscientific knowledge ontransboundary aquifers
To compile an internationalinventory of transboundaryaquifers
To develop a toolkit for amanagement approach oftransboundary aquifers
Objectives:
What is a transboundary Aquifer?
Country 1
Country 2
The ISARM Initiative: five focal areas
The ISARM Project- Launch of Regional Inventories
EUROPELinks & synergies with parallel activities established e.g.
UN ECE :
Under the UN ECE Water Convention 1992on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses
and International Lakes
Inventory of transboundary aquifers in Europe
UNECE Survey of European transboundary aquifers
2. Kupa
3. Kupa
4. Una
5. Cetina
6. Neretva
7. Sava1. Dragonja
30.Pelagonija& 31.Florina
Gevgelija 32.
Sandansky34.
9. Backa & Banat
10. Srem.
12. SW Serbia
11. West Serbia
13.
20. Central Serbia
14.
29.
16. Gaber-Nesla17. Znepole18. Tran
15. Zemen
Dojran.33 35.Gotze
Delchev36.Orvilos
37.Nastan38.Smolyan
39.Rudozem40.Erma Reka
46.Rezovska
45.Malko Tarnovo
41.Svilengrad42.Orestiada
43.Svilengrad44.Topolograd
25.Vjosa
26.Pagoni27.Mourgana
28.
19. East Serbia
8
47.Meric
Middle Sarmatian-Pontian GWB .22
23.Sarmatian & 24.Upper Jurassic-Lower Cret.GWB
21.Upper Pannonian-Lower Pleistocene
2. Kupa
3. Kupa
4. Una
5. Cetina
6. Neretva
7. Sava1. Dragonja
30.Pelagonija& 31.Florina
Gevgelija 32.
Sandansky34.
9. Backa & Banat
10. Srem.
12. SW Serbia
11. West Serbia
13.
20. Central Serbia
14.
29.
16. Gaber-Nesla17. Znepole18. Tran
15. Zemen
Dojran.33 35.Gotze
Delchev36.Orvilos
37.Nastan38.Smolyan
39.Rudozem40.Erma Reka
46.Rezovska
45.Malko Tarnovo
41.Svilengrad42.Orestiada
43.Svilengrad44.Topolograd
25.Vjosa
26.Pagoni27.Mourgana
28.
19. East Serbia
8
47.Meric
Middle Sarmatian-Pontian GWB .22
23.Sarmatian & 24.Upper Jurassic-Lower Cret.GWB
21.Upper Pannonian-Lower Pleistocene
UNESCO ISARM in South-Eastern Europe (SEE)47 transboundary aquifers inventoried
The ISARM Project- Launch ofRegional Inventories
AFRICAInternational workshop
“Managing sharedaquifer resources inAfrica”, Tripoli, June
2002recommends, inter aliathe inventory and the
assessment of sharedaquifer resources in
Africa
UNESCO ISARM AFRICA
39 transboundary aquifersinventoried
ISARM SADC
An ISARM SADC initiative supported byUNESCO commenced in March 2007 inPretoria RSA. The initiative intends to
Establish a networkProvide a Mechanism for CoordinationProvide a TBA Inventory
Southern African Development Community
20 identified TBAs in SADC
The ISARM Project- Launch of Regional Inventories
Americas
ISARM launched in the Americas in 2002
UNESCO/OAS Partnership
UNESCO - OAS
ISARM of the AMERICAS
68 transboundary aquifersinventoried
2003 - 2008 ISARM Americas Phases
Phase I - Inventory ofTransboundary Aquifers of theAmericas (2003 - 2006):
Information on Hydrogeology, presentuses, expected future demand andscenarios
First Publication
Case Studies
Phase II - Institutional and Legalissues (2006 - 2007)
Socio-economic, environmental,and competitive water use issues(2007-2008)
Diagnostics of Institutional and legalframeworks in countries
Diagnostics of socio-economic,environmental And competitive water useissues
Second Publication
Case Studies
Phase III - Regional Vision forManaging TransboundaryAquifers (2008-2009)
Strategic guidelines for a regional approachfor integrated groundwater management ina transbounday context, within the currentlegal and institutional framework, taking alsointo account international legaldevelopments such as the UN ILC DraftArtcles
Strategicregionalguidelines
Third Publication
Case Studies
12 transboundary aquifers inventoried so far
The ISARM ProjectThe ISARM Project-- Launch of Regional InventoriesLaunch of Regional Inventoriesin Asiain Asia
2002 : the ILC includes in its programme ofwork the topic of “Shared Natural
Resources”
• Transboundary groundwaters
• Oil
• Natural gas
Legal aspects of Transboundary AquifersManagement
UNESCO and the United NationsInternational Law Commission (UNILC)
Within the framework of the ISARM project, amultidisciplinary ad-hoc IHP task force of expertshas been established by UNESCO to assist theSpecial Rapporteur of the UNILC on thepreparation of a new international legalinstrument on transboundary aquifers
The draft articles on the law oftransboundary aquifers
• Between 2003 & 2008 : five reports on thesub-topic of transboundary groundwaters
• 2008 : the ILC adopts the draft articles on thelaw of TB aquifes at second readingDeferred to the UN GA with the followingrecommendation
a.Adoption of Resolution, with draft articles inannex
b.At a later stage elaboration of a convention
Resolution A/RES/63/124 on the lawof transboundary aquifers
• Adopted by UN General Assembly 11 Dec 2008• Includes the draft articles in its annex
• Encourages the States concerned to makeappropriate arrangements for the propermanagement of their transboundary aquifers,taking into account the provisions of the draftarticles.
• Consideration of the final form (Convention orother) in 2011.
Education and training in transboundary groundwatermanagement as an instrument of dialogue and
communication
Specific objectives and outputs of the trainingprogramme:
teach the scientists the specific aspects of transboundarygroundwater, including the needs to harmonize the scientificlanguages and methods;
create the capacities of policy-makers and scientists toexchange and work together on transboundary groundwatermanagement, e.g. take part in negotiations, build and operatepartnerships, with an emphasis on the cross-culturaldimensions;
create the capacities of scientists and human and politicalscientists, to work in pluridisciplinary and multicultural teams.
An expert workshop held in November 2006 discusseda pilot programme (rationale, contents, pedagogicalmethods) and its practical implementation
A first pilot course was held in Thessaloniki, Greece(October 2008)
IV. Case studies
NUBIAN SANDSTONEAQUIFER SYSTEM (NSAS)
• Joint Authority (Egypt & Libya)created 1992
• Sudan & Chad joined later (1996,1999)
• Mandate:– oversee strategic planning– develop monitoring network– exchange data & information on
gw & extraction• 2000: two technical agreements on
data collection, sharing & accesswithin project framework
• Creation of NARIS (regionaldatabase)
• GEF project started in 2006– involvement of Joint Authority
SASS:Algeria, Libya, Tunisia
SASS: CONSULTATION MECHANISMStage 1 (12/2002): technical level (temporary)
Focus on data collection, modelling & confidence building
Comitéde
pilotage
Unité decoordinationSASS/OSS
Point focalAlgérie(ANRH)
Point focalTunisie(DGRE)
Point focalLibye(GWA)
Institutions -centres derecherche
Institutions -centres derecherche.
Institutions-centres derecherche
Functions• manage hydrogeological data base & simulation model;• develop & follow-up reference observation network;• process, analyze and validate data relating to the knowledge of the
resource;• develop databases on socio-economic activities in the region in
relation to water uses;• develop & publish indicators on the resource and its uses in the
three countries;• promote & facilitate the conduct of joint or coordinated studies and
research;• formulate & implement training programmes;• update SASS model on a regular basis;• devise & formulate proposals relating to permanent consultation
mechanism (Phase 2).
PermanentTechnicalCommittee
SASS: CONSULTATION MECHANISMStage 2 (06/2008): political level (permanent)
PermanentTechnical
Committee
Council of Ministers ofWater
(Algeria, Libya, Tunisia)
Workinggroups
CoordinationUnit (OSS)
Tunisia
Libya
Algeria
NationalCommittees
Functions(proposed at the outset)
• In addition to those of temporary mechanism,– definition of policy & strategies for aquifer utilization,
protection, conservation & management;– definition of priority zones for aquifer development &
management plan formulation, and plan formulation;– endorsement of projects with possible adverse
effects;– definition of management measures to be taken by
states (control of water use & pollution,conservation);
– formulation of recommendations aiming at theharmonization of legislation.
IULLEMEDEN AQUIFER SYSTEM(IAS):
Mali, Niger, NigeriaIAS: CONSULTATION MECHANISM
Stage 1 (10/2006) - temporary
Nigeria
Technicalcommittee
Nigeria
Technicalcommittee
NigerTechnicalcommittee
NigerTechnicalcommittee
Secretary(facilitator)Secretary
(facilitator)
MaliTechnicalcommittee
MaliTechnicalcommittee
Steering Committee(political level)
Steering Committee(political level)
Functions (Stage 1)
• improvement & updating of common knowledgebase;– definition of initial monitoring & assessment programme
(water quantity and quality, land uses and degradationwithin recharge areas),
– overseeing the harmonization of procedures andmethodologies,
– definition of guidelines for database maintenance.
• definition of risk assessment methodologies;• identification & mapping of vulnerable zones;• paving the way for permanent mechanism (for
Phase 2).
IAS: CONSULTATION MECHANISMStage 2 - permanent
Steering Committee(Political level)
Steering Committee(Political level)
Executive SecretariatMaintenance of thedatabase; coordination ofthe work of the nationalcommittees; preparation ofthe decisions of theSteering Committee
Executive SecretariatMaintenance of thedatabase; coordination ofthe work of the nationalcommittees; preparation ofthe decisions of theSteering Committee
NigeriaTechnicalcommittee
NigeriaTechnicalcommittee
NigerTechnicalcommittee
NigerTechnicalcommittee
MaliTechnicalcommittee
MaliTechnicalcommittee
Functions (Stage 2)
• In addition to those of transitional mechanism,– advice on programmes & projects which are likely to create
situations of risk, or to cause damage to the IAS resources;– definition of risk management measures;– coordination of integrated development programmes;– formulation of recommendations for harmonizing the legal
and institutional frameworks;– mobilization of financial resources;– prevention and settlement of disputes;– preparation of annual report on the state of the IAS.
Question of housing ofmechanism
• c/o existing water institution?– in this case NBA, which is too large and does not cover
gw– but in this case the IAS would be given low priority
• mechanism as autonomous entity– too costly– objections would be raised, as the NBA is already in
place• existing neutral regional institution (ECOWAS)