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Intelligence
• Intelligence should be universal
• Exactly how intelligence is expressed will differ given the context.
History of Intelligence Testing
• (1600s) Francis Bacon - the scientific method
• (1800s) Francis March “vulgar utilitarianism”
History of Intelligence Testing
• (1600s) Francis Bacon - the scientific method
• (1800s) Francis March “vulgar utilitarianism”
• Francis March sat beside James Cattell
History of Intelligence Testing
• James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
• Cattell becomes a psychometrician
History of Intelligence Testing
• James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
• Cattell becomes a psychometrician
• At Cambridge falls in with Francis Galton
History of Intelligence Testing
• James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
• Cattell becomes a psychometrician
• At Cambridge falls in with Francis Galton
• Francis Galton would later develop eugenics
History of Intelligence Testing
• James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
• Cattell becomes a psychometrician
• At Cambridge falls in with Francis Galton
• Francis Galton would later develop eugenics
• 1889 - Cattell is now a professor at age 29
History of Intelligence Testing
• Cattell coined ‘mental tests’• For example,
– Bisection of a 50 cm line– Judgment of a 10 second time– Number of letters repeated
History of Intelligence Testing
• 1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)• As president of the APA Cattell convenes a
meeting
History of Intelligence Testing
• 1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)• As president of the APA Cattell convenes a
meeting• recommends they test
a) senses, b) motor capacity, and c) mental processes
History of Intelligence Testing
• 1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)• As president of the APA Cattell convenes a
meeting• recommends they test
a) senses, b) motor capacity, and c) mental processes
• Back in France Binet emerges on the scene
History of Intelligence Testing
• Binet’s ideas of testing move away from labels
• IQ = (Mental age/chronological age) *100• For example, (15/10) * 100 = 150
History of Intelligence Testing
• Binet’s ideas of testing move away from labels
• IQ = (Mental age/chronological age) *100• For example, (15/10) * 100 = 150
• Ellis Island under Goddard
• WWI recruits under Yerkes & Terman
History of Intelligence Testing
• 1920s -remember Cattell studied with Darwin’s cousin Galton
• Terman argued that the correlation between test scores and social status pointed to heredity of intelligence
History of Intelligence Testing
• 1920s -remember Cattell studied with Darwin’s cousin Galton
• Terman argued that the correlation between test scores and social status pointed to heredity of intelligence
• Terman would work with Thorndike• Dewey argues that these tests measure a
social construction
History Leads to Theory
• Thurstone’s work would lead to the recognition that there are 7-9 mental abilities
History Leads to Theory
• Horn, student of Cattell, brings together work in the field and devises the
Cattell-Horn Theory
History Leads to Theory
• Horn, student of Cattell, brings together work in the field and devises the
Cattell-Horn Theory
• Modern theory rests on the idea that intelligence can be found by analyzing inter-correlations of scores on mental ability tests
CARROLL’S (1993) THREE-STRATUM CARROLL’S (1993) THREE-STRATUM THEORY OF COGNITIVE ABILITIESTHEORY OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES g
GeneralIntelligence
FluidIntelligence
CrystallizedIntelligence
GeneralMemory &Learning
BroadVisualPerception
BroadAuditoryPerception
BroadRetrievalAbility
BroadCognitiveSpeediness
ProcessingSpeed (RTDecisionSpeed)
G
ener
al(S
trat
um II
I)
Bro
ad(S
trat
um II
) N
arro
w(S
trat
um I)
69+ narrow abilities found in data sets analyzed by Carroll
Gf Gc Gy Gv Gu Gr Gs Gt
(Carroll, 1993, 1997)
Intelligence Theory Meets Practice
• 1985 Richard Woodcock hears about the theory
• 1989 The Great Gathering• This leads to factor analytic studies of the WJ
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
1. Linguistic2. Logical-mathematical3. Spatial4. Musical5. Bodily-Kinesthetic6. Interpersonal7. Intrapersonal8. Naturalist
Individual Tests of Intelligence
• Stanford-Binet• Wechsler Scales• Kaufman Scales• Woodcock Johnson
Wechsler Scales
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale– WAIS, WAIS-R, WAIS-III
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children– WISC, WISC-R, WISC-III, WISC-IV
• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Subscales of the WISC-III
Verbal
Information
Similarities
Arithmetic
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
Performance
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Symbol Search
Object Assembly
Coding
Mazes
Testing Issues
• Inadequate sample of each domain• Limited (nonspecific) treatment or instruction
implications
Bell Curve Assertions
• IQ tests are not biased against minority groups.• A significant fraction of the individual differences in
IQ scores is explained by genetics (40-60%). • African-Americans score significantly lower than
White-Americans on IQ tests (12-15 points).
Gould Debunks the Bell Curve
• “The authors omit facts, misuse statistical methods, and seem unwilling to admit the consequences of their own words.”
• “Nothing . . . angered me more than the authors’ failure to supply any justification for their central claim . . . that the number known as g . . . captures a real property in the head.”
Bigger Questions
• Are intelligence tests useful? If so, for what? If not, why not?
• Are intelligence tests biased?• What are the positive and negative social
consequences of using intelligence tests?• What are the alternatives?
APA Consensus Statement
• It is widely agreed that standardized tests do not sample all forms of intelligence.
• Environmental factors contribute substantially to the development of intelligence, but it is not clearly understood what those factors are or how they work.