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ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at...

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TASK #1 - MAIN Causes of WWI (M = Militarism) Militarism denoted a rise in military expenditure, an increase in military and naval forces, more influence of the military men upon the policies of the civilian government, and a preference for force as a solution to problems. Militarism was one of the main causes of the First World War. After 1871, the war atmosphere engendered by the secret alliances led to an armaments race among the powers. The race was particularly serious between 1900 and 1914, as the international situation became much worse than before. There was a significant rise in the army and naval estimates of the European powers in these years. Total Defense Expenditure (in million £ ) by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France and Russia 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 It is also important to take notice of the fact that from 1910 to 1914, while France increased her defense expenditure by 10%, Britain by 13%, Russia by 39%, and Germany was the most militaristic as she increased by 73%. Increased war expenditure enabled all the powers to raise more armies and improve their battleships. All the Continental European powers had adopted the conscription system since 1870. France had conscription since the Revolutionary Wars, Austria-Hungary since 1868, Germany since 1870, Italy since 1873 and Russia since 1874. Only Britain did not have conscription. After 1890, the deteriorating diplomatic relations among the powers accelerated their military expansion program. From 1913 to July 1914, Germany increased her standing forces by 170,000 men. France lengthened her period of military service from two to three years. Russia lengthened her term of service from three to three and a half years. Britain did not introduce conscription but had prepared her armed forces for both European expedition and for home defense. In general, all the powers increased their stocks of arms, produced more modern weapons of war and built more strategic railways. Britain and Germany were the chief rivals at sea. Under Admiral Tirpitz, State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Office from 1897, a long-term shipbuilding program began. The German Navy Law of 1898 increased the German battleships from nine cruisers to twelve. In 1900 Germany passed a Navy Law which doubled the German battle fleet. Increased military and naval rivalry led to the belief that war was coming. The German ruling group felt that only through a war could Germany become a world power. Military preparations by other nations strengthened this belief. As a result of the armaments race, all the European powers were prepared for a war by 1914. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source modified from: http://spartacus-educational.com/FWWcosts.htm 1. What is militarism? _______________________________ __________________________________________________ 2. What happened after 1871? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3. How much did defense expenditure increase between 1870 and 1914? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 4. Which nation increased its military spending the most and by how much? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 5. Which nations adopted the conscription system and when did they adopt it? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 6. What changes did countries make to their armies? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 7. How did Germany and Britain compete? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 8. What did the ruling group of Germany believe? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 9. What did this arms race result in? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 1
Transcript
Page 1: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#1

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(M =

Mil

ita

rism

) M

ilit

ari

sm d

en

ote

d a

ris

e i

n m

ilit

ary

exp

en

dit

ure

, a

n i

ncr

ea

se i

n m

ilit

ary

an

d n

ava

l fo

rce

s, m

ore

in

flu

en

ce

of

the

mil

ita

ry m

en

up

on

th

e p

oli

cie

s o

f th

e c

ivil

ian

go

ve

rnm

en

t, a

nd

a p

refe

ren

ce f

or

forc

e a

s a

so

luti

on

to p

rob

lem

s. M

ilit

ari

sm w

as

on

e o

f th

e m

ain

ca

use

s o

f th

e F

irst

Wo

rld

Wa

r.

Aft

er

18

71

, th

e w

ar

atm

osp

he

re e

ng

en

de

red

by

th

e s

ecr

et

all

ian

ces

led

to

an

arm

am

en

ts r

ace

am

on

g t

he

po

we

rs.

Th

e r

ace

wa

s p

art

icu

larl

y s

eri

ou

s b

etw

ee

n 1

90

0 a

nd

19

14

, a

s th

e i

nte

rna

tio

na

l si

tua

tio

n b

eca

me

mu

ch w

ors

e t

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n b

efo

re.

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ere

wa

s a

sig

nif

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rmy

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ava

l e

stim

ate

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e E

uro

pe

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rs i

n t

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tal

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fen

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xp

en

dit

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(in

mil

lio

n £

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stri

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ry,

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ly,

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tain

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ssia

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rta

nt

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ak

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oti

ce o

f th

e f

act

th

at

fro

m 1

91

0 t

o 1

91

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wh

ile

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nce

in

cre

ase

d h

er

de

fen

se

exp

en

dit

ure

by

10

%,

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tain

by

13

%,

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ssia

by

39

%,

an

d G

erm

an

y w

as

the

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st m

ilit

ari

stic

as

she

incr

ea

sed

by

73

%.

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ea

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wa

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itu

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po

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rs t

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ais

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ore

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ies

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mp

rov

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att

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ips.

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nti

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l E

uro

pe

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rs h

ad

ad

op

ted

th

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on

scri

pti

on

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ste

m s

ince

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. F

ran

ce h

ad

con

scri

pti

on

sin

ce t

he

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volu

tio

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ars

, A

ust

ria

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ng

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ce 1

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rma

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ce 1

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0,

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ly s

ince

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73

an

d R

uss

ia s

ince

18

74

. O

nly

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tain

did

no

t h

ave

co

nsc

rip

tio

n.

Aft

er

18

90

, th

e d

ete

rio

rati

ng

dip

lom

ati

c re

lati

on

s a

mo

ng

th

e p

ow

ers

acc

ele

rate

d t

he

ir m

ilit

ary

exp

an

sio

n p

rog

ram

. F

rom

19

13

to

Ju

ly 1

91

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Ge

rma

ny

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ase

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er

sta

nd

ing

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rce

s b

y 1

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,00

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en

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ran

ce l

en

gth

en

ed

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r

pe

rio

d o

f m

ilit

ary

se

rvic

e f

rom

tw

o t

o t

hre

e y

ea

rs.

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ssia

le

ng

the

ne

d h

er

term

of

serv

ice

fro

m t

hre

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o

thre

e a

nd

a h

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ye

ars

. B

rita

in d

id n

ot

intr

od

uce

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nsc

rip

tio

n b

ut

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rep

are

d h

er

arm

ed

fo

rce

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r b

oth

Eu

rop

ea

n e

xpe

dit

ion

an

d f

or

ho

me

de

fen

se.

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en

era

l, a

ll t

he

po

we

rs i

ncr

ea

sed

th

eir

sto

cks

of

arm

s,

pro

du

ced

mo

re m

od

ern

we

ap

on

s o

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ar

an

d b

uil

t m

ore

str

ate

gic

ra

ilw

ay

s.

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tain

an

d G

erm

an

y w

ere

th

e c

hie

f ri

vals

at

sea

. U

nd

er

Ad

mir

al

Tir

pit

z, S

tate

Se

cre

tary

of

the

Im

pe

ria

l

Na

val

Off

ice

fro

m 1

89

7,

a l

on

g-t

erm

sh

ipb

uil

din

g p

rog

ram

be

ga

n.

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e G

erm

an

Na

vy L

aw

of

18

98

incr

ea

sed

th

e G

erm

an

ba

ttle

ship

s fr

om

nin

e c

ruis

ers

to

tw

elv

e.

In 1

90

0 G

erm

an

y p

ass

ed

a N

avy

La

w

wh

ich

do

ub

led

th

e G

erm

an

ba

ttle

fle

et.

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cre

ase

d m

ilit

ary

an

d n

ava

l ri

valr

y l

ed

to

th

e b

eli

ef

tha

t w

ar

wa

s co

min

g.

Th

e G

erm

an

ru

lin

g g

rou

p f

elt

tha

t o

nly

th

rou

gh

a w

ar

cou

ld G

erm

an

y b

eco

me

a w

orl

d p

ow

er.

Mil

ita

ry p

rep

ara

tio

ns

by

oth

er

na

tio

ns

stre

ng

the

ne

d t

his

be

lie

f. A

s a

re

sult

of

the

arm

am

en

ts r

ace

, a

ll t

he

Eu

rop

ea

n p

ow

ers

we

re p

rep

are

d f

or

a

wa

r b

y 1

91

4.

----

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----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

---

So

urc

e m

od

ifie

d f

rom

: h

ttp

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pa

rta

cus-

ed

uca

tio

na

l.co

m/F

WW

cost

s.h

tm

1.

Wh

at

is m

ilit

ari

sm?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

2

. W

ha

t h

ap

pe

ne

d a

fte

r 1

87

1?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

3

. H

ow

mu

ch d

id d

efe

nse

exp

en

dit

ure

in

cre

ase

be

twe

en

18

70

an

d 1

91

4?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

4

. W

hic

h n

ati

on

in

cre

ase

d i

ts m

ilit

ary

sp

en

din

g t

he

mo

st

an

d b

y h

ow

mu

ch?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

5

. W

hic

h n

ati

on

s a

do

pte

d t

he

co

nsc

rip

tio

n s

yst

em

an

d

wh

en

did

th

ey

ad

op

t it

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

6

. W

ha

t ch

an

ge

s d

id c

ou

ntr

ies

ma

ke

to

th

eir

arm

ies?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

7

. H

ow

did

Ge

rma

ny

an

d B

rita

in c

om

pe

te?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

8

. W

ha

t d

id t

he

ru

lin

g g

rou

p o

f G

erm

an

y b

elie

ve?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

9

. W

ha

t d

id t

his

arm

s ra

ce r

esu

lt i

n?

__

__

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1

Page 2: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#2

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(M =

Mil

ita

rism

)

Ta

ble

de

mo

nst

rati

ng

na

va

l st

ren

gth

of

Eu

rop

ea

n P

ow

ers

in

19

14

Co

un

try

P

ers

on

ne

l La

rge

Na

val

Ve

sse

ls (

Dre

ad

no

ug

hts

) T

on

na

ge

Ru

ssia

5

4,0

00

4

3

28

,00

0

Fra

nce

6

8,0

00

1

0

73

1,0

00

Bri

tain

2

09

,00

0

29

2

,20

5,0

00

TO

TA

L 3

31

,00

0

43

3

,26

4,0

00

Ge

rma

ny

7

9,0

00

1

7

1,0

19

,00

0

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry

16

,00

0

4

24

9,0

00

TO

TA

L 9

5,0

00

2

1

1,2

68

,00

0

Th

e d

esc

en

t in

to t

he

Fir

st W

orl

d w

ar

wa

s n

ot

just

dri

ve

n b

y n

ew

we

ap

on

s a

nd

th

e a

rms

race

: it

wa

s

als

o f

ue

lle

d b

y t

he

pe

rva

siv

e c

ult

ure

of

mil

ita

rism

th

at

reig

ne

d i

n m

an

y p

art

s o

f E

uro

pe

. A

fte

r 1

90

7,

mil

ita

rism

wa

s a

s e

vid

en

t in

an

in

cre

ase

in

mil

ita

ry i

nfl

ue

nce

on

po

licy

ma

kin

g.

Th

e g

ov

ern

me

nts

an

d

ari

sto

cra

cie

s o

f th

e G

rea

t P

ow

ers

we

re s

tro

ng

ly i

nfl

ue

nce

d a

nd

in

so

me

ca

ses

do

min

ate

d b

y m

ilit

ary

eli

tes.

Ra

the

r th

an

wo

rkin

g a

s se

rva

nts

of

civ

ilia

n g

ov

ern

me

nts

, g

en

era

ls a

nd

ad

mir

als

be

cam

e d

e

fact

o g

ov

ern

me

nt

min

iste

rs.

Th

ese

me

n f

ue

lle

d t

he

arm

s ra

ce b

y d

em

an

din

g i

ncr

ea

ses

in d

efe

nse

spe

nd

ing

; th

ey

als

o c

on

trib

ute

d t

o t

he

mo

od

fo

r w

ar

by

dra

win

g u

p w

ar

pla

ns

an

d p

rom

oti

ng

mil

ita

ry s

olu

tio

ns

to p

oli

tica

l a

nd

dip

lom

ati

c p

rob

lem

s. A

s th

e f

orm

er

Ge

rma

n a

rmy

off

ice

r A

lfre

d

Va

gts

wo

uld

la

ter

wri

te,

mil

ita

rism

wa

s “a

do

min

ati

on

of

the

mil

ita

ry m

an

ove

r th

e c

ivil

ian

, a

n u

nd

ue

pre

po

nd

era

nce

of

mil

ita

ry d

em

an

ds

[an

d]

an

em

ph

asi

s o

n m

ilit

ary

co

nsi

de

rati

on

s.”

T

his

mil

ita

rist

ic c

ult

ure

wa

s st

ron

ge

st i

n G

erm

an

y.

Th

e G

erm

an

arm

y w

as

form

ed

fro

m t

he

old

Pru

ssia

n a

rmy

an

d w

as

the

refo

re d

om

ina

ted

by

th

e J

un

kers

, a

sm

all

bu

t p

ow

erf

ul

gro

up

of

Pru

ssia

n

ari

sto

cra

ts.

Pru

ssia

ha

d b

ee

n t

he

mo

st p

ow

erf

ul

of

the

Ge

rma

nic

sta

tes

pri

or

to u

nif

ica

tio

n,

bo

th i

n

po

liti

cal

an

d m

ilit

ary

te

rms.

Th

e P

russ

ian

arm

y h

ad

be

en

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ein

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rma

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ira

l M

ulle

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fo

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in

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ita

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wa

r in

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om

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n D

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er

8,

19

12

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on

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ltk

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he

ad

of

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arm

y]

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be

lieve

wa

r is

un

av

oid

ab

le;

wa

r th

e s

oo

ne

r th

e b

ett

er.

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ut

we

ou

gh

t to

do

mo

re t

o p

ress

to

pre

pa

re t

he

po

pu

lari

ty o

f a

wa

r a

ga

inst

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ssia

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e K

ais

er

sup

po

rte

d t

his

.

Tir

pit

z [h

ea

d o

f th

e n

av

y]

said

th

at

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na

vy

wo

uld

pre

fer

to s

ee

th

e p

ost

po

ne

me

nt

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gre

at

fig

ht

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alf

ye

ars

.”

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Ba

sed

on

th

e t

ab

le d

em

on

stra

tin

g n

av

al

stre

ng

th,

wh

ich

all

ian

ce

ha

d t

he

la

rge

st n

av

y?

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ase

in

clu

de

sp

eci

fic

nu

mb

ers

as

yo

ur

pro

of.

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Ho

w w

as

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pe

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ult

ure

of

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ita

rism

ev

ide

nt

aft

er

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07

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3.

Wh

at

role

did

th

e m

ilit

ary

sta

rt t

o p

lay

in

civ

ilia

n g

ov

ern

me

nts

du

rin

g t

his

pe

rio

d?

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4.

Ho

w d

id f

orm

er

Ge

rma

n a

rmy

off

ice

r A

lfre

d V

ag

ts d

esc

rib

e

mil

ita

rism

in

Ge

rma

ny

? _

__

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5.

Wh

o w

ere

th

e J

un

kers

an

d w

hy

we

re t

he

y i

mp

ort

an

t? _

__

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6.

Ho

w d

oe

s th

e e

xce

rpt

fro

m t

he

dia

ry o

f G

erm

an

Ad

mir

al M

ull

er

exp

ress

th

e G

erm

an

att

itu

de

to

wa

rds

wa

r? P

lea

se i

ncl

ud

e a

spe

cifi

c q

uo

tati

on

fro

m t

he

exc

erp

t a

s p

roo

f o

f y

ou

r a

nsw

er.

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2

Page 3: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#3

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(A =

All

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use

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rld

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r I

wa

s fi

rst

call

ed

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uri

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arl

y m

on

ths

of

19

14

, fe

w p

eo

ple

th

ou

gh

t a

bo

ut

wa

r.

Eu

rop

ea

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we

re e

njo

yin

g p

ea

cefu

l ti

me

s.

Wh

at

wa

s in

ten

de

d a

s a

stri

ctly

lim

ite

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n l

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ly a

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rma

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rea

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avi

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n o

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ian

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r in

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e a

llia

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s a

llo

we

d n

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on

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ta

ke

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re r

isk

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eca

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y 1

91

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4.

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at

do

all

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to

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

5.

Wh

ich

co

un

trie

s w

ere

pa

rt o

f th

e T

rip

le A

llia

nce

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

6.

Wh

at

did

th

ese

co

un

trie

s a

gre

e t

o?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

7.

Ba

sed

on

th

e i

nfo

rma

tio

n f

rom

Ta

ble

1,

wh

ich

co

un

try

wa

s

mo

re p

ow

erf

ul,

Ge

rma

ny

or

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry?

E

xpla

in y

ou

r

an

swe

r. _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

8.

Wh

ich

co

un

trie

s w

ere

pa

rt o

f th

e T

rip

le E

nte

nte

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

9.

Wh

y d

id F

ran

ce w

an

t a

n a

llia

nce

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

10

. W

hy

did

Bri

tain

wa

nt

an

all

ian

ce?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

11

. W

hy

did

Ru

ssia

wa

nt

an

all

ian

ce?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

12

. W

ha

t p

rom

ise

did

Ru

ssia

ma

ke

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

13

. B

ase

d o

n t

he

in

form

ati

on

fro

m T

ab

le 2

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y h

as

the

larg

est

arm

y (

incl

ud

e t

he

siz

e o

f th

e a

rmy

in

yo

ur

an

swe

r)?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

14

. B

ase

d o

n t

he

in

form

ati

on

fro

m T

ab

le 2

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y h

as

the

larg

est

na

vy (

incl

ud

e t

he

siz

e o

f th

e n

avy

in

yo

ur

an

swe

r)?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

15

. B

ase

d o

n t

he

in

form

ati

on

fro

m T

ab

le 2

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y w

as

the

rich

est

(in

clu

de

th

e a

mo

un

t o

f w

ea

lth

in

yo

ur

an

swe

r)?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

3

Page 4: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#4

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(A =

All

ian

ces)

1.

Ple

ase

la

be

l th

e f

oll

ow

ing

co

un

trie

s:

Alb

an

ia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry

No

rwa

y

Be

lgiu

m

Ott

om

an

Em

pir

e

Bu

lga

ria

R

om

an

ia

De

nm

ark

R

uss

ia

Fra

nce

S

erb

ia

Ge

rma

n

Sp

ain

Gre

ece

S

we

de

n

Ita

ly

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Mo

nte

ne

gro

2.

Co

lor

the

co

un

trie

s o

f th

e T

rip

le A

llia

nce

(A

ust

ria

-

Hu

ng

ary

, G

erm

an

y,

an

d I

taly

) o

ne

co

lor.

3.

Co

lor

the

co

un

trie

s o

f th

e T

rip

le E

nte

nte

(E

ng

lan

d,

Fra

nce

, a

nd

Ru

ssia

) a

dif

fere

nt

colo

r.

Th

e a

bo

ve

po

liti

cal

cart

oo

n v

isu

al

de

pic

ts t

he

co

nse

qu

en

ces

of

the

all

ian

ce s

yste

m.

4.

Co

lor

ea

ch u

nif

orm

of

the

fig

ure

s a

bo

ve

th

e s

am

e c

olo

r a

s yo

u c

olo

red

th

em

on

th

e

ma

p o

n t

he

le

ft.

5.

Wh

at

is S

erb

ia s

ay

ing

to

Au

stri

a a

nd

wh

y i

s it

sa

yin

g t

ha

t? _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

6.

Wh

at

is A

ust

ria

sa

yin

g t

o S

erb

ia a

nd

wh

y is

it

say

ing

th

at?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

7.

Wh

at

is R

uss

ia s

ay

ing

to

Au

stri

a a

nd

wh

y i

s it

sa

yin

g t

ha

t? _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

8.

Wh

at

is G

erm

an

y s

ay

ing

to

Ru

ssia

an

d w

hy

is

it s

ay

ing

th

at?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

9.

Wh

at

is F

ran

ce s

ay

ing

to

Ge

rma

ny

an

d w

hy

is

it s

ay

ing

th

at?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

10

. W

ho

do

yo

u t

hin

k i

s th

e l

ast

co

un

try

in

th

e l

ine

? _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

4

Page 5: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#5

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(I =

Im

pe

ria

lism

) A

fa

cto

r w

hic

h c

on

trib

ute

d t

o t

he

in

cre

ase

in

riv

alr

y i

n E

uro

pe

wa

s im

pe

ria

lism

. J

ust

as

ma

ny

mis

tak

en

ly h

op

ed

tha

t th

e s

yst

em

of

all

ian

ces

wo

uld

pre

ve

nt

wa

r, s

o t

oo

did

ma

ny

ho

pe

th

e e

con

om

ic i

nte

rde

pe

nd

en

ce c

rea

ted

by

Im

pe

ria

lism

wo

uld

als

o d

isco

ura

ge

wa

r.

In 1

91

0,

No

rma

n A

ng

ell

, a

n E

ng

lish

wri

ter

an

d p

olit

icia

n,

wro

te t

he

Gre

at

Illu

sio

n i

n w

hic

h h

e e

xpla

ins

the

fu

tili

ty o

f E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs g

oin

g t

o w

ar

ag

ain

st o

ne

an

oth

er.

A

s p

art

of

his

arg

um

en

t, h

e e

xpla

ins

wh

at

mo

tiv

ate

s th

ese

na

tio

ns

to a

cqu

ire

an

em

pir

e:

(R

em

em

be

r to

ma

rk t

he

te

xt)

“Wh

at

are

th

e f

un

da

me

nta

l m

oti

ve

s th

at

exp

lain

th

e p

rese

nt

riva

lry o

f a

rma

me

nts

in

Eu

rop

e,

no

tab

ly t

he

An

glo

-Ge

rma

n?

Ea

ch n

ati

on

ple

ad

s th

e n

ee

d f

or

de

fen

ce;

bu

t th

is

imp

lie

s th

at

som

eo

ne

is

lik

ely

to

att

ack

, a

nd

ha

s th

ere

fore

a p

resu

me

d i

nte

rest

in

so

do

ing

. W

ha

t a

re t

he

mo

tive

s w

hic

h e

ach

Sta

te t

hu

s fe

ars

its

ne

igh

bo

rs m

ay o

be

y?

T

he

y a

re b

ase

d o

n t

he

un

ive

rsa

l a

ssu

mp

tio

n t

ha

t a

na

tio

n,

in o

rde

r to

fin

d o

utl

ets

fo

r

exp

an

din

g p

op

ula

tio

n a

nd

in

cre

asi

ng

in

du

stry

, o

r si

mp

ly t

o e

nsu

re t

he

be

st c

on

dit

ion

s

po

ssib

le f

or

its

pe

op

le,

is n

ece

ssa

rily

pu

she

d t

o t

err

ito

ria

l e

xp

an

sio

n a

nd

th

e e

xerc

ise

of

po

liti

cal

forc

e a

ga

inst

oth

ers

....

It

is a

ssu

me

d t

ha

t a

na

tio

n's

re

lati

ve

pro

spe

rity

is

bro

ad

ly

de

term

ine

d b

y i

ts p

oli

tica

l p

ow

er;

th

at

na

tio

ns

be

ing

co

mp

eti

ng

un

its,

ad

va

nta

ge

in

th

e

last

re

sort

go

es

to t

he

po

sse

sso

r o

f p

rep

on

de

ran

t m

ilit

ary

fo

rce

, th

e w

ea

ke

r g

oe

s to

th

e

wa

ll,

as

in t

he

oth

er

form

s o

f th

e s

tru

gg

le f

or

life

.”

As

An

ge

ll e

xpla

ins,

Gre

at

Bri

tain

, G

erm

an

y a

nd

Fra

nce

ne

ed

ed

fo

reig

n m

ark

ets

aft

er

the

in

cre

ase

in

ma

nu

fact

uri

ng

ca

use

d b

y t

he

In

du

stri

al

Re

volu

tio

n.

Th

ese

co

un

trie

s co

mp

ete

d f

or

eco

no

mic

exp

an

sio

n i

n

pla

ces

lik

e A

fric

a.

Alt

ho

ug

h B

rita

in a

nd

Fra

nce

re

solv

ed

th

eir

dif

fere

nce

s in

Afr

ica

, se

vera

l cr

ise

s

fore

sha

do

win

g t

he

wa

r in

volv

ed

th

e c

lash

of

Ge

rma

ny

ag

ain

st B

rita

in a

nd

Fra

nce

in

No

rth

Afr

ica

. In

th

e

Mid

dle

Ea

st,

the

cru

mb

lin

g O

tto

ma

n E

mp

ire

wa

s a

llu

rin

g t

o A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

, th

e B

alk

an

s a

nd

Ru

ssia

. T

he

ma

jor

pro

ble

m f

or

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s th

ey

we

re o

ne

of

the

la

st E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs t

o j

oin

th

e r

ace

fo

r

colo

nie

s.

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II

wa

s fi

nd

ing

him

self

la

rge

ly f

rust

rate

d i

n h

is d

esi

re t

o c

arv

e o

ut

a g

ran

d

imp

eri

al

role

fo

r G

erm

an

y.

Wh

ile

he

de

sire

d "

a p

lace

in

th

e s

un

", h

e f

ou

nd

th

at

all

of

the

bri

gh

t a

rea

s h

ad

be

en

alr

ea

dy

sn

ap

pe

d u

p b

y t

he

oth

er

colo

nia

l p

ow

ers

, le

av

ing

him

on

ly w

ith

a p

lace

in

th

e s

ha

de

.

Th

ere

fore

, th

ey

on

ly w

ay

Ge

rma

ny

co

uld

ga

in a

n e

mp

ire

to

riv

al

tha

t o

f F

ran

ce a

nd

Gre

at

Bri

tain

wa

s to

tak

e t

err

ito

rie

s fr

om

oth

er

Eu

rop

ea

n p

ow

ers

by

fo

rce

.

Ge

rma

n T

err

ito

ria

l C

laim

s, 1

91

4

B

riti

sh &

Fre

nch

Te

rrit

ori

al

Cla

ims,

19

14

1.

Ho

w d

id m

an

y h

op

e t

ha

t Im

pe

ria

lism

co

uld

pre

ven

t w

ar?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

2.

Wh

at

did

No

rma

n A

ng

ell

wri

te a

bo

ut?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

3.

Acc

ord

ing

to

An

ge

ll,

wh

at

wa

s th

e f

un

da

me

nta

l m

oti

ve

fo

r th

e

riva

lry

be

twe

en

Eu

rop

ea

n n

ati

on

s?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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_

4.

Acc

ord

ing

to

An

ge

ll,

wh

at

mo

tiva

ted

Im

pe

ria

lism

?

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_

5.

Wh

at

we

re E

uro

pe

an

co

un

trie

s co

mp

eti

ng

fo

r? _

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_

6.

Wh

ich

em

pir

e w

as

cru

mb

lin

g?

__

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__

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__

__

__

__

7.

Wh

y w

as

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II

(Wil

ly)

fru

stra

ted

? _

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_

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_

8.

Wh

at

did

Ge

rma

ny

ne

ed

to

do

to

exp

an

d i

ts e

mp

ire

? _

__

__

__

_

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__

__

_

9.

Ple

ase

co

mp

are

th

e t

err

ito

ria

l cl

aim

s o

f G

erm

an

y a

nd

En

gla

nd

/Fra

nce

in

19

14

usi

ng

th

e m

ap

s b

elo

w.

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_

5

Page 6: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#6

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(I =

Im

pe

ria

lism

)

Be

fore

WW

I, G

erm

an

y w

as

rule

d b

y K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm I

I, t

he

so

n o

f

Fre

de

rick

III

an

d V

icto

ria

, th

e d

au

gh

ter

of

Qu

ee

n V

icto

ria

of

En

gla

nd

.

Wil

he

lm b

eca

me

em

pe

ror

of

Ge

rma

ny

in

18

88

.

Wil

he

lm w

as

an

ov

ert

ly i

mp

eri

ali

stic

an

d m

ilit

ari

stic

ma

n,

an

d

be

lie

ved

fe

rve

ntl

y i

n i

ncr

ea

sin

g t

he

sca

le o

f th

e G

erm

an

em

pir

e

an

d t

he

str

en

gth

of

Ge

rma

ny

's a

rme

d f

orc

es.

In

a n

um

be

r o

f

spe

ech

es,

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

ma

de

it

cle

ar

his

de

sire

to

cre

ate

a

po

we

rfu

l G

erm

an

Em

pir

e.

Bri

tish

Po

liti

cal

Ca

rto

on

de

pic

tin

g t

he

Ge

rma

n K

ais

er’

s d

esi

re

for

a “

Pla

ce i

n t

he

Su

n”

Th

is B

riti

sh p

oli

tica

l ca

rto

on

de

pic

ts w

ha

t th

e B

riti

sh b

elie

ve

is

the

Ka

ise

r’s

dre

am

of

est

ab

lish

ing

th

e G

erm

an

“p

lace

in

th

e

sun

” b

y c

on

qu

eri

ng

th

e w

orl

d.

Re

me

mb

er

to m

ark

bo

th t

ex

ts b

elo

w

Sp

ee

ch b

y G

erm

an

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

, 1

90

1

“We

ha

ve

co

nq

ue

red

fo

r o

urs

elv

es

a p

lace

in

th

e s

un

.

It w

ill

no

w b

e m

y

task

to

se

e t

o i

t th

at

this

pla

ce i

n t

he

su

n s

ha

ll r

em

ain

ou

r u

nd

isp

ute

d

po

sse

ssio

n,

in o

rde

r th

at

the

su

n's

ra

ys

ma

y f

all

fru

itfu

lly

up

on

ou

r a

ctiv

ity

an

d t

rad

e i

n f

ore

ign

pa

rts.

..

Th

e m

ore

Ge

rma

ns

go

ou

t u

po

n t

he

wa

ters

,

wh

eth

er

it b

e i

n j

ou

rne

ys

acr

oss

th

e o

cea

n,

or

in t

he

se

rvic

e o

f th

e b

att

le

fla

g,

so m

uch

th

e b

ett

er

it w

ill b

e f

or

us.

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II

ga

ve

an

in

terv

iew

to

th

e B

riti

sh n

ew

spa

pe

r th

e D

ail

y T

ele

gra

ph

th

at

wa

s

pu

bli

she

d o

n O

cto

be

r 2

8,

19

08

.

“Ge

rma

ny

is

a y

ou

ng

an

d g

row

ing

em

pir

e.

Sh

e h

as

a w

orl

d-w

ide

com

me

rce

wh

ich

is

rap

idly

exp

an

din

g a

nd

to

wh

ich

th

e le

git

ima

te

am

bit

ion

of

pa

trio

tic

Ge

rma

ns

refu

ses

to a

ssig

n a

ny

bo

un

ds.

Ge

rma

ny

mu

st h

av

e a

po

we

rfu

l fl

ee

t to

pro

tect

th

at

com

me

rce

an

d h

er

ma

nif

old

inte

rest

s in

ev

en

th

e m

ost

dis

tan

t se

as.

Sh

e e

xpe

cts

tho

se i

nte

rest

s to

go

on

gro

win

g,

an

d s

he

mu

st b

e a

ble

to

ch

am

pio

n t

he

m m

an

full

y i

n a

ny

qu

art

er

of

the

glo

be

. H

er

ho

rizo

ns

stre

tch

fa

r a

wa

y.

Sh

e m

ust

be

pre

pa

red

for

an

y e

ve

ntu

ali

tie

s in

th

e F

ar

Ea

st.

Wh

o c

an

fo

rese

e w

ha

t m

ay

ta

ke

pla

ce

in t

he

Pa

cifi

c in

th

e d

ay

s to

co

me

, d

ay

s n

ot

so d

ista

nt

as

som

e b

eli

ev

e,

bu

t

da

ys

at

an

y r

ate

, fo

r w

hic

h a

ll E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs w

ith

Fa

r E

ast

ern

in

tere

sts

ou

gh

t st

ea

dil

y t

o p

rep

are

?”

1.

Wh

o w

as

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II?

__

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__

2.

Wh

at

wa

s K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm I

I’s

go

al

for

his

co

un

try?

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__

3.

Wh

at

is d

ep

icte

d i

n t

he

po

liti

cal

cart

oo

n o

n t

he

le

ft?

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__

__

4.

Wh

at

is K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm’s

ce

ntr

al

cla

im i

n t

he

sp

ee

ch h

e g

av

e i

n

19

01

? _

__

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5.

Ho

w d

oe

s K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm d

esc

rib

e G

erm

an

y i

n t

he

in

terv

iew

he

ga

ve

to

th

e D

aily

Te

leg

rap

h in

19

08

? _

__

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__

__

__

6.

Wh

at

is K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm’s

ce

ntr

al

cla

im i

n t

he

in

terv

iew

he

ga

ve t

o

the

Da

ily

Te

leg

rap

h i

n 1

90

8?

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6

Page 7: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#7

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(N =

Na

tio

na

lism

) N

ati

on

ali

sm w

as

als

o s

tro

ng

in

Eu

rop

e a

nd

is

con

sid

ere

d o

ne

of

the

fo

ur

ma

in c

au

ses

of

Wo

rld

Wa

r I.

I

n

Eu

rop

e a

t th

is t

ime

, th

ere

we

re t

wo

ma

in t

yp

es

of

na

tio

na

lism

at

wo

rk:

1.

Th

e d

esi

re o

f su

bje

ct p

eo

ple

s fo

r in

de

pe

nd

en

ce.

Th

is d

esi

re l

ed

to

a s

eri

es

of

na

tio

na

l st

rug

gle

s fo

r

ind

ep

en

de

nce

am

on

g t

he

Ba

lka

n p

eo

ple

s. O

the

r p

ow

ers

go

t in

volv

ed

an

d c

au

sed

mu

ch i

nst

ab

ilit

y.

2.

Th

e d

esi

re o

f in

de

pe

nd

en

t n

ati

on

s fo

r d

om

ina

nce

an

d p

rest

ige

. A

s th

ese

po

we

rs t

ry t

o d

om

ina

te e

ach

oth

er

in E

uro

pe

, th

eir

riv

alr

ies

ma

y b

e r

eg

ard

ed

as

on

e o

f th

e c

au

ses

of

the

Fir

st W

orl

d W

ar.

Na

tio

na

lism

in

Ge

rma

ny

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s u

nit

ed

in

18

71

as

a r

esu

lt o

f th

e F

ran

co-P

russ

ian

Wa

r, a

nd

it

rap

idly

be

cam

e t

he

str

on

ge

st

eco

no

mic

an

d m

ilit

ary

po

we

r in

Eu

rop

e.

Fro

m 1

87

1 t

o 1

89

0,

Ge

rma

ny

wa

nte

d t

o p

rese

rve

its

he

ge

mo

ny

in E

uro

pe

by

fo

rmin

g a

se

rie

s o

f p

ea

cefu

l a

llia

nce

s w

ith

oth

er

po

we

rs.

Aft

er

18

90

, G

erm

an

y w

as

mo

re

ag

gre

ssiv

e.

It w

an

ted

to

bu

ild

up

he

r in

flu

en

ce i

n e

ve

ry p

art

of

the

wo

rld

. G

erm

an

fo

reig

n p

oli

cy i

n t

he

se

ye

ars

wa

s b

est

exp

ress

ed

by

th

e t

erm

'We

ltp

oli

tik

' (W

orl

d P

oli

tics

). B

eca

use

Ge

rma

n a

mb

itio

ns

we

re

ext

en

de

d t

o m

an

y p

art

s o

f th

e g

lob

e,

Ge

rma

ny

ca

me

in

to s

eri

ou

s co

nfl

icts

wit

h a

ll o

the

r m

ajo

r p

ow

ers

of

Eu

rop

e (

exc

ep

t A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

) fr

om

18

90

to

19

14

. T

he

wo

rds

of

the

Na

tio

na

l A

nth

em

fo

r G

erm

an

y c

ap

ture

s th

is s

en

se o

f N

ati

on

ali

sm:

“Ge

rma

ny

, G

erm

an

y a

bo

ve a

ll

Ove

r e

ve

ryth

ing

in

th

e w

orl

d,

Wh

en

it

ste

ad

fast

ly h

old

s to

ge

the

r,

Off

en

sive

ly,

de

fen

sive

ly”

Th

e n

ew

Ka

ise

r, W

ilh

elm

II,

wa

s in

ma

ny

re

spe

cts

the

pe

rso

nif

ica

tio

n o

f la

te 1

80

0s

Ge

rma

ny

: b

oth

we

re

yo

un

g,

inte

nse

ly p

atr

ioti

c, o

bse

sse

d w

ith

mil

ita

rism

an

d e

xpa

nsi

on

, n

erv

ou

s a

bo

ut

the

fu

ture

an

d

de

spe

rate

fo

r n

ati

on

al

succ

ess

. T

he

ma

in o

bst

acl

e t

o t

he

la

tte

r w

as

Bri

tain

, w

hic

h b

eca

me

a p

op

ula

r

targ

et

for

the

Ge

rma

n p

ress

. T

he

Bri

tish

an

d t

he

ir l

ea

de

rs w

ere

gre

ed

y a

nd

hy

po

crit

ica

l: t

he

y m

ain

tain

ed

the

wo

rld

’s l

arg

est

em

pir

e,

wh

ile

de

ny

ing

Ge

rma

ny

an

y c

olo

nia

l g

ain

s. T

he

re w

as

mu

ch c

riti

cism

of

Bri

tain

’s h

ea

vy-h

an

de

d w

ar

ag

ain

st w

hit

e S

ou

th A

fric

an

fa

rme

rs (

the

Se

con

d B

oe

r W

ar

of

18

99

-19

02

);

Be

rlin

we

nt

as

far

as

secr

etl

y s

up

ply

ing

th

e B

oe

rs w

ith

we

ap

on

s a

nd

mu

nit

ion

s.

Na

tio

na

lism

in

Fra

nce

Fra

nce

ha

d b

ee

n t

he

do

min

an

t p

ow

er

in E

uro

pe

fo

r ce

ntu

rie

s. N

ap

ole

on

I a

nd

Na

po

leo

n I

II h

ad

att

em

pte

d t

o d

om

ina

te E

uro

pe

. In

18

71

, F

ran

ce w

as

de

fea

ted

by

Ge

rma

ny

. S

he

ha

d t

o l

ose

tw

o

pro

vin

ces:

Als

ace

an

d L

orr

ain

e.

Sh

e a

lso

ne

ed

ed

to

pa

y h

ea

vy i

nd

em

nit

ies.

Fro

m 1

87

1 o

nw

ard

s, F

ran

ce's

gre

ate

st a

mb

itio

n w

as

to r

eco

ver

Als

ace

an

d L

orr

ain

e f

rom

Ge

rma

ny

. S

he

als

o w

an

ted

to

pre

ven

t a

no

the

r

de

fea

t b

y G

erm

an

y,

to r

eco

ver

he

r n

ati

on

al

pre

stig

e b

y a

cqu

irin

g o

vers

ea

s co

lon

ies

(e.g

. M

oro

cco

) a

nd

to

ma

ke

dip

lom

ati

c a

llia

nce

s w

ith

oth

er

imp

ort

an

t p

ow

ers

in

Eu

rop

e.

Na

tio

na

lism

in

Bri

tain

In 1

87

0 B

rita

in w

as

the

mo

st i

nd

ust

ria

lly

ad

van

ced

co

un

try

in

Eu

rop

e.

Sh

e a

lso

po

sse

sse

d t

he

la

rge

st

ove

rse

as

em

pir

e a

nd

th

e l

arg

est

na

vy i

n t

he

wo

rld

. S

he

did

no

t w

an

t to

tro

ub

le h

ers

elf

wit

h t

he

con

tin

en

tal

aff

air

s o

f E

uro

pe

. H

er

ma

in c

on

cern

wa

s to

pre

serv

e h

er

ov

ers

ea

s e

mp

ire

an

d h

er

ove

rse

as

tra

de

by

ma

inta

inin

g a

la

rge

na

vy.

1.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e f

irst

ty

pe

of

na

tio

na

lism

an

d h

ow

did

it

lea

d

to w

ar?

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2.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e s

eco

nd

ty

pe

of

na

tio

na

lism

an

d h

ow

did

it

lea

d t

o w

ar?

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__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

3.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n G

erm

an

y a

nd

ho

w

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

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__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

4.

Ho

w i

s th

e G

erm

an

Na

tio

na

l A

nth

em

an

exp

ress

ion

of

Ge

rma

n n

ati

on

ali

sm?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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__

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__

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__

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__

5.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n F

ran

ce a

nd

ho

w

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

__

__

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6.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n B

rita

in a

nd

ho

w

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

__

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7

Page 8: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#8

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(N =

Na

tio

na

lism

) N

ati

on

ali

sm i

n A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry w

as

est

ab

lish

ed

as

the

Du

al M

on

arc

hy

in

18

67

. T

he

Du

al

Mo

na

rch

y r

ule

d o

ver

a l

arg

e e

mp

ire

co

nsi

stin

g o

f m

an

y n

ati

on

ali

tie

s, b

ut

on

ly t

he

Au

stri

an

s (e

thn

ica

lly t

he

y w

ere

Ge

rma

n)

an

d t

he

Hu

ng

ari

an

s h

ad

th

e r

igh

t to

ru

le.

Th

e o

the

r n

ati

on

ali

tie

s C

zech

s, S

lov

ak

s,

Se

rbs,

Cro

ats

, R

um

an

ian

s a

nd

Po

les

rese

nte

d t

he

ir lo

ss o

f p

oli

tica

l fre

ed

om

. T

he

y d

esi

red

fo

r

po

liti

cal

ind

ep

en

de

nce

. T

hu

s th

e p

oli

cy o

f th

e D

ua

l M

on

arc

hy

wa

s to

su

pp

ress

th

e n

ati

on

ali

st

mo

ve

me

nts

bo

th i

nsi

de

an

d o

uts

ide

th

e e

mp

ire

. T

he

pa

rtic

ula

r o

bje

ct o

f th

e D

ua

l M

on

arc

hy

wa

s to

ga

in p

oli

tica

l co

ntr

ol

ove

r th

e B

alk

an

Pe

nin

sula

, w

he

re n

ati

on

ali

st m

ove

me

nts

we

re r

ife

an

d w

ere

alw

ay

s g

ivin

g e

nco

ura

ge

me

nt

to t

he

na

tio

na

list

mo

ve

me

nts

wit

hin

th

e A

ust

ro-

Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e.

Ma

p o

f V

ari

ou

s E

thn

ic G

rou

ps

liv

ing

in

th

e B

alk

an

s b

efo

re 1

91

4

Th

is m

ap

de

mo

nst

rate

s h

ow

th

e A

ust

ro-

Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e w

as

ho

st t

o m

an

y

na

tio

na

liti

es,

an

d s

tru

gg

led

wit

h

na

tio

na

list

ic m

ov

em

en

ts o

f p

eo

ple

wh

o

lon

ge

d t

o b

e f

ree

of

Ha

psb

urg

ru

le.

In t

he

Ba

lka

ns

this

wa

s ca

lled

‘Pa

nsl

av

ism

’ b

eca

use

th

e p

eo

ple

wh

o

wa

nte

d t

o b

e f

ree

we

re a

ll S

lav

ra

ces.

Th

e m

ost

na

tio

na

list

ic o

f a

ll w

ere

th

e

Se

rbs

– S

erb

ia h

ad

be

cam

e a

n

ind

ep

en

de

nt

cou

ntr

y b

y t

he

Tre

aty

of

Sa

n S

tefa

no

in

18

78

, b

ut

in 1

90

0 m

an

y

Se

rbs

we

re s

till

ru

led

by

Tu

rke

y a

nd

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry,

an

d S

erb

ia w

as

de

term

ine

d t

o r

ule

ov

er

the

m a

ll.

Th

is l

ed

to

re

be

llio

ns

an

d

terr

ori

sm w

hic

h d

est

ab

iliz

ed

th

e B

alk

an

s.

Th

e c

en

ter

of

the

na

tio

na

list

mo

ve

me

nts

in

th

e B

alk

an

s w

as

Se

rbia

. S

erb

ia a

lwa

ys h

op

ed

to

un

ite

wit

h t

he

Se

rbs

in t

he

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e s

o a

s to

cre

ate

a l

arg

e S

erb

ian

sta

te.

Th

ere

fore

th

e f

irst

en

em

y o

f A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

fro

m 1

87

1 t

o 1

91

4 w

as

Se

rbia

. B

esi

de

s S

erb

ia,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

lso

ha

ted

Ru

ssia

be

cau

se R

uss

ia,

be

ing

a S

lav

co

un

try

, a

lwa

ys

ba

cke

d u

p

Se

rbia

in

an

y A

ust

ro-S

erb

ian

dis

pu

tes.

Se

rbia

n n

ati

on

ali

stic

fe

eli

ng

s le

d t

o t

he

Arc

hd

uk

e

Fe

rdin

an

d's

ass

ass

ina

tio

n o

n J

un

e 2

8,

19

14

by

Ga

vri

lo P

rin

cip

an

d t

he

Bla

ck H

an

d.

1.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

an

d h

ow

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

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2.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e D

ua

l Mo

na

rch

y’s

re

spo

nse

to

th

is g

row

ing

na

tio

na

lism

? _

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3.

Wh

at

do

es

the

ma

p o

n t

he

left

de

mo

nst

rate

?

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4.

Wh

at

is P

an

sla

vis

m?

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5.

Wh

y d

id A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

co

nsi

de

r S

erb

ia a

n e

ne

my

?

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6.

Wh

y d

id A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

co

nsi

de

r R

uss

ia a

n e

ne

my

?

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7.

Wh

at

occ

urr

ed

on

Ju

ne

28

, 1

91

4?

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8

Page 9: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#9

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(N =

Na

tio

na

lism

) –

Bla

ck H

an

d

On

Oct

ob

er

8,

19

08

, ju

st t

wo

da

ys

aft

er

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

nn

exe

d B

osn

ia a

nd

He

rze

go

vin

a,

ma

ny

me

n,

som

e o

f th

em

ra

nk

ing

Se

rbia

n m

inis

ters

, o

ffic

ials

an

d g

en

era

ls,

he

ld a

me

eti

ng

at

Cit

y H

all

in

Be

lgra

de

. T

he

y f

ou

nd

ed

a s

em

i-se

cre

t so

cie

ty -

- N

aro

dn

a O

db

ran

a (

Na

tio

na

l

De

fen

se).

Th

e p

urp

ose

of

the

gro

up

wa

s to

re

cru

it a

nd

tra

in f

ree

do

m f

igh

ters

fo

r a

po

ssib

le w

ar

be

twe

en

Se

rbia

an

d A

ust

ria

. T

he

y a

lso

un

de

rto

ok

an

ti-A

ust

ria

n p

rop

ag

an

da

an

d o

rga

niz

ed

spie

s a

nd

sa

bo

teu

rs t

o o

pe

rate

wit

hin

th

e A

ust

ro-H

un

ga

ria

n e

mp

ire

's p

rovi

nce

s.

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

's w

ork

ha

d b

ee

n s

o e

ffe

ctiv

e t

ha

t in

19

09

a f

uri

ou

s A

ust

ria

pre

ssu

red

th

e S

erb

ian

go

vern

me

nt

to p

ut

a s

top

to

th

eir

an

ti-A

ust

ria

n i

nsu

rre

ctio

n.

Ru

ssia

wa

s n

ot

rea

dy

to

sta

nd

fu

lly

be

hin

d

Se

rbia

sh

ou

ld t

hin

gs

com

e t

o a

sh

ow

do

wn

, so

Be

lgra

de

wa

s g

rud

gin

gly

fo

rce

d t

o c

om

ply

. F

rom

th

en

on

,

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

co

nce

ntr

ate

d o

n e

du

cati

on

an

d p

rop

ag

an

da

wit

hin

Se

rbia

, tr

yin

g t

o f

ash

ion

its

elf

as

a

cult

ura

l o

rga

niz

ati

on

.

Ma

ny

me

mb

ers

fo

rme

d a

ne

w,

an

d a

ga

in s

ecr

et,

org

an

iza

tio

n t

o c

on

tin

ue

th

e t

err

ori

st a

ctio

ns.

Te

n m

en

me

t o

n M

ay

9,

19

11

to

fo

rm U

jed

inje

nje

ili

Sm

rt (

Un

ion

or

De

ath

), a

lso

kn

ow

n a

s T

he

Bla

ck H

an

d.

By

19

14

, th

ere

we

re s

ev

era

l h

un

dre

d m

em

be

rs,

pe

rha

ps

as

ma

ny

as

25

00

. M

an

y m

em

be

rs w

ere

Se

rbia

n

arm

y o

ffic

ers

. T

he

pro

fess

ed

go

al

of

the

gro

up

wa

s th

e c

rea

tio

n o

f a

Gre

ate

r S

erb

ia,

by

use

of

vio

len

ce,

if

ne

cess

ary

.

Th

is g

rou

p w

ill

be

re

spo

nsi

ble

fo

r th

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

of

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

Arc

hd

uk

e F

ran

z

Fe

rdin

an

d:

an

eve

nt

tha

t m

an

y h

isto

ria

ns

refe

r to

as

the

“sp

ark

” th

at

sta

rte

d t

he

Fir

st W

orl

d W

ar.

Be

low

is a

n e

xce

rpt

fro

m t

he

ir f

ou

nd

ing

co

nst

itu

tio

n:

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

-

Re

me

mb

er

to m

ark

th

e t

ex

t: (

circ

le a

nd

de

fin

e u

nk

no

wn

wo

rds,

un

de

rlin

e p

att

ern

s, d

raw

co

nn

ect

ion

s, a

sk q

ue

stio

ns,

ma

ke

ob

serv

ati

on

s, s

tar

the

au

tho

r’s

cla

im,

an

d m

ark

th

e e

vid

en

ce o

f th

at

cla

im)

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

- F

ou

nd

ing

Co

nst

itu

tio

n o

f th

e B

lack

Ha

nd

, 1

91

1

“Art

icle

1:

Fo

r th

e p

urp

ose

of

rea

lisi

ng

th

e n

ati

on

al

ide

als

– t

he

Un

ific

ati

on

of

Se

rbd

om

-

an

org

an

iza

tio

n i

s h

ere

by c

rea

ted

, w

ho

se m

em

be

rs m

ay b

e a

ny S

erb

ian

irr

esp

ect

ive

of

sex,

re

lig

ion

, p

lace

or

bir

th,

as

we

ll a

s a

nyb

od

y e

lse

wh

o w

ill

sin

cere

ly s

erv

e t

his

id

ea

. A

rtic

le 2

: T

he

org

an

isa

tio

n g

ive

s p

rio

rity

to

th

e r

evo

luti

on

ary

str

ug

gle

ra

the

r th

an

re

lie

s

on

cu

ltu

ral

stri

vin

g,

the

refo

re i

ts i

nst

itu

tio

n i

s a

n a

bso

lute

ly s

ecr

et

on

e f

or

wid

er

circ

les…

A

rtic

le 4

: In

ord

er

to c

arr

y i

nto

eff

ect

its

ta

sk t

he

org

an

iza

tio

n w

ill

do

th

e f

oll

ow

ing

thin

gs:

(1)

Fo

llo

win

g t

he

ch

ara

cte

r o

f it

s ra

iso

n d

’etr

e (

rea

son

fo

r e

xis

ten

ce)

it w

ill

exe

rcis

e i

ts

infl

ue

nce

ove

r a

ll t

he

off

icia

l fa

cto

rs i

n S

erb

ia …

(2)

It w

ill

carr

y o

ut

a r

evo

luti

on

ary

org

an

iza

tio

n i

n a

ll t

he

te

rrit

ori

es

wh

ere

Se

rbia

ns

are

livin

g:

(3)

Be

yo

nd

th

e f

ron

tie

rs,

it w

ill

fig

ht

wit

h a

ll m

ea

ns

ag

ain

st a

ll e

ne

mie

s o

f th

is i

de

a:

(4)

It w

ill

ma

inta

in f

rie

nd

ly r

ela

tio

ns

wit

h a

ll t

he

Sta

tes,

na

tio

ns,

org

an

iza

tio

ns,

an

d

ind

ivid

ua

l p

ers

on

s w

ho

sym

pa

thiz

e w

ith

Se

rbia

Co

nte

xt

1.

Wh

y w

as

the

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

fo

rme

d?

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_

2.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e p

urp

ose

of

the

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

?

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__

_

3.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

to

th

e N

aro

dn

a O

db

ran

a?

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__

_

4.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e g

oa

l o

f Ij

ed

inje

nje

ili

Sm

rt (

the

Bla

ck H

an

d)?

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_

5.

Wh

at

is t

he

Bla

ck H

an

d r

esp

on

sib

le f

or?

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_

Co

nte

nt

6.

Su

mm

ari

ze A

rtic

le 1

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d C

on

stit

uti

on

.

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_

7.

Su

mm

ari

ze A

rtic

le 2

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d C

on

stit

uti

on

.

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_

8.

Su

mm

ari

ze A

rtic

le 4

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d C

on

stit

uti

on

.

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__

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_

Cri

tica

l C

on

clu

sio

ns

9.

In A

rtic

le 4

, su

bse

ctio

n 3

, it

sa

ys

it w

ill

fig

ht

“wit

h a

ll m

ea

ns

ag

ain

st a

ll e

ne

mie

s o

f th

is i

de

a.”

W

ha

t id

ea

are

th

ey

fig

hti

ng

for?

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_

10

. B

ase

d o

n A

rtic

le 4

, su

bse

ctio

n 4

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y w

ou

ld f

it t

his

de

scri

pti

on

?

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9

Page 10: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#1

0 -

WW

I -

Th

e “

Sp

ark

Th

e n

ati

on

ali

st r

iva

lrie

s th

at

we

re g

row

ing

th

e B

alk

an

s h

as

oft

en

be

en

co

mp

are

d t

o a

po

wd

er

ke

g,

wh

ich

is a

ba

rre

l o

f g

un

po

wd

er.

O

n J

un

e 2

8,

19

14

, th

e f

use

on

th

e p

ow

de

r k

eg

ig

nit

ed

wh

en

Ga

vril

o P

rin

cip

, a

Se

rbia

n n

ati

on

ali

st,

ass

ass

ina

ted

Arc

hd

uk

e F

ran

z F

erd

ina

nd

, h

eir

to

th

e t

hro

ne

of

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry,

in

Sa

raje

vo,

Bo

snia

.

Pri

nci

p w

as

on

e o

f th

ree

me

n s

en

t b

y D

imit

rije

vic,

th

e c

hie

f o

f th

e I

nte

llig

en

ce D

ep

art

me

nt

in t

he

Se

rbia

n

Arm

y a

nd

he

ad

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d.

Th

e t

hre

e m

en

we

re i

nst

ruct

ed

to

co

mm

it s

uic

ide

aft

er

kil

lin

g t

he

Arc

hd

uk

e.

To

th

is e

nd

th

ey

we

re e

ach

giv

en

cy

an

ide

, a

lon

g w

ith

a r

evo

lve

r a

nd

gre

na

de

s.

Ea

ch o

f th

e

me

n s

uff

ere

d f

rom

tu

be

rcu

losi

s a

nd

co

nse

qu

en

tly

kn

ew

th

at

the

y d

id n

ot

ha

ve l

on

g t

o l

ive

; m

ea

nw

hil

e,

Dim

itri

jevi

c d

id n

ot

wis

h a

ny

of

the

me

n t

o l

ive

to

te

ll w

ho

wa

s b

eh

ind

th

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

. T

he

pri

me

min

iste

r o

f S

erb

ia w

as

giv

en

ad

van

ce w

arn

ing

of

the

ass

ass

ina

tio

n p

lot,

an

d w

hil

e h

e

sym

pa

thiz

ed

wit

h t

he

Bla

ck H

an

d's

ob

ject

ive

s (B

osn

ia-H

erz

eg

ovi

na

ach

ievi

ng

in

de

pe

nd

en

ce f

rom

Au

stro

-

Hu

ng

ary

) h

e f

ea

red

wa

r w

ith

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry s

ho

uld

an

ass

ass

ina

tio

n a

tte

mp

t b

e s

ucc

ess

ful.

H

e

the

refo

re g

av

e o

rde

rs f

or

the

arr

est

of

the

th

ree

me

n a

s th

ey

le

ft t

he

co

un

try

; h

is o

rde

rs w

ere

no

t a

cte

d

up

on

ho

we

ver.

T

he

Bla

ck H

an

d’s

na

tio

na

list

plo

t w

as

un

de

rta

ke

n t

o i

ncr

ea

se t

en

sio

ns

wit

h A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

an

d p

rep

are

the

wa

y f

or

a f

ull

-sca

le S

lavi

c re

volu

tio

n,

usi

ng

it

as

an

exc

use

to

str

ike

Se

rbia

. G

erm

an

aid

wa

s so

ug

ht

to

bri

ng

ab

ou

t a

qu

ick

att

ack

be

fore

th

e o

the

r p

ow

ers

co

uld

he

lp S

erb

ia.

Pri

nci

p s

ho

t F

erd

ina

nd

at

po

int

bla

nk

ra

ng

e w

hil

e t

he

la

tte

r w

as

tra

vell

ing

in

his

ca

r fr

om

a t

ow

n h

all

re

cep

tio

n,

ha

vin

g e

arl

ier

tha

t d

ay

alr

ea

dy

su

rviv

ed

on

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

att

em

pt.

S

tan

din

g o

n t

he

ca

r's

sid

eb

oa

rd w

as

Co

un

t F

ran

z vo

n

Ha

rra

ch.

A w

itn

ess

to

Fe

rdin

an

d's

ass

ass

ina

tio

n,

he

su

bse

qu

en

tly

re

cou

nte

d t

he

ev

en

ts o

f th

e d

ay

:

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

-

Re

me

mb

er

to m

ark

th

e t

ex

t: (

circ

le a

nd

de

fin

e u

nk

no

wn

wo

rds,

un

de

rlin

e p

att

ern

s, d

raw

co

nn

ect

ion

s, a

sk q

ue

stio

ns,

ma

ke

ob

serv

ati

on

s, s

tar

the

au

tho

r’s

cla

im,

an

d m

ark

th

e e

vid

en

ce o

f th

at

cla

im)

“As

the

ca

r q

uic

kly

re

ve

rse

d,

a t

hin

str

ea

m o

f b

loo

d s

pu

rte

d f

rom

His

Hig

hn

ess

's m

ou

th o

nto

my r

igh

t ch

eck

. A

s I

wa

s p

ull

ing

ou

t m

y h

an

dk

erc

hie

f to

wip

e t

he

blo

od

aw

ay f

rom

his

mo

uth

, th

e D

uch

ess

cri

ed

ou

t to

him

, "F

or

Go

d's

sa

ke

! W

ha

t h

as

ha

pp

en

ed

to

yo

u?

"

At

tha

t sh

e s

lid

off

th

e s

ea

t a

nd

la

y o

n t

he

flo

or

of

the

ca

r, w

ith

he

r fa

ce b

etw

ee

n h

is

kn

ee

s.

I h

ad

no

id

ea

th

at

she

to

o w

as

hit

an

d t

ho

ug

ht

she

ha

d s

imp

ly f

ain

ted

wit

h f

rig

ht.

T

he

n I

he

ard

His

Im

pe

ria

l H

igh

ne

ss s

ay,

"So

ph

ie,

So

ph

ie,

do

n't

die

. S

tay a

live

fo

r th

e c

hil

dre

n!"

A

t th

at,

I s

eiz

ed

th

e A

rch

du

ke

by t

he

co

lla

r o

f h

is u

nif

orm

, to

sto

p h

is h

ea

d d

rop

pin

g f

orw

ard

an

d a

ske

d h

im i

f h

e w

as

in g

rea

t p

ain

. H

e a

nsw

ere

d m

e q

uit

e d

isti

nct

ly,

"It

is n

oth

ing

!"

His

fa

ce b

eg

an

to

tw

ist

som

ew

ha

t b

ut

he

we

nt

on

re

pe

ati

ng

, si

x o

r se

ve

n t

ime

s, e

ve

r m

ore

fain

tly a

s h

e g

rad

ua

lly l

ost

co

nsc

iou

sne

ss,

"It'

s n

oth

ing

!"

Th

en

ca

me

a b

rie

f p

au

se f

oll

ow

ed

by a

co

nvu

lsiv

e r

att

le i

n h

is t

hro

at,

ca

use

d b

y a

lo

ss o

f

blo

od

. T

his

ce

ase

d o

n a

rriv

al

at

the

go

ve

rno

r's

resi

de

nce

. T

he

tw

o u

nco

nsc

iou

s b

od

ies

we

re

carr

ied

in

to t

he

bu

ild

ing

wh

ere

th

eir

de

ath

wa

s so

on

est

ab

lish

ed

.”

1.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

Ju

ne

28

, 1

91

4?

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_

2.

Wh

o w

as

Arc

hd

uk

e F

ran

z F

erd

ina

nd

?

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_

3.

Ho

w w

as

the

ass

ass

ina

tio

n p

lot

org

an

ize

d?

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_

4.

Wh

at

did

th

e l

ea

de

rs o

f S

erb

ia k

no

w a

bo

ut

the

plo

t

be

fore

ha

nd

?

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__

_

5.

Wh

at

act

ion

s d

id t

he

Se

rbia

n p

rim

e m

inis

ter

tak

e?

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_

6.

Wh

y w

as

the

na

tio

na

list

plo

t u

nd

ert

ak

en

?

__

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__

_

7.

Ho

w d

id t

he

ass

ass

ina

tio

n o

ccu

r?

__

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_

8.

In y

ou

r o

wn

wo

rds,

su

mm

ari

ze C

ou

nt

Fra

nz

von

Ha

rra

ch’s

ey

ew

itn

ess

acc

ou

nt

of

the

ev

en

t:

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10

Page 11: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#1

1 -

WW

I -

Th

e “

Ch

ain

Re

act

ion

” T

he

ev

en

ts o

f Ju

ly a

nd

ea

rly

Au

gu

st 1

91

4 a

re a

cla

ssic

ca

se o

f "o

ne

th

ing

le

d t

o a

no

the

r" -

oth

erw

ise

kn

ow

n a

s th

e t

rea

ty a

llia

nce

sy

ste

m.

Th

e e

xplo

siv

e t

ha

t w

as

Wo

rld

Wa

r O

ne

ha

d b

ee

n l

on

g i

n t

he

sto

ckp

ilin

g;

the

sp

ark

th

e f

ina

lly

se

t th

is e

xplo

siv

e o

ff w

as

the

ass

ass

ina

tio

n o

f A

rch

du

ke

Fra

nz

Fe

rdin

an

d,

he

ir t

o t

he

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

th

ron

e,

in S

ara

jev

o o

n J

un

e 2

8,

19

14

.

As

a r

esu

lt o

f th

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

of

the

ir a

rch

du

ke,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry s

ou

gh

t th

e a

id o

f it

s a

lly

,

Ge

rma

ny

. G

erm

an

y r

esp

on

de

d b

y o

ffe

rin

g A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

a “

bla

nk

ch

eck

” o

f su

pp

ort

on

Ju

ly 6

.

Th

ere

is

litt

le d

ou

bt

tha

t th

is n

ote

fro

m G

erm

an

y w

as

the

fir

st c

lea

r in

dic

ati

on

th

at

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s

ag

ree

ab

le t

o w

ar

wit

h -

at

lea

st -

Fra

nce

an

d R

uss

ia;

she

ho

pe

d h

ow

ev

er

to a

vo

id w

ar

wit

h B

rita

in.

Le

ss t

ha

n o

ne

mo

nth

la

ter,

on

Ju

ly 2

3,

19

14

Au

stri

a i

ssu

ed

an

ult

ima

tum

, w

ith

wh

ich

Se

rbia

wa

s to

com

ply

wit

hin

48

ho

urs

to

av

oid

wa

r.

Th

e m

ilit

ari

sts

de

libe

rate

ly m

ad

e t

he

te

rms

so h

ars

h t

ha

t it

wo

uld

be

ass

ure

d t

ha

t S

erb

ia w

ou

ld n

ot

acc

ep

t. T

o t

he

su

rpri

se o

f e

ve

ryo

ne

, S

erb

ia d

id a

gre

e t

o a

ll

bu

t o

ne

of

the

de

ma

nd

s to

all

ow

Au

stri

an

off

icia

ls t

o i

nve

stig

ate

th

e m

urd

er

of

the

arc

hd

uk

e o

n

Se

rbia

n s

oil

. T

his

on

e r

efu

sal

wa

s se

en

as

a t

ota

l re

ject

ion

by

th

e A

ust

ria

ns,

an

d t

he

y d

ecl

are

d w

ar

on

Se

rbia

on

Ju

ly 2

8,

19

14

. G

erm

an

y k

ne

w t

ha

t it

wa

s im

po

rta

nt

to b

eco

me

in

vo

lve

d t

o p

rote

ct i

ts s

ecu

rity

. G

erm

an

le

ad

ers

be

lie

ved

th

at

the

Ru

ssia

an

d F

ran

ce w

ou

ld j

oin

th

e c

on

flic

t.

Th

e G

erm

an

ge

ne

rals

we

re c

on

fid

en

t

tha

t th

ey

wo

uld

de

fea

t th

em

an

d b

eco

me

th

e w

orl

d’s

gre

ate

st p

ow

er.

A

fte

r th

e i

nit

ial

de

cla

rati

on

of

wa

r o

n J

uly

28

, 1

91

4,

thin

gs

mo

ve

d r

ap

idly

. O

n J

uly

30

, th

e R

uss

ian

s

ord

er

a f

ull

mo

bil

iza

tio

n t

o a

tta

ck A

ust

ria

an

d G

erm

an

y.

Ge

rma

ny,

wa

nti

ng

to

ha

ve t

he

up

pe

r h

an

d,

ord

ere

d R

uss

ia t

o c

ea

se w

ar

pre

pa

rati

on

s.

Ru

ssia

ig

no

red

th

e w

arn

ing

, so

Ge

rma

ny

de

cla

red

wa

r o

n

Ru

ssia

. W

ith

in t

wo

da

ys,

Ge

rma

ny

de

cla

red

wa

r o

n R

uss

ia’s

all

y,

Fra

nce

. T

he

wa

r e

sca

late

d a

s th

e s

yst

em

of

all

ian

ces

an

d m

ilit

ary

pla

ns

tra

pp

ed

th

e n

ati

on

s o

ne

by

on

e.

In

ord

er

to a

tta

ck F

ran

ce,

Ge

rma

ny

wo

uld

ha

ve

to

go

th

rou

gh

th

e n

eu

ral

cou

ntr

y o

f B

elg

ium

. S

ince

Be

lgiu

m r

efu

sed

to

gra

nt

pe

rmis

sio

n t

o G

erm

an

y,

it w

as

att

ack

ed

on

Au

gu

st 3

. T

his

act

ion

by

Ge

rma

ny

inv

olv

ed

Gre

at

Bri

tain

, si

nce

Bri

tain

ha

d p

led

ge

d t

o g

ua

ran

tee

Be

lgia

n n

eu

tra

lity

. G

rea

t

Bri

tain

wa

s a

lso

aw

are

th

at

if F

ran

ce a

nd

Be

lgiu

m f

ell

, G

erm

an

y w

ou

ld b

e m

ast

er

of

We

ste

rn E

uro

pe

.

On

Au

gu

st 4

, G

rea

t B

rita

in j

oin

ed

its

all

ies,

Ru

ssia

an

d F

ran

ce.

On

Au

gu

st 6

, A

ust

ria

de

cla

red

wa

r o

n

Ru

ssia

. W

ith

in s

ix w

ee

ks

of

the

ass

ass

ina

tio

n i

n S

ara

jev

o,

all

of

the

gre

at

po

we

rs o

f E

uro

pe

we

re

inv

olv

ed

in

th

e w

ar.

--

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

---

On

th

e t

ime

lin

e b

elo

w,

no

te t

he

im

po

rta

nt

da

tes

(Ju

ly 6

, Ju

ly 2

3,

July

28

, Ju

ly 3

0,

Au

gu

st 3

, A

ug

ust

4,

Au

gu

st 6

) a

nd

th

eir

sig

nif

ica

nce

in

th

is “

Ch

ain

Re

act

ion

.”

1

. W

ha

t w

as

the

sp

ark

th

at

sta

rte

d W

orl

d W

ar

On

e?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

2.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

Ju

ly 6

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

3.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e i

nte

nt

of

the

mil

ita

rist

s w

ho

wro

te t

he

ult

ima

tum

? _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

4.

Wh

at

wa

s S

erb

ia’s

re

spo

nse

?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

5.

Wh

y d

id G

erm

an

y w

an

t to

be

in

vo

lve

d?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

6.

Wh

at

did

th

e s

yst

em

of

all

ian

ce d

o?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

7.

Wh

y d

id G

rea

t B

rita

in g

et

inv

olv

ed

in

th

e w

ar?

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

Jun

e 2

8 –

Arc

hd

uke

Fe

rdin

an

d a

ssa

ssin

ate

d

by S

erb

ian

te

rro

rist

s fr

om

th

e B

lack

Ha

nd

.

11

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Page 14: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

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0 -

WW

I -

To

tal

Wa

r T

ota

l w

ar

wa

s in

tro

du

ced

to

Bri

tain

in

Ma

y 1

91

5 a

nd

wa

s to

la

st u

nti

l th

e e

nd

of

the

wa

r in

No

vem

be

r

19

18

. T

ota

l W

ar

pu

t th

e w

ho

le c

ou

ntr

y o

n a

co

mp

uls

ory

wa

r fo

oti

ng

wit

h t

he

go

ve

rnm

en

t co

ntr

oll

ing

it.

Wh

en

wa

r w

as

de

cla

red

in

Au

gu

st 1

91

4,

a c

ert

ain

na

ive

ty e

nve

lop

ed

th

e w

ho

le c

ou

ntr

y.

Ma

ny

did

be

lie

ve

tha

t th

e w

ar

wo

uld

be

ove

r b

y C

hri

stm

as

19

14

- h

en

ce t

he

ru

sh b

y y

ou

ng

me

n t

o v

olu

nte

er

be

fore

th

e

'fu

n' e

nd

ed

.

Th

is w

ho

le b

eli

ef

tha

t th

e w

ar

wo

uld

be

a s

ho

rt a

ffa

ir e

nd

ed

wit

h t

he

Ba

ttle

of

the

Ma

rne

an

d t

he

ho

rro

rs

of

tre

nch

wa

rfa

re t

ha

t fo

llo

we

d i

t. W

ith

so

ma

ny

me

n d

yin

g a

t th

e f

ron

t -

an

d w

ith

th

e h

orr

ors

of

tre

nch

wa

rfa

re b

eco

min

g k

no

wn

ba

ck i

n B

rita

in b

y m

en

re

turn

ing

on

le

ave

- t

he

vo

lun

tee

rs s

tart

ed

to

dry

up

.

Th

e M

ay

19

15

sh

ell

cri

sis

sho

we

d t

ha

t th

e c

ou

ntr

y w

as

no

t o

n a

fu

ll w

ar

foo

tin

g a

nd

wit

h t

alk

of

the

'big

pu

sh' b

ein

g m

ad

e w

ith

du

e f

req

ue

ncy

, th

e m

en

on

th

e f

ron

t li

ne

ha

d t

o b

e s

uit

ab

ly e

qu

ipp

ed

. W

ith

th

is i

n

min

d,

the

go

vern

me

nt

intr

od

uce

d 't

ota

l w

ar'

. A

t th

e s

tart

of

the

wa

r, r

ail

wa

ys

ha

d b

ee

n t

ak

en

ove

r b

y t

he

go

vern

me

nt;

in

De

cem

be

r 1

91

6,

the

coa

lfie

lds

of

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uth

Wa

les

we

re a

lso

ta

ke

n u

nd

er

the

go

ve

rnm

en

t's

win

g.

Th

e g

ove

rnm

en

t cr

ea

ted

'na

tio

na

l fa

cto

rie

s' t

o p

rod

uce

mu

nit

ion

s -

by

th

e e

nd

of

the

wa

r th

ere

we

re 2

18

of

the

m.

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is w

as

to

en

sure

th

at

a m

un

itio

ns

sho

rta

ge

ne

ve

r o

ccu

rre

d a

ga

in.

Nu

rse

rie

s w

ere

bu

ilt

in o

r n

ea

r fa

cto

rie

s to

he

lp

the

ma

ny

th

ou

san

ds

of

mo

the

rs w

ho

jo

ine

d t

he

wo

rkfo

rce

of

fact

ori

es.

S

oo

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fte

r th

e o

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k o

f th

e F

irst

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rld

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r th

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erm

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vy a

tte

mp

ted

to

ha

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po

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to

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tain

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y t

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en

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f 1

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U-G

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we

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23

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oll

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eco

rd 5

07

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on

s o

f

ship

pin

g w

as

lost

as

a r

esu

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f th

e U

-bo

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cam

pa

ign

..

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tato

es

we

re o

fte

n i

n s

ho

rt-s

up

ply

an

d s

ug

ar

wa

s o

fte

n d

iffi

cult

to

ge

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he

rea

s th

e w

ee

kly

con

sum

pti

on

of

sug

ar

wa

s 1

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lb

in

19

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fe

ll t

o 0

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lb

in

19

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rs'

me

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o d

rop

pe

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to

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b a

we

ek

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pe

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the

en

d o

f 1

91

7 p

eo

ple

be

ga

n t

o f

ea

r th

at

the

co

un

try

wa

s ru

nn

ing

ou

t o

f fo

od

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an

ic b

uy

ing

le

d t

o s

ho

rta

ge

s a

nd

so

in

Ja

nu

ary

19

18

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e M

inis

try

of

Fo

od

de

cid

ed

to

in

tro

du

ce r

ati

on

ing

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ug

ar

wa

s th

e f

irst

to

be

ra

tio

ne

d a

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th

is w

as

late

r fo

llo

we

d b

y b

utc

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rs' m

ea

t. T

he

id

ea

of

rati

on

ing

fo

od

wa

s to

gu

ara

nte

e s

up

pli

es,

no

t to

re

du

ce

con

sum

pti

on

. T

his

wa

s su

cce

ssfu

l a

nd

off

icia

l fi

gu

res

sho

w t

ha

t th

e i

nta

ke

of

calo

rie

s a

lmo

st k

ep

t u

p t

o

the

pre

-wa

r le

ve

l.

Wh

ile

th

e r

ati

on

ing

eff

ort

wa

s su

cce

ssfu

l, i

t p

ut

a m

ajo

r st

rain

on

th

ose

at

ho

me

. C

ha

rle

s Y

ou

ng

wa

s a

Bri

tish

so

ldie

r w

ho

fo

ug

ht

on

th

e W

est

ern

Fro

nt.

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his

me

mo

ir,

he

wro

te a

bo

ut

the

str

ug

gle

s o

f h

is

fam

ily

an

d f

rie

nd

s le

ft b

eh

ind

on

th

e h

om

efr

on

t:

“Wh

en

I r

etu

rne

d a

fte

r th

e w

ar

rela

tive

s to

ld m

e h

ow

ba

d i

t h

ad

be

en

. Y

ou

se

e,

us

be

ing

an

isl

an

d h

ard

ly

an

y f

oo

d c

ou

ld g

et

thro

ug

h,

be

cau

se G

erm

an

U-b

oa

ts w

ere

sin

kin

g o

ur

foo

d c

on

vo

ys.

My f

am

ily l

ive

d o

n

bo

ne

s fr

om

th

e b

utc

he

r m

ad

e in

to s

ou

ps.

An

d b

lack

bre

ad

. A

nd

wh

en

so

me

fo

od

did

ge

t d

eli

ve

red

to

th

e

sho

ps

eve

ryo

ne

fo

r m

ile

s a

rou

nd

be

sie

ge

d t

he

pla

ce.

Th

e q

ue

ue

s st

retc

he

d f

or

mil

es,

an

d i

f yo

u w

ere

old

or

infi

rm y

ou

sto

od

no

ch

an

ce.

Ma

ny,

esp

eci

all

y c

hil

dre

n,

die

d o

f st

arv

ati

on

. F

oo

d r

iots

we

re v

ery

co

mm

on

.”

1.

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w lo

ng

did

to

tal w

ar

last

? _

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at

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l w

ar?

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ma

ny

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rop

ea

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lie

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efo

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wa

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4.

Wh

y d

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he

vo

lun

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rs d

ry u

p?

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Ho

w d

id t

he

go

ve

rnm

en

t e

nsu

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re w

ou

ldn

’t b

e a

ny

mo

re m

un

itio

ns

sho

rta

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s? _

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6.

Wh

y d

id t

he

y b

uil

d n

urs

eri

es

in o

r n

ea

r fa

cto

rie

s?

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Wh

at

wa

s b

eh

ind

th

e G

erm

an

po

licy

of

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rest

rict

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sub

ma

rin

e w

arf

are

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w d

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9.

Ple

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20

Page 15: ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. Th e formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France

TA

SK

#2

3 -

WW

I -

At

Wa

r’s

En

d

19

17

ha

d b

ee

n a

ve

ry d

iffi

cult

ye

ar

for

the

All

ied

fo

rce

s. T

he

ir o

ffe

nsi

ve

s o

n t

he

We

ste

rn F

ron

t h

ad

be

en

de

fea

ted

, a

nd

th

e R

uss

ian

Re

vo

luti

on

le

d t

o R

uss

ia’s

wit

hd

raw

al

fro

m t

he

Wa

r. H

ow

eve

r, t

he

en

try

of

the

Un

ite

d S

tate

s in

to t

he

wa

r g

ave

th

e A

llie

s a

mu

ch-n

ee

de

d p

sych

olo

gic

al

bo

ost

. In

19

18

, fr

esh

Am

eri

can

tro

op

s w

ou

ld b

e c

ruci

al.

W

ith

Ru

ssia

ou

t o

f th

e w

ar,

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s fr

ee

to

co

nce

ntr

ate

en

tire

ly o

n t

he

We

ste

rn F

ron

t. E

rich

vo

n

Lud

en

do

rff,

wh

o g

uid

ed

Ge

rma

n m

ilit

ary

op

era

tio

ns,

de

cid

ed

to

ma

ke

a g

ran

d o

ffe

nsi

ve t

o b

rea

k t

he

sta

lem

ate

. T

he

Ge

rma

n a

tta

ck b

eg

an

in

Ma

rch

19

18

. T

he

Ge

rma

ns

we

re s

top

pe

d a

t th

e S

eco

nd

Ba

ttle

of

the

Ma

rne

on

Ju

ly 1

8.

Fre

nch

, M

oro

cca

n,

an

d A

me

rica

n f

orc

es,

su

pp

ort

ed

by

hu

nd

red

s o

f ta

nk

s, t

hre

w

the

Ge

rma

ns

ba

ck o

ve

r th

e M

arn

e.

Th

e G

erm

an

off

en

siv

e h

ad

fa

ile

d.

Wit

h m

ore

th

an

a m

illi

on

Am

eri

can

tro

op

s p

ou

rin

g i

nto

Fra

nce

, th

e A

llie

s b

eg

an

to

ad

van

ce t

ow

ard

Ge

rma

ny

. O

n S

ep

tem

be

r 2

9,

19

18

, G

en

era

l Lu

de

nd

orf

f in

form

ed

th

e G

erm

an

le

ad

ers

th

at

the

wa

r w

as

lost

. H

e d

em

an

de

d t

ha

t th

e g

ove

rnm

en

t a

sk f

or

pe

ace

. T

he

All

ies

we

re u

nw

illi

ng

to

ma

ke

pe

ace

wit

h t

he

pre

sen

t G

erm

an

go

vern

me

nt,

so

re

form

s w

ere

be

gu

n t

o c

rea

te a

mo

re l

ibe

ral

go

ve

rnm

en

t. H

ow

ev

er,

th

e

exh

au

ste

d G

erm

an

pe

op

le w

ere

un

wil

lin

g t

o w

ait

fo

r th

is p

roce

ss t

o t

ak

e p

lace

. O

n N

ove

mb

er

3,

sail

ors

in

the

to

wn

of

Kie

l m

uti

nie

d.

So

ldie

rs a

nd

wo

rke

rs b

eg

an

to

fo

rm c

ou

nci

ls t

hro

ug

ho

ut

Ge

rma

ny

. B

y N

ove

mb

er

9,

Wil

lia

m I

I w

as

forc

ed

to

le

av

e t

he

co

un

try

. T

he

So

cia

l D

em

ocr

ats

un

de

r F

rie

dri

ch E

be

rt

an

no

un

ced

th

e c

rea

tio

n o

f a

de

mo

cra

tic

rep

ub

lic.

On

No

vem

be

r 1

1,

the

ne

w g

ov

ern

me

nt

sig

ne

d a

n

arm

isti

ce (

a t

ruce

or

an

ag

ree

me

nt

to e

nd

th

e f

igh

tin

g i

n a

wa

r).

No

on

e w

ou

ld h

ave

da

red

to

pre

dic

t th

e c

asu

alt

ies

of

WW

I. W

he

n w

ar

wa

s d

ecl

are

d,

the

re w

ere

str

ee

t

cele

bra

tio

ns

in m

ost

of

Eu

rop

e's

ca

pit

al

citi

es.

No

-on

e e

ven

en

visa

ge

d t

ren

ch w

arf

are

in

Au

gu

st 1

91

4 l

et

alo

ne

th

e a

pp

all

ing

ca

sua

ltie

s th

at

occ

urr

ed

ove

r 4

ye

ars

of

fig

hti

ng

. T

he

So

mm

e a

nd

Ve

rdu

n w

itn

ess

ed

ap

pa

llin

g s

lau

gh

ter.

No

on

e c

ou

ld h

ave

pre

dic

ted

th

e h

orr

ify

ing

co

nse

qu

en

ces

of

mo

de

rn w

ea

po

nry

be

ing

use

d t

og

eth

er

wit

h o

ut-

of-

da

te t

act

ics.

Th

e g

rim

fig

ure

s 's

pe

ak

' fo

r th

em

selv

es:

8.5

mil

lio

n s

old

iers

kil

led

,

21

mil

lio

n s

old

iers

wo

un

de

d,

an

d 7

.7 m

illi

on

pri

son

ers

of

wa

r o

r

mis

sin

g.

Th

e w

ar

wa

s o

ver,

bu

t re

volu

tio

na

ry f

orc

es

ha

d b

ee

n s

et

in

mo

tio

n i

n G

erm

an

y.

A g

rou

p o

f ra

dic

al

soci

ali

sts

form

ed

th

e

Ge

rma

n C

om

mu

nis

t P

art

y i

n D

ece

mb

er

19

18

. T

he

ne

w S

oci

al

De

mo

cra

tic

go

ve

rnm

en

t u

sed

arm

y t

roo

ps

to c

rush

th

e r

eb

els

an

d m

urd

ere

d t

wo

of

the

Co

mm

un

ist

pa

rty

le

ad

ers

. T

he

att

em

pt

at

revo

luti

on

le

ft t

he

Ge

rma

n m

idd

le c

lass

wit

h a

de

ep

fe

ar

of

com

mu

nis

m.

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

lso

exp

eri

en

ced

re

volu

tio

n.

Eth

nic

gro

up

s tr

ied

ha

rde

r a

nd

ha

rde

r to

ga

in t

he

ir i

nd

ep

en

de

nce

. B

y t

he

en

d o

f th

e

wa

r, t

he

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e n

o l

on

ge

r e

xist

ed

. T

he

ind

ep

en

de

nt

rep

ub

lics

of

Au

stri

a,

Hu

ng

ary

, a

nd

Cze

cho

slo

vak

ia,

alo

ng

wit

h t

he

mo

na

rch

ica

l st

ate

ca

lle

d Y

ug

osl

avi

a,

rep

lace

d i

t.

1.

Wh

y w

as

19

17

a v

ery

dif

ficu

lt y

ea

r fo

r th

e A

llie

d f

orc

es?

__

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__

2.

Wh

at

pro

vid

ed

a p

sych

olo

gic

al

bo

ost

?

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__

3.

Wh

at

did

Ru

ssia

’s w

ith

dra

wa

l fo

r th

e w

ar

me

an

fo

r

Ge

rma

ny

? _

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__

4.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

at

the

Se

con

d B

att

le o

f th

e M

arn

e?

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__

5.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

Se

pte

mb

er

29

, 1

91

8?

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__

6.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

No

ve

mb

er

3,

19

18

?

__

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7.

Wh

en

did

Ge

rma

n W

illi

am

II

lea

ve

? _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

8.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

No

ve

mb

er

11

, 1

91

8?

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9.

Wh

at

is a

n a

rmis

tice

? _

__

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10

. W

ha

t h

ap

pe

ne

d w

he

n w

ar

wa

s fi

rst

de

cla

red

?

__

__

__

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11

. H

ow

ma

ny

sold

iers

we

re k

ille

d?

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

12

. H

ow

ma

ny

sold

iers

we

re w

ou

nd

ed

? _

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

13

. H

ow

ma

ny

sold

iers

we

re p

riso

ne

rs o

f w

ar

or

mis

sin

g?

__

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14

. W

ha

t im

pa

ct d

id t

he

att

em

pte

d C

om

mu

nis

t re

volu

tio

n d

o

to G

erm

an

y? _

__

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_

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15

. W

ha

t n

ew

in

de

pe

nd

en

t re

pu

bli

cs w

ere

cre

ate

d a

fte

r

WW

I? _

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23


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