TA
SK
#1
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(M =
Mil
ita
rism
) M
ilit
ari
sm d
en
ote
d a
ris
e i
n m
ilit
ary
exp
en
dit
ure
, a
n i
ncr
ea
se i
n m
ilit
ary
an
d n
ava
l fo
rce
s, m
ore
in
flu
en
ce
of
the
mil
ita
ry m
en
up
on
th
e p
oli
cie
s o
f th
e c
ivil
ian
go
ve
rnm
en
t, a
nd
a p
refe
ren
ce f
or
forc
e a
s a
so
luti
on
to p
rob
lem
s. M
ilit
ari
sm w
as
on
e o
f th
e m
ain
ca
use
s o
f th
e F
irst
Wo
rld
Wa
r.
Aft
er
18
71
, th
e w
ar
atm
osp
he
re e
ng
en
de
red
by
th
e s
ecr
et
all
ian
ces
led
to
an
arm
am
en
ts r
ace
am
on
g t
he
po
we
rs.
Th
e r
ace
wa
s p
art
icu
larl
y s
eri
ou
s b
etw
ee
n 1
90
0 a
nd
19
14
, a
s th
e i
nte
rna
tio
na
l si
tua
tio
n b
eca
me
mu
ch w
ors
e t
ha
n b
efo
re.
Th
ere
wa
s a
sig
nif
ica
nt
rise
in
th
e a
rmy
an
d n
ava
l e
stim
ate
s o
f th
e E
uro
pe
an
po
we
rs i
n t
he
se y
ea
rs.
To
tal
De
fen
se E
xp
en
dit
ure
(in
mil
lio
n £
) b
y G
erm
an
y,
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry,
Ita
ly,
Bri
tain
, F
ran
ce a
nd
Ru
ssia
18
70
1
88
0
18
90
1
90
0
19
10
1
91
4
94
1
30
1
54
2
68
2
89
3
98
It i
s a
lso
im
po
rta
nt
to t
ak
e n
oti
ce o
f th
e f
act
th
at
fro
m 1
91
0 t
o 1
91
4,
wh
ile
Fra
nce
in
cre
ase
d h
er
de
fen
se
exp
en
dit
ure
by
10
%,
Bri
tain
by
13
%,
Ru
ssia
by
39
%,
an
d G
erm
an
y w
as
the
mo
st m
ilit
ari
stic
as
she
incr
ea
sed
by
73
%.
Incr
ea
sed
wa
r e
xpe
nd
itu
re e
na
ble
d a
ll t
he
po
we
rs t
o r
ais
e m
ore
arm
ies
an
d i
mp
rov
e
the
ir b
att
lesh
ips.
A
ll t
he
Co
nti
ne
nta
l E
uro
pe
an
po
we
rs h
ad
ad
op
ted
th
e c
on
scri
pti
on
sy
ste
m s
ince
18
70
. F
ran
ce h
ad
con
scri
pti
on
sin
ce t
he
Re
volu
tio
na
ry W
ars
, A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
sin
ce 1
86
8,
Ge
rma
ny
sin
ce 1
87
0,
Ita
ly s
ince
18
73
an
d R
uss
ia s
ince
18
74
. O
nly
Bri
tain
did
no
t h
ave
co
nsc
rip
tio
n.
Aft
er
18
90
, th
e d
ete
rio
rati
ng
dip
lom
ati
c re
lati
on
s a
mo
ng
th
e p
ow
ers
acc
ele
rate
d t
he
ir m
ilit
ary
exp
an
sio
n p
rog
ram
. F
rom
19
13
to
Ju
ly 1
91
4,
Ge
rma
ny
in
cre
ase
d h
er
sta
nd
ing
fo
rce
s b
y 1
70
,00
0 m
en
. F
ran
ce l
en
gth
en
ed
he
r
pe
rio
d o
f m
ilit
ary
se
rvic
e f
rom
tw
o t
o t
hre
e y
ea
rs.
Ru
ssia
le
ng
the
ne
d h
er
term
of
serv
ice
fro
m t
hre
e t
o
thre
e a
nd
a h
alf
ye
ars
. B
rita
in d
id n
ot
intr
od
uce
co
nsc
rip
tio
n b
ut
ha
d p
rep
are
d h
er
arm
ed
fo
rce
s fo
r b
oth
Eu
rop
ea
n e
xpe
dit
ion
an
d f
or
ho
me
de
fen
se.
In g
en
era
l, a
ll t
he
po
we
rs i
ncr
ea
sed
th
eir
sto
cks
of
arm
s,
pro
du
ced
mo
re m
od
ern
we
ap
on
s o
f w
ar
an
d b
uil
t m
ore
str
ate
gic
ra
ilw
ay
s.
Bri
tain
an
d G
erm
an
y w
ere
th
e c
hie
f ri
vals
at
sea
. U
nd
er
Ad
mir
al
Tir
pit
z, S
tate
Se
cre
tary
of
the
Im
pe
ria
l
Na
val
Off
ice
fro
m 1
89
7,
a l
on
g-t
erm
sh
ipb
uil
din
g p
rog
ram
be
ga
n.
Th
e G
erm
an
Na
vy L
aw
of
18
98
incr
ea
sed
th
e G
erm
an
ba
ttle
ship
s fr
om
nin
e c
ruis
ers
to
tw
elv
e.
In 1
90
0 G
erm
an
y p
ass
ed
a N
avy
La
w
wh
ich
do
ub
led
th
e G
erm
an
ba
ttle
fle
et.
In
cre
ase
d m
ilit
ary
an
d n
ava
l ri
valr
y l
ed
to
th
e b
eli
ef
tha
t w
ar
wa
s co
min
g.
Th
e G
erm
an
ru
lin
g g
rou
p f
elt
tha
t o
nly
th
rou
gh
a w
ar
cou
ld G
erm
an
y b
eco
me
a w
orl
d p
ow
er.
Mil
ita
ry p
rep
ara
tio
ns
by
oth
er
na
tio
ns
stre
ng
the
ne
d t
his
be
lie
f. A
s a
re
sult
of
the
arm
am
en
ts r
ace
, a
ll t
he
Eu
rop
ea
n p
ow
ers
we
re p
rep
are
d f
or
a
wa
r b
y 1
91
4.
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----
----
----
----
---
So
urc
e m
od
ifie
d f
rom
: h
ttp
://s
pa
rta
cus-
ed
uca
tio
na
l.co
m/F
WW
cost
s.h
tm
1.
Wh
at
is m
ilit
ari
sm?
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2
. W
ha
t h
ap
pe
ne
d a
fte
r 1
87
1?
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__
3
. H
ow
mu
ch d
id d
efe
nse
exp
en
dit
ure
in
cre
ase
be
twe
en
18
70
an
d 1
91
4?
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__
4
. W
hic
h n
ati
on
in
cre
ase
d i
ts m
ilit
ary
sp
en
din
g t
he
mo
st
an
d b
y h
ow
mu
ch?
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__
__
5
. W
hic
h n
ati
on
s a
do
pte
d t
he
co
nsc
rip
tio
n s
yst
em
an
d
wh
en
did
th
ey
ad
op
t it
?
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__
6
. W
ha
t ch
an
ge
s d
id c
ou
ntr
ies
ma
ke
to
th
eir
arm
ies?
__
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__
7
. H
ow
did
Ge
rma
ny
an
d B
rita
in c
om
pe
te?
__
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8
. W
ha
t d
id t
he
ru
lin
g g
rou
p o
f G
erm
an
y b
elie
ve?
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9
. W
ha
t d
id t
his
arm
s ra
ce r
esu
lt i
n?
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1
TA
SK
#2
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(M =
Mil
ita
rism
)
Ta
ble
de
mo
nst
rati
ng
na
va
l st
ren
gth
of
Eu
rop
ea
n P
ow
ers
in
19
14
Co
un
try
P
ers
on
ne
l La
rge
Na
val
Ve
sse
ls (
Dre
ad
no
ug
hts
) T
on
na
ge
Ru
ssia
5
4,0
00
4
3
28
,00
0
Fra
nce
6
8,0
00
1
0
73
1,0
00
Bri
tain
2
09
,00
0
29
2
,20
5,0
00
TO
TA
L 3
31
,00
0
43
3
,26
4,0
00
Ge
rma
ny
7
9,0
00
1
7
1,0
19
,00
0
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry
16
,00
0
4
24
9,0
00
TO
TA
L 9
5,0
00
2
1
1,2
68
,00
0
Th
e d
esc
en
t in
to t
he
Fir
st W
orl
d w
ar
wa
s n
ot
just
dri
ve
n b
y n
ew
we
ap
on
s a
nd
th
e a
rms
race
: it
wa
s
als
o f
ue
lle
d b
y t
he
pe
rva
siv
e c
ult
ure
of
mil
ita
rism
th
at
reig
ne
d i
n m
an
y p
art
s o
f E
uro
pe
. A
fte
r 1
90
7,
mil
ita
rism
wa
s a
s e
vid
en
t in
an
in
cre
ase
in
mil
ita
ry i
nfl
ue
nce
on
po
licy
ma
kin
g.
Th
e g
ov
ern
me
nts
an
d
ari
sto
cra
cie
s o
f th
e G
rea
t P
ow
ers
we
re s
tro
ng
ly i
nfl
ue
nce
d a
nd
in
so
me
ca
ses
do
min
ate
d b
y m
ilit
ary
eli
tes.
Ra
the
r th
an
wo
rkin
g a
s se
rva
nts
of
civ
ilia
n g
ov
ern
me
nts
, g
en
era
ls a
nd
ad
mir
als
be
cam
e d
e
fact
o g
ov
ern
me
nt
min
iste
rs.
Th
ese
me
n f
ue
lle
d t
he
arm
s ra
ce b
y d
em
an
din
g i
ncr
ea
ses
in d
efe
nse
spe
nd
ing
; th
ey
als
o c
on
trib
ute
d t
o t
he
mo
od
fo
r w
ar
by
dra
win
g u
p w
ar
pla
ns
an
d p
rom
oti
ng
mil
ita
ry s
olu
tio
ns
to p
oli
tica
l a
nd
dip
lom
ati
c p
rob
lem
s. A
s th
e f
orm
er
Ge
rma
n a
rmy
off
ice
r A
lfre
d
Va
gts
wo
uld
la
ter
wri
te,
mil
ita
rism
wa
s “a
do
min
ati
on
of
the
mil
ita
ry m
an
ove
r th
e c
ivil
ian
, a
n u
nd
ue
pre
po
nd
era
nce
of
mil
ita
ry d
em
an
ds
[an
d]
an
em
ph
asi
s o
n m
ilit
ary
co
nsi
de
rati
on
s.”
T
his
mil
ita
rist
ic c
ult
ure
wa
s st
ron
ge
st i
n G
erm
an
y.
Th
e G
erm
an
arm
y w
as
form
ed
fro
m t
he
old
Pru
ssia
n a
rmy
an
d w
as
the
refo
re d
om
ina
ted
by
th
e J
un
kers
, a
sm
all
bu
t p
ow
erf
ul
gro
up
of
Pru
ssia
n
ari
sto
cra
ts.
Pru
ssia
ha
d b
ee
n t
he
mo
st p
ow
erf
ul
of
the
Ge
rma
nic
sta
tes
pri
or
to u
nif
ica
tio
n,
bo
th i
n
po
liti
cal
an
d m
ilit
ary
te
rms.
Th
e P
russ
ian
arm
y h
ad
be
en
re
form
ed
an
d m
od
ern
ize
d b
y F
ield
Ma
rsh
al
vo
n M
olt
ke
in
th
e 1
85
0s.
Un
de
r v
on
Mo
ltk
e’s
co
mm
an
d t
he
Pru
ssia
ns
de
velo
pe
d a
rig
oro
us
tra
inin
g
reg
ime
fo
r o
ffic
ers
; th
ey
als
o i
nco
rpo
rate
d n
ew
we
ap
on
ry a
nd
co
mm
un
ica
tio
n t
ech
no
log
ies
into
the
ir m
ilit
ary
str
ate
gy
. A
fte
r 1
87
1 t
he
Pru
ssia
n a
rmy
form
ed
th
e c
ore
of
the
ne
w G
erm
an
im
pe
ria
l
arm
y.
Th
e K
ais
er
wa
s th
e s
up
rem
e c
om
ma
nd
er
of
the
arm
y;
he
re
lie
d o
n a
mil
ita
ry c
ou
nci
l a
nd
ch
ief
of
ge
ne
ral
sta
ff,
ma
de
up
of
Jun
ke
r a
rist
ocr
ats
an
d c
are
er
off
ice
rs.
Th
e R
eic
hst
ag
, G
erm
an
y’s
ele
cte
d
civ
ilia
n p
arl
iam
en
t, e
xerc
ise
d v
ery
lit
tle
sa
y in
mil
ita
ry m
att
ers
. In
ma
ny
re
spe
cts
the
Ge
rma
ny
mil
ita
ry e
xist
ed
as
a p
art
of
the
go
ve
rnm
en
t, r
ath
er
tha
n b
ein
g a
se
rva
nt
of
the
go
ve
rnm
en
t.
Ge
rma
n A
dm
ira
l M
ulle
r e
xpre
sse
d t
he
fo
llo
win
g a
bo
ut
the
in
ev
ita
bil
ity
of
wa
r in
an
exc
erp
t fr
om
his
dia
ry o
n D
ece
mb
er
8,
19
12
: “G
en
era
l v
on
Mo
ltk
e [
he
ad
of
the
arm
y]
said
: I
be
lieve
wa
r is
un
av
oid
ab
le;
wa
r th
e s
oo
ne
r th
e b
ett
er.
B
ut
we
ou
gh
t to
do
mo
re t
o p
ress
to
pre
pa
re t
he
po
pu
lari
ty o
f a
wa
r a
ga
inst
Ru
ssia
.
Th
e K
ais
er
sup
po
rte
d t
his
.
Tir
pit
z [h
ea
d o
f th
e n
av
y]
said
th
at
the
na
vy
wo
uld
pre
fer
to s
ee
th
e p
ost
po
ne
me
nt
of
the
gre
at
fig
ht
for
on
e a
nd
a h
alf
ye
ars
.”
1.
Ba
sed
on
th
e t
ab
le d
em
on
stra
tin
g n
av
al
stre
ng
th,
wh
ich
all
ian
ce
ha
d t
he
la
rge
st n
av
y?
Ple
ase
in
clu
de
sp
eci
fic
nu
mb
ers
as
yo
ur
pro
of.
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2.
Ho
w w
as
the
pe
rva
siv
e c
ult
ure
of
mil
ita
rism
ev
ide
nt
aft
er
19
07
?
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3.
Wh
at
role
did
th
e m
ilit
ary
sta
rt t
o p
lay
in
civ
ilia
n g
ov
ern
me
nts
du
rin
g t
his
pe
rio
d?
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4.
Ho
w d
id f
orm
er
Ge
rma
n a
rmy
off
ice
r A
lfre
d V
ag
ts d
esc
rib
e
mil
ita
rism
in
Ge
rma
ny
? _
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5.
Wh
o w
ere
th
e J
un
kers
an
d w
hy
we
re t
he
y i
mp
ort
an
t? _
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6.
Ho
w d
oe
s th
e e
xce
rpt
fro
m t
he
dia
ry o
f G
erm
an
Ad
mir
al M
ull
er
exp
ress
th
e G
erm
an
att
itu
de
to
wa
rds
wa
r? P
lea
se i
ncl
ud
e a
spe
cifi
c q
uo
tati
on
fro
m t
he
exc
erp
t a
s p
roo
f o
f y
ou
r a
nsw
er.
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2
TA
SK
#3
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(A =
All
ian
ces)
T
he
re w
as
no
sin
gle
ca
use
fo
r th
e G
rea
t W
ar,
as
Wo
rld
Wa
r I
wa
s fi
rst
call
ed
. D
uri
ng
th
e e
arl
y m
on
ths
of
19
14
, fe
w p
eo
ple
th
ou
gh
t a
bo
ut
wa
r.
Eu
rop
ea
ns
we
re e
njo
yin
g p
ea
cefu
l ti
me
s.
Wh
at
wa
s in
ten
de
d a
s a
stri
ctly
lim
ite
d w
ar
- a
bri
ef
wa
r -
be
twe
en
acc
use
r a
nd
acc
use
d,
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry a
nd
Se
rbia
, ra
pid
ly
esc
ala
ted
in
to s
om
eth
ing
th
at
wa
s b
ey
on
d t
he
exp
ect
ati
on
s o
f e
ve
n t
he
mo
st w
arl
ike
min
iste
rs i
n B
erl
in
(an
d c
ert
ain
ly V
ien
na
, w
hic
h q
uic
kly
be
cam
e a
larm
ed
at
spir
ali
ng
ev
en
ts i
n l
ate
Ju
ly a
nd
so
ug
ht
Ge
rma
n
rea
ssu
ran
ces)
. H
avi
ng
all
ies
wa
s a
sig
n o
f st
ren
gth
, so
Eu
rop
ea
n c
ou
ntr
ies
form
ed
all
ian
ces.
A
n a
llia
nce
is
an
ag
ree
me
nt
ma
de
be
twe
en
tw
o o
r m
ore
co
un
trie
s to
giv
e e
ach
oth
er
he
lp i
f it
is
ne
ed
ed
. W
he
n a
n a
llia
nce
is
sig
ne
d,
tho
se c
ou
ntr
ies
be
com
e k
no
wn
as
All
ies.
M
em
be
rs o
f a
n a
llia
nce
ag
ree
d t
o h
elp
on
e a
no
the
r in
tim
es
of
tro
ub
le.
Th
e a
llia
nce
s a
llo
we
d n
ati
on
s to
ta
ke
mo
re r
isk
s b
eca
use
th
ey
kn
ew
th
ey
ha
d s
up
po
rt.
B
y 1
91
4,
the
re w
ere
tw
o m
ajo
r a
llia
nce
s.
On
e w
as
the
Tri
ple
All
ian
ce.
Its
me
mb
ers
we
re G
erm
an
y,
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry,
an
d I
taly
. I
n 1
87
9 G
erm
an
y a
nd
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry a
gre
ed
to
fo
rm a
Du
al
All
ian
ce.
Th
is
be
cam
e t
he
Tri
ple
All
ian
ce w
he
n i
n 1
88
2 i
t w
as
exp
an
de
d t
o i
ncl
ud
e I
taly
. T
he
th
ree
co
un
trie
s a
gre
ed
to
sup
po
rt e
ach
oth
er
if a
tta
cke
d b
y e
ith
er
Fra
nce
or
Ru
ssia
. It
wa
s re
ne
we
d a
t fi
ve-y
ea
rly
in
terv
als
. T
he
form
ati
on
of
the
Tri
ple
En
ten
te i
n 1
90
7 b
y B
rita
in,
Fra
nce
an
d R
uss
ia,
rein
forc
ed
th
e n
ee
d f
or
the
all
ian
ce.
Ta
ble
1:
Tri
ple
All
ian
ce C
ou
ntr
y S
tati
stic
s
Co
un
try
Po
pu
lati
on
S
old
iers
B
att
lesh
ips
Fo
reig
n T
rad
e (
£)
Ste
el
Pro
du
ctio
n
Ge
rma
ny
65
,00
0,0
00
8
,50
0,0
00
3
7
1,0
30
,38
0,0
00
1
7,0
24
,00
0 t
on
s
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry 4
9,8
82
,23
1
3,0
00
,00
0
16
1
98
,71
2,0
00
2
,64
2,0
00
to
ns
Fra
nce
fe
lt t
hre
ate
ne
d b
y t
his
all
ian
ce.
Bri
tain
wa
s a
lso
co
nce
rne
d b
y t
he
gro
wth
in
th
e G
erm
an
Na
vy a
nd
in 1
90
4 t
he
tw
o c
ou
ntr
ies
sig
ne
d t
he
En
ten
te C
ord
iale
(fr
ien
dly
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
). T
he
ob
ject
ive
of
the
all
ian
ce w
as
to e
nco
ura
ge
co
-op
era
tio
n a
ga
inst
th
e p
erc
eiv
ed
th
rea
t o
f G
erm
an
y.
Th
ree
ye
ars
la
ter,
Ru
ssia
, fe
ari
ng
th
e g
row
th i
n t
he
Ge
rma
n A
rmy
, jo
ine
d B
rita
in a
nd
Fra
nce
to
fo
rm t
he
Tri
ple
En
ten
te.
Th
e R
uss
ian
go
vern
me
nt
wa
s a
lso
co
nce
rne
d a
bo
ut
the
po
ssib
ilit
y o
f A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
incr
ea
sin
g t
he
siz
e o
f it
s e
mp
ire
. It
th
ere
fore
ma
de
pro
mis
es
to h
elp
Se
rbia
if
it w
as
att
ack
ed
by
me
mb
ers
of
the
Tri
ple
All
ian
ce.
Ta
ble
2:
Tri
ple
En
ten
te C
ou
ntr
y S
tati
stic
s
Co
un
try
Po
pu
lati
on
S
old
iers
B
att
lesh
ips
Fo
reig
n T
rad
e (
£)
Ste
el
Pro
du
ctio
n
Gre
at
Bri
tain
4
6,4
07
,03
7
71
1,0
00
5
7
1,2
23
,15
2,0
00
6
,90
3,0
00
to
ns
Fra
nce
3
9,6
01
,50
9
3,5
00
,00
0 1
9
42
4,0
00
,00
0
4,3
33
,00
0 t
on
s
Ru
ssia
1
67
,00
0,0
00
4,4
23
,00
0 4
1
90
,24
7,0
00
4
,41
6,0
00
to
ns
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---
So
urc
e m
od
ifie
d f
rom
: h
ttp
://s
pa
rta
cus-
ed
uca
tio
na
l.co
m/F
WW
en
ten
te.h
tm a
nd
htt
p:/
/sp
art
acu
s-
ed
uca
tio
na
l.co
m/F
WW
trip
le.h
tm
1.
Wh
at
wa
s E
uro
pe
lik
e b
efo
re t
he
wa
r? _
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_
2.
Wh
at
we
re a
llia
nce
s a
sig
n o
f? _
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_
3.
Wh
at
is a
n a
llia
nce
? _
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_
4.
Wh
at
do
all
ies
ag
ree
to
do
? _
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__
_
5.
Wh
ich
co
un
trie
s w
ere
pa
rt o
f th
e T
rip
le A
llia
nce
?
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_
6.
Wh
at
did
th
ese
co
un
trie
s a
gre
e t
o?
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_
7.
Ba
sed
on
th
e i
nfo
rma
tio
n f
rom
Ta
ble
1,
wh
ich
co
un
try
wa
s
mo
re p
ow
erf
ul,
Ge
rma
ny
or
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry?
E
xpla
in y
ou
r
an
swe
r. _
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_
8.
Wh
ich
co
un
trie
s w
ere
pa
rt o
f th
e T
rip
le E
nte
nte
?
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__
__
_
9.
Wh
y d
id F
ran
ce w
an
t a
n a
llia
nce
?
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__
_
10
. W
hy
did
Bri
tain
wa
nt
an
all
ian
ce?
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__
_
11
. W
hy
did
Ru
ssia
wa
nt
an
all
ian
ce?
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__
_
12
. W
ha
t p
rom
ise
did
Ru
ssia
ma
ke
?
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_
13
. B
ase
d o
n t
he
in
form
ati
on
fro
m T
ab
le 2
, w
hic
h c
ou
ntr
y h
as
the
larg
est
arm
y (
incl
ud
e t
he
siz
e o
f th
e a
rmy
in
yo
ur
an
swe
r)?
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__
_
14
. B
ase
d o
n t
he
in
form
ati
on
fro
m T
ab
le 2
, w
hic
h c
ou
ntr
y h
as
the
larg
est
na
vy (
incl
ud
e t
he
siz
e o
f th
e n
avy
in
yo
ur
an
swe
r)?
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__
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__
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__
_
15
. B
ase
d o
n t
he
in
form
ati
on
fro
m T
ab
le 2
, w
hic
h c
ou
ntr
y w
as
the
rich
est
(in
clu
de
th
e a
mo
un
t o
f w
ea
lth
in
yo
ur
an
swe
r)?
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_
3
TA
SK
#4
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(A =
All
ian
ces)
1.
Ple
ase
la
be
l th
e f
oll
ow
ing
co
un
trie
s:
Alb
an
ia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry
No
rwa
y
Be
lgiu
m
Ott
om
an
Em
pir
e
Bu
lga
ria
R
om
an
ia
De
nm
ark
R
uss
ia
Fra
nce
S
erb
ia
Ge
rma
n
Sp
ain
Gre
ece
S
we
de
n
Ita
ly
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Mo
nte
ne
gro
2.
Co
lor
the
co
un
trie
s o
f th
e T
rip
le A
llia
nce
(A
ust
ria
-
Hu
ng
ary
, G
erm
an
y,
an
d I
taly
) o
ne
co
lor.
3.
Co
lor
the
co
un
trie
s o
f th
e T
rip
le E
nte
nte
(E
ng
lan
d,
Fra
nce
, a
nd
Ru
ssia
) a
dif
fere
nt
colo
r.
Th
e a
bo
ve
po
liti
cal
cart
oo
n v
isu
al
de
pic
ts t
he
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
the
all
ian
ce s
yste
m.
4.
Co
lor
ea
ch u
nif
orm
of
the
fig
ure
s a
bo
ve
th
e s
am
e c
olo
r a
s yo
u c
olo
red
th
em
on
th
e
ma
p o
n t
he
le
ft.
5.
Wh
at
is S
erb
ia s
ay
ing
to
Au
stri
a a
nd
wh
y i
s it
sa
yin
g t
ha
t? _
__
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__
__
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__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
6.
Wh
at
is A
ust
ria
sa
yin
g t
o S
erb
ia a
nd
wh
y is
it
say
ing
th
at?
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_
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__
__
7.
Wh
at
is R
uss
ia s
ay
ing
to
Au
stri
a a
nd
wh
y i
s it
sa
yin
g t
ha
t? _
__
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__
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__
__
__
8.
Wh
at
is G
erm
an
y s
ay
ing
to
Ru
ssia
an
d w
hy
is
it s
ay
ing
th
at?
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__
__
__
9.
Wh
at
is F
ran
ce s
ay
ing
to
Ge
rma
ny
an
d w
hy
is
it s
ay
ing
th
at?
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__
_
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__
__
10
. W
ho
do
yo
u t
hin
k i
s th
e l
ast
co
un
try
in
th
e l
ine
? _
__
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__
__
__
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__
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__
__
__
4
TA
SK
#5
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(I =
Im
pe
ria
lism
) A
fa
cto
r w
hic
h c
on
trib
ute
d t
o t
he
in
cre
ase
in
riv
alr
y i
n E
uro
pe
wa
s im
pe
ria
lism
. J
ust
as
ma
ny
mis
tak
en
ly h
op
ed
tha
t th
e s
yst
em
of
all
ian
ces
wo
uld
pre
ve
nt
wa
r, s
o t
oo
did
ma
ny
ho
pe
th
e e
con
om
ic i
nte
rde
pe
nd
en
ce c
rea
ted
by
Im
pe
ria
lism
wo
uld
als
o d
isco
ura
ge
wa
r.
In 1
91
0,
No
rma
n A
ng
ell
, a
n E
ng
lish
wri
ter
an
d p
olit
icia
n,
wro
te t
he
Gre
at
Illu
sio
n i
n w
hic
h h
e e
xpla
ins
the
fu
tili
ty o
f E
uro
pe
an
po
we
rs g
oin
g t
o w
ar
ag
ain
st o
ne
an
oth
er.
A
s p
art
of
his
arg
um
en
t, h
e e
xpla
ins
wh
at
mo
tiv
ate
s th
ese
na
tio
ns
to a
cqu
ire
an
em
pir
e:
(R
em
em
be
r to
ma
rk t
he
te
xt)
“Wh
at
are
th
e f
un
da
me
nta
l m
oti
ve
s th
at
exp
lain
th
e p
rese
nt
riva
lry o
f a
rma
me
nts
in
Eu
rop
e,
no
tab
ly t
he
An
glo
-Ge
rma
n?
Ea
ch n
ati
on
ple
ad
s th
e n
ee
d f
or
de
fen
ce;
bu
t th
is
imp
lie
s th
at
som
eo
ne
is
lik
ely
to
att
ack
, a
nd
ha
s th
ere
fore
a p
resu
me
d i
nte
rest
in
so
do
ing
. W
ha
t a
re t
he
mo
tive
s w
hic
h e
ach
Sta
te t
hu
s fe
ars
its
ne
igh
bo
rs m
ay o
be
y?
T
he
y a
re b
ase
d o
n t
he
un
ive
rsa
l a
ssu
mp
tio
n t
ha
t a
na
tio
n,
in o
rde
r to
fin
d o
utl
ets
fo
r
exp
an
din
g p
op
ula
tio
n a
nd
in
cre
asi
ng
in
du
stry
, o
r si
mp
ly t
o e
nsu
re t
he
be
st c
on
dit
ion
s
po
ssib
le f
or
its
pe
op
le,
is n
ece
ssa
rily
pu
she
d t
o t
err
ito
ria
l e
xp
an
sio
n a
nd
th
e e
xerc
ise
of
po
liti
cal
forc
e a
ga
inst
oth
ers
....
It
is a
ssu
me
d t
ha
t a
na
tio
n's
re
lati
ve
pro
spe
rity
is
bro
ad
ly
de
term
ine
d b
y i
ts p
oli
tica
l p
ow
er;
th
at
na
tio
ns
be
ing
co
mp
eti
ng
un
its,
ad
va
nta
ge
in
th
e
last
re
sort
go
es
to t
he
po
sse
sso
r o
f p
rep
on
de
ran
t m
ilit
ary
fo
rce
, th
e w
ea
ke
r g
oe
s to
th
e
wa
ll,
as
in t
he
oth
er
form
s o
f th
e s
tru
gg
le f
or
life
.”
As
An
ge
ll e
xpla
ins,
Gre
at
Bri
tain
, G
erm
an
y a
nd
Fra
nce
ne
ed
ed
fo
reig
n m
ark
ets
aft
er
the
in
cre
ase
in
ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
ca
use
d b
y t
he
In
du
stri
al
Re
volu
tio
n.
Th
ese
co
un
trie
s co
mp
ete
d f
or
eco
no
mic
exp
an
sio
n i
n
pla
ces
lik
e A
fric
a.
Alt
ho
ug
h B
rita
in a
nd
Fra
nce
re
solv
ed
th
eir
dif
fere
nce
s in
Afr
ica
, se
vera
l cr
ise
s
fore
sha
do
win
g t
he
wa
r in
volv
ed
th
e c
lash
of
Ge
rma
ny
ag
ain
st B
rita
in a
nd
Fra
nce
in
No
rth
Afr
ica
. In
th
e
Mid
dle
Ea
st,
the
cru
mb
lin
g O
tto
ma
n E
mp
ire
wa
s a
llu
rin
g t
o A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
, th
e B
alk
an
s a
nd
Ru
ssia
. T
he
ma
jor
pro
ble
m f
or
Ge
rma
ny
wa
s th
ey
we
re o
ne
of
the
la
st E
uro
pe
an
po
we
rs t
o j
oin
th
e r
ace
fo
r
colo
nie
s.
Ka
ise
r W
ilh
elm
II
wa
s fi
nd
ing
him
self
la
rge
ly f
rust
rate
d i
n h
is d
esi
re t
o c
arv
e o
ut
a g
ran
d
imp
eri
al
role
fo
r G
erm
an
y.
Wh
ile
he
de
sire
d "
a p
lace
in
th
e s
un
", h
e f
ou
nd
th
at
all
of
the
bri
gh
t a
rea
s h
ad
be
en
alr
ea
dy
sn
ap
pe
d u
p b
y t
he
oth
er
colo
nia
l p
ow
ers
, le
av
ing
him
on
ly w
ith
a p
lace
in
th
e s
ha
de
.
Th
ere
fore
, th
ey
on
ly w
ay
Ge
rma
ny
co
uld
ga
in a
n e
mp
ire
to
riv
al
tha
t o
f F
ran
ce a
nd
Gre
at
Bri
tain
wa
s to
tak
e t
err
ito
rie
s fr
om
oth
er
Eu
rop
ea
n p
ow
ers
by
fo
rce
.
Ge
rma
n T
err
ito
ria
l C
laim
s, 1
91
4
B
riti
sh &
Fre
nch
Te
rrit
ori
al
Cla
ims,
19
14
1.
Ho
w d
id m
an
y h
op
e t
ha
t Im
pe
ria
lism
co
uld
pre
ven
t w
ar?
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_
2.
Wh
at
did
No
rma
n A
ng
ell
wri
te a
bo
ut?
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_
3.
Acc
ord
ing
to
An
ge
ll,
wh
at
wa
s th
e f
un
da
me
nta
l m
oti
ve
fo
r th
e
riva
lry
be
twe
en
Eu
rop
ea
n n
ati
on
s?
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_
4.
Acc
ord
ing
to
An
ge
ll,
wh
at
mo
tiva
ted
Im
pe
ria
lism
?
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_
5.
Wh
at
we
re E
uro
pe
an
co
un
trie
s co
mp
eti
ng
fo
r? _
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_
6.
Wh
ich
em
pir
e w
as
cru
mb
lin
g?
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7.
Wh
y w
as
Ka
ise
r W
ilh
elm
II
(Wil
ly)
fru
stra
ted
? _
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_
8.
Wh
at
did
Ge
rma
ny
ne
ed
to
do
to
exp
an
d i
ts e
mp
ire
? _
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_
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_
9.
Ple
ase
co
mp
are
th
e t
err
ito
ria
l cl
aim
s o
f G
erm
an
y a
nd
En
gla
nd
/Fra
nce
in
19
14
usi
ng
th
e m
ap
s b
elo
w.
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_
5
TA
SK
#6
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(I =
Im
pe
ria
lism
)
Be
fore
WW
I, G
erm
an
y w
as
rule
d b
y K
ais
er
Wil
he
lm I
I, t
he
so
n o
f
Fre
de
rick
III
an
d V
icto
ria
, th
e d
au
gh
ter
of
Qu
ee
n V
icto
ria
of
En
gla
nd
.
Wil
he
lm b
eca
me
em
pe
ror
of
Ge
rma
ny
in
18
88
.
Wil
he
lm w
as
an
ov
ert
ly i
mp
eri
ali
stic
an
d m
ilit
ari
stic
ma
n,
an
d
be
lie
ved
fe
rve
ntl
y i
n i
ncr
ea
sin
g t
he
sca
le o
f th
e G
erm
an
em
pir
e
an
d t
he
str
en
gth
of
Ge
rma
ny
's a
rme
d f
orc
es.
In
a n
um
be
r o
f
spe
ech
es,
Ka
ise
r W
ilh
elm
ma
de
it
cle
ar
his
de
sire
to
cre
ate
a
po
we
rfu
l G
erm
an
Em
pir
e.
Bri
tish
Po
liti
cal
Ca
rto
on
de
pic
tin
g t
he
Ge
rma
n K
ais
er’
s d
esi
re
for
a “
Pla
ce i
n t
he
Su
n”
Th
is B
riti
sh p
oli
tica
l ca
rto
on
de
pic
ts w
ha
t th
e B
riti
sh b
elie
ve
is
the
Ka
ise
r’s
dre
am
of
est
ab
lish
ing
th
e G
erm
an
“p
lace
in
th
e
sun
” b
y c
on
qu
eri
ng
th
e w
orl
d.
Re
me
mb
er
to m
ark
bo
th t
ex
ts b
elo
w
Sp
ee
ch b
y G
erm
an
Ka
ise
r W
ilh
elm
, 1
90
1
“We
ha
ve
co
nq
ue
red
fo
r o
urs
elv
es
a p
lace
in
th
e s
un
.
It w
ill
no
w b
e m
y
task
to
se
e t
o i
t th
at
this
pla
ce i
n t
he
su
n s
ha
ll r
em
ain
ou
r u
nd
isp
ute
d
po
sse
ssio
n,
in o
rde
r th
at
the
su
n's
ra
ys
ma
y f
all
fru
itfu
lly
up
on
ou
r a
ctiv
ity
an
d t
rad
e i
n f
ore
ign
pa
rts.
..
Th
e m
ore
Ge
rma
ns
go
ou
t u
po
n t
he
wa
ters
,
wh
eth
er
it b
e i
n j
ou
rne
ys
acr
oss
th
e o
cea
n,
or
in t
he
se
rvic
e o
f th
e b
att
le
fla
g,
so m
uch
th
e b
ett
er
it w
ill b
e f
or
us.
”
Ka
ise
r W
ilh
elm
II
ga
ve
an
in
terv
iew
to
th
e B
riti
sh n
ew
spa
pe
r th
e D
ail
y T
ele
gra
ph
th
at
wa
s
pu
bli
she
d o
n O
cto
be
r 2
8,
19
08
.
“Ge
rma
ny
is
a y
ou
ng
an
d g
row
ing
em
pir
e.
Sh
e h
as
a w
orl
d-w
ide
com
me
rce
wh
ich
is
rap
idly
exp
an
din
g a
nd
to
wh
ich
th
e le
git
ima
te
am
bit
ion
of
pa
trio
tic
Ge
rma
ns
refu
ses
to a
ssig
n a
ny
bo
un
ds.
Ge
rma
ny
mu
st h
av
e a
po
we
rfu
l fl
ee
t to
pro
tect
th
at
com
me
rce
an
d h
er
ma
nif
old
inte
rest
s in
ev
en
th
e m
ost
dis
tan
t se
as.
Sh
e e
xpe
cts
tho
se i
nte
rest
s to
go
on
gro
win
g,
an
d s
he
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
ch
am
pio
n t
he
m m
an
full
y i
n a
ny
qu
art
er
of
the
glo
be
. H
er
ho
rizo
ns
stre
tch
fa
r a
wa
y.
Sh
e m
ust
be
pre
pa
red
for
an
y e
ve
ntu
ali
tie
s in
th
e F
ar
Ea
st.
Wh
o c
an
fo
rese
e w
ha
t m
ay
ta
ke
pla
ce
in t
he
Pa
cifi
c in
th
e d
ay
s to
co
me
, d
ay
s n
ot
so d
ista
nt
as
som
e b
eli
ev
e,
bu
t
da
ys
at
an
y r
ate
, fo
r w
hic
h a
ll E
uro
pe
an
po
we
rs w
ith
Fa
r E
ast
ern
in
tere
sts
ou
gh
t st
ea
dil
y t
o p
rep
are
?”
1.
Wh
o w
as
Ka
ise
r W
ilh
elm
II?
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2.
Wh
at
wa
s K
ais
er
Wil
he
lm I
I’s
go
al
for
his
co
un
try?
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3.
Wh
at
is d
ep
icte
d i
n t
he
po
liti
cal
cart
oo
n o
n t
he
le
ft?
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4.
Wh
at
is K
ais
er
Wil
he
lm’s
ce
ntr
al
cla
im i
n t
he
sp
ee
ch h
e g
av
e i
n
19
01
? _
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5.
Ho
w d
oe
s K
ais
er
Wil
he
lm d
esc
rib
e G
erm
an
y i
n t
he
in
terv
iew
he
ga
ve
to
th
e D
aily
Te
leg
rap
h in
19
08
? _
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
6.
Wh
at
is K
ais
er
Wil
he
lm’s
ce
ntr
al
cla
im i
n t
he
in
terv
iew
he
ga
ve t
o
the
Da
ily
Te
leg
rap
h i
n 1
90
8?
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6
TA
SK
#7
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(N =
Na
tio
na
lism
) N
ati
on
ali
sm w
as
als
o s
tro
ng
in
Eu
rop
e a
nd
is
con
sid
ere
d o
ne
of
the
fo
ur
ma
in c
au
ses
of
Wo
rld
Wa
r I.
I
n
Eu
rop
e a
t th
is t
ime
, th
ere
we
re t
wo
ma
in t
yp
es
of
na
tio
na
lism
at
wo
rk:
1.
Th
e d
esi
re o
f su
bje
ct p
eo
ple
s fo
r in
de
pe
nd
en
ce.
Th
is d
esi
re l
ed
to
a s
eri
es
of
na
tio
na
l st
rug
gle
s fo
r
ind
ep
en
de
nce
am
on
g t
he
Ba
lka
n p
eo
ple
s. O
the
r p
ow
ers
go
t in
volv
ed
an
d c
au
sed
mu
ch i
nst
ab
ilit
y.
2.
Th
e d
esi
re o
f in
de
pe
nd
en
t n
ati
on
s fo
r d
om
ina
nce
an
d p
rest
ige
. A
s th
ese
po
we
rs t
ry t
o d
om
ina
te e
ach
oth
er
in E
uro
pe
, th
eir
riv
alr
ies
ma
y b
e r
eg
ard
ed
as
on
e o
f th
e c
au
ses
of
the
Fir
st W
orl
d W
ar.
Na
tio
na
lism
in
Ge
rma
ny
Ge
rma
ny
wa
s u
nit
ed
in
18
71
as
a r
esu
lt o
f th
e F
ran
co-P
russ
ian
Wa
r, a
nd
it
rap
idly
be
cam
e t
he
str
on
ge
st
eco
no
mic
an
d m
ilit
ary
po
we
r in
Eu
rop
e.
Fro
m 1
87
1 t
o 1
89
0,
Ge
rma
ny
wa
nte
d t
o p
rese
rve
its
he
ge
mo
ny
in E
uro
pe
by
fo
rmin
g a
se
rie
s o
f p
ea
cefu
l a
llia
nce
s w
ith
oth
er
po
we
rs.
Aft
er
18
90
, G
erm
an
y w
as
mo
re
ag
gre
ssiv
e.
It w
an
ted
to
bu
ild
up
he
r in
flu
en
ce i
n e
ve
ry p
art
of
the
wo
rld
. G
erm
an
fo
reig
n p
oli
cy i
n t
he
se
ye
ars
wa
s b
est
exp
ress
ed
by
th
e t
erm
'We
ltp
oli
tik
' (W
orl
d P
oli
tics
). B
eca
use
Ge
rma
n a
mb
itio
ns
we
re
ext
en
de
d t
o m
an
y p
art
s o
f th
e g
lob
e,
Ge
rma
ny
ca
me
in
to s
eri
ou
s co
nfl
icts
wit
h a
ll o
the
r m
ajo
r p
ow
ers
of
Eu
rop
e (
exc
ep
t A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
) fr
om
18
90
to
19
14
. T
he
wo
rds
of
the
Na
tio
na
l A
nth
em
fo
r G
erm
an
y c
ap
ture
s th
is s
en
se o
f N
ati
on
ali
sm:
“Ge
rma
ny
, G
erm
an
y a
bo
ve a
ll
Ove
r e
ve
ryth
ing
in
th
e w
orl
d,
Wh
en
it
ste
ad
fast
ly h
old
s to
ge
the
r,
Off
en
sive
ly,
de
fen
sive
ly”
Th
e n
ew
Ka
ise
r, W
ilh
elm
II,
wa
s in
ma
ny
re
spe
cts
the
pe
rso
nif
ica
tio
n o
f la
te 1
80
0s
Ge
rma
ny
: b
oth
we
re
yo
un
g,
inte
nse
ly p
atr
ioti
c, o
bse
sse
d w
ith
mil
ita
rism
an
d e
xpa
nsi
on
, n
erv
ou
s a
bo
ut
the
fu
ture
an
d
de
spe
rate
fo
r n
ati
on
al
succ
ess
. T
he
ma
in o
bst
acl
e t
o t
he
la
tte
r w
as
Bri
tain
, w
hic
h b
eca
me
a p
op
ula
r
targ
et
for
the
Ge
rma
n p
ress
. T
he
Bri
tish
an
d t
he
ir l
ea
de
rs w
ere
gre
ed
y a
nd
hy
po
crit
ica
l: t
he
y m
ain
tain
ed
the
wo
rld
’s l
arg
est
em
pir
e,
wh
ile
de
ny
ing
Ge
rma
ny
an
y c
olo
nia
l g
ain
s. T
he
re w
as
mu
ch c
riti
cism
of
Bri
tain
’s h
ea
vy-h
an
de
d w
ar
ag
ain
st w
hit
e S
ou
th A
fric
an
fa
rme
rs (
the
Se
con
d B
oe
r W
ar
of
18
99
-19
02
);
Be
rlin
we
nt
as
far
as
secr
etl
y s
up
ply
ing
th
e B
oe
rs w
ith
we
ap
on
s a
nd
mu
nit
ion
s.
Na
tio
na
lism
in
Fra
nce
Fra
nce
ha
d b
ee
n t
he
do
min
an
t p
ow
er
in E
uro
pe
fo
r ce
ntu
rie
s. N
ap
ole
on
I a
nd
Na
po
leo
n I
II h
ad
att
em
pte
d t
o d
om
ina
te E
uro
pe
. In
18
71
, F
ran
ce w
as
de
fea
ted
by
Ge
rma
ny
. S
he
ha
d t
o l
ose
tw
o
pro
vin
ces:
Als
ace
an
d L
orr
ain
e.
Sh
e a
lso
ne
ed
ed
to
pa
y h
ea
vy i
nd
em
nit
ies.
Fro
m 1
87
1 o
nw
ard
s, F
ran
ce's
gre
ate
st a
mb
itio
n w
as
to r
eco
ver
Als
ace
an
d L
orr
ain
e f
rom
Ge
rma
ny
. S
he
als
o w
an
ted
to
pre
ven
t a
no
the
r
de
fea
t b
y G
erm
an
y,
to r
eco
ver
he
r n
ati
on
al
pre
stig
e b
y a
cqu
irin
g o
vers
ea
s co
lon
ies
(e.g
. M
oro
cco
) a
nd
to
ma
ke
dip
lom
ati
c a
llia
nce
s w
ith
oth
er
imp
ort
an
t p
ow
ers
in
Eu
rop
e.
Na
tio
na
lism
in
Bri
tain
In 1
87
0 B
rita
in w
as
the
mo
st i
nd
ust
ria
lly
ad
van
ced
co
un
try
in
Eu
rop
e.
Sh
e a
lso
po
sse
sse
d t
he
la
rge
st
ove
rse
as
em
pir
e a
nd
th
e l
arg
est
na
vy i
n t
he
wo
rld
. S
he
did
no
t w
an
t to
tro
ub
le h
ers
elf
wit
h t
he
con
tin
en
tal
aff
air
s o
f E
uro
pe
. H
er
ma
in c
on
cern
wa
s to
pre
serv
e h
er
ov
ers
ea
s e
mp
ire
an
d h
er
ove
rse
as
tra
de
by
ma
inta
inin
g a
la
rge
na
vy.
1.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e f
irst
ty
pe
of
na
tio
na
lism
an
d h
ow
did
it
lea
d
to w
ar?
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2.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e s
eco
nd
ty
pe
of
na
tio
na
lism
an
d h
ow
did
it
lea
d t
o w
ar?
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3.
Ho
w d
id N
ati
on
ali
sm m
an
ife
st i
tse
lf i
n G
erm
an
y a
nd
ho
w
did
th
is l
ea
d t
o w
ar?
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4.
Ho
w i
s th
e G
erm
an
Na
tio
na
l A
nth
em
an
exp
ress
ion
of
Ge
rma
n n
ati
on
ali
sm?
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5.
Ho
w d
id N
ati
on
ali
sm m
an
ife
st i
tse
lf i
n F
ran
ce a
nd
ho
w
did
th
is l
ea
d t
o w
ar?
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6.
Ho
w d
id N
ati
on
ali
sm m
an
ife
st i
tse
lf i
n B
rita
in a
nd
ho
w
did
th
is l
ea
d t
o w
ar?
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7
TA
SK
#8
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(N =
Na
tio
na
lism
) N
ati
on
ali
sm i
n A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry w
as
est
ab
lish
ed
as
the
Du
al M
on
arc
hy
in
18
67
. T
he
Du
al
Mo
na
rch
y r
ule
d o
ver
a l
arg
e e
mp
ire
co
nsi
stin
g o
f m
an
y n
ati
on
ali
tie
s, b
ut
on
ly t
he
Au
stri
an
s (e
thn
ica
lly t
he
y w
ere
Ge
rma
n)
an
d t
he
Hu
ng
ari
an
s h
ad
th
e r
igh
t to
ru
le.
Th
e o
the
r n
ati
on
ali
tie
s C
zech
s, S
lov
ak
s,
Se
rbs,
Cro
ats
, R
um
an
ian
s a
nd
Po
les
rese
nte
d t
he
ir lo
ss o
f p
oli
tica
l fre
ed
om
. T
he
y d
esi
red
fo
r
po
liti
cal
ind
ep
en
de
nce
. T
hu
s th
e p
oli
cy o
f th
e D
ua
l M
on
arc
hy
wa
s to
su
pp
ress
th
e n
ati
on
ali
st
mo
ve
me
nts
bo
th i
nsi
de
an
d o
uts
ide
th
e e
mp
ire
. T
he
pa
rtic
ula
r o
bje
ct o
f th
e D
ua
l M
on
arc
hy
wa
s to
ga
in p
oli
tica
l co
ntr
ol
ove
r th
e B
alk
an
Pe
nin
sula
, w
he
re n
ati
on
ali
st m
ove
me
nts
we
re r
ife
an
d w
ere
alw
ay
s g
ivin
g e
nco
ura
ge
me
nt
to t
he
na
tio
na
list
mo
ve
me
nts
wit
hin
th
e A
ust
ro-
Hu
ng
ari
an
Em
pir
e.
Ma
p o
f V
ari
ou
s E
thn
ic G
rou
ps
liv
ing
in
th
e B
alk
an
s b
efo
re 1
91
4
Th
is m
ap
de
mo
nst
rate
s h
ow
th
e A
ust
ro-
Hu
ng
ari
an
Em
pir
e w
as
ho
st t
o m
an
y
na
tio
na
liti
es,
an
d s
tru
gg
led
wit
h
na
tio
na
list
ic m
ov
em
en
ts o
f p
eo
ple
wh
o
lon
ge
d t
o b
e f
ree
of
Ha
psb
urg
ru
le.
In t
he
Ba
lka
ns
this
wa
s ca
lled
‘Pa
nsl
av
ism
’ b
eca
use
th
e p
eo
ple
wh
o
wa
nte
d t
o b
e f
ree
we
re a
ll S
lav
ra
ces.
Th
e m
ost
na
tio
na
list
ic o
f a
ll w
ere
th
e
Se
rbs
– S
erb
ia h
ad
be
cam
e a
n
ind
ep
en
de
nt
cou
ntr
y b
y t
he
Tre
aty
of
Sa
n S
tefa
no
in
18
78
, b
ut
in 1
90
0 m
an
y
Se
rbs
we
re s
till
ru
led
by
Tu
rke
y a
nd
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry,
an
d S
erb
ia w
as
de
term
ine
d t
o r
ule
ov
er
the
m a
ll.
Th
is l
ed
to
re
be
llio
ns
an
d
terr
ori
sm w
hic
h d
est
ab
iliz
ed
th
e B
alk
an
s.
Th
e c
en
ter
of
the
na
tio
na
list
mo
ve
me
nts
in
th
e B
alk
an
s w
as
Se
rbia
. S
erb
ia a
lwa
ys h
op
ed
to
un
ite
wit
h t
he
Se
rbs
in t
he
Au
stro
-Hu
ng
ari
an
Em
pir
e s
o a
s to
cre
ate
a l
arg
e S
erb
ian
sta
te.
Th
ere
fore
th
e f
irst
en
em
y o
f A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
fro
m 1
87
1 t
o 1
91
4 w
as
Se
rbia
. B
esi
de
s S
erb
ia,
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry a
lso
ha
ted
Ru
ssia
be
cau
se R
uss
ia,
be
ing
a S
lav
co
un
try
, a
lwa
ys
ba
cke
d u
p
Se
rbia
in
an
y A
ust
ro-S
erb
ian
dis
pu
tes.
Se
rbia
n n
ati
on
ali
stic
fe
eli
ng
s le
d t
o t
he
Arc
hd
uk
e
Fe
rdin
an
d's
ass
ass
ina
tio
n o
n J
un
e 2
8,
19
14
by
Ga
vri
lo P
rin
cip
an
d t
he
Bla
ck H
an
d.
1.
Ho
w d
id N
ati
on
ali
sm m
an
ife
st i
tse
lf i
n A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
an
d h
ow
did
th
is l
ea
d t
o w
ar?
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2.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e D
ua
l Mo
na
rch
y’s
re
spo
nse
to
th
is g
row
ing
na
tio
na
lism
? _
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3.
Wh
at
do
es
the
ma
p o
n t
he
left
de
mo
nst
rate
?
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4.
Wh
at
is P
an
sla
vis
m?
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5.
Wh
y d
id A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
co
nsi
de
r S
erb
ia a
n e
ne
my
?
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6.
Wh
y d
id A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
co
nsi
de
r R
uss
ia a
n e
ne
my
?
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7.
Wh
at
occ
urr
ed
on
Ju
ne
28
, 1
91
4?
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8
TA
SK
#9
- M
AIN
Ca
use
s o
f W
WI
(N =
Na
tio
na
lism
) –
Bla
ck H
an
d
On
Oct
ob
er
8,
19
08
, ju
st t
wo
da
ys
aft
er
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry a
nn
exe
d B
osn
ia a
nd
He
rze
go
vin
a,
ma
ny
me
n,
som
e o
f th
em
ra
nk
ing
Se
rbia
n m
inis
ters
, o
ffic
ials
an
d g
en
era
ls,
he
ld a
me
eti
ng
at
Cit
y H
all
in
Be
lgra
de
. T
he
y f
ou
nd
ed
a s
em
i-se
cre
t so
cie
ty -
- N
aro
dn
a O
db
ran
a (
Na
tio
na
l
De
fen
se).
Th
e p
urp
ose
of
the
gro
up
wa
s to
re
cru
it a
nd
tra
in f
ree
do
m f
igh
ters
fo
r a
po
ssib
le w
ar
be
twe
en
Se
rbia
an
d A
ust
ria
. T
he
y a
lso
un
de
rto
ok
an
ti-A
ust
ria
n p
rop
ag
an
da
an
d o
rga
niz
ed
spie
s a
nd
sa
bo
teu
rs t
o o
pe
rate
wit
hin
th
e A
ust
ro-H
un
ga
ria
n e
mp
ire
's p
rovi
nce
s.
Na
rod
na
Od
bra
na
's w
ork
ha
d b
ee
n s
o e
ffe
ctiv
e t
ha
t in
19
09
a f
uri
ou
s A
ust
ria
pre
ssu
red
th
e S
erb
ian
go
vern
me
nt
to p
ut
a s
top
to
th
eir
an
ti-A
ust
ria
n i
nsu
rre
ctio
n.
Ru
ssia
wa
s n
ot
rea
dy
to
sta
nd
fu
lly
be
hin
d
Se
rbia
sh
ou
ld t
hin
gs
com
e t
o a
sh
ow
do
wn
, so
Be
lgra
de
wa
s g
rud
gin
gly
fo
rce
d t
o c
om
ply
. F
rom
th
en
on
,
Na
rod
na
Od
bra
na
co
nce
ntr
ate
d o
n e
du
cati
on
an
d p
rop
ag
an
da
wit
hin
Se
rbia
, tr
yin
g t
o f
ash
ion
its
elf
as
a
cult
ura
l o
rga
niz
ati
on
.
Ma
ny
me
mb
ers
fo
rme
d a
ne
w,
an
d a
ga
in s
ecr
et,
org
an
iza
tio
n t
o c
on
tin
ue
th
e t
err
ori
st a
ctio
ns.
Te
n m
en
me
t o
n M
ay
9,
19
11
to
fo
rm U
jed
inje
nje
ili
Sm
rt (
Un
ion
or
De
ath
), a
lso
kn
ow
n a
s T
he
Bla
ck H
an
d.
By
19
14
, th
ere
we
re s
ev
era
l h
un
dre
d m
em
be
rs,
pe
rha
ps
as
ma
ny
as
25
00
. M
an
y m
em
be
rs w
ere
Se
rbia
n
arm
y o
ffic
ers
. T
he
pro
fess
ed
go
al
of
the
gro
up
wa
s th
e c
rea
tio
n o
f a
Gre
ate
r S
erb
ia,
by
use
of
vio
len
ce,
if
ne
cess
ary
.
Th
is g
rou
p w
ill
be
re
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r th
e a
ssa
ssin
ati
on
of
Au
stro
-Hu
ng
ari
an
Arc
hd
uk
e F
ran
z
Fe
rdin
an
d:
an
eve
nt
tha
t m
an
y h
isto
ria
ns
refe
r to
as
the
“sp
ark
” th
at
sta
rte
d t
he
Fir
st W
orl
d W
ar.
Be
low
is a
n e
xce
rpt
fro
m t
he
ir f
ou
nd
ing
co
nst
itu
tio
n:
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----
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----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Re
me
mb
er
to m
ark
th
e t
ex
t: (
circ
le a
nd
de
fin
e u
nk
no
wn
wo
rds,
un
de
rlin
e p
att
ern
s, d
raw
co
nn
ect
ion
s, a
sk q
ue
stio
ns,
ma
ke
ob
serv
ati
on
s, s
tar
the
au
tho
r’s
cla
im,
an
d m
ark
th
e e
vid
en
ce o
f th
at
cla
im)
----
----
----
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----
- F
ou
nd
ing
Co
nst
itu
tio
n o
f th
e B
lack
Ha
nd
, 1
91
1
“Art
icle
1:
Fo
r th
e p
urp
ose
of
rea
lisi
ng
th
e n
ati
on
al
ide
als
– t
he
Un
ific
ati
on
of
Se
rbd
om
-
an
org
an
iza
tio
n i
s h
ere
by c
rea
ted
, w
ho
se m
em
be
rs m
ay b
e a
ny S
erb
ian
irr
esp
ect
ive
of
sex,
re
lig
ion
, p
lace
or
bir
th,
as
we
ll a
s a
nyb
od
y e
lse
wh
o w
ill
sin
cere
ly s
erv
e t
his
id
ea
. A
rtic
le 2
: T
he
org
an
isa
tio
n g
ive
s p
rio
rity
to
th
e r
evo
luti
on
ary
str
ug
gle
ra
the
r th
an
re
lie
s
on
cu
ltu
ral
stri
vin
g,
the
refo
re i
ts i
nst
itu
tio
n i
s a
n a
bso
lute
ly s
ecr
et
on
e f
or
wid
er
circ
les…
A
rtic
le 4
: In
ord
er
to c
arr
y i
nto
eff
ect
its
ta
sk t
he
org
an
iza
tio
n w
ill
do
th
e f
oll
ow
ing
thin
gs:
(1)
Fo
llo
win
g t
he
ch
ara
cte
r o
f it
s ra
iso
n d
’etr
e (
rea
son
fo
r e
xis
ten
ce)
it w
ill
exe
rcis
e i
ts
infl
ue
nce
ove
r a
ll t
he
off
icia
l fa
cto
rs i
n S
erb
ia …
(2)
It w
ill
carr
y o
ut
a r
evo
luti
on
ary
org
an
iza
tio
n i
n a
ll t
he
te
rrit
ori
es
wh
ere
Se
rbia
ns
are
livin
g:
(3)
Be
yo
nd
th
e f
ron
tie
rs,
it w
ill
fig
ht
wit
h a
ll m
ea
ns
ag
ain
st a
ll e
ne
mie
s o
f th
is i
de
a:
(4)
It w
ill
ma
inta
in f
rie
nd
ly r
ela
tio
ns
wit
h a
ll t
he
Sta
tes,
na
tio
ns,
org
an
iza
tio
ns,
an
d
ind
ivid
ua
l p
ers
on
s w
ho
sym
pa
thiz
e w
ith
Se
rbia
…
Co
nte
xt
1.
Wh
y w
as
the
Na
rod
na
Od
bra
na
fo
rme
d?
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__
_
2.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e p
urp
ose
of
the
Na
rod
na
Od
bra
na
?
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__
_
3.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
to
th
e N
aro
dn
a O
db
ran
a?
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_
4.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e g
oa
l o
f Ij
ed
inje
nje
ili
Sm
rt (
the
Bla
ck H
an
d)?
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__
_
5.
Wh
at
is t
he
Bla
ck H
an
d r
esp
on
sib
le f
or?
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_
Co
nte
nt
6.
Su
mm
ari
ze A
rtic
le 1
of
the
Bla
ck H
an
d C
on
stit
uti
on
.
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_
7.
Su
mm
ari
ze A
rtic
le 2
of
the
Bla
ck H
an
d C
on
stit
uti
on
.
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_
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_
8.
Su
mm
ari
ze A
rtic
le 4
of
the
Bla
ck H
an
d C
on
stit
uti
on
.
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_
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_
Cri
tica
l C
on
clu
sio
ns
9.
In A
rtic
le 4
, su
bse
ctio
n 3
, it
sa
ys
it w
ill
fig
ht
“wit
h a
ll m
ea
ns
ag
ain
st a
ll e
ne
mie
s o
f th
is i
de
a.”
W
ha
t id
ea
are
th
ey
fig
hti
ng
for?
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__
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__
__
_
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__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
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__
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__
__
_
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_
10
. B
ase
d o
n A
rtic
le 4
, su
bse
ctio
n 4
, w
hic
h c
ou
ntr
y w
ou
ld f
it t
his
de
scri
pti
on
?
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_
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_
9
TA
SK
#1
0 -
WW
I -
Th
e “
Sp
ark
”
Th
e n
ati
on
ali
st r
iva
lrie
s th
at
we
re g
row
ing
th
e B
alk
an
s h
as
oft
en
be
en
co
mp
are
d t
o a
po
wd
er
ke
g,
wh
ich
is a
ba
rre
l o
f g
un
po
wd
er.
O
n J
un
e 2
8,
19
14
, th
e f
use
on
th
e p
ow
de
r k
eg
ig
nit
ed
wh
en
Ga
vril
o P
rin
cip
, a
Se
rbia
n n
ati
on
ali
st,
ass
ass
ina
ted
Arc
hd
uk
e F
ran
z F
erd
ina
nd
, h
eir
to
th
e t
hro
ne
of
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry,
in
Sa
raje
vo,
Bo
snia
.
Pri
nci
p w
as
on
e o
f th
ree
me
n s
en
t b
y D
imit
rije
vic,
th
e c
hie
f o
f th
e I
nte
llig
en
ce D
ep
art
me
nt
in t
he
Se
rbia
n
Arm
y a
nd
he
ad
of
the
Bla
ck H
an
d.
Th
e t
hre
e m
en
we
re i
nst
ruct
ed
to
co
mm
it s
uic
ide
aft
er
kil
lin
g t
he
Arc
hd
uk
e.
To
th
is e
nd
th
ey
we
re e
ach
giv
en
cy
an
ide
, a
lon
g w
ith
a r
evo
lve
r a
nd
gre
na
de
s.
Ea
ch o
f th
e
me
n s
uff
ere
d f
rom
tu
be
rcu
losi
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
tly
kn
ew
th
at
the
y d
id n
ot
ha
ve l
on
g t
o l
ive
; m
ea
nw
hil
e,
Dim
itri
jevi
c d
id n
ot
wis
h a
ny
of
the
me
n t
o l
ive
to
te
ll w
ho
wa
s b
eh
ind
th
e a
ssa
ssin
ati
on
. T
he
pri
me
min
iste
r o
f S
erb
ia w
as
giv
en
ad
van
ce w
arn
ing
of
the
ass
ass
ina
tio
n p
lot,
an
d w
hil
e h
e
sym
pa
thiz
ed
wit
h t
he
Bla
ck H
an
d's
ob
ject
ive
s (B
osn
ia-H
erz
eg
ovi
na
ach
ievi
ng
in
de
pe
nd
en
ce f
rom
Au
stro
-
Hu
ng
ary
) h
e f
ea
red
wa
r w
ith
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry s
ho
uld
an
ass
ass
ina
tio
n a
tte
mp
t b
e s
ucc
ess
ful.
H
e
the
refo
re g
av
e o
rde
rs f
or
the
arr
est
of
the
th
ree
me
n a
s th
ey
le
ft t
he
co
un
try
; h
is o
rde
rs w
ere
no
t a
cte
d
up
on
ho
we
ver.
T
he
Bla
ck H
an
d’s
na
tio
na
list
plo
t w
as
un
de
rta
ke
n t
o i
ncr
ea
se t
en
sio
ns
wit
h A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
an
d p
rep
are
the
wa
y f
or
a f
ull
-sca
le S
lavi
c re
volu
tio
n,
usi
ng
it
as
an
exc
use
to
str
ike
Se
rbia
. G
erm
an
aid
wa
s so
ug
ht
to
bri
ng
ab
ou
t a
qu
ick
att
ack
be
fore
th
e o
the
r p
ow
ers
co
uld
he
lp S
erb
ia.
Pri
nci
p s
ho
t F
erd
ina
nd
at
po
int
bla
nk
ra
ng
e w
hil
e t
he
la
tte
r w
as
tra
vell
ing
in
his
ca
r fr
om
a t
ow
n h
all
re
cep
tio
n,
ha
vin
g e
arl
ier
tha
t d
ay
alr
ea
dy
su
rviv
ed
on
e a
ssa
ssin
ati
on
att
em
pt.
S
tan
din
g o
n t
he
ca
r's
sid
eb
oa
rd w
as
Co
un
t F
ran
z vo
n
Ha
rra
ch.
A w
itn
ess
to
Fe
rdin
an
d's
ass
ass
ina
tio
n,
he
su
bse
qu
en
tly
re
cou
nte
d t
he
ev
en
ts o
f th
e d
ay
:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Re
me
mb
er
to m
ark
th
e t
ex
t: (
circ
le a
nd
de
fin
e u
nk
no
wn
wo
rds,
un
de
rlin
e p
att
ern
s, d
raw
co
nn
ect
ion
s, a
sk q
ue
stio
ns,
ma
ke
ob
serv
ati
on
s, s
tar
the
au
tho
r’s
cla
im,
an
d m
ark
th
e e
vid
en
ce o
f th
at
cla
im)
“As
the
ca
r q
uic
kly
re
ve
rse
d,
a t
hin
str
ea
m o
f b
loo
d s
pu
rte
d f
rom
His
Hig
hn
ess
's m
ou
th o
nto
my r
igh
t ch
eck
. A
s I
wa
s p
ull
ing
ou
t m
y h
an
dk
erc
hie
f to
wip
e t
he
blo
od
aw
ay f
rom
his
mo
uth
, th
e D
uch
ess
cri
ed
ou
t to
him
, "F
or
Go
d's
sa
ke
! W
ha
t h
as
ha
pp
en
ed
to
yo
u?
"
At
tha
t sh
e s
lid
off
th
e s
ea
t a
nd
la
y o
n t
he
flo
or
of
the
ca
r, w
ith
he
r fa
ce b
etw
ee
n h
is
kn
ee
s.
I h
ad
no
id
ea
th
at
she
to
o w
as
hit
an
d t
ho
ug
ht
she
ha
d s
imp
ly f
ain
ted
wit
h f
rig
ht.
T
he
n I
he
ard
His
Im
pe
ria
l H
igh
ne
ss s
ay,
"So
ph
ie,
So
ph
ie,
do
n't
die
. S
tay a
live
fo
r th
e c
hil
dre
n!"
A
t th
at,
I s
eiz
ed
th
e A
rch
du
ke
by t
he
co
lla
r o
f h
is u
nif
orm
, to
sto
p h
is h
ea
d d
rop
pin
g f
orw
ard
an
d a
ske
d h
im i
f h
e w
as
in g
rea
t p
ain
. H
e a
nsw
ere
d m
e q
uit
e d
isti
nct
ly,
"It
is n
oth
ing
!"
His
fa
ce b
eg
an
to
tw
ist
som
ew
ha
t b
ut
he
we
nt
on
re
pe
ati
ng
, si
x o
r se
ve
n t
ime
s, e
ve
r m
ore
fain
tly a
s h
e g
rad
ua
lly l
ost
co
nsc
iou
sne
ss,
"It'
s n
oth
ing
!"
Th
en
ca
me
a b
rie
f p
au
se f
oll
ow
ed
by a
co
nvu
lsiv
e r
att
le i
n h
is t
hro
at,
ca
use
d b
y a
lo
ss o
f
blo
od
. T
his
ce
ase
d o
n a
rriv
al
at
the
go
ve
rno
r's
resi
de
nce
. T
he
tw
o u
nco
nsc
iou
s b
od
ies
we
re
carr
ied
in
to t
he
bu
ild
ing
wh
ere
th
eir
de
ath
wa
s so
on
est
ab
lish
ed
.”
1.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
on
Ju
ne
28
, 1
91
4?
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2.
Wh
o w
as
Arc
hd
uk
e F
ran
z F
erd
ina
nd
?
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_
3.
Ho
w w
as
the
ass
ass
ina
tio
n p
lot
org
an
ize
d?
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_
4.
Wh
at
did
th
e l
ea
de
rs o
f S
erb
ia k
no
w a
bo
ut
the
plo
t
be
fore
ha
nd
?
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_
5.
Wh
at
act
ion
s d
id t
he
Se
rbia
n p
rim
e m
inis
ter
tak
e?
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6.
Wh
y w
as
the
na
tio
na
list
plo
t u
nd
ert
ak
en
?
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_
7.
Ho
w d
id t
he
ass
ass
ina
tio
n o
ccu
r?
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8.
In y
ou
r o
wn
wo
rds,
su
mm
ari
ze C
ou
nt
Fra
nz
von
Ha
rra
ch’s
ey
ew
itn
ess
acc
ou
nt
of
the
ev
en
t:
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10
TA
SK
#1
1 -
WW
I -
Th
e “
Ch
ain
Re
act
ion
” T
he
ev
en
ts o
f Ju
ly a
nd
ea
rly
Au
gu
st 1
91
4 a
re a
cla
ssic
ca
se o
f "o
ne
th
ing
le
d t
o a
no
the
r" -
oth
erw
ise
kn
ow
n a
s th
e t
rea
ty a
llia
nce
sy
ste
m.
Th
e e
xplo
siv
e t
ha
t w
as
Wo
rld
Wa
r O
ne
ha
d b
ee
n l
on
g i
n t
he
sto
ckp
ilin
g;
the
sp
ark
th
e f
ina
lly
se
t th
is e
xplo
siv
e o
ff w
as
the
ass
ass
ina
tio
n o
f A
rch
du
ke
Fra
nz
Fe
rdin
an
d,
he
ir t
o t
he
Au
stro
-Hu
ng
ari
an
th
ron
e,
in S
ara
jev
o o
n J
un
e 2
8,
19
14
.
As
a r
esu
lt o
f th
e a
ssa
ssin
ati
on
of
the
ir a
rch
du
ke,
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry s
ou
gh
t th
e a
id o
f it
s a
lly
,
Ge
rma
ny
. G
erm
an
y r
esp
on
de
d b
y o
ffe
rin
g A
ust
ria
-Hu
ng
ary
a “
bla
nk
ch
eck
” o
f su
pp
ort
on
Ju
ly 6
.
Th
ere
is
litt
le d
ou
bt
tha
t th
is n
ote
fro
m G
erm
an
y w
as
the
fir
st c
lea
r in
dic
ati
on
th
at
Ge
rma
ny
wa
s
ag
ree
ab
le t
o w
ar
wit
h -
at
lea
st -
Fra
nce
an
d R
uss
ia;
she
ho
pe
d h
ow
ev
er
to a
vo
id w
ar
wit
h B
rita
in.
Le
ss t
ha
n o
ne
mo
nth
la
ter,
on
Ju
ly 2
3,
19
14
Au
stri
a i
ssu
ed
an
ult
ima
tum
, w
ith
wh
ich
Se
rbia
wa
s to
com
ply
wit
hin
48
ho
urs
to
av
oid
wa
r.
Th
e m
ilit
ari
sts
de
libe
rate
ly m
ad
e t
he
te
rms
so h
ars
h t
ha
t it
wo
uld
be
ass
ure
d t
ha
t S
erb
ia w
ou
ld n
ot
acc
ep
t. T
o t
he
su
rpri
se o
f e
ve
ryo
ne
, S
erb
ia d
id a
gre
e t
o a
ll
bu
t o
ne
of
the
de
ma
nd
s to
all
ow
Au
stri
an
off
icia
ls t
o i
nve
stig
ate
th
e m
urd
er
of
the
arc
hd
uk
e o
n
Se
rbia
n s
oil
. T
his
on
e r
efu
sal
wa
s se
en
as
a t
ota
l re
ject
ion
by
th
e A
ust
ria
ns,
an
d t
he
y d
ecl
are
d w
ar
on
Se
rbia
on
Ju
ly 2
8,
19
14
. G
erm
an
y k
ne
w t
ha
t it
wa
s im
po
rta
nt
to b
eco
me
in
vo
lve
d t
o p
rote
ct i
ts s
ecu
rity
. G
erm
an
le
ad
ers
be
lie
ved
th
at
the
Ru
ssia
an
d F
ran
ce w
ou
ld j
oin
th
e c
on
flic
t.
Th
e G
erm
an
ge
ne
rals
we
re c
on
fid
en
t
tha
t th
ey
wo
uld
de
fea
t th
em
an
d b
eco
me
th
e w
orl
d’s
gre
ate
st p
ow
er.
A
fte
r th
e i
nit
ial
de
cla
rati
on
of
wa
r o
n J
uly
28
, 1
91
4,
thin
gs
mo
ve
d r
ap
idly
. O
n J
uly
30
, th
e R
uss
ian
s
ord
er
a f
ull
mo
bil
iza
tio
n t
o a
tta
ck A
ust
ria
an
d G
erm
an
y.
Ge
rma
ny,
wa
nti
ng
to
ha
ve t
he
up
pe
r h
an
d,
ord
ere
d R
uss
ia t
o c
ea
se w
ar
pre
pa
rati
on
s.
Ru
ssia
ig
no
red
th
e w
arn
ing
, so
Ge
rma
ny
de
cla
red
wa
r o
n
Ru
ssia
. W
ith
in t
wo
da
ys,
Ge
rma
ny
de
cla
red
wa
r o
n R
uss
ia’s
all
y,
Fra
nce
. T
he
wa
r e
sca
late
d a
s th
e s
yst
em
of
all
ian
ces
an
d m
ilit
ary
pla
ns
tra
pp
ed
th
e n
ati
on
s o
ne
by
on
e.
In
ord
er
to a
tta
ck F
ran
ce,
Ge
rma
ny
wo
uld
ha
ve
to
go
th
rou
gh
th
e n
eu
ral
cou
ntr
y o
f B
elg
ium
. S
ince
Be
lgiu
m r
efu
sed
to
gra
nt
pe
rmis
sio
n t
o G
erm
an
y,
it w
as
att
ack
ed
on
Au
gu
st 3
. T
his
act
ion
by
Ge
rma
ny
inv
olv
ed
Gre
at
Bri
tain
, si
nce
Bri
tain
ha
d p
led
ge
d t
o g
ua
ran
tee
Be
lgia
n n
eu
tra
lity
. G
rea
t
Bri
tain
wa
s a
lso
aw
are
th
at
if F
ran
ce a
nd
Be
lgiu
m f
ell
, G
erm
an
y w
ou
ld b
e m
ast
er
of
We
ste
rn E
uro
pe
.
On
Au
gu
st 4
, G
rea
t B
rita
in j
oin
ed
its
all
ies,
Ru
ssia
an
d F
ran
ce.
On
Au
gu
st 6
, A
ust
ria
de
cla
red
wa
r o
n
Ru
ssia
. W
ith
in s
ix w
ee
ks
of
the
ass
ass
ina
tio
n i
n S
ara
jev
o,
all
of
the
gre
at
po
we
rs o
f E
uro
pe
we
re
inv
olv
ed
in
th
e w
ar.
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
---
On
th
e t
ime
lin
e b
elo
w,
no
te t
he
im
po
rta
nt
da
tes
(Ju
ly 6
, Ju
ly 2
3,
July
28
, Ju
ly 3
0,
Au
gu
st 3
, A
ug
ust
4,
Au
gu
st 6
) a
nd
th
eir
sig
nif
ica
nce
in
th
is “
Ch
ain
Re
act
ion
.”
1
. W
ha
t w
as
the
sp
ark
th
at
sta
rte
d W
orl
d W
ar
On
e?
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__
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_
2.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
on
Ju
ly 6
?
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_
3.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e i
nte
nt
of
the
mil
ita
rist
s w
ho
wro
te t
he
ult
ima
tum
? _
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_
4.
Wh
at
wa
s S
erb
ia’s
re
spo
nse
?
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__
_
5.
Wh
y d
id G
erm
an
y w
an
t to
be
in
vo
lve
d?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
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_
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__
_
6.
Wh
at
did
th
e s
yst
em
of
all
ian
ce d
o?
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_
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__
_
7.
Wh
y d
id G
rea
t B
rita
in g
et
inv
olv
ed
in
th
e w
ar?
__
__
__
__
__
_
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__
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_
Jun
e 2
8 –
Arc
hd
uke
Fe
rdin
an
d a
ssa
ssin
ate
d
by S
erb
ian
te
rro
rist
s fr
om
th
e B
lack
Ha
nd
.
11
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16
TA
SK
#2
0 -
WW
I -
To
tal
Wa
r T
ota
l w
ar
wa
s in
tro
du
ced
to
Bri
tain
in
Ma
y 1
91
5 a
nd
wa
s to
la
st u
nti
l th
e e
nd
of
the
wa
r in
No
vem
be
r
19
18
. T
ota
l W
ar
pu
t th
e w
ho
le c
ou
ntr
y o
n a
co
mp
uls
ory
wa
r fo
oti
ng
wit
h t
he
go
ve
rnm
en
t co
ntr
oll
ing
it.
Wh
en
wa
r w
as
de
cla
red
in
Au
gu
st 1
91
4,
a c
ert
ain
na
ive
ty e
nve
lop
ed
th
e w
ho
le c
ou
ntr
y.
Ma
ny
did
be
lie
ve
tha
t th
e w
ar
wo
uld
be
ove
r b
y C
hri
stm
as
19
14
- h
en
ce t
he
ru
sh b
y y
ou
ng
me
n t
o v
olu
nte
er
be
fore
th
e
'fu
n' e
nd
ed
.
Th
is w
ho
le b
eli
ef
tha
t th
e w
ar
wo
uld
be
a s
ho
rt a
ffa
ir e
nd
ed
wit
h t
he
Ba
ttle
of
the
Ma
rne
an
d t
he
ho
rro
rs
of
tre
nch
wa
rfa
re t
ha
t fo
llo
we
d i
t. W
ith
so
ma
ny
me
n d
yin
g a
t th
e f
ron
t -
an
d w
ith
th
e h
orr
ors
of
tre
nch
wa
rfa
re b
eco
min
g k
no
wn
ba
ck i
n B
rita
in b
y m
en
re
turn
ing
on
le
ave
- t
he
vo
lun
tee
rs s
tart
ed
to
dry
up
.
Th
e M
ay
19
15
sh
ell
cri
sis
sho
we
d t
ha
t th
e c
ou
ntr
y w
as
no
t o
n a
fu
ll w
ar
foo
tin
g a
nd
wit
h t
alk
of
the
'big
pu
sh' b
ein
g m
ad
e w
ith
du
e f
req
ue
ncy
, th
e m
en
on
th
e f
ron
t li
ne
ha
d t
o b
e s
uit
ab
ly e
qu
ipp
ed
. W
ith
th
is i
n
min
d,
the
go
vern
me
nt
intr
od
uce
d 't
ota
l w
ar'
. A
t th
e s
tart
of
the
wa
r, r
ail
wa
ys
ha
d b
ee
n t
ak
en
ove
r b
y t
he
go
vern
me
nt;
in
De
cem
be
r 1
91
6,
the
coa
lfie
lds
of
So
uth
Wa
les
we
re a
lso
ta
ke
n u
nd
er
the
go
ve
rnm
en
t's
win
g.
Th
e g
ove
rnm
en
t cr
ea
ted
'na
tio
na
l fa
cto
rie
s' t
o p
rod
uce
mu
nit
ion
s -
by
th
e e
nd
of
the
wa
r th
ere
we
re 2
18
of
the
m.
Th
is w
as
to
en
sure
th
at
a m
un
itio
ns
sho
rta
ge
ne
ve
r o
ccu
rre
d a
ga
in.
Nu
rse
rie
s w
ere
bu
ilt
in o
r n
ea
r fa
cto
rie
s to
he
lp
the
ma
ny
th
ou
san
ds
of
mo
the
rs w
ho
jo
ine
d t
he
wo
rkfo
rce
of
fact
ori
es.
S
oo
n a
fte
r th
e o
utb
rea
k o
f th
e F
irst
Wo
rld
Wa
r th
e G
erm
an
Na
vy a
tte
mp
ted
to
ha
lt t
he
flo
w o
f im
po
rts
to
Bri
tain
by
in
tro
du
cin
g u
nre
stri
cte
d s
ub
ma
rin
e w
arf
are
. B
y t
he
en
d o
f 1
91
6,
U-G
erm
an
bo
ats
we
re o
n
ave
rag
e d
est
roy
ing
ab
ou
t 3
00
,00
0 t
on
s o
f sh
ipp
ing
a m
on
th.
In F
eb
rua
ry 1
91
7,
the
Ge
rma
n N
avy
sa
nk
23
0 s
hip
s b
rin
gin
g f
oo
d a
nd
oth
er
sup
pli
es
to B
rita
in.
Th
e f
oll
ow
ing
mo
nth
a r
eco
rd 5
07
,00
1 t
on
s o
f
ship
pin
g w
as
lost
as
a r
esu
lt o
f th
e U
-bo
at
cam
pa
ign
..
Po
tato
es
we
re o
fte
n i
n s
ho
rt-s
up
ply
an
d s
ug
ar
wa
s o
fte
n d
iffi
cult
to
ge
t. W
he
rea
s th
e w
ee
kly
con
sum
pti
on
of
sug
ar
wa
s 1
.49
lb
in
19
14
, it
fe
ll t
o 0
.93
lb
in
19
18
. T
he
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f b
utc
he
rs'
me
at
als
o d
rop
pe
d f
rom
an
ave
rag
e o
f 2
.36
to
1.5
3 l
b a
we
ek
du
rin
g t
his
pe
rio
d.
At
the
en
d o
f 1
91
7 p
eo
ple
be
ga
n t
o f
ea
r th
at
the
co
un
try
wa
s ru
nn
ing
ou
t o
f fo
od
. P
an
ic b
uy
ing
le
d t
o s
ho
rta
ge
s a
nd
so
in
Ja
nu
ary
19
18
, th
e M
inis
try
of
Fo
od
de
cid
ed
to
in
tro
du
ce r
ati
on
ing
. S
ug
ar
wa
s th
e f
irst
to
be
ra
tio
ne
d a
nd
th
is w
as
late
r fo
llo
we
d b
y b
utc
he
rs' m
ea
t. T
he
id
ea
of
rati
on
ing
fo
od
wa
s to
gu
ara
nte
e s
up
pli
es,
no
t to
re
du
ce
con
sum
pti
on
. T
his
wa
s su
cce
ssfu
l a
nd
off
icia
l fi
gu
res
sho
w t
ha
t th
e i
nta
ke
of
calo
rie
s a
lmo
st k
ep
t u
p t
o
the
pre
-wa
r le
ve
l.
Wh
ile
th
e r
ati
on
ing
eff
ort
wa
s su
cce
ssfu
l, i
t p
ut
a m
ajo
r st
rain
on
th
ose
at
ho
me
. C
ha
rle
s Y
ou
ng
wa
s a
Bri
tish
so
ldie
r w
ho
fo
ug
ht
on
th
e W
est
ern
Fro
nt.
In
his
me
mo
ir,
he
wro
te a
bo
ut
the
str
ug
gle
s o
f h
is
fam
ily
an
d f
rie
nd
s le
ft b
eh
ind
on
th
e h
om
efr
on
t:
“Wh
en
I r
etu
rne
d a
fte
r th
e w
ar
rela
tive
s to
ld m
e h
ow
ba
d i
t h
ad
be
en
. Y
ou
se
e,
us
be
ing
an
isl
an
d h
ard
ly
an
y f
oo
d c
ou
ld g
et
thro
ug
h,
be
cau
se G
erm
an
U-b
oa
ts w
ere
sin
kin
g o
ur
foo
d c
on
vo
ys.
My f
am
ily l
ive
d o
n
bo
ne
s fr
om
th
e b
utc
he
r m
ad
e in
to s
ou
ps.
An
d b
lack
bre
ad
. A
nd
wh
en
so
me
fo
od
did
ge
t d
eli
ve
red
to
th
e
sho
ps
eve
ryo
ne
fo
r m
ile
s a
rou
nd
be
sie
ge
d t
he
pla
ce.
Th
e q
ue
ue
s st
retc
he
d f
or
mil
es,
an
d i
f yo
u w
ere
old
or
infi
rm y
ou
sto
od
no
ch
an
ce.
Ma
ny,
esp
eci
all
y c
hil
dre
n,
die
d o
f st
arv
ati
on
. F
oo
d r
iots
we
re v
ery
co
mm
on
.”
1.
Ho
w lo
ng
did
to
tal w
ar
last
? _
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2.
Wh
at
is t
ota
l w
ar?
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3.
Wh
at
did
ma
ny
Eu
rop
ea
ns
be
lie
ve b
efo
re t
he
wa
r?
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4.
Wh
y d
id t
he
vo
lun
tee
rs d
ry u
p?
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5.
Ho
w d
id t
he
go
ve
rnm
en
t e
nsu
re t
he
re w
ou
ldn
’t b
e a
ny
mo
re m
un
itio
ns
sho
rta
ge
s? _
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_
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6.
Wh
y d
id t
he
y b
uil
d n
urs
eri
es
in o
r n
ea
r fa
cto
rie
s?
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7.
Wh
at
wa
s b
eh
ind
th
e G
erm
an
po
licy
of
un
rest
rict
ed
sub
ma
rin
e w
arf
are
? _
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8.
Ho
w d
id t
he
die
tary
ha
bit
s o
f th
e B
riti
sh c
ha
ng
e?
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9.
Ple
ase
su
mm
ari
ze t
he
str
ug
gle
s o
f C
ha
rle
s Y
ou
ng
’s f
am
ily
in E
ng
lan
d.
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20
TA
SK
#2
3 -
WW
I -
At
Wa
r’s
En
d
19
17
ha
d b
ee
n a
ve
ry d
iffi
cult
ye
ar
for
the
All
ied
fo
rce
s. T
he
ir o
ffe
nsi
ve
s o
n t
he
We
ste
rn F
ron
t h
ad
be
en
de
fea
ted
, a
nd
th
e R
uss
ian
Re
vo
luti
on
le
d t
o R
uss
ia’s
wit
hd
raw
al
fro
m t
he
Wa
r. H
ow
eve
r, t
he
en
try
of
the
Un
ite
d S
tate
s in
to t
he
wa
r g
ave
th
e A
llie
s a
mu
ch-n
ee
de
d p
sych
olo
gic
al
bo
ost
. In
19
18
, fr
esh
Am
eri
can
tro
op
s w
ou
ld b
e c
ruci
al.
W
ith
Ru
ssia
ou
t o
f th
e w
ar,
Ge
rma
ny
wa
s fr
ee
to
co
nce
ntr
ate
en
tire
ly o
n t
he
We
ste
rn F
ron
t. E
rich
vo
n
Lud
en
do
rff,
wh
o g
uid
ed
Ge
rma
n m
ilit
ary
op
era
tio
ns,
de
cid
ed
to
ma
ke
a g
ran
d o
ffe
nsi
ve t
o b
rea
k t
he
sta
lem
ate
. T
he
Ge
rma
n a
tta
ck b
eg
an
in
Ma
rch
19
18
. T
he
Ge
rma
ns
we
re s
top
pe
d a
t th
e S
eco
nd
Ba
ttle
of
the
Ma
rne
on
Ju
ly 1
8.
Fre
nch
, M
oro
cca
n,
an
d A
me
rica
n f
orc
es,
su
pp
ort
ed
by
hu
nd
red
s o
f ta
nk
s, t
hre
w
the
Ge
rma
ns
ba
ck o
ve
r th
e M
arn
e.
Th
e G
erm
an
off
en
siv
e h
ad
fa
ile
d.
Wit
h m
ore
th
an
a m
illi
on
Am
eri
can
tro
op
s p
ou
rin
g i
nto
Fra
nce
, th
e A
llie
s b
eg
an
to
ad
van
ce t
ow
ard
Ge
rma
ny
. O
n S
ep
tem
be
r 2
9,
19
18
, G
en
era
l Lu
de
nd
orf
f in
form
ed
th
e G
erm
an
le
ad
ers
th
at
the
wa
r w
as
lost
. H
e d
em
an
de
d t
ha
t th
e g
ove
rnm
en
t a
sk f
or
pe
ace
. T
he
All
ies
we
re u
nw
illi
ng
to
ma
ke
pe
ace
wit
h t
he
pre
sen
t G
erm
an
go
vern
me
nt,
so
re
form
s w
ere
be
gu
n t
o c
rea
te a
mo
re l
ibe
ral
go
ve
rnm
en
t. H
ow
ev
er,
th
e
exh
au
ste
d G
erm
an
pe
op
le w
ere
un
wil
lin
g t
o w
ait
fo
r th
is p
roce
ss t
o t
ak
e p
lace
. O
n N
ove
mb
er
3,
sail
ors
in
the
to
wn
of
Kie
l m
uti
nie
d.
So
ldie
rs a
nd
wo
rke
rs b
eg
an
to
fo
rm c
ou
nci
ls t
hro
ug
ho
ut
Ge
rma
ny
. B
y N
ove
mb
er
9,
Wil
lia
m I
I w
as
forc
ed
to
le
av
e t
he
co
un
try
. T
he
So
cia
l D
em
ocr
ats
un
de
r F
rie
dri
ch E
be
rt
an
no
un
ced
th
e c
rea
tio
n o
f a
de
mo
cra
tic
rep
ub
lic.
On
No
vem
be
r 1
1,
the
ne
w g
ov
ern
me
nt
sig
ne
d a
n
arm
isti
ce (
a t
ruce
or
an
ag
ree
me
nt
to e
nd
th
e f
igh
tin
g i
n a
wa
r).
No
on
e w
ou
ld h
ave
da
red
to
pre
dic
t th
e c
asu
alt
ies
of
WW
I. W
he
n w
ar
wa
s d
ecl
are
d,
the
re w
ere
str
ee
t
cele
bra
tio
ns
in m
ost
of
Eu
rop
e's
ca
pit
al
citi
es.
No
-on
e e
ven
en
visa
ge
d t
ren
ch w
arf
are
in
Au
gu
st 1
91
4 l
et
alo
ne
th
e a
pp
all
ing
ca
sua
ltie
s th
at
occ
urr
ed
ove
r 4
ye
ars
of
fig
hti
ng
. T
he
So
mm
e a
nd
Ve
rdu
n w
itn
ess
ed
ap
pa
llin
g s
lau
gh
ter.
No
on
e c
ou
ld h
ave
pre
dic
ted
th
e h
orr
ify
ing
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
mo
de
rn w
ea
po
nry
be
ing
use
d t
og
eth
er
wit
h o
ut-
of-
da
te t
act
ics.
Th
e g
rim
fig
ure
s 's
pe
ak
' fo
r th
em
selv
es:
8.5
mil
lio
n s
old
iers
kil
led
,
21
mil
lio
n s
old
iers
wo
un
de
d,
an
d 7
.7 m
illi
on
pri
son
ers
of
wa
r o
r
mis
sin
g.
Th
e w
ar
wa
s o
ver,
bu
t re
volu
tio
na
ry f
orc
es
ha
d b
ee
n s
et
in
mo
tio
n i
n G
erm
an
y.
A g
rou
p o
f ra
dic
al
soci
ali
sts
form
ed
th
e
Ge
rma
n C
om
mu
nis
t P
art
y i
n D
ece
mb
er
19
18
. T
he
ne
w S
oci
al
De
mo
cra
tic
go
ve
rnm
en
t u
sed
arm
y t
roo
ps
to c
rush
th
e r
eb
els
an
d m
urd
ere
d t
wo
of
the
Co
mm
un
ist
pa
rty
le
ad
ers
. T
he
att
em
pt
at
revo
luti
on
le
ft t
he
Ge
rma
n m
idd
le c
lass
wit
h a
de
ep
fe
ar
of
com
mu
nis
m.
Au
stri
a-H
un
ga
ry a
lso
exp
eri
en
ced
re
volu
tio
n.
Eth
nic
gro
up
s tr
ied
ha
rde
r a
nd
ha
rde
r to
ga
in t
he
ir i
nd
ep
en
de
nce
. B
y t
he
en
d o
f th
e
wa
r, t
he
Au
stro
-Hu
ng
ari
an
Em
pir
e n
o l
on
ge
r e
xist
ed
. T
he
ind
ep
en
de
nt
rep
ub
lics
of
Au
stri
a,
Hu
ng
ary
, a
nd
Cze
cho
slo
vak
ia,
alo
ng
wit
h t
he
mo
na
rch
ica
l st
ate
ca
lle
d Y
ug
osl
avi
a,
rep
lace
d i
t.
1.
Wh
y w
as
19
17
a v
ery
dif
ficu
lt y
ea
r fo
r th
e A
llie
d f
orc
es?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
2.
Wh
at
pro
vid
ed
a p
sych
olo
gic
al
bo
ost
?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
3.
Wh
at
did
Ru
ssia
’s w
ith
dra
wa
l fo
r th
e w
ar
me
an
fo
r
Ge
rma
ny
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
4.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
at
the
Se
con
d B
att
le o
f th
e M
arn
e?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
5.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
on
Se
pte
mb
er
29
, 1
91
8?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
6.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
on
No
ve
mb
er
3,
19
18
?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
7.
Wh
en
did
Ge
rma
n W
illi
am
II
lea
ve
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
8.
Wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
on
No
ve
mb
er
11
, 1
91
8?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
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__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
9.
Wh
at
is a
n a
rmis
tice
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
10
. W
ha
t h
ap
pe
ne
d w
he
n w
ar
wa
s fi
rst
de
cla
red
?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
11
. H
ow
ma
ny
sold
iers
we
re k
ille
d?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
12
. H
ow
ma
ny
sold
iers
we
re w
ou
nd
ed
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
13
. H
ow
ma
ny
sold
iers
we
re p
riso
ne
rs o
f w
ar
or
mis
sin
g?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
14
. W
ha
t im
pa
ct d
id t
he
att
em
pte
d C
om
mu
nis
t re
volu
tio
n d
o
to G
erm
an
y? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
15
. W
ha
t n
ew
in
de
pe
nd
en
t re
pu
bli
cs w
ere
cre
ate
d a
fte
r
WW
I? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
23