Homologous Series • same functional group • each member differ from the next by –CH 2 - group • similar chemical properties • same chemical formula C n H 2n+2 • saturated hydrocarbon • ending with ane Physical properties • increase in RMM and molecular size down the series •RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger melting /boiling point increases ↑ • C 1 – C 4 (gas) • C 5 - C 18 (liquid) • C 19 – (solid) • Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvent • Non conductors – simple molecules NOT ions Hydrocarbon Alkane and Nomenclature Aliphatic (open chain) Aromatic (benzene structure) Saturated Carbon – Carbon single bond Unsaturated Carbon – Carbon double bond Alkane Cycloalkane Hydrocarbon CH 3 C H 3 CH 3 C H 3 CH 3 C H 3 CH 3 C H 2 CH 2
Transcript
Homologous Series • same functional group
• each member differ from the next by –CH2 - group • similar chemical properties • same chemical formula CnH2n+2
• saturated hydrocarbon • ending with ane
Physical properties • increase in RMM and molecular size down the series •RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger melting /boiling point increases ↑ • C1 – C4 (gas) • C5- C18 (liquid) • C19 – (solid) • Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvent • Non conductors – simple molecules NOT ions
Homologous Series • same functional group (C=C) or (C≡C) • each member differ from the next by –CH2- group • similar chemical properties • chemical formula alkene - CnH2n
• chemical formula alkyne - CnH2n-2
•unsaturated hydrocarbon • alkene ending with ene • alkyne ending with yne
Physical properties – • increase in RMM and molecular size down the series •RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger melting /boiling point increases ↑ • C2 – C4 (gases) • C5- C10 (liquids) • Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvent • Non conductors – simple molecules not ions
Hydrocarbon Alkene/Alkyne and Nomenclature
Unsaturated
Carbon – Carbon double bond
Unsaturated
Carbon – Carbon triple bond
CH CHH2C=CH2
Homologous Series • functional group CO bonded to H at the end • contain carbonyl group C=O • each member differ from the next by –CH2- group • similar chemical properties • chemical formula aldehyde - CnH2nO • aldehyde ending with al
Hydrocarbon Aldehyde and Nomenclature
H H H │ │ │ H- C - C – C =O │ │
H H
Propanal
H H H H
│ │ │ │ H- C - C – C – C =O │ │ │
H H H
Butanal
H H │ │ H- C – C = O │
H
Ethanal
H │ H- C =O
Methanal
Physical properties –
• increase in RMM and molecular size down the series
Homologous Series •functional group CO bonded to two hydrocarbon • contain carbonyl group C=O • each member differ from the next by –CH2- group • similar chemical properties • chemical formula ketone - CnH2nO • ketone ending with one
Hydrocarbon Ketone and Nomenclature
H H │ │ H- C - C – C - H │ ║ │
H O H
Propanone
H H H
│ │ │ H- C - C – C – C -H │ │ ║ │
H H O H
Butan- 2 - one
Physical properties –
• increase in RMM and molecular size down the series
•RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger
melting /boiling point increases ↑
• C1 – gas
• C2- C10 - liquids
• Propanone – CH3COCH3
• Butanone - CH3CH2COCH3
• Pentan-3-one -CH3CH2COCH2CH3
• Hexan-3-one - CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3
H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │ H- C - C – C – C – C – C – H │ │ ║ │ │ │
H H O H H H
Hexan-3 - one
H H H H │ │ │ │ H- C - C – C – C – C - H │ │ ║ │ │
Homologous Series •functional group COOH • contain carbonyl group C=O • each member differ from the next by –CH2- group • similar chemical properties • chemical formula carboxylic acid - CnH2n+1COOH or CnH2nO2
• acid ending with oic
Hydrocarbon Carboxylic Acid and Nomenclature
H H O
│ │ ║ H- C - C – C - OH │ │
H H
Propanoic acid
H H H O
│ │ │ ║ H- C - C – C – C -OH │ │ │
H H H
Butanoic acid
Physical properties –
• increase in RMM and molecular size down the series
•RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger
melting /boiling point increases ↑
• Propanoic acid – CH3CH2COOH
• Butanoic acid - CH3CH2CH2COOH
• Pentanoic acid - CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
• Hexanoic acid - CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
H H H H H O │ │ │ │ │ ║ H- C - C – C – C – C – C - OH │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H
Hexanoic acid
H H H H O │ │ │ │ ║ H- C - C – C – C – C - OH │ │ │ │
Homologous Series •same functional group hydroxyl (OH) • each member differ from the next by –CH2 - group •same chemical formula alcohol - CnH2n+1OH •ending with ol • Methanol - CH3OH • Ethanol - CH3CH2OH
Hydrocarbon Alcohol and Nomenclature
Types of alcohol Primary alcohol 1 0 – One alkyl group bonded to C attached to OH group
Secondary alcohol 2 o – Two alkyl group bonded to C attached to OH group
Tertiary alcohol 3 o – Three alkyl group bonded to C attached to OH group
CH3 │ CH3 - C – OH │
H
CH3 │ CH3 - C – OH │ CH3
H H H │ │ │ H- C - C – C - H │ │ │
H H OH
Propan – 1-ol
H H H │ │ │ H- C - C – C - H │ │ │
H OH H
Propan – 2-ol
H H H H
│ │ │ │ H- C - C – C – C - H │ │ │ │
H H H OH
Butan–1-ol
H H H H
│ │ │ │ H- C - C – C – C - H │ │ │ │
H H OH H
Butan–2-ol
H H H │ │ │ H- C - C – C – OH │ │ │
H CH3 H
2- Methylpropan-1-ol
H OH H │ │ │ H- C - C – C – H │ │ │
H CH3 H
2- Methylpropan-2-ol
Butanol – CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Propanol – CH3CH2CH2OH
Primary alcohol 1 0
Secondary alcohol 2 0
Tertiary alcohol 3 0
Hydrocarbon Halogenoalkane and Nomenclature
Homologous Series • Hydrogen atom on alkane replaced by halogen atom • chemical formula - CnH2n+1X, X is a halogen, F, CI, Br, I • each member differ from the next by –CH2 - group • Bromomethane – CH3Br • Bromoethane - CH3CH2Br • Bromopropane – CH3CH2CH2Br
Types of halogenoalkane Primary 1 0 – One or NO alkyl group bond to C attach to halogen group
Secondary 2 o – Two alkyl group bond to C attach to halogen group
Tertiary 3 o – Three alkyl group bond to C attach to halogen group
Homologous Series •same functional - amine or amino group NH2
• each member differ from the next by –CH2 – group •formed when hydrogen atom of NH3 is replaced by alkyl groups •same chemical formula alcohol - CnH2n+1NH2
•ending with suffix amine • Methanamine –CH3NH2
• Ethanamine - CH3CH2NH2
• Propanamine – CH3CH2CH2NH2
Types of amines Primary amine 1 0 – One alkyl group bonded to N
Secondary amine 2 o – Two alkyl group bonded to N
Tertiary amine 3 o – Three alkyl group bonded to N
H │ CH3 – N - H
CH3 │ CH3 - N – H
CH3 │ CH3 - N │
CH3
Nomenclature for Amines
CH3 -CH – NH2 │
CH3
propan– 2-amine
CH3 -CH – CH2-CH2-CH3
│
NH2
pentan–2-amine
CH3
│ CH3 -C – NH2 │
CH3
2- methylpropan–2-amine
CH3 -CH – C- NH2 │
CH3
2- methylpropan–1-amine
C2H5 -N -H │
CH2-CH2CH3
N - ethylpropanamine
C3H7 -N –CH3
│
C2H5
N- ethyl-N- methylpropanamine
CH3 -N -H │
CH2-CH3
N - methylethanamine
CH3 -N –CH3
│
C2H5
N, N - dimethylethanamine
CH3 │ CH3 - N │
CH3
N, N– dimethylmethanamine
Primary amine 1 0
Secondary amine 2 0
Tertiary amine 3 0
Homologous Series •functional group COO bonded between acid and alcohol • functional group carboxylate –COO- • chemical formula ester - CnH2nO2
• ending with oate • Esterification of ester ethyl ethanoate from ethanol and ethanoic acid requires sulphuric acid as a catalyst (reversible reaction)
Hydrocarbon Ester and Nomenclature
O ║
CH3 –C –O – CH2 CH3
H - C -OH ║
O
O ║
H –C –O – CH2 CH3
CH3 - OH
O ║
CH3 –C –O – CH3
CH3 -CH2–CH2–OH
O ║
CH3 –C –O –CH2-CH2 CH3
Ethanoic acid
CH3 - C –O - H ║
O
CH3 - C –O- H ║
O
Methanoic acid
CH3 - C –O -H ║
O
Ethanol
CH3 – CH2 –OH
Methanol Propanol
Ethyl ethanoate Ethyl methanoate
Methyl ethanoate Propyl ethanoate
+
Ethanol
+
Ethanoic acid
+ +
Ethanoic acid
Ethyl Ethyl
Propyl Methyl
ethanoate methanoate
ethanoate ethanoate
CH3 – CH2 –OH
Hydrocarbon Amide and Nomenclature
Homologous Series •functional group CONH bonded between carboxylic acid + amine/ammonia • functional group amide link –C – N - ║ │
O H
• ending with amide • amide link formed by condensation reaction (loss of water molecule)
CH3 - C –O -H ║
O
Ethanoic acid
H │ H- N - H
Ammonia
+
O H ║ │
CH3 –C –N- H
Ethanamide
CH3 - C –O - H ║
O
Ethanoic acid
H │ H- N-CH3
Methanamine
O H ║ │
CH3 –C –N- CH3
+
N-methylethanamide
C2H5 - C –O- H ║
O
Propanoic acid
H │ H- N-C2H5
Ethanamine
O H ║ │
C2H5 –C –N- C2H5
N-ethylpropanamide
C2H5 - C –O- H ║
O
Propanoic acid N - methylethanamine
CH3
│ H- N-C2H5
O CH3
║ │
C2H5 –C –N- C2H5
N-ethyl- N methylpropanamide
+ +
Primary amide 1 0
Secondary amide 2 0 Tertiary amide 3 0
Hydrocarbon Nitrile and Nomenclature
Homologous Series • same functional group C≡N or nitrile group
• each member differ from the next by –CH2 - group • similar chemical properties • same chemical formula CnH2n+1CN • ending with nitrile Ethanenitrile - CH3-C ≡ N
Propanenitrile - CH3CH2-C ≡ N
Butanenitrile - CH3CH2CH2-C ≡ N
O H ║ │ CH3 –C –N- H
Ethanamide
O ║ CH3 -CH –C –NH2
│ CH3
2- methylpropanamide
O H ║ │ CH3 –C –N- CH3
N-methylethanamide
O H ║ │ C2H5 –C –N- C2H5
N-ethylpropanamide
O CH3
║ │ C2H5 –C –N- C2H5
N-ethyl- N methylpropanamide
O CH3
║ │ C2H5 –C –N- C2H5
N-ethyl- N methylpropanamide
O CH3
║ │ CH3 –C –N- CH3
N, N dimethylethanamide
Hydrocarbon Amide Nomenclature
C3H7 -N –CH3
│
C2H5
C2H5 -N – C2H5
│
H
CH3 -N –CH3
│
CH3 H2N – C- C- C- C- C- C - NH2
1,2-dibromoethane
Br Br │ │
CH2 – CH2
CI │ C- C - C – CI
│
CI
1,1,1-trichloropropane
Hydrocarbon Amine Nomenclature
N- ethyl-N- methylpropanamine N, N, dimethylmethanamine Hexane – 1,6, - diamine N- ethylethanamine
O ║
H –C –O – CH2 CH3
Ethyl methanoate
O ║
CH3 –C –O – CH3
Methyl ethanoate
O ║
CH3 –C –O – CH2 CH2 CH3
Propyl ethanoate Ethyl propanoate
O ║
CH3 –CH2 – O – C- CH2 CH3
Methyl ethanoate
O ║
CH3 –O – C- CH3
O ║
H- C–O – CH3
Methyl methanoate
Hydrocarbon Ester Nomenclature
CH3 H
│ │
CH3 - C – C -Br
│ │
H H
1- bromo-2-methylpropane
H CH3 H │ │ │ H- C - C – C – Br
│ │ │
H CH3 H
1-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
CH3
│
CH3 - C – Br
│
CH3
2- bromo-2-methylpropane
Hydrocarbon Halogenoalkane Nomenclature
C6– C5 – C4 – C3- C2 – C1
│
C2H5
C4 – C3 - C2 = C1
│
CH3
C4 – C3 - C2 - C1HO
│
CI
C3 - C2 - C1 - OH
│
CH3
OH │
C3 - C2 - C1
│
CH3
C5 - C4 – C3 - C2 = C1
│
CH3
C5 - C4 – C3 - C2 - C1
│ ║
CH3 O
3 ethylhexane 2- methylbutene
2 – chlorobutanal
2 –methylpropan-1-ol
2 –methylpropan–2-ol
3 –methylpent–1-ene
3 methylpentan-2-one
CH3 – C = CH2
│ CH3
2 - methylpropene
CH3 – CH –CHO │ CH3
2 -methylpropanal
CH3 – CH –CH – CH3
│ │ CH3 OH
3- methylbutan-2-ol
CH3 – CH –CH2 – CH2OH
│ CH3
3- methylbutan- 1-ol
CH3 – CH –CH2 - OH │ CH3
2- methylpropan-1-ol
CH3 – CH –CH2 – CH3
│ CH2OH
2- methylbutan-1-ol
Hydrocarbon Alcohol Nomenclature
Hydrocarbon Aldehyde/Ketone Nomenclature
Hydrocarbon Alkane/alkene Nomenclature
Nomenclature for Hydrocarbon with more than 1 functional group
More complicated Nomenclature
If more than 1 functional group present
•Principal functional group define the ending and other functional groups and side chains are indicated as prefixes
