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WhatwasChinalikeintheearly20th century?
L/O– ToidentifyanddescribethekeyeventsinChina1911-1927
ChiangKai-shek
SunYat-senYuanShikai
EmperorPuyi
The1911Revolution• On10th Oct1911,thecityofWuchangexplodedinrevoltwhichquicklyspreadtoallmajorcitiesinChina.
• On12th February1912,the6-Year-OldEmperor,Puyi,wasforcedtoabdicatebyYuanShikai,theleaderofthearmy.
• ItwastheendofnotonlytheQingDynastywhichhadruledsince1644butofImperialChinaitself.ChinawasnowaRepublic.
AftertheRevolution• In1912,YuanShikai becamethePresidentoftheChineseRepublic.HewastheleaderoftheBeiyangArmy,thebestfightingforceinChina.Itscommandersallowedhimloyalty.
• SunYat-Sen hadnochoicebuttosurrenderthePresidencytohim.TheyhopedhewouldruleasaconstitutionalpresidentwithaparliamentmodelledontheUSCongress.
YuanShikaiYuanShikai
December1912Elections• Therewastobea senateelectedbythedifferentprovincialassembliesandahouseofrepresentatives.
• FourmainpoliticalpartiesemergedinChinawithover300localparties.TheNationalPeople’sParty(GMD/KMT)wascreatedbySunYat-sen.
• TheKMTwon43%voteand259/596seats.
SunYat-sen
YuanShikai takesover• TheKMTexpectedtoformanewgovernmentandtheyappointedSongJiaorenasprimeminister.
• Hewasassassinatedon20th March1913ashewasabouttoboardatraintoBeijing.
• InMay,KMTmilitarygovernorsweredismissedandNanjingwasoccupiedbyYuanShikai’s troops.Thenewassemblywasforcedtoelect YuanaspresidentforfiveyearsandtheKMTwasbanned!
SongJiaoren
TheTwenty-OneDemands• YuanhadbecomeleaderofaChinafacingseriousproblems.Theregimeheledreliedonforeignloans.Taxincomewasdeclining.
• Luckily,WW1haddistractedmanyforeigngovernmentsbutJapantookadvantageofChina’sweaknessandinJanuary1915,presentedthe21Demands.
• Yuanwasforcedtosignthesedemands,furtherundermininghisauthority.
TheTwenty-OneDemands• Despitethishumiliation bytheJapanese,Yuanpressedaheadwithhisplans.HedeclaredhimselfemperorofChinabutthisjusttriggeredrevolts.Yunnandeclaredindependence.
• Yuanreluctantlyback-peddled anddroppedtheplansinMarch1916.InJune,hediedaged56.HewasreplacedbythevicepresidentbutinJuly1917,hefellvictimtoacoupbyYuan’scommanders.Theeraofthewarlordshadbegun.
YuanShikai
EraoftheWarlords• Chinanowdescendedintoanarchy.In1917,ChinadeclaredwaronGermany,hopingtogaincontrolofGermanconcessionsinShandongprovince.
• Thiswasnottobe.IntheTreatyofVersailles,JapanwasgivencontroloftheGermanconcessions,notChina.
• Thisfreshhumiliationsparkedoffthe4th Maydemonstrations.
4th MayMovement1919• AnexplosiveprotestfromthestudentsofBeijinguniversitytookplaceinTiananmenSquare.3000studentsfrom13collegesassembled.
• TheyprotestedatthehumiliationofChinaanddemandedtheirgovernmentconfrontJapan.
• Astudentunionwasestablished– theMay4th movement.ThiswasreplicatedacrossChina.AgeneralstrikewasheldwhichpreventedtheChinesedelegationfromsigningthetreaty.
TheWarlordPeriod• Despitethe4th Mayprotestsmovementbyyoungstudents,mostpeopleinChinafacedtragicconsequencesasYuanShikai’s generalsviedwithoneanotherforcontrolofaparticularregion.
• Theyalsofoughtfortheultimateprize– controlofBeijingandthecentralgovernmentthatintheorystillfunctionedthere.
TheWarlordPeriod• Between1920-1928,competinggroupsofwarlordsfoughtbattlesalloverChina.Theyallneededmoneytodothis.Troopsneededfeedingandpaying.
• Everythingwastaxedandcashsqueezedfromasufferingpeasantry.Manywarlordsjustprintedmoney– resultinginsevereinflation.Moneylostitsvalue.
TheWarlordPeriod• Tomakemattersworse,therewasadrought innorthernChinain1918andfaminesin1920-21.1923-25alsosawmoreflooding.
• Howevertherewasagrowthinindustryatthistime– WW1meantEuropeanproductscouldn’tgettoChina– givingChina’sproducersanopenmarket.
TheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)• Twogroupscametogetherinthe1920stodefeatthewarlords.OnewastheCCP.
• ManyChineserevolutionarieslookedtoRussiaforsupport.In1917,theBolshevikshadtakencontrolinRussiaandofferedtogivebackallareasofChinabacktotheChinese.
• Communismseemedtoofferasolutiontothewarlordproblem.
TheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)• RevolutionarieslikeChenDuxiu,leaderofthe4th MayMovement,increasinglybecameinterestedinMarxism.
• SmallMarxistsstudygroupswerefoundedinShanghaiandBeijing.MaoZedongfoundedagroupinChangsha.
• NumbersweresmallbuttheUSSRsentCOMINTERN agentstohelpsupportthesegroups. MaoZedong
ChenDuxui
TheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)• AgentGregoryVoitinski madecontactwithChenDuxui inMay1920.AtranslationoftheCommunistManifestowasarranged.
• ThefoundingcongressofthepartywasheldinaclassroomatagirlsschoolintheFrenchconcessionof Shanghai,July1921.MaoZedongwasoneofthedelegatesbutChenDuxiuwaselectedsecretarygeneral.
GregoryVoitinski
TheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)• TheCOMINTERNprovided$5000USDayear tokeep
thepartyalivehowevertherewereconstantdisagreementoverwhethertoworkwiththeGMD
ornot.
• TheUSSRwantedtheCCPtoworkwiththeKMT,whotheyviewedasthestrongerparty.
• Inthe1922congressoftheCCPitwasagreetoseekanalliancewiththeKMTtofightthewarlords.Inthethirdcongressof1923,theyactuallyagreedtolet
communistsjointheGMD.
TheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)• MaojoinedtheKMTaswellin1923andwonmembershipoftheCCPcentralcommittee.From1923-26heworkedwithintheUnitedFrontasaKMTofficial.
• HedidnotgetonwiththeCCPleadershipcirclearoundChenDuxiu.Hedislikedtheirintellectualismandtheirfocusoncityworkers.
• In1925,hewasexcludedfromthecentralcommitteeandwasattractedtotheideasofPengPai,whohejoinedatatraininginstituteforruralmilitants. PengPai
ChenDuxui
TheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)• DespitethelowexpectationsoftheUSSR,theCCPexpandedrapidlyfrom200membersin1922to7000in1926and30,000bytheendofthatyear.
• By1927,membershipreachedabout58,000makingitthe3rd largestcommunistpartyintheworldandamajorforceinChina.
• TheGMDslowlybecameconcerned withthisgrowth,despitetheiralliance.
TheKuomintang(KMT/GMD)• ThiswasthePeople’sNationalParty andwasformedtouniteChina.
• ItwassetupbySunYat-senandwasbasedonhis3principles.
• HewasdeterminedtoridChinaofforeigninfluenceandtoremovethepowerofthewarlords.
The3PrinciplesoftheKuomintang
1.)Nationalism:toridChinaofforeigninfluenceand
exploitation
2.)Democracy:tocreateamoremodernsystemof
governmentacceptabletothepeopleofChina
3.)SocialAdvance:tobringaboutreformsinindustryandeverydaylifeandparticularlytoimprovethepositionof
Chinesepeasants
TheKuomintang• TheUSSRmadecontactwiththeKMTinJanuary1923throughtheirrepresentative,MikhailBorodin.BorodinhelpedSunYat-sentoreformtheKMT.
• SunrealisedthathewouldneedanarmytodealwiththewarlordsandregainChina.TheUSSRofferedtheKMTmoneyandadvisorstosupportanewmilitaryacademyatCanton.
• TheWhampoaMilitaryAcademywasfoundedbytheUSSRwithChiangKai-ShekasitcommandantandZhouEnlai asitspoliticalcommissar.
MikhailBorodin
ZhouEnlai
SunYat-sen Dies…• In1925SunYat-sen diedofcancer.ChiangKai-Shek,whowastheleaderoftheKMTarmy,becameleader.
• ChiangK-SwasalarmedatthegrowingpoweroftheCCP.MostKMTofficerswerelandlords orcamefromthebusinessclasses.TheywereafraidoftheCommunists.
SunYat-sen
ChiangKai-shek
TheNorthernExpedition1926-1928• Theattackonthewarlordsbeganin1926,inacombinedoperation amongsttheKMTandCCP.
• Peasants&workerswelcomedChiang’sarmies&therewaslittleresistancefromthewarlords.
• Chinawasnowreunified andChiang’sgovernmentwasrecognisedbyforeignpowers.
TheShanghaiMassacres- 1927• Chiangfeared thegrowinginfluenceoftheCCP,especiallyinShanghai.
• In1927theworkersofShanghairebelledagainstthewarlordinthearea.TheKMTarmyandthetriad‘greengang’executed alltheCommuniststheycouldfind.
SummaryQuestions
1. WhydidthecontrolofthegovernmentinBeijingovertheprovincesofChinabreakdowninthe
years1912-26?
2. WhatexplainsthesuccessoftheNorthernExpeditionof1926?
3. InwhatwaysdidtheUSSRinfluencepoliticaldevelopmentsinChinaintheperiod1921-27?
4. WhydidtheUnitedFrontcometoanendin1927?