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IC ENGINES
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1. Basics
2. Classification
3. Terminology
4. Components
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Basics Combustion Engines Chemical energy in fuel converted to thermal energy by
combustion or o idation !eat engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy Thermal energy raises temperature and pressure of gases "ithin
engine# and gas e pands against mechanical mechanisms ofengine
Combustion $nternal% fuel is burned "ithin the engine properly &including e.g.
roc'et engines# (et engines) E ternal% combustion is e ternal to the engine &e.g. steam# *tirling
engine)
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Jetengine
Stirlingengine
Steamengine
Gas
Turbine
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1. Basics
2. Classification
3. Terminology
4. Components
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Classification of $C engines $gnition +umber of stro'es ,alve location
-esign osition and number of cylinders /ir inta'e 0uel input method 0uel used Cooling /pplication
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$gnition Spark ignition &*$)% high voltage electrical discharge bet"een t"o
electrodes ignites air fuel mi ture in combustion chambersurrounding spar' plug# etrol Engine Compression ignition &C$)% air fuel mi ture self ignites due to high
temperature in combustion chamber caused by high compression#-iesel engine
+o. of stro'es
0our stro'e % four piston movements over t"oengine revolutions for each engine cycle T"o stro'e % t"o piston movements over one
revolution for each engine cycle
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,alve location ,alves in head ,alves in bloc' ne valve in head and one in bloc' &less common)-esign
eciprocatingo Engine has one or more cylinders in "hich pistonsreciprocate bac' forth
o Combustion chamber in closed end of the cylindero o"er delivered to rotating output cran'shaft by mechanical
lin'age "ith pistons otary
o Engine made of bloc' built around large nonconcentric rotor cran'shaft
o
Combustion chambers are built into the non rotatingbloc'
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Reciprocating engine
Rotaryengine
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osition +o. of Cylinders *ingle cylinder &e.g. la"nmo"ers) $n line or straight% cylinders in straight line# one behind the other
in length of cran'shaft ,% t"o ban's of cylinders at an angle "ith each other along a
single cran'shaft# angle typically 56 768 0lat or opposed cylinder &, "ith 1968)% t"o ban's of cylinders
opposite each other on a single cran'shaft &small aircrafts) :% three ban's of cylinders on same cran'shaft ¬ common) pposed piston engine% t"o pistons in each cylinder# combustion
chamber bet"een pistons adial engine% cylinders positioned radially around cran'shaft
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Inline engineV engine
Flat/opposed cylinderengine
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W engine
pposed piston engine Radial engine
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Superc!arged
Turboc!arged
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0uel input method Carburated % air fuel mi ed at throat Fuel injection
;ultipoint ort 0uel $n(ection % one or more in(ectors ateach cylinder inta'e
Throttle Body 0uel $n(ection % in(ectors upstream ofinta'e manifold
Cooling /ir cooled
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0uel used >asoline -iesel or fuel oil >as &natural gas or methane) )% mainly propane#
propylene# butane and butylene /lcohol ðyl# methyl) -ual fuel &e.g. methane?diesel) >asohol &e.g. 76@ gasoline# 16@ alcohol) Biodiesel % cleaner burning diesel fuel made from
natural# rene"able sources such as vegetableoils
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1. Basics
2. Classification
3. Terminology
4. Components
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Terminology TDC % top dead center# piston position farthest from
cran'shaft BDC % bottom dead center# piston position nearest to
cran'shaft Direct fuel injection % into main combustion chamber
Indirect fuel injection % into a secondary chamber Bore % diameter of cylinder or piston face Stroke % distance that piston moves Clearance volume % volume in combustion chamber at T-C Displacement volume % volume displaced by piston Ignition delay % Time bet"een start of ignition and start of
combustion
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Terminology &Contd.) Air-fuel ratio % atio of mass flo" rate of air to
that of fuel Specific fuel consumption % fuel used per unit
po"er
missions % + # C # !C# solids
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1. Basics
2. Classification
3. Terminology
4. Components
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Components of an engine
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Components Block % body of engine containing cylinders Bearing % main bearing for cran'shaft Cams!aft % rotating shaft used to push open valves at the
proper time in engine cycle Carburetor % ,enturi flo" device to dra" fuel and mi "ith
air Catalytic converter % reduces emissions by chemical
reaction Combustion c!amber % volume bet"een cylinder head
and piston face Connecting rod % connects piston "ith cran'shaft Crankcase % part of engine bloc' surrounding cran'shaft Cranks!aft % rotating shaft through "hich engine "or'
output is supplied to e ternal systems# rotated byreciprocating pistons through connecting rods
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Components &Contd.) "!aust manifold % piping "hich carries e haust gases
a"ay from engine cylinders Fan % to increase air flo" through radiator Fly#!eel % to smoothen engine rotation Fuel injector % pressuriAed noAAle to in(ect fuel into air or
cylinder Fuel pump % to move fuel from tan' to engine $lo# plug % electrical resistance inside combustion
chamber to help cold start %ead % piece "hich closes end of cylinders %ead gasket % sealant bet"een engine bloc' and head Intake manifold % piping "hich delivers incoming air to
cylinders &il pan % oil reservoir on bottom of engine bloc'# part of
the cran'case
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Components &Contd.) il pump % to distribute oil from sump il sump % reservoir for the oil system of the engine iston rings % metal rings around piston to seal gap
bet"een piston and cylinder ush rods % lin'age bet"een camshaft and valves on
!, engines adiator % li=uid to air heat e changer to cool engine od bearing % rod connecting the piston "ith the rotating
cran'shaft *par' plug % creates high voltage discharge across an
electrode gap *peed control cruise control % control system *tarter % hand starter# electric motor# or small $C engines
for large $C engines
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Components &Contd.) Superc!arger % compressor po"ered from cran'shaft to
compress incoming air T!rottle % butterfly valve at upstream end of inta'e
manifold to control air flo" rate into *$ engine Turboc!arger % turbine compressor po"ered by e haust
flo" to compress incoming air 'alves % controls flo" of air in and out of the cylinders (ater jacket % li=uid flo" passages around cylinder for
cooling (ater pump % to circulate coolant