Date post: | 10-Aug-2014 |
Category: |
Automotive |
Upload: | mustafa-lokhandwala |
View: | 1,015 times |
Download: | 8 times |
Internal Combustion Engines
Submitted by:-Sagar KathiriyaChirag DhameliyaNikunj AdrojaMustafa LokhandwalaAnkit Umretiya
Classification of I.C EnginesComponents of I.C EnginesBasic nomenclature of I.C Engines
Internal Combustion ENGINES!
Application Basic Engine Design Operating Cycle Working Cycle Valve/Port Design and Location Fuel Mixture Preparation Ignition Stratification of Charge Combustion Chamber Design Method of Load Control Cooling
BASES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINES
Automotive :- Car, bus, truck, off highway Locomotive Light Aircraft Marine :- Outboard, Inboard, Ship Power Generation :- Portable, Fixed Agricultural :- Tractors, Pump sets Earth Moving :- Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Home :- Lawn movers, Snow blowers, Tools
Based on Application
Automotive Diesel Engine
Large Two-stroke Marine Engine
1. Reciprocating :- (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder (I) In-line (ii) V Engine (iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston2. Rotary :- (a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
Based on the Engine Design
Types of Reciprocating Engines
V Engine
Wankel Rotary Piston Engine
Types of Rotary Engines
Otto (For Conventional SI Engine)
Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine)
Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI Engine)
Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine) Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
Based on Operating Cycle
1. Four Stroke Cycle:- (a) Naturally Aspirated (b)Supercharged/Turbocharged
2. Two Stroke Cycle:- (a) Crankcase Scavenged (b) Uniflow Scavenged (i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port (ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve (iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve
May be Naturally Aspirated Turbocharged
Based on Working Cycle (Strokes)
Four stroke Two stroke SI & CI Engines
1. Poppet Valve2. Rotary Valve3. Reed Valve4. Piston Controlled Porting
1. The T-head2. The L-head3. The F-head4. The I-head (i) Over head Valve (OHV)
(ii) Over head Cam (OHC)
Based on the Valve/Port Design
Based on the Valve Location
Poppet Valve & Rotary Valve
Valve Locations
1.Conventional: (a) Crude oil derived: (i) Petrol (ii) Diesel
(b) Other sources: (i) Coal
(ii) Wood (includes bio-mass) (iii)Tar Sands (iv)Shale
2. Alternate: (a) Petroleum derived (i) CNG (ii) LPG
(b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl) (ii) Vegetable oils (iii) Producer gas and biogas (iv) Hydrogen
3. Blending
4. Dual fueling
Based on type of Fuel Used
1. Carburetion2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline(a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder
Based on Mixture Preparation
1. Spark Ignition (a) Conventional (i) Battery
(ii)Magneto
(b) Other methods
2. Compression Ignition
Based on type of Ignition
1. Homogeneous Charge: (Also Pre-mixed charge) Admission of air-fuel mixture at near
atmospheric pressure
2. Stratified Charge: (i) With carburetion (ii) With fuel injection
Admission of mixture at pressure above atmospheric
Based on Charge Stratification
1. Open Chamber: (i) Disc type (ii) Wedge (iii) Hemispherical
(iv) Bowl-in-piston (v) Other design
2. Divided Chamber: (For CI): (i) Swirl chamber
(ii) Pre-chamber
(For SI): (i) CVCC (ii) Other
designs
Based on Combustion Chamber Designs
Combustion Chamber Designs
1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant) Also called Charge Control
Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine
2. Fuel Control: (To vary the mixture strength according to
load)Used in the C.I. Engine
3. CombinationUsed in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.
Based on Method of Load Control
1. Direct Air-cooling
2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)
3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.
Based on Methods of Cooling
Cylinder Cylinder head Piston &piston
rings and piston pin
Connecting rod Combustion
Chamber Crank and
crankshaft Crank case Inlet & Exhaust
Valves Valve spring
Components of IC engine
Inlet manifold and exhaust manifold
Cam shaft Cam and cam
follower Water jacket Flywheel Governor Carburettor Spark Plug Fuel pump Fuel nozzle
Cylinder Bore (d) Piston area (A) Stroke (L) Stroke to Bore ratio (L/d) Dead Centre Top Dead Centre(TDC) Bottom Dead Centre(BDC) Displacement of Swept
Volume (Vs) Cubic Capacity or Engine
Capacity Clearance Volume (Vc) Compression Ratio (r)
Nomenclature of IC Engines
Top Dead Center (TDC):• Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest
point away from the crankshaft.• Top because this position is at the top of the engines
(not always), and dead because the piston stops as this point. Because in some engines TDC is not at the top of the engines(e.g: horizontally opposed engines, radial engines,etc,.) Some sources call this position Head End Dead Center (HEDC).
• Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).• When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the
cylinder is a minimum called the clearance volume.
Bottom Dead Center (BDC):• Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest to the
crankshaft.• Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom of the engine.Some source call this point Bottom Center (BC).
Stroke :• Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme position to
the other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC. Bore :• It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face diameter;
piston face diameter is same as cylinder diameter( minus small clearance).
Swept volume/Displacement volume :• Volume displaced by the piston as it travels through one
stroke.• Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.• Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire engine
(one cylinder times number of cylinders).
Piston area: The area of a circle of diameter equal to the
cylinder bore is called the piston area. Stroke to bore ratio: Ratio of stroke to cylinder bore is important
parameter in classifying the size of the engine.
If d<L, it is called under-square engine. If d=L, it is called square engine. If d>L, it is called over-square engine(It can
operate at higher speeds).
Clearance volume :• It is the minimum volume of the cylinder available
for the charge (air or air fuel mixture) when the piston reaches at its outermost point (top dead center or outer dead center) during compression stroke of the cycle.
• Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston at TDC.
Compression ratio :• The ratio of total volume to clearance volume of
the cylinder is the compression ratio of the engine.• Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies
form 8 to 12 and for CI engines it varies from 12 to 24
THANK YOU