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Mink Spaans
ICCRTS 2008 Paper 021
The Adaptive use of Networks to Generate an Adaptive Task Force
Dr. Anne-Marie Grisogono, DSTO, AustraliaMink Spaans, TNO, The Netherlands
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces2
Things are getting harder for defense – Increased• Diversity of defense roles & security challenges more to deal withmore to deal with• Uncertainty and pace of change less time to adaptless time to adapt• Number of inter-related actors and effects less predictableless predictable• Number of constraints and public scrutiny less optionsless options
Therefore defense can’t be sure, in advance, of: • What it will have to do, and with who so can’t optimizeso can’t optimize• When it will have to do it so can’t prepareso can’t prepare• How to ensure success and avoid failure so can’t controlso can’t control
The Challenge: Increased Complexity
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces3
How to deal with this Complexity? The premium will be more on the ability to…
• rapidly decide, as situations develop, what is to be done, how, who with, & how to measure success and failure
• rapidly assemble tailored diverse (incl. non-defense elements) teams and get them operational and effective,
• maintain effectiveness under unpredictable and rapidly evolving conditions, retaining ability to mount additional operations as needed
dynamic propertiesdynamic properties of the force that
‘emerge’‘emerge’ as a result of many decisions
about structure, process, doctrine,
personnel, equipment, training, ....
Requires Adaptivity…rather than on the ability to do particular
kinds of operations very well – which is the ‘usual’ kind of mission effectiveness
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces4
The Implications of adaptivity
Defense needs to understand• How to get better at being adaptive
• What the limits are of traditional approaches
• How to deal with Complexity and Adaptation at many levels
• How to develop adaptive complex systems (rather than engineer
complicated ones)
• Consequences for all the DOTMLPF factors and for networking
• How to Select, train and educate people to be adaptive
• Implications for C2, ISR, NCW, EBO, national security, complex
operations …
• (and manage) the many System-of-System tradeoffs
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces5
Our focus
MaturityLevels
SAS-065
Adaptive Campaigni
ng
Adaptive Networki
ng
Adaptation
framework
CCRP literature
Force Generation
Force Development
Current WorkCurrent Work
Impact on
ICT networkInformation networkSocial
4 classes5 levelsSeveral Scales
Previous (and Previous (and ongoing) Workongoing) Work
Force Generation
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces6
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces7
Operational Context
Force-level SoS
Task-organized systems
Force Employment
Rapid tech insertion
Force Generationcontext
Spectrum of Componentcapabilities
Organisationally BasedForce-level SoSs
Force Generation
CustomisedDeployable
force
Unit-level
Force RT&S Context
Force level
Raise train & sustainForce Raise Train & Sustain
Raise train & sustain
New capability
Force Development Context
Capability Development of Networked SoS
Force Development
Capability Development of componentsystems
Force-levelSoS Models
Experimentation Support Systems Modeling and simulation & Trials
Various models of operational contexts
SystemModels
Feedback Supports Learning
Various stages of developing, maintaining and employing a Force
The Questions
• What are the desired adaptivity properties of the Force
Generation process, that will result in the intended output
(an effective deployable force with the desired adaptivity
properties)
• What are the desired outcomes of Force Generation
• What are the key processes that influence these outcomes
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces8
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces9
A few observations
• Capabilities of the parent force contribute to and constrain what
an actual deployed force can do.
• The Force Generation process is the bridge between the parent
force and the employed forces
• Networks play an important role in Force Generation• Facilitate the selection of the right elements• Facilitate feedback mechanisms
• Experimentation is crucial
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces10
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces11
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
Effective Enable and foster future effectiveness
• Define Measures of Success and Failure well enough
• Difficult: Multiple scales, dimensions, perspectives
• Need to evolve during the operation
• Feedback from Force Employment to Force Generation
• Balance Long term and short term success
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces12
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
Integrated Integrate disparate force elements
• Build trust
• Build sense of collective identify
• Create willingness to cooperate
• Make best use of various elements sum greater than its parts
• Ability to plan and act in a coherent way
• Coherence within and one and across several rotations
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces13
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
Adaptive Recognize need for change and
make effective changes in a timely way
• Ability to maintain effective context-appropriate behavior
• Requires many adaptive processes to function
• Requires rich information sources to feed these processes
• Requires ability to analyze complex dynamics
• Requires Learning and Learning to Learn mechanisms
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces14
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
Deployable Meets Operational levels of Capability
• Structures and processes in place
• Effective Hand Over / Take Over
• All systems in place
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces15
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
Sustainable Rate of consumptions consistent with
capacity to support force
• Ability to identify changes and adapt rate
of replenishment as needed
• In general: rates of utilization are not static
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces16
Intended output of the Force Generation Process
Organizational Learning What works and what doesn’t
Robustness of systems
and processes
What can be improved
Results from earlier
attempts
• Requires feedback into the appropriate learning processes
• Many ways to record lessons learned
• How well is the system able to use them
• Biggest pitfall is widely dispersion of sub processes
basis level 2 processes must be ensured.
An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support
organizational learning
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces17
Force Employment Deployed operations
Force Raise, Train and Sustain
Force Generation
Organizational Learning
eg processes to stimulate ad hoc reporting of observations, lessons etc
Extract & generalize. What are the applicable
lessons? What are domains of applicability? Caveats?
Observations, Lessons Learned,
Anecdotes
Conjectures about what the lesson is
Identify form and …… appropriate dissemination
Recom
mended
Implem
entation m
easures
Further Exploration, Testing and Assessment
Refined lessons with higher confidence
UnitsLevel 1 Adaptive Action
individuals
UnitsLevel 2 Learning
individuals
OrganizationLevel 2 Learning
OrganizationLevel 3
Learning-to-Learn
Recom
mended Im
plementation m
easures
Observe,review each step in organizational learning, introduce changes to them, assess impact on learning effectiveness, select
and implement
Put in place monitoring processes to evaluate
utility of lessons drawn
Recommended Implementation measures
changes in effectiveness
Learning links between various stages
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces18
Detailed requirement for Force GenerationA number of nested simultaneous adaptive processes
1. Learn about the history and dynamics of the C&IN of the
situation
2. Co-evolve the intervention Stratagem to influence the situation
with the force mix
3. Build the Force to be Employed• Assemble the force elements
• Decide on and implement command and team structures
• Integrate and train
• Develop understanding of the situation
• Evolve operational concepts
• Undertake mission rehearsals
4. Develop the networks and relationships
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces19
Pre - deployment Operation Post-deployment
Concentration of forceCapability cross-briefsTraining
EX and AARMission Rehearsal Exs In
sert
ion
Ext
ract
ion
Planning ConferencesDiscussionsHigher command Backbriefs Coalition Command Post eXercisesReconnaissance missions
In-theatre TrainingReconnaissance missions
Force GenerationRotation 1 Force Generation
Rotation 2Force GenerationRotation 3
Hand Over – Take Over
Operation Post-deployment
Concentration of forceCapability cross-briefsTraining
EX and AARMission Rehearsal Exs In
sert
ion
Ext
ract
ion
Planning ConferencesDiscussionsHigher command Backbriefs Coalition Command Post eXercisesReconnaissance missions
In-theatre TrainingReconnaissance missions
Force GenerationRotation 1 Force Generation
Rotation 2Force GenerationRotation
Hand Over – Take Over
A typical timeline for successive rotations
Always several rotations to deal with simultaneously
Therefore: Force Generation systems are well placed to facilitate
Learning and adaptation between them
Coherence is a major challenge in three dimensions: Horizontally,
Vertically and Temporally. Coherence needs continous monitoring
Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces20
Conclusions
• We have identified the adaptive properties needed to
support organizational learning and the force employment
• Discussed a methodological approach to shape and
assess Force Generation grounded in adaptivity
• Addressed the challenges to create appropriate forces for
complex endeavors
• Noted the vital importance of social, information and ICT
networks of the parent force to facilitate selection of force
elements, provide feedback and grow networks of the
deployable forces
• Pointed out many ways in which networks can support and
extend the capabilities of the force being generated
• Still many open questions further research necessary