1225 I Street NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20005 +1 202.534.1600 www.theicct.org July 27, 2015 RE: International Council on Clean Transportation comments on Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Standards for 2014, 2015, and 2016 and Biomass-Based Diesel Volume for 2017 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (EPAHQOAR2015-0111; FRL9927-28-OAR) These comments are submitted by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). The ICCT is an independent nonprofit organization founded to provide unbiased research and technical analysis to environmental regulators. Our mission is to improve the environmental performance and energy efficiency of road, marine, and air transportation, in order to benefit public health and mitigate climate change. We promote best practices and comprehensive solutions to increase vehicle efficiency, increase the sustainability of alternative fuels, reduce pollution from the in-use fleet, and curtail emissions of local air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHG) from international goods movement. The ICCT welcomes the opportunity to provide comments on the U.S. EPA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program. We commend the agency for its continuing efforts to promote a cleaner, lower-carbon transportation sector that uses less petroleum-based fuels. As we have commented before, the RFS program has set strong standards with thorough, comprehensive scientific analyses and rigorous life-cycle emission accounting. This proposed rule builds upon the impressive steps EPA has undertaken to promote low-carbon biofuels. The comments below offer a number of technical observations and recommendations for EPA to consider in its continued efforts to strengthen the program and maximize the programs benefits in mitigating the risks of climate change and reducing petroleum use. We would be glad to clarify or elaborate on any points made in the below comments. If there are any questions, EPA staff can feel free to contact Dr. Stephanie Searle (stephanie@theicct.org) and Dr. Chris Malins (chris@theicct.org). Nic LutseyProgram Director International Council on Clean Transportation ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Summary of comments ICCT commends EPA for its commitment to strengthening the RFS2 program and getting it back on schedule despite challenges experienced due to the slower than hoped-for development of cellulosic biofuel production and the practical limits imposed by the E10 blend wall. While in general we support EPAs approach to determining annual volumes for the RFS2, we would recommend the following changes to the proposed rule, which we believe would strengthen the program. Firstly, we believe that it would be appropriate for EPA to use a less conservative methodology in setting cellulosic volumes for 2015 and 2016, particularly with respect to cellulosic biogas. The RFS2 program should play a key role in supporting growth in the cellulosic biofuel industry.The current proposal applies the same formula for expected future production to biogas CNG/LNG production as to expected production of other cellulosic fuels. However, the technology required to supply cellulosic biogas into the transport market is well demonstrated, and therefore less conservatism is necessary when assessing claims from these producers. The cellulosic category is the most important for driving deep greenhouse gas reductions through the RFS2, and it is therefore vital that EPA should not be excessively conservative in setting future volume mandates.Secondly, the proposed mandate volumes for biomass-based diesel (BBD) for 2015-2017 are inconsistent with likely availability of biomass-based diesel feedstock in that period. Analysis by Brorsen (2015) of the expected growth in BBD feedstock availability to 2017 shows that domestic supplies will not be adequate to meet the proposed growth rates. EPA is required by statute to consider the effect of BBD volumes on the supply and price of agricultural commodities in the U.S. Brorsen finds that, even given generous assumptions about growth in oils and fats, projected supply of BBD feedstock will be insufficient to meet EPAs proposed BBD volumes without having a significant negative impact on supplies and prices of these commodities. It would therefore be appropriate for the rate of growth in BBD volumes to be revised to reflect likely feedstock supply. The proposed advanced biofuel and renewable fuel volumes would very likely require higher levels of BBD consumption than the actual BBD mandate. We therefore suggest reducing the proposed advanced biofuel and renewable fuel volumes further by applying the entire cellulosic waiver to advanced biofuel and making a corresponding reduction in renewable fuel. This would maintain the intended level of support for the penetration of higher blends of ethanol without jeopardizing oil and fat supplies in the U.S.Our suggested adjustments to the proposed volumes are shown in Table S-1. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Table S-1: Suggested RFS2 annual volumes in billion gallons per year for 2015 and 2016 and biomass-based diesel volume for 2017 (compared to EPAs proposed volumes). FUEL CATEGORY201520162017 Cellulosic biofuel0.106+* (0.106)0.206+* (0.206)N/A Biomass-based diesel1.66 (1.70)1.689 (1.80)1.714 (1.90) Advanced biofuel2.606 (2.90)3.206 (3.40)N/A Renewable fuel16.006 (16.30)17.206 (17.40)N/A *We suggest EPA use a less conservative methodology for estimating cellulosic biogas volumes. Finally, we also strongly support EPAs proposal to clarify that the existing RFS2 pathway for algal biofuels applies only to photosynthetically grown (autotrophic) algae. Biofuels from heterotrophic algae may have significantly different lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, given in particular that the carbon intensity of the feedstock fed to heterotrophic algae should be included in the lifecycle assessment, and so should be assessed under a different pathway. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Cellulosic volumes EPA has analyzed the likely production ranges for groups of cellulosic biofuel producers and has proposed to use the 50th percentile for commercial-scale facilities and the 25th percentile for facilities that have not yet achieved commercial-scale production. A very large fraction of expected cellulosic biofuel production is biogas (for instance, 86% of the high end of the EPA range for 2016), which is an established technology facing significantly less technology risk than is faced by production of cellulosic ethanol and synthetic fuels.The proposal notes that: In previous years EPA has gathered information, including volume production projections, from companies with the potential to produce cellulosic biofuel. Each of these companies supported these projections with successful pilot and demonstration-scale facilities as well as other supporting documentation. In each of these cases the companies were unable to meet their own volume projections, and in many cases were unable to produce any RIN-generating cellulosic biofuel. The inability of cellulosic biofuel producers in previous years to achieve their projection production targets does not provide a sufficient basis for completely discounting production of cellulosic biofuel in future years, either for these same facilities that were previously unable to achieve their target projections or from new facilities expected to start-up in 2015 or 2016. Each of these companies is an individual case, with their own production technologies, construction and operations staffs, and financial situations, and we do not believe it is appropriate to dismiss all future potential cellulosic biofuel production because of the failure of several facilities to successfully operate at commercial scale. We do believe it strongly suggests that we should view the individual company projections as something other than the most likely outcomes. This context of disappointing performance against companies own production goals is used in setting the predicted production for established facilities at the 50th percentile of the EPA predicted range, and for new companies at the 25th percentile. However, biogas facilities do not face these same barriers to ramp up and commercialization, as noted by Dallas Burkholder in his memo to EPA Assessment of Cellulosic Biofuel Production from Biogas: The vast majority of new facilities generating RINs for CNG/LNG derived from biogas already have a significant history of producing CNG/LNG for non-transportation markets. All that is necessary for many of these companies to begin generating RINs is to register the facilities and demonstrate that the CNG/LNG being produced is from approved sources and is used as transportation fuel. They do not face the same ramp-up schedule or uncertainties as newly constructed facilities operating new technologies. While we agree that there remains uncertainty associated with the capacity of new facilities to access the transport fuel market and start generating RINs, we do not agree that it is appropriate to set the same percentile expectations for new cellulosic technologies as for biogas supply. The cellulosic RIN represents a substantial incentive to supply biogas into the transport market, and the biogas industry has demonstrated its ability to rapidly scale up supply to take advantage of the RIN since it became available. We therefore believe that the 75th percentile of the EPA determined range is a more appropriate production estimate for the biogas facilities identified as already delivering RINs on a commercial scale, and that the 50th percentile would be appropriate for biogas facilities without that track record. Undue conservatism in the ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 assessment of RIN generation by CNG/LNG could trigger a vicious circle in which commercialization of truly new technologies for cellulosic biofuel is undermined by low mandates and strong biogas supply, and in which low expectations become a self-fulfilling prophecy. We agree that it will be appropriate to reassess the percentiles used for future production projections when setting mandates in future years. Biomass-based diesel volumes EPA has proposed volumes for biomass-based diesel (BBD) for 2014-2017 that increase by about 100 million biodiesel-equivalent gallons each year. This rate of increase in volumes is faster than could be supported by domestic feedstock availability, and therefore would imply increased imports with attendant disruption to existing markets. The mandated volumes should be revised downward to be more consistent with projected BBD feedstock supply. EPA is required by statute to set BBD volumes at one billion gallons or greater for all years after 2012, and in setting these volumes, to consider a variety of factors. Section 202 (a) (2) (B) (ii) of EISA (2007), which applies to BBD volumes under the RFS, reads as follows (our emphasis): OTHER CALENDAR YEARS.For the purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable volumes of each fuel specified in the tables in clause (i) for calendar years after the calendar years specified in the tables shall be determined by the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, based on a review of the implementation of the program during calendar years specified in the tables, and an analysis of (I) the impact of the production and use of renewable fuels on the environment, including on air quality, climate change, conversion of wetlands, ecosystems, wildlife habitat, water quality, and water supply; (II) the impact of renewable fuels on the energy security of the United States; (III) the expected annual rate of future commercial production of renewable fuels, including advanced biofuels in each category (cellulosic biofuel and biomass-based diesel); (IV) the impact of renewable fuels on the infrastructure of the United States, including deliverability of materials, goods, and products other than renewable fuel, and the sufficiency of infrastructure to deliver and use renewable fuel; (V) the impact of the use of renewable fuels on the cost to consumers of transportation fuel and on the cost to transport goods; and (VI) the impact of the use of renewable fuels on other factors, including job creation, the price and supply of agricultural commodities, rural economic development, and food prices. A recent study by economist Wade Brorsen (2015; included as an Appendix to these comments) provides new information relevant to the assessment of the impact on the price and supply of agricultural commodities. Brorsen examines the supply and demand of U.S. BBD feedstocks, and projects quantities that may be available for increased BBD production without causing a significant increase in prices or unduly affecting other uses of these feedstocks. This study covers all major BBD feedstocks, including: soy oil, canola oil, inedible corn oil, yellow grease, and other recycled feeds. The study projects supply growth of soy and canola oil from past trends and USDA forecasts, and allows growth in supply of waste fats and oils. These ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 growth assumptions on waste oil availability may tend to the generous side. For example, Brorsen allows for 8% annual growth in used cooking oil collection, but the study is not able to provide evidence to confirm that such increases would be economically feasible. Brorsen concludes that annual growth in total BBD feedstock availability will be 30 million gallons in 2015, 29 million gallons in 2016, and 25 million gallons in 2017 (Table 9 from Brorsen, 2015).Brorsen finds that EPAs proposed BBD volumes would result in a feedstock deficit of 186 million biodiesel-equivalent gallons in 2017 and a cumulative deficit of 337 million gallons over 2015-2017 (shown in Figure 1). The reason that feedstock availability is not great enough to support the proposed increases in BBD production is that these oils and fats have existing uses as food, animal feed, soaps, and other industrial uses. Brorsen argues that demand for food is particularly inelastic and it will be difficult to bid oils and fats away from food consumption without a significant increase in prices. On the waste oils side, Brorsen notes that used cooking oil collection from restaurants is a mature market with the recycled oils used for animal feed (where not already being used as BBD feedstock). Brorsen quotes Van Gerpen (2014), who notes that used cooking oil is not really a waste product, and there is already a market for used cooking oil. Brorsen argues that there is little room for expansion of collection of used cooking oil and other waste fats like trap grease because it is not currently economically viable to collect such a low value product from the disparate sources (e.g. households) available. In order to meet the proposed volumes, BBD production would have to bid feedstocks away from other uses, significantly impacting the supply of oils and fats in the U.S. for other uses and increasing prices of these commodities. Figure 1: EPAs proposed increase in BBD volumes compared to volumes that can be supported by growth in available feedstock from Brorsen (2015) (million gallons). The difference between EPAs proposal and Brorsens projections of feedstock availability is even larger when taking into account the possibility that BBD will also be used to comply with the non-ringfenced part of the advanced biofuel mandate. EPA expects much of the gap 0501001502002503002015 2016 2017Increase in BBD volumes above 2014 production (million gallons)EPA proposed increase in BBD volumes above 2014 volumesProjected BBD growth from available feedstocksDecit in feedstock availability that must be lled by increased imports or bidding oils and fats from food and other usesICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 between the BBD mandate and the advanced mandate (700 million ethanol equivalent gallons or 467 million biodiesel equivalent gallons) to be met with even more BBD. The exact level of BBD supply anticipated varies depending on levels of E85 penetration in the year 2016, but all but one of the scenarios for how the advanced mandate could be filled include higher BBD production than required for the BBD mandate alone. In other words, when taking the proposed BBD mandate and advanced mandate for 2016 as a package, the demand from RFS2 for BBD could be as high as 2,131 million gallons. That would imply 442 million gallons feedstock demand beyond what Brorsen expects to be available (Figure 2). This gap is on the order of 15% of all soy oil production in the U.S. Diverting such a large volume of BBD feedstock from existing oil and fat uses would inevitably have significant impacts on supply and price. Figure 2: Increase in BBD volumes from 2014 to 2016 in the proposed rule EPAs range in the quantity of BBD expected to be used in their scenarios to fill the advanced mandate; and BBD volume increase that can be supported by feedstock growth from Brorsen (2015) (million gallons). Given the limit on BBD feedstock supply, we would suggest that the proposed BBD volumes for 2015-2017 should be revised to be consistent with realistic growth potential. Alternative volumes based on Brorsens analysis are shown in Table 1. 0100200300400500600EPA proposed increase in BBD volumes above 2014 volumesEPA projected increase in BBD to ll Advanced mandateBrorsen projected BBD feedstock availabilityIncrease in BBD volumes from 2014 to 2016 (million gallons)lower bound upper boundDecit in feedstock availability that must be lled by increased imports or bidding oils and fats from food and other usesICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Table 1: EPAs proposed BBD volumes in billion gallons per year for 2015-2017, compared to ICCT suggested volumes based on projected feedstock growth in Brorsen (2015) in billion gallons. 201520162017 EPAs proposal1.701.801.90 ICCT suggestion1.661.6891.714 The RFS2 was designed to allow flexibility in compliance. Reducing the mandated BBD volumes does not prevent higher consumption of BBD in the event that feedstock is indeed available beyond the limits identified by Brorsen. As in previous years, BBD would still be able to compete with other options within the non-BBD part of the advanced mandate.Advanced biofuel volumes EPA has proposed using its cellulosic waiver authority to reduce advanced biofuel volumes from those specified in the statute for 2014-2016. This decision is necessary in the circumstances, in particular given the very substantial shortfall between expected cellulosic biofuel production and the volumes set out in the statute. As EPA notes, it is not possible to meet the statutory advanced volume given current advanced biofuel supply and infrastructure. While we believe that the decision to use this waiver is correct, we believe that given limits on availability of non-cellulosic advanced biofuels and advanced biofuel feedstocks that it would be appropriate for the EPA to utilize its full waiver authority to reduce advanced biofuel volumes further than currently proposed, by the same amount as the reduction in the cellulosic volume. Given the proposed cellulosic volume mandate, this would result in a requirement for 2.606 and 3.206 billion gallons of advanced biofuel in 2015 and 2016, respectively, compared to the proposal for 2.9 and 3.4 billion gallons in 2015 and 2016.Making these adjustments to the advanced mandate would reduce the likelihood of the following situations: increases to BBD production much larger than intended by EPA, resulting in very large impacts on the US vegetable oil market; and very high demand for limited supplies of Brazilian sugarcane ethanol, bidding up the price to little environmental benefit. As noted in the above section, all but one of EPAs scenarios for how the advanced mandate could be filled include higher BBD production than the BBD mandate. The only scenario given in which BBD demand would be limited to the BBD mandate would be a combination of high use of sugarcane ethanol and high use of grandfathered conventional biodiesel, likely to be made from palm oil.1 Indeed, there is no scenario presented to meet the proposed advanced and renewable biofuel mandates that does not require one or more of:Excessive pressure on vegetable oil markets; Excessive pressure on sugarcane ethanol imports; 1 Given that palm oil biodiesel does not have a pathway under the RFS, and may well result in emissions increases rather than reductions, it is felt that an outcome in which grandfathered palm oil imports are forced to rise is undesirable.ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 High consumption of conventional biodiesel imports, likely meaning grandfathered palm oil that is not expected to deliver a 20% emissions reduction. In contrast, applying the entire cellulosic waiver to the advanced mandate would allow for appropriate expansion of BBD as well as flexibility in meeting the advanced mandate, and allow compliance scenarios to be developed with a much reduced risk of these negative impacts. This in turn would reduce pressure on oil and fat prices and non-fuel uses. This approach would maintain support for increased E85 deployment as a substantial amount of E85 would still be needed to meet the advanced and renewable mandates. It would also still leave room for BBD to compete with advanced ethanol and other fuels in the non-BBD part of the advanced mandate in the event that additional BBD feedstock becomes available. We note that in order to avoid driving a market in grandfathered palm oil biodiesel, it would be necessary to reduce the renewable mandate by the same amounts as our suggested reductions in the advanced biofuel volumes (see below). Reducing the mandated volumes of advanced fuels by the same amount as any future waiver to the cellulosic volumes would be an appropriate starting point when considering advanced volume mandates in all future years of the RFS2 program. Larger advanced mandates than this should only be considered if there is a clear supply scenario that would be consistent with the goals of the RFS and not result in negative unintended consequences.Renewable fuel volumes We believe that the proposal to apply both the cellulosic waiver and the general waiver to the renewable fuel volumes for 2014-2016 is appropriate. As described above in our comments on the advanced biofuel volumes, we suggest that EPA consider reducing the renewable fuel volumes further, to reflect the reduced advanced volumes suggested above. As noted above, this would maintain support for E85 deployment without adding substantial pressure on BBD production and U.S. oil and fat supplies, or forcing high imports of conventional biodiesel with questionable environmental performance.This approach that would be an appropriate starting point when considering renewable volume mandates in all future years of the RFS2 program. Larger renewable mandates than this should only be considered if there is a clear supply scenario that would be consistent with the goals of the RFS and not result in negative unintended consequences. Algal biofuel pathway EPAs proposal to clarify that the existing RFS pathway for biofuels from algal oils applies only to photosynthetically grown algae is consistent with the basis of the algal oil pathway analysis. Heterotropic algae, for example fed with sugar from sugarcane, will have a very different lifecycle carbon footprint than photosynthetically grown algae. Emissions from the sugarcane production and associated land use change would need to be included in the assessment, and this is a significant difference from the photosynthetic algal pathway assessment EPA has already completed. Conclusions ICCT commends EPA for its commitment to strengthening the RFS2 program and getting it back on schedule despite challenges in cellulosic biofuel production and issues related to the E10 ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 blendwall. We believe that the following revisions to the proposed volumes would strengthen the proposal and be more consistent with the statutory requirement for EPA to be mindful of impacts on agricultural commodity supply and prices: Use a less conservative methodology for determining cellulosic biofuel volumes for 2015 and 2016. Utilize recent technical analysis on growth in BBD feedstock supply (Brorsen, 2015) to set BBD volumes for 2015-2017 and all future years of the program.Apply the entire cellulosic waiver to advanced biofuel volumes and make a corresponding reduction to the proposed renewable fuel volumes. Following these principles, we suggest EPA use the volumes in Table 2 in finalizing this rulemaking. Table 2: ICCT suggestion for RFS2 annual volumes in billion gallons per year for 2015 and 2016 and biomass-based diesel volume for 2017 (compared to EPAs proposed volumes). FUEL CATEGORY201520162017 Cellulosic biofuel0.106+* (0.106)0.206+* (0.206)N/A Biomass-based diesel1.66 (1.70)1.689 (1.80)1.714 (1.90) Advanced biofuel2.606 (2.90)3.206 (3.40)N/A Renewable fuel16.006 (16.30)17.206 (17.40)N/A *We suggest EPA use a less conservative methodology for estimating cellulosic biogas volumes. We also support EPAs proposal to clarify that the existing algal biofuel pathway applies only to photosynthetically grown algae. Literature cited Brorsen, W. (2015). Projections of U.S. Production of Biodiesel Feedstock. Report attached as Appendix to these comments. EcoEngineers. RIN price data available at: http://rinindex.ecoengineers.us/ Irwin, S. (2013). Estimating the Biodiesel Supply Curve. Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economic, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne. Available at: http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2013/10/estimating-biodiesel-supply-curve.html USDA (2014). Global Agricultural Information Network Report: Brazil, Biofuels Annual. Prepared by Sergio Barros. Available at: http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_7-25-2014.pdf USDA (2015). ERS Table 1Fuel ethanol supply and disappearance, calendar year. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/us-bioenergy-statistics.aspx ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 Appendix to ICCT comments on Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Standards for 2014, 2015, and 2016 and Biomass-Based Diesel Volume for 2017 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (EPAHQOAR2015-0111; FRL9927-28-OAR) ICCT comments on docket no. 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(; 87I586 D9 :7DDF;I DH7 00/ M5;65D7L DH7 N73 C58D 9E DH7 >5Q F: :7GDF9; T^(U. 'HF: 87C98D :77N: D9 H7>C %!J 67D78MF;7 H9Q M=GH VF96F7:7> G5; V7 =:76 DH5D F: G9;:F:D7;D QFDH DH7:7 I=F67>F;7:. 4H5D F: 5 875:9;5V>7 D58I7D E98 VF96F7:7> 5;6 56O5;G76 VF9E=7>:_ 4H787 Q9=>6 DH7 E776:D9GN G9M7 E89M_ 'H7 9V`7GDFO7 H787 F: D9 C89`7GD H9Q M=GH VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN F: 5O5F>5V>7 QFDH9=D 5 :FI;FEFG5;D F;G875:7 F; C8FG7. (: FD G9;:F:D7;D QFDH DH7 >5Q D9 G9;DF;=7 D9 ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 F;G875:7 DH7 VF9M5::SV5:76 6F7:7> 5;6 56O5;G76 VF9E=7> M5;65D7: V3 A@@X 5;6 B@@X I5>>9;: C78 3758 E98 DH7 ;7RD :7O785> 3758:_ 'H7 E9G=: F: 9; -.*. C896=GDF9; 9E VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. J;9DH78 G9;G78; F: DH5D M5;65D7: M5N7 DH7 67M5;6 E98 VF9E=7> C78E7GD>3 F;7>5:DFG. ,996 5;6 9DH78 =:7: M=:D 5V:98V 5>> 9E DH7 :=CC>3 :H9GN:. 'H7 M5;65D7: M5N7 E996 C8FG7: O9>5DF>7. X5;65D7: G9;D8FV=D76 D9 DH7 :D77C 8F:7 9E E996 C8FG7: F; ?@@[. a85F; C8FG7: 587 87>5DFO7>3 >9Q ;9Q. 47 587 G=887;D>3 7RC78F7;GF;I E5O985V>7 Q75DH78. 4H5D H5CC7;: QH7; Q7 87D=8; D9 >7:: E5O985V>7 Q75DH78 G9;6FDF9;:_ n|stor|ca| 8|od|ese| roduct|on and Ieedstock Use '5V>7 A C89OF67: -.*. VF96F7:7> :=CC>3 5;6 6F:5CC7585;G7 E98 DH7 M9:D 87G7;D EFO7 3758:. !896=GDF9; H5: I89Q; 85CF6>3 9O78 DHF: DFM7 C78F96. #;7 G9;G78; F: DH7 85CF6 I89QDH F; FMC98D: F; DH7 >5:D DQ9 3758:. (MC98D: F; DH7:7 DQ9 3758: Q787 ;758>3 A[b 9E D9D5> =:7. 'HF: F: 5 G9;G78; V7G5=:7 FE 85F:F;I DH7 VF96F7:7> M5;65D7 9;>3 87:=>D: F; F;G875:76 FMC98D:L DH7; FD F: ;9D M77DF;I DH7 7;78I3 :7G=8FD3 5;6 8=85> 7G9;9MFG 67O7>9CM7;D I95>: 9E DH7 >5Q. J;9DH78 DHF;I DH5D '5V>7 A :H9Q: F: DH5D F;G875:7: 9E c@@X I5>>9;: 5 3758 98 7O7; A@@X I5>>9;: 587 O783 >58I7 F;G875:7:. 1ab|e 1. U.S. 8|od|ese| Supp|y and D|sappearance (1,000 ga||ons) *=CC>3 /F:5CC7585;G7 &5>7;658 d758 07IF;;F;I *D9GN:!896=GDF9;(MC98D:'9D5> '9D5>%;6F;I *D9GN: ?@A@?eL[Y?cZcLZZB?cLY[YceYLeec cY[LWYe?[L??Z ?@AA?[L??ZeYWLZ[AcWLceYAL@ccLA@A eZ[LYAc[ZLZ[[ ?@A?[ZLZ[[ee@LWA?cBL[?YALAAAL@?Y AL@?cLB?B[WLB@A ?@Ac[WLB@AALcBeLZBYcZ?Lc[ZALW[eLcZA ALY@@LA@AA[eL?Z@ ?@AZA[eL?Z@AL?ceLeBe?A?LZW[ALYZALYWW ALB@ALc?eAZ@LcZ[ *9=8G7\ -*/J %"*L HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRL '5V>7 Z )9D7\ 'H7:7 587 G5>7;658 3758 O5>=7:. X58N7DF;I 3758: :H9Q 5 M987 G9;:F:D7;D D87;6. '5V>7 ? :H9Q: DH7 F;C=D: D9 -.*. VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; 6=8F;I DH7 >5:D EFO7 3758:. *93V75; 9F> 69MF;5D7: 5: FD C89OF67: 9O78 H5>E 9E DH7 E776:D9GN. 'H7 9DH78 DH877 >58I7 :9=8G7: 587 G5;9>5 9F>L G98; 9F>L 5;6 37>>9Q I875:7. 'H7 87C98D QF>> ;7RD G9;:F678 75GH 9E DH7:7 E9=8 F;C=D :9=8G7: 5: Q7>> 5: 9DH78 :9=8G7:. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 2. U.S. Inputs to 8|od|ese| roduct|on (M||||on pounds) &5>7;658 d758 &5D7I983(;C=D?@A@?@AA?@A??@Ac?@AZ ^7I7D5V>7 9F>:&5;9>5 9F>?ZY[ZWWe@YZYAL@ZY &98; 9F>AA?c@ZYZYAL@Y[ eW@ &9DD9;:776 9F>44SSS !5>M 9F>444Yc?Yc *93V75; 9F>ALAZAZLABcZL@Z?BLB@WZL[@? #DH784444eY J;FM5> E5D:!9=>D83A@@?Z@AWYAY@AWc '5>>9QAW@ZcAc[BZYBcBB 4HFD7 I875:7cccBccZ@[ZY[Z?W #DH78Z?[BZ[4c@ "7G3G>76 d7>>9Q I875:7?ZYZWAYW@AL@ZYAL@WZ #DH78Z@AeB?[ecA@A[Y J>I57SSST:UA #DH78 cc?WA4ABA *9=8G7\ -.*. %;78I3 (;E98M5DF9; J6MF;F:D85DF9; '5V>7 c S f )9 65D5 87C98D76 4 f 4FDHH7>6 D9 5O9F6 6F:G>9:=87 9E F;6FOF6=5> G9MC5;3 65D5. T:U f ^5>=7 F: >7:: DH5; @.B 9E DH7 D5V>7 M7D8FGL V=D O5>=7 F: F;G>=676 F; 5;3 5::9GF5D76 D9D5>. '9D5>: M53 ;9D 7K=5> DH7 :=M 9E G9MC9;7;D: 6=7 D9 F;67C7;67;D 89=;6F;I. )9D7\ (D D5N7: 89=IH>3 W.W C9=;6: 9E 9F> D9 C896=G7 A I5>>9; 9E VF96F7:7> T-*/J ?@@?U. 'H7 D9D5>: F; DHF: D5V>7 587 89=IH>3 W.Y C9=;6: E98 75GH I5>>9; C896=G76 F; '5V>7 A. red|ct|on Method for Soy and Cano|a C|| ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 'H7 :5M7 M7DH96 Q5: =:76 D9 C876FGD E=D=87 :93 9F> 5;6 G5;9>5 9F> C896=GDF9;. 'H7 M7DH96 Q5: ;9D =:76 E98 9DH78 G5D7I98F7: 7FDH78 6=7 D9 >5GN 9E 65D5 98 F; DH7 G5:7 9E G98; 9F> DH5D DH7 G5C5GFD3 E98 7RC5;:F9; Q5: >FMFD76. ,987G5:D >FD785D=87 :H9Q: DH5D 5 G9MVF;5DF9; 9E E987G5:D M7DH96: 9ED7; V75D: 5 :F;I>7 E987G5:D M7DH96 T05D7: 5;6 a85;I78 AeYeU. 'Q9 E987G5:D M7DH96: Q787 =:76 5;6 DH7 EF;5> E987G5:D F: DH7 5O785I7 9E DH7 DQ9 E987G5:D:. 09DH M7DH96: =:7 DH7 M9:D 87G7;D DQ7>O7 3758: 9E 65D5. #;7 M7DH96 F: 5 >F;758 D87;6 M967>. 'H7 9DH78 M7DH96 F: 5; 5=D987I87::FO7 F;D7I85D76 M9OF;I 5O785I7 TJ"(XJU M967>. 'H7 M967> =:76 Q5: 5; J"(XJTALAL@U :9 DH5D FD Q5: F; EF8:D 6FEE787;G7: 5;6 =:76 9;7 >5I. 'FM7 :78F7: M967>: >FN7 J"(XJ M967>: H5O7 V77; :H9Q; D9 C896=G7 M987 5GG=85D7 E987G5:D: DH5; >58I7 7G9;9M7D8FG M967>: TJ>>7; AeeZU. Soy C|| *93V75; 9F> H5: HF:D98FG5>>3 V77; 9;7 9E DH7 GH75C78 O7I7D5V>7 9F>: 5;6 DHF: 5>9;I QFDH DH7 >58I7 K=5;DFDF7: C896=G76 H5: G9;D8FV=D76 D9 FD: 7RD7;:FO7 =:7 5: E776:D9GN E98 VF96F7:7>. J: 5 >7I=M7L :93V75; C896=GDF9; H5: DH7 56O5;D5I7 9E ;9D 87K=F8F;I 56676 ;FD89I7;. *93 9F> F: DH7 9;>3 69M7:DFG :9=8G7 9E O7I7D5V>7 9F> DH5D H5: C896=GDF9; >58I7 7;9=IH D9 :=CC98D M=GH I89QDH F; VF96F7:7>. 'H7 C89V>7M QFDH :93 9F> F: DH5D :=CC>3 5;6 67M5;6 587 ;9D O783 87:C9;:FO7 D9 C8FG7. *93V75;: 587 9;>3 A[S?@b 9F>L :9 DH7 C8FG7 9E :93V75;: 5;6 DH7 O5>=7 9E G8=:HF;I DH7M F: 67D78MF;76 M987 V3 :93V75; M75> C8FG7: DH5; V3 9F> C8FG7:. (; 5 87OF7Q 9E M=>DFC>7 :D=6F7:L #N87;D 5;6 J>:D9; T?@AAU EF;6 DH5D E996 67M5;6 5: 5 QH9>7 F: F;7>5:DFG 5;6 DH7 G9;6FDF9;5> 67M5;6 E98 E5D: 5;6 9F>: F: F;7>5:DFG. *93 9F> F: 5 :M5>> C58D 9E DH7 C8FG7 9E M5;3 6F:H7: 5;6 :9 FD F: 6FEEFG=>D D9 VF6 5Q53 :93 9F> 5Q53 E89M E996 G9;:=MCDF9;. J>> :93 9F> F: G=887;D>3 V7F;I G9;:=M76 7FDH78 F; E996 98 5 O58F7D3 9E 9DH78 C896=GD: :=GH 5: G9:M7DFG: 5;6 F: ;9D E877>3 5O5F>5V>7 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. 4FDH C9C=>5DF9; F;G875:7:L :93 9F> G9;:=MCDF9; E98 =:7: 9DH78 DH5; VF96F7:7> G5; V7 7RC7GD76 D9 F;G875:7. J;9DH78 >FMFD5DF9; D9 7RC5;6F;I :93 9F> C896=GDF9; F: DH5D DH7 M5;65D7: E98 G98; 7DH5;9> 587 5>:9 F;G875:F;I. &98; 5;6 :93V75;: 587 D3CFG5>>3 I89Q; F; 5 89D5DF9; QH787 G98; F: I89Q; 7FDH78 7O783 9DH78 3758 98 DQ9 9=D 9E DH877 3758:. 'H7 G98; 7DH5;9> C89I85M G875D7: 5; F;G7;DFO7 D9 I89Q M987 G98; 5;6 >7:: :93V75;:. ,=8DH78L DH7 68F76 6F:DF>>78g: I85F; T//aU DH5D F: 5 V3C896=GD 9E G98; 6F:DF>>F;I F: c@ScBb C89D7F; 5;6 :9 E776F;I //a: 876=G7: DH7 67M5;6 E98 :93V75; M75>. %RC98D: 9E :93 9F> 587 7RC7GD76 D9 V7 ?L@@@ MF>>F9; C9=;6: F; ?@AB. 'HF: 5M9=;D Q9=>6 D85;:>5D7 F;D9 ?Y@X I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7>. 'H7 :93 9F> DH5D F: G=887;D>3 7RC98D76 Q9=>6 H5O7 D9 V7 VF6 5Q53 E89M FD: G=887;D =:7 5;6 :9 Q9=>6 ;9D V7 5O5F>5V>7 QFDH9=D 5 :FI;FEFG5;D F;G875:7 F; C8FG7. "76=GF;I 7RC98D: 697: C89OF67 5 C9D7;DF5> :9=8G7 9E 69M7:DFG VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN 5;6 :9 DH73 587 87>7O5;D D9 DH7 F::=7 9E 567K=5D7 69M7:DFG :=CC>3. %O7; FE DH7 7;DF87 5M9=;D 9E :93 7RC98D: G9=>6 V7 6FO78D76 D9 69M7:DFG VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;L FD Q9=>6 9;>3 C89OF67 5 9;7SDFM7 F;G875:7 F; E776:D9GN :=CC>3 5;6 Q9=>6 ;9D :=CC98D F;G875:F;I VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; F; E=D=87 3758:. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 '5V>7 c C89OF67: HF:D98FG5> -.*. C896=GDF9; 9E :93 9F> 5;6 5 C89`7GDF9; 9E :93 9F> C896=GDF9; 9=D D9 ?@Ae. *93 9F> C896=GDF9; H5: V77; 87>5DFO7>3 G9;:D5;D 9O78 DH7 >5:D DQ7>O7 3758:L V=D 697: H5O7 5 :>FIHD =CQ586 D87;6. 'H7 C89`7GDF9; F: V5:76 9; DHF: =CQ586 D87;6 G9;DF;=F;I. 'H7 C89`7GDF9; F: DH5D :93 9F> C896=GDF9; QF>> F;G875:7 5D 5CC89RFM5D7>3 @.eZb 5 3758. 4FDH -.*. C9C=>5DF9; 9;>3 F;G875:F;I 5D 5 85D7 @.WWb 5 3758L :93 9F> 9EE78: 5 :M5>> :9=8G7 9E F;G875:76 E776:D9GN E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. 'HF: @.AWb 6FEE787;G7 F; I89QDH 85D7: G5; C89OF67 I89QDH 9E 5V9=D BX I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7> 5 3758. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 3. U.S. Soybean C|| 8a|ance Sheet Data (m||||on pounds) &89C d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:/9M7:DFG -:70F96F7:7>%RC98D: ?@@ZAeLcY@?YAWLZceZZBALc?Z ?@@B?@Lc[WcBAWLeBeALBBBALABc ?@@Y?@LZ[ecWA[LBWZ?LWYAAL[WW ?@@W?@LB[@YBA[LccBcL?ZB?LeAA ?@@[A[LWZBe@AYL?YB?L@Ye?LAec ?@@eAeLYABA@cABL[AZALY[@cLcBe ?@A@A[L[[[ABeAYLWeZ?LWcWcL?cc ?@AAAeLWZ@AZeA[LcA@ZL[WZALZYZ ?@A?AeL[?@AeYA[LY[WZLY[e?LAYZ ?@Ac?@LAc@AYBA[LeB[BL@A@AL[WW ?@AZ?@Le@B??BAeL@@@BL@@@ALe@@ ?@AB?AL?W@AWBAeLc@@BLA@@?L@@@ ?@AY?AL@c@ ?@AW?AL??[ ?@A[?ALZ?Z ?@Ae?ALY?A *9=8G7\ -*/J %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7L HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRE98 ?@@ZS?@Ac. 'H7 $=>3 ?@AB 4J*/% 87C98D F: =:76 E98 ?@AZ 5;6 ?@AB. 'H7 3758: ?@AYS?@Ae 587 C89`7GD76. Cano|a C|| &5;9>5 F: 5CC89RFM5D7>3 Z@ C78G7;D 9F> 5;6 Y@ C78G7;D M75>L 5;6 DH7 C8FG7 9E G5;9>5 9F> Q5: c.W? DFM7: DH5D 9E G5;9>5 M75> E89M ?@AA D9 ?@Ac T-*/JL ?@AcU. &5;9>5 9F> C8FG7 F: HFIH78 DH5; DH5D ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 9E :93 9F>. &5;9>5 M75> F: >7:: O5>=5V>7 DH5; :93V75; M75> 6=7 D9 FD: >9Q78 C89D7F; G9;D7;D. *9 G5;9>5 9F> H5: 5 M=GH >58I78 7EE7GD 9; DH7 C8FG7 9E G5;9>5 DH5; :93 9F> 697: 9; DH7 C8FG7 9E :93V75;:. &5;9>5 F: 9ED7; I89Q; 9; DH7 :5M7 >5;6 5: QH75D. 4FDH QH75D C8FG7: >9QL DH787 F: 5 C9D7;DF5> D9 VF6 >5;6 5Q53 E89M QH75D C896=GDF9; 5;6 F;D9 G5;9>5. 'H787 F: C78H5C: M987 C9D7;DF5> D9 F;G875:7 DH7 C896=GDF9; 9E G5;9>5 9F> DH5; 5;3 9DH78 E776:D9GN. J>> VF96F7:7>: 69 C998>3 F; G9>6 Q75DH78L V=D VF96F7:7> E89M G5;9>5 697: V7DD78 DH5; DH7 9DH78:. *F;G7 FD C896=G7: 5 :=C78F98 VF96F7:7>L G5;9>5 9F> C8FG7 QF>> 87M5F; 5V9O7 DH7 C8FG7 9E :93 9F>. &5;9>5 F: 5 H75O3 =:78 9E ;FD89I7; E78DF>Fh78L V=D V7G5=:7 9E FD: HFIH 9F> G9;D7;DL FD :DF>> H5: 5; 7;78I3 V5>5;G7 :=EEFGF7;D D9 K=5>FE3 5: 5; 56O5;G76 VF9E=7>. 4HF>7 C896=GDF9; 9E G5;9>5 9F> H5: V77; I89QF;I 85CF6>3L 5V9=D DQ9SDHF86: 9E 69M7:DFG G9;:=MCDF9; F: FMC98D76. 0F96F7:7> =:7 F: 5>87563 M987 DH5; H5>E 9E 69M7:DFG C896=GDF9;. J: '5V>7 Z :H9Q:L G5;9>5 9F> C896=GDF9; F: 7RC7GD76 D9 G9;DF;=7 D9 I89Q 9O78 DH7 ;7RD EFO7 3758: 5D 5; 5O785I7 85D7 9E WcX C9=;6: 5 3758. JV9=D A?X C9=;6: 5 3758 587 ;77676 D9 G9O78 C9C=>5DF9; I89QDHi FE 5>> 9E DH7 87M5F;F;I I89QDH Q787 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>L FD Q9=>6 :=CC98D 5; F;G875:7 9E 5V9=D [X I5>>9;: 5 3758. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 4. U.S. Cano|a C|| 8a|ance Sheet Data (m||||on pounds) &89C d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:/9M7:DFG -:7%RC98D: ?@@Z[c? ALAcc ALYY@?Ye?@@Be?[ ALBe[ ALeAeZWA?@@Yec? ALBY[ ALe[BYc@?@@WAL@AB ?L?ZA ?Le?ccZe?@@[ALA@B ?LcAB ?L[ccBZe?@@eAL@W[ ?LcBA ?L[BZBBc?@A@ALABZ cLAcA cLYYeBAA?@AAALAAB cL?[e cL[BAYYZ?@A?AL?Ye ?LWYA cLY@?ZWB?@AcALBeA cLceA ZLB[Z?Y??@AZALWA? cLYBA BL??AAYB?@ABALWA[ ?@AYAL[@[ ?@AWAL[eW ?@A[ALe[Y ?@Ae?L@WY *9=8G7\ -*/J %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7L HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRE98 ?@@ZS?@AZ. 'H7 3758: ?@ABS?@Ae 587 C89`7GD76. 'H7 -.*. 5;6 &5;56F5; M58N7D: 587 G>9:7>3 >F;N76 :9 FD F: =:7E=> D9 7R5MF;7 &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F> C896=GDF9;. &5;565 F: DH7 Q98>6g: >58I7:D C896=G78 9E G5;9>5. 'H7 -;FD76 *D5D7: F: DH7 :7G9;6 >58I7:D FMC98D78 9E &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F> QFDH &HF;5 V7F;I DH7 >58I7:D. /=7 D9 C998 G89C G9;6FDF9;:L C896=GDF9; 9E G5;9>5 F; &5;565 F; ?@AB F: C89`7GD76 D9 689C E98 DH7 :7G9;6 3758 F; 5 ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 89Q T,J* ?@ABU. (; G9;D85:DL &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F> C896=GDF9; H5: V77; :D7563 9O78 DH7 >5:D DH877 3758: T'5V>7 BU. &5;56F5; G5;9>5 9F> F: ;9D C89`7GD76 D9 V7 5 87563 :9=8G7 9E F;G875:76 VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. 1ab|e S. Canada Cano|a C|| 8a|ance Sheet (m||||on pounds) X58N7DF;I d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:%RC98D: /9M7:DFG &9;:=MCDF9;%;6F;I *D9GN: ?@Ac]AZYL[c?A[YBL?Y@ALZZBBL[Z@ ?@AZ]ABYL[BZAY[BLcWYALZe@BLAAZ ?@AB]AYYL[eeAY[BLBccALBBWcLWee *9=8G7\ ,J* T?@ABU HDDC\]]5CC:.E5:.=:65.I9O]C:69;>F;7]C:6"7C98D.5:CR_HF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>)5M7f'5V>7jA?bc5j"5C7:776j5;6j!896=GD:bc5j498>6j*=CC>3j5;6j/F:D8FV=DF9;kHF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>(/fWAAkHF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>'7MC>5D7(/fAA Corn C|| &98; 9F> C896=GDF9; H5: :H9Q; D87M7;69=: I89QDHL V=D H5: >7O7>76 9EE F; DH7 >5:D E7Q 3758:. 'H7 ;=MV78: F; '5V>7 Y F;G>=67 V9DH 76FV>7 5;6 F;76FV>7 G98; 9F>. %6FV>7 G98; 9F> 87K=F87: 5 M987 7RC7;:FO7 87EF;F;I C89G7:: 5;6 :9 76FV>7 G98; 9F> F: ;9D =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>. X=GH 9E DH7 I89QDH H5: V77; F; F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> 5: G98; 7DH5;9> C>5;D: H5O7 569CD76 C89G7::7: DH5D 5>>9Q 7RD85GDF;I F;76FV>7 G98; 9F>. 'H7 G9MC7DF;I =:7 9E F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> F: 5;FM5> E776. X=GH 9E DH7 569CDF9; 9E G98; 9F> 7RD85GDF9; 5D 7DH5;9> C>5;D: H5: 5>87563 D5N7; C>5G7 T$7::7; ?@AcU 5;6 DH5D F: QH3 I89QDH H5: >7O7>76 9EE.-:F;I DH7 :5M7 I89QDH 85D7 5: DH7 >5:D E9=8 3758:L IFO7: 5 C876FGD76 I89QDH 9E A@X C9=;6:L QHFGH G9=>6 :=CC98D I89QDH F; VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; 9E AX I5>>9;: 5 3758. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 6. U.S. Corn C|| 8a|ance Sheet Data (m||||on pounds) &89C d758!896=GDF9;(MC98D:/9M7:DFG -:7%RC98D: ?@@Z?LceYZeALYBcW[e ?@@B?LZ[cZBALY[BWee ?@@Y?LBY@ZcAL[c?Wec ?@@W?LB@WZBALWBYWYe ?@@[?LZA[ZcALBY[[AZ ?@@e?LZ[BcWAL[eBWWZ ?@A@cL[B@Z[cL@@BWe? ?@AAZL??BZYcLcZ?AL@@c ?@A?ZLA?BY@cLAY@AL@?B ?@AcZLB@@Z?cLBZcAL@@@ ?@AZZLZB@Z@cLYe@[@@ ?@ABZLZBe ?@AYZLZYe ?@AWZLZW[ ?@A[ZLZ[W ?@AeZLZeW *9=8G7\ -*/J %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7L HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]=:SVF97;78I3S:D5DF:DFG:.5:CRE98 ?@@ZS?@AZ. 'H7 3758: ?@ABS?@Ae 587 C89`7GD76. )9D7\ 'H7:7 65D5 F;G>=67 V9DH 76FV>7 5;6 F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> 5;6 9;>3 F;76FV>7 G98; 9F> F: ;98M5>>3 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. Cther C||s ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 #DH78 9F>: G9=>6 566 :M5>> 5M9=;D: D9 VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. '5V>7 ? :H9Q: eYX C9=;6: 9E 9DH78 9F>: =:76 F; ?@AZ. (D 5>:9 :H9Q: ;9 G9DD9;:776 9F>. *=;E>9Q78 9F> F: C896=G76 F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7:. 0=DL FD: C8FG7 F: 69=V>7 DH5D 9E :93 9F> :9 FD F: ;9D I9F;I D9 V7 5 M5`98 :9=8G7 9E VF96F7:7>. (;E98M5DF9; 9; DH7:7 9DH78 9F>: F: >FMFD76. (E 5 cb I89QDH 85D7 F: =:76 DH5D Q9=>6 566 E776:D9GN E98 5V9=D @.BX I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7> 5 3758. %O7; FE DH7:7 I89Q M=GH E5:D78L DH73 587 ;9D I9F;I D9 V7 5 M5`98 :9=8G7 9E :=CC>3. e||ow Grease d7>>9Q I875:7 F: M9:D>3 =:76 G99NF;I 9F>:. (D H5: >7:: DH5; ABb E877 E5DD3 5GF6:. 'H7 E877 E5DD3 5GF6: G9MC>FG5D7 DH7 6F:DF>>5DF9; C89G7:: T^5; a78C7; ?@AZUL V=D DH7 C89V>7M H5: V77; :9>O76 :=EEFGF7;D>3 DH5D :=V:D5;DF5> K=5;DFDF7: 587 V7F;I =:76 D9 C896=G7 VF96F7:7>. &9>>7GDF;I =:76 G99NF;I 9F>: E89M 87:D5=85;D: F: ;9D ;7Q. ^5; a78C7; 58I=7:L l=:76 G99NF;I 9F> F: ;9D 875>>3 5 Q5:D7 C896=GDm 5;6 lDH787 F: 5>87563 5 M58N7D E98 =:76 G99NF;I 9F>.m 'H7:7 87G3G>76 9F>: H5O7 M9:D>3 V77; =:76 F; 5;FM5> E776.J: '5V>7 W :H9Q:L DH7 C896=GDF9; 9E 37>>9Q I875:7 H5: V77; 87>5DFO7>3 :D7563 9O78 DFM7. X=GH G99NF;I 9F> F: =:76 5D H9M7 5;6 DH7 7G9;9MF7: 9E :Fh7 ;77676 D9 G9>>7GD :=GH 5 >9Q O5>=7 C896=GD F: ;9D C87:7;D. &78D5F;>3L DH787 587 7R5MC>7: 9E GFDF7: DH5D G9>>7GD =:76 9F>: 5D 87G3G>F;I G7;D78: 5;6 9DH78 7EE98D: D9 G9>>7GD =:76 G99NF;I 9F>:L V=D :9 E58 DH73 587 ;9D H5OF;I 7;9=IH FMC5GD D9 M9O7 DH7 D9D5> O9>=M7 9E 37>>9Q I875:7. 47 G5;;9D 7RC7GD M=GH 9E DH7 G99NF;I 9F> =:76 5D H9M7 D9 V7 =:76 D9 C896=G7 VF96F7:7>. d7>>9Q I875:7 F: 5 M5D=87 M58N7D. (D M53 ;9D H5O7 DH5D M=GH M987 899M D9 I89Q. 0F96F7:7> G=887;D>3 =:7: H5>E 9E 37>>9Q I875:7 C896=G76 T%(Ji *QF:H78 ?@ABU. 'HF: 5M9=;D 9E 37>>9Q I875:7 F: 7;9=IH D9 C896=G7 5V9=D AZ@X I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7>. 4HF>7 37>>9Q I875:7 =:7 F; VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; H5: I89Q; K=FGN>3L FD F: =;>FN7>3 D9 G9;DF;=7 DHF: 85D7 9E I89QDH. J; [b]3758 F;G875:7 Q9=>6 C89OF67 E776:D9GN E98 5; F;G875:7 9E AAX I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7> 5 3758. 'HF: F;G875:7 Q9=>6 G9M7 E89M 876=GF;I DH7 5M9=;D 9E 37>>9Q I875:7 I9F;I D9 5;FM5> E776:. 'H7 5M9=;D I9F;I D9 VF96F7:7> M53 G9;DF;=7 D9 F;G875:7L V=D DH7 :Fh7 9E DH7:7 F;G875:7: F: I9F;I D9 D5F> 9EE 5: FD V7G9M7: 6FEEFG=>D D9 VF6 37>>9Q I875:7 5Q53 E89M 9DH78 =:7:. An|ma| Iats J;FM5> E5D: H5O7 V77; 5 M5`98 G9;D8FV=D98 D9 VF96F7:7> QFDH 5 D9D5> 9E e[YX C9=;6: 9E E776:D9GN F; ?@AZ. J;FM5> E5D: 587 5 :M5>> C58D 9E 5;FM5> O5>=7L :9 DH787 F: ;9D I9F;I D9 V7 M=GH C8FG7 87:C9;:7. !78 G5CFD5 G9;:=MCDF9; 9E M75D F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: G9;DF;=7: D9 D87;6 69Q;Q586 T%"* ?@ABU. &9;:F:D7;D QFDH DHF:L '5V>7 W :H9Q: 5 :>FIHD 69Q;Q586 D87;6 F; DH7 87;678F;I 9E 5;FM5> E5D:. 'H787 F: >FDD>7 C9D7;DF5> E98 F;G875:F;I DH7 D9D5> K=5;DFD3 9E 5;FM5> E5D:L :9 VF96F7:7> Q9=>6 H5O7 D9 VF6 5;FM5> E5D: 5Q53 E89M 9DH78 =:7:. 'H7:7 9DH78 =:7: F;G>=67 >FO7:D9GN E776 T7:C7GF5>>3 C9=>D83UL C7D E996:L 5;6 DH7 9>79GH7MFG5> F;6=:D83 5: Q7>> 5: 76FV>7 C896=GD: T*QF:H78 ?@ABU.*QF:H78 67:G8FV7: C7D E996: 5;6 5K=5G=>D=87L QH787 E5D: 5;6 9F>: 587 87C>5GF;I EF:H M75>L 5: I89QDH 5875: E98 DH7 87;678F;I F;6=:D83. (E Q7 I7;789=:>3 5::=M7 DH5D DH7 D9D5> K=5;DFD3 9E 5;FM5> E5D: :D53: DH7 :5M7 5;6 DH5D DH7 C89C98DF9; 67O9D76 D9 VF96F7:7> ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 F;G875:7: cb]3758 DH5D Q9=>6 C89OF67 E98 5 I89QDH 85D7 9E 5V9=D ZX I5>>9;: 9E VF96F7:7>. J;FM5> E5D: 587 5; =;>FN7>3 5875 E98 M=GH I89QDH. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 7. U.S. roduct|on, Consumpt|on, and Lxport of kendered roducts, 2009-2014 (M |bs.) &5D7I983?@@e?@A@?@AA?@A??@Ac?@AZ roduct|on (;76FV>7 D5>>9QcLcWBcLcc?cL?W[cL?@ZcLAWe?LeeA %6FV>7 D5>>9QAL[cWAL[?BALeBBALWe@ALWWYALY?W d7>>9Q I875:7ALe?ZALeABALee[ALeB@ALe[Y?L@BZ 4HFD7 I875:7AL?ecAL?YcAL?[@ALcA@ALc@?AL?[? !9=>D83 E5DAL@A@AL@ceAL@Z[AL@ZWAL@Y?AL@WY 1ota| roduct|oneLZZ@eLcWceLBBeeLc@@eLc@YeL@c@ Methy| Lsther 4HFD7 I875:7ccZcccBccZ@[ZY[Z?W '5>>9QBcAAW@ZcAc[BZB?cBB !9=>D83 E5DAcBA@@?Z@AWYAY@AWZ #DH78 5;FM5> E5DYeZ?[BZ[)Jc@ d7>>9Q I875:7ABY?ZYZWAYW@eWWAL@WZ #DH78 87G3G>76 9F>AZZ@AeB?[ec@ZA[Y 1ota| Methy| LstherAL?ceecAALeBBALeWY?LcYA?L?ZY 1ota| UseYLY?cBLZc?BLA@?BLcY?BLcB@BLAe[ Lxports?L[AWcLAe??LYW??L?eZAL[e[AL[@? *9=8G7\ *QF:H78 T?@ABU keoJet M5I5hF;7 Cther kecyc|ed Ieeds ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 '5V>7 ? 5;6 '5V>7 W :H9Q A[Y X C9=;6: 9E 9DH78 87G3G>76 E776:. 'HF: G5D7I983 H56 :9M7 I89QDHL V=D E7>> :=V:D5;DF5>>3 F; ?@AZ. *9M7QH787 F; DHF: G5D7I983 F: D85C I875:7. '85C I875:7 Q9=>6 V7 5 67:F85V>7 E776:D9GN 5: FD: 5>D78;5DFO7 =:7 F: D9 V7 D5N7; D9 5 >5;6EF>>. '85C I875:7 H5: I875D78 DH5; ABb E877 E5DD3 5GF6: 5;6 9ED7; H5: FMC=8FDF7:. 'H7 G9:D 9E G9>>7GDF;I 5;6 87EF;F;I D85C I875:7 F: QH5D H5: G5=:76 FD D9 V7 D5N7; D9 DH7 >5;6EF>> F; DH7 C5:D T^5; a78C7; ?@AZU. J ;=MV78 9E 7EE98D: 587 =;678Q53 D9 G9>>7GD 5;6 C89G7:: M987 D85C I875:7. 'H787 F: G9;:F6785V>7 =;G78D5F;D3 5V9=D DH7 C9D7;DF5> D9 F;G875:7 DH7 =:7 9E D85C I875:7 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. (D H5: ;9D H5CC7;76 37D 9; 5;3 >58I7 :G5>7. 'HF: G5D7I983 M53 G9;DF;=7 D9 I89Q. (E Q7 5::=M7 DH5D FD I89Q: 5D cb]3758 DH5D Q9=>6 C89OF67 E98 5 I89QDH F; VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; 9E 5V9=D AX I5>>9;:]3758. Imports J: 58I=76 F; DH7 6F:G=::F9; :9 E58L DH787 587 875>>3 9;>3 DQ9 C>5G7: D9 I7D DH7 E776:D9GN D9 F;G875:7 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; V3 A@@X 98 c@@X I5>>9;: 7O7; F; 5 :F;I>7 3758\ :93 9F> 5;6 FMC98D:. (; 87G7;D 3758:L M987 9E DH7 FMC98D: H5O7 V77; F; DH7 E98M 9E VF96F7:7> 85DH78 DH5; E776:D9GN. 4H7DH78 E=D=87 FMC98D: 587 VF96F7:7> 98 E776:D9GN QF>> 67C7;6 9; C9>FGF7: F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: 5: Q7>> 5: 9DH78 G9=;D8F7:. 'H7 DH877 G9=;D8F7: C89OF6F;I DH7 M9:D VF96F7:7> FMC98D: 587 J8I7;DF;5L (;69;7:F5L 5;6 &5;565.#;7 G8FD78F5 DH5D %!J M=:D G9;:F678 F: l567K=5D7 69M7:DFG :=CC>F7:.m '5V>7 [ C89OF67: 5 :=MM583 9E H9Q M=GH QF>> ;776 D9 V7 FMC98D76 D9 M77D DH7 C89C9:76 VF96F7:7> M5;65D7: TDH7 67EFGFDU. J: '5V>7 [ :H9Q:L DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: 5>87563 697: ;9D H5O7 567K=5D7 69M7:DFG :=CC>F7: 9E VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN D9 M77D 69M7:DFG =:7 5: Q7>> 5: VF96F7:7> M5;65D7:. 'H7 -.*. 5>87563 FMC98D: G9;:F6785V>7 G5;9>5 9F> 5;6 VF96F7:7>. 'H7 ;=MV78: F; '5V>7 [ M53 7O7; 9O787:DFM5D7 5O5F>5V>7 :D9GN: 5: DH7 7RC98D: 9E 76FV>7 G98; 9F> 5;6 :9M7 9E DH7 87;67876 C896=GD: 587 D99 O5>=5V>7 D9 V7 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7>. 'H7 FMC98D: 87K=F876 D9 M77D DH7 M5;65D7: Q9=>6 G9;DF;=7 D9 I89Q. J: '5V>7 [ :H9Q: DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7: 697: ;9D H5O7 567K=5D7 69M7:DFG :=CC>F7: 9E VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN D9 M77D DH7 C89C9:76 VF96F7:7> M5;65D7:. (E VF96F7:7> EF>>: DH7 56O5;G76 VF9E=7> M5;65D7: 5: 7RC7GD76L DH7 67EFGFD QF>> 8F:7 7O7; M987. ,98 7R5MC>7L FE VF96F7:7> M=:D EF>> DH7 56O5;G76 M5;65D7: C89`7GD76 F; '5V>7 eL DH7 67EFGFD Q9=>6 V7 ZL[W? X >V:. F; ?@AY 5;6 Q9=>6 I89Q D9 AALZZ[ X >V:. E98 ?@Ae. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 1ab|e 8. Summary of ro[ected Ava||ab|||ty of 8|od|ese| Ieedstock (M |bs) *93L &5;9>5L 5;6 &98; #F>5 '9D5>00F9M5::S &5>7;658 d758!896=GDF9; )9;SVF9E=7> =:7 JO5F>5V>7 E98 VF96F7:7> "7;67876 !896=GD:V #DH78G JO5F>5VF>FD3 E98 VF96F7:7> 05:76 /F7:7> X5;65D76 /7EFGFD ?@AB?WLcBc?@LZAZYLec[ZL@Z[?BBAAL?Z?AcL@e@AL[Z[ ?@AY?WLcZA?@LB[YYLWBBZL@Z[?YcAAL@YWAcL[Y@?LWec ?@AW?WLB?e?@LWcZYLWeZZL@Z[?WAAALAAZAZLYc@cLBAY ?@A[?WL[?Z?@L[[ZYLeZ@ZL@Z[?WeAAL?Y[ABLZ@@ZLAc? ?@Ae?[LAAe?AL@cZWL@[BZL@Z[?[WAALZ?AAYLAW@ZLWZe 5/5D5 E98 M58N7DF;I 3758: Q5: G9;O78D76 D9 G5>7;658 3758: =:F;I 5 Q7FIHD76 5O785I7. V'H7 87;67876 C896=GD: G9>=M; F: DH7 :=M 9E VF96F7:7> =:7 5;6 7RC98D: F; ?@AZ E89M '5V>7 Y. (D F;G>=67: 37>>9Q I875:7 5;6 5;FM5> E5D:. (D F: H7>6 G9;:D5;D H787. G'H7 9DH78 G5D7I983 F;G>=67: DH7 '5V>7 ? G5D7I98F7: #DH78L #DH78 ^7I7D5V>7 #F>:L 5;6 J>I57. 'H7:7 587 5::=M76 D9 I89Q 5D 5 85D7 9E c C78G7;D. 6X5;65D76 VF9M5::SV5:76 6F7:7> O9>=M7: F; ?@A[ 5;6 ?@Ae 587 5::=M76 H787 D9 E9>>9Q DH7 D87;6 9E %!Jg: C89C9:5> E98 ?@ABS?@AW. Summary of red|cted Ieedstock Ava||ab|||ty 'HF: :D=63 :7D 9=D D9 5;:Q78 DH7 K=7:DF9;\ P9Q M=GH E776:D9GN F: 5O5F>5V>7 D9 V7 =:76 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; QFDH9=D 5 :=V:D5;DF5> F;G875:7 F; C8FG7. 'H7 875> 5;:Q78 D9 DHF: K=7:DF9; F: ;9;7. *9L DH7 K=7:DF9; 5;:Q7876 F;:D756 F:\ FE C5:D C896=GDF9; D87;6: G9;DF;=7L H9Q M=GH E776:D9GN G9=>6 V7 5O5F>5V>7 E98 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;_ -;678 :9M7 I7;789=: 5::=MCDF9;:L DH7 5;:Q78 F: 7;9=IH D9 F;G875:7 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9; V3 ?eX I5>>9;: F; ?@AYL V=D 5;;=5> I89QDH F; E776:D9GN 5O5F>5VF>FD3 F: C89`7GD76 D9 67G875:7 F; E9>>9QF;I 3758:. '5V>7 e :H9Q: DH7 :H98D5I7: DH5D Q9=>6 ;776 D9 V7 EF>>76 =;678 5>D78;5DFO7 M5;65D7 >7O7>: FE C5:D D87;6: F; F;G875:76 C896=GDF9; 5;6 =:7 G9;DF;=7. %EE7GD: 9E DH7 M5;65D7: F; DH7 :H98D 8=; QF>> V7 M96785D76 5: DH787 587 :9=8G7: :=GH 5: 5 876=GDF9; F; 7RC98D: 9E :93 9F>L 5O5F>5V>7 :D9GN:L 5;6 G58839O78 "():./89=IHD G9;6FDF9;: QF>> 87D=8; :9M7 DFM7 F; DH7 ;7RD E7Q 3758:. %O7; QFDH9=D 5 689=IHDL DH7 9;>3 Q53 D9 M77D DH7 M5;65D7 F: HFIH78 C8FG7: D9 VF6 :D9GN: 5Q53 E89M 9DH78 =:7: 5;6 D9 C89OF67 5; F;G7;DFO7 D9 FMC98D VF96F7:7> 98 VF96F7:7> E776:D9GN. 1ab|e 9. Summary of LA Mandates and Ava||ab|e Ieedstock ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 X5;65D76 &=M=>5DFO7 0F96F7:7>JO5F>5V>7 ,776:D9GN E89M a89QDH TX a5>>9;:U /7EFGFD d758 a89QDH 5V9O7 ?@AZ ^9>=M7:TX a5>UV *93 #F>&5;9>5 &98; #F> d7>>9Q a875:7#DH78 '9D5> a89QDH F; ,776:D9GN JO5F>5VF>FD3 5V9O7 ?@AZ XF>>F9; a5>>9;: X >V:. #F>5 8|od|ese| Mandate ?@ABW@B[AAABc@Z@c@[ ?@AYAW@A@AY??@AABeAAA[BB ?@AW?W@AB?Zc?YAY[ZA[YALZc? ?@A[cW@?@c?ZcA??A@e?YA?L@A@ ?@AeZW@?BZ@BcB?WAc?cc[?LY@c Advanced Mandate ?@ABAZ@B[AAABc@AA@[ZW ?@AYZZ@A@AY??@AABec[A?LecZ ?@AWWZ@AB?Zc?YAY[ZYBYBL@BA ?@A[A@Z@?@c?ZcA??A@eecAWLAYe ?@AeAcZ@?BZ@BcB?WAc?AL?@[eLc@? )9D7\ J C98DF9; 9E DH7 56O5;G76 M5;65D7 F: 5::=M76 D9 V7 EF>>76 V3 9DH78 56O5;G76 VF9E=7>:. 'H7 ;=MV78: =:76 H787 587 678FO76 =:F;I DH7 7RC7GD76 GH5;I7:. ,98 37>>9Q I875:7 5;6 9DH78L DH7:7 D87;6: F;G>=67 F;G875:76 =:7 E98 VF96F7:7>. '5V>7 [L H9Q7O78L 9;>3 F;G>=67: 7RC7GD76 C896=GDF9;. 5#;7 I5>>9; 9E 6F7:7> F: 5::=M76 D9 87K=F87 W.W C9=;6: 9E 9F> T-*/J ?@@?U. VX5;65D76 VF9M5::SV5:76 6F7:7> O9>=M7: F; ?@A[ 5;6 ?@Ae 587 5::=M76 H787 D9 E9>>9Q DH7 D87;6 9E %!Jg: C89C9:5> E98 ?@ABS?@AW. ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 keferences J>>7;L !.a. AeeZ. l%G9;9MFG ,987G5:DF;I F; JI8FG=>D=87.m lotetootloool Iootool of lotecostloq. A@\[ASAcB. 05D7:L $.X.L 5;6 &.4.$. a85;I78. AeYe. l'H7 &9MVF;5DF9; 9E ,987G5:D:.m Opetotloool keseotcb 5oclety ?@\ZBASZY[. %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7 T%"*U. ?@AB. 1FO7:D9GN 5;6 X75D /9M7:DFG /5D5. -;FD76 *D5D7: /7C58DM7;D 9E JI8FG=>D=87. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]>FO7:D9GNSM75DS69M7:DFGS65D5.5:CR.,987FI; JI8FG=>D=85> *78OFG7 T,J*U. ?@AB. '5V>7 A?\ "5C7:776 5;6 !896=GD:\ 498>6 *=CC>3 5;6 /F:D8FV=DF9;. -;FD76 *D5D7: /7C58DM7;D 9E JI8FG=>D=87. HDDC\]]5CC:.E5:.=:65.I9O]C:69;>F;7]C:6"7C98D.5:CR_HF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>)5M7f'5V>7jA?bc5j"5C7:776j5;6j!896=GD:bc5j498>6j*=CC>3j5;6j/F:D8FV=DF9;kHF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>(/fWAAkHF6"7C98D"7D8F7O5>'7MC>5D7(/fAA %;78I3 (;E98M5DF9; J6MF;F:D85DF9; T%(JU. lX9;DH>3 0F96F7:7> !896=GDF9; "7C98D.m (;C=D: D9 VF96F7:7> C896=GDF9;. ^58F9=: 3758:. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.7F5.I9O]VF9E=7>:]VF96F7:7>]C896=GDF9;].%;OF89;M7;D5> !89D7GDF9; JI7;G3 T%!JU. ?@AB. n"7;7Q5V>7 ,=7> *D5;6586 !89I85M\ *D5;6586: E98 ?@AZL ?@ABL 5;6 ?@AY 5;6 0F9M5:: 05:76 /F7:7> ^9>=M7 E98 ?@AWi !89C9:76 "=>7.n leJetol keqlstet [@TAAAUL $=;7 A@. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.IC9.I9O]E6:3:]CNI],"S?@ABS@YSA@]C6E]?@ABSAceBY.C6E. $7::7;L P. ?@Ac. l&98; #F> X5N7: DH7 a8567.m tboool ltoJocet Moqozloe. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.7DH5;9>C896=G78.G9M]58DFG>7:]eWBB]G98;S9F>SM5N7:SDH7SI8567.#N87;DL J.X.L 5;6 $.X. J>:D9;. ?@AA. l/7M5;6 E98 ,996 F; DH7 -;FD76 *D5D7:. J "7OF7Q 9E 1FD785D=87L %O5>=5DF9; 9E !87OF9=: %:DFM5D7:L 5;6 !87:7;D5DF9; 9E )7Q %:DFM5D7: 9E /7M5;6.m &4% 498NF;I !5C78 A@@?. *QF:H78L 2. ?@AB. lX58N7D "7C98D\ /9Q;L /9Q;L /9Q;L 0=D 5; -CD87;6 (: &9MF;I.m keoJetL JC8F>L CC. A@SAB. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]C=V:.87;678M5I5hF;7.G9M]?@ABS@Z]o]A?].-.*. /7C58DM7;D 9E JI8FG=>D=87 T-*/JU. ?@@?. 0F96F7:7> &9;O78:F9; ,5GD98:. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.E:5.=:65.I9O](;D78;7D],*Jp,F>7]?@@?E5GD98:;E98M=>5:.C6E.-.*. /7C58DM7;D 9E JI8FG=>D=87 T-*/JU. ?@AZ. l#F> &89C: d758V99N ?@Ac.m %G9;9MFG "7:758GH *78OFG7 T%"*U. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.78:.=:65.I9O]65D5SC896=GD:]9F>SG89C:S3758V99N.5:CRo.-:4#K!"/D[%. -.*. /7C58DM7;D 9E JI8FG=>D=87 T-*/JU. ?@AB.498>6 JI8FG=>D=85> *=CC>3 5;6 /7M5;6 %:DFM5D7: "7C98D. $=>3 A@. JO5F>5V>7 5D HDDC\]]QQQ.=:65.I9O]9G7]G9MM96FD3]Q5:67].ICCT comments on docket no. EPAHQOAR2015-0111 ^5; a78C7;L $. ?@AZ. l-:76 45:D7 #F> 5;6 a875:7 E98 0F96F7:7>.m 7qD7;:F9; 58DFG>7L JO5F>5V>7 5D EF>7\]]]/\]/9G=M7;D:]4567b?@,F>7:]0F96F7:7>]-:76b?@5;6b?@45:D7b?@#F>b?@5;6b?@a875:7b?@E98b?@0F96F7:7>b?@Sb?@7qD7;:F9;.HDM>o.^rM4eO>^H06.