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ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, Pergamon Press 1998) - Publication 80.

PERGAMON ICRP Publication 80 Annals of the ICRP

Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals

(Addendum 2 to ICRP Publication 53)

ICRP Publication 80

Approved by the Commission in September 1997

Abstract-A joint Task Group of ICRP Committees 2 (Doses from Radiation Exposures) and 3 (Protection in Medicine; lead Committee for this report) has prepared a compilation of data on radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals.

The report provides biokinetic models, absorbed doses, and effective doses, using ICRP Publication 60 dosimetry, for 10 new radiopharmaceuticals: [Methyl-11C]thymidine; [2-11C]thymidine; 14C urea (incl. carbon dioxide and bicarbonate); 150 water; 99mTc HIG, Pertechnegas, Technegas, and tetrofosmin; and 111In HIG and octreotide.

It also provides recalculated dose data for the 19 most frequently used radiopharmaceuticals from ICRP Publication 53, using ICRP Publication 60 dosimetry, viz. 18F FOG; 51Cr EDTA; 67Ga citrate; 75Se SeHCAT; 99mTc DMSA, DTPA, RBC, IDA, large colloids, WBC, MAA, non-absorbable markers, pertechnetate, and phosphates and phosphonates; 1231 Hippuran and MIBG; 1311 Hippuran and NP59; and 201Tl thallous ion. Printing errors detected in ICRP Publication 53 are also listed.

Furthermore, the report reproduces with minor corrections and updates, and therefore supersedes, the information on 6 radiopnarmaceuticals given in Addendum I to ICRP Publication 53: 3H neutral fat and fatty acids; 14C neutral fat and fatty acids; 68Ga EDT A; and 99mTc HM-PAO, MAG3, and MIBI.

There is an integrated index to all radiopharmaceuticals treated in ICRP publications so far, including a listing of effective doses per unit activity administered to adults.

This issue of the Annals of the JCRP also includes an Addemlum to ICRP Publication 72 concerning age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides.

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1. INTRODUCTION

(I) This report is a compilation of biokinetic and dosimetric data on 35 radiopharmaceuticals. The ·methods for selecting tissues and organs for dose calculations, for choosing appropriate metabolic models and biokinetic data, and for calculating absorbed dose arc given in Publication 53 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 1987). Unless otherwise stated, complete radiochemical purity is assumed. For this reason, absorbed doses from known impurities have to be added to the values presented.

(2) The age-related bladder voiding model introduced in Addendum 1 to Publication 53 (ICRP, l99la) has been used. Thus, the voiding periods are based upon urinary production rates as described in Publication 23 (ICRP, 1975) and the interval between the bladder filling and urine voiding as discussed in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987). The voiding periods used are consistent with those given in Publication 56, Part 2 (ICRP, 1992). They are:

Age (yr.) Voiding period (h)

Adult 3.5

15 3.5

10 3.0

5 2.0

I 2.0

New-born 2.0

The effective dose per unit of administered activity has been calculated according to the description below.

(3) In the tables, absorbed doses are given as milligray per megabecquerel (mGy/MBq), rather than as gray per becquerel (Gy/Bq). This is done because in nuclear medicine, common practice 1s to administer activities of the order of megabecquerel.

1.1. Effecth·e dose

(4) The effective dose as defined in Publication 60 (ICRP, 1991 b) is a quantity used to estimate the radiation detriment to a population of workers or to the general public, averaged over the full age distribution and for an equal number of both sexes. Despite the wide range of organ doses in diagnostic nuclear medicine and the differences in age structure, the collective effective dose and the normal detriment conversion factor provide a reasonably good indicator of the detriment in a population exposed in nuclear medicine. The effective.dose value can also be used to provide a relative index of harm for various procedures in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. In computing effective dose in this report, the organ weighting factors (u·T) provided in Publication 60 have been applied to all age groups.

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JCRP Pub/icatio11 80

1.2. Remaining organs

(5) It should be noted that in this Addendum, the absorbed dose given for 'remaining organs' has been calculated using the 'remainder' comprising the 9 named organs which have no specific weighting factor in Publication 60 (ICRP, 1991b). To avoid confusion, the expression 'Other organs and tissues' has been used in the tables of biokinctic data.

1.3. Colon

(6) In Addendum 1 to Publication 53 (ICRP, 1991a), the lower large intestine (LLI) was equated with the colon for radiological protection dosimetric calculations, the upper large intestine (ULI) being placed amongst the 'remainder organs'. However, in this entire Addendum, the definition of 'co/on' follows that given in Publication 67, paragraph 14 (ICRP, 1993). The weighting factor is to be applied to the mass average of the equivalent dose in the walls of the upper and lower large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract. The upper large intestine is no longer included in the remainder tissues. Age-specific masses of the walls of the gastrointestinal tract are given in Table A.l of Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987). Since the ratio between the masses of the walls of the upper large intestine (ULI) and lower large intestine (LLI) is independent of age, the equivalent dose to the colon, Hcolon• is given as

Hcolon = 0.57 Huu + 0.43 Hw

where Huu and HLL1 are the equivalent doses in the walls of the ULI and LLI, respectively.

1.4. Oesophagus

(7) The Commission has assigned an explicit li'T to the oesophagus in Table 2 of Publication 60 (ICRP, 1991b). The biokinetic model presented here is adopted from Publication 30 (ICRP, 1919) and contains no information on uptake and retention of radionuclides in the oesophagus. Since the transit time of materials through the oesophagus is normally quite rapid, in comparison to the physical half-life, only the absorbed dose from penetrating radiation emitted from other source organs is considered. In the absence of a dosimetric model for the oesophagus, the dose to the thymus was used as a surrogate in the same manner as in Publication 61 (ICRP, 199lc).

1.5. Blood model

(8) Substances that remain largely in the circulating blood are assumed to be distributed according to the relative blood volume of the different organs. The fractional blood volume as presented in Table A.2 of Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987) has now been replaced by data suggested by Leggett and Williams (1991, 1995).

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/CRP Publicario11 80

This blood distribution model has been used where appropriate in this Addendum (including the 'recalculated' substances).

1.6. Presentation of data

(9) The data on each substance are presented in three subsections, designated Biokinetic model; Biokinetic data; and Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (table). Unless otherwise stated, the biokinetic model refers to intravenous administration.

(10) The rate of the biological process-e.g. uptake, metabolism and excretion-is usually given as the 'half-time' of the corresponding exponential function. If the process is assumed to be multi-exponential, the fraction of the organ content belonging to each exponential component is given in brackets immediately after the half-time figure. When rates are given as fractions per time unit (k) as reported in cited publications, they are transformed into half-times according to the formula T=0.693fk.

(II) The following abbreviations follow the protocol established in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987). They are:

s Fs T a

As/Ao GIT SI ULI LLI

source organ or tissue; fractional distribution to organ or tissue S; biological half-time for an uptake or elimination component; fraction of Fs taken up or eliminated with the corresponding half-time. A minus sign indicates uptake; cumulated activity in organ or tissue S per unit of administered activity; gastrointestinal tract; small intestine; upper large intestine; lower large intestine.

(12) The tables of biokinetic data sometimes contains empty spaces under the headings T and a, usually because the kinetics is described by complex exponential, or non-exponential, expressions, which cannot easily be defined in the table. This is always the case for activity in the gastrointestinal tract and the bladder. The corresponding standard models in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987) have been used. The same applies to activity in the gallbladder and to substances that are administered orally as markers. In some other cases the data table only presents the cumulated activities, with no values for F5 , T, or a.

(13) Average organ or tissue absorbed ~oses are given as milligray (mGy) per megabecquerel (MBq). The effective dose is given as millisievert (mSv) per megabecquerel. All dose values are given in exponential notation (e.g. 2.6E-02=2.6 X ro-2 or 0.026, and 4.9E+OI =4.9 X 10+ 1 or 49). The physical half-lives and decay data have been taken from Publication 38 (ICRP, 1983). The calculations have been performed without rounding off, but the final result is given with two digits only.

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ICRP Publication 80

(14) Dose calculations have been performed for adults and for children of 15, 10, 5, and I years of age. The organs (or tissues) are presented in alphabetical order except 'Remaining organs', which is placed at the end. The dose to organs or tissues not mentioned in the table can usually be approximated with the value given for 'Remaining organs'.

1.7. References for Introduction

ICRP, 1979. Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers, Part I. ICRP Publication 30, Annals of the ICRP 2 (3-4).

ICRP, 1983. Radionuclide Transformations. Energy and Intensity of Emissions. ICRP Publication 38, Annals of the ICRP 11-13.

ICRP, 1987. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (1-4).

ICRP, l99la. Addendum 1 to Publication 53, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. In: Radiological Protection in Biomedical Research. ICRP Publication 62, Annals of the ICRP 22 (3).

ICRP, 199lb. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21 (1-3).

ICRP, 199lc. Annual Limits of Intake of Radionuclides by Workers Based on the 1990 Recommendations. ICRP Publication 61, Annals of the ICRP 21 (4).

ICRP, 1993. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 2. ICRP Publication 67, Annals of the ICRP 23 (3-4).

Leggett, R.W., Williams, L.R., 1991. Suggested reference values for regional blood volumes in humans. Health Phys. 60, 139-154.

Leggett, R.W., Williams, L.R., 1995. A proposed blood circulation model for reference man. Health Phys. 69, 187-201.

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Thymidine

2. BlOKINETie MODELS, ABSORBED DOSES, AND EFFECTIVE DOSES FOR INDIVIDUAL RADIOPHARMAeEUTieALS

2.1.1. Biokinetic models

2.1. earbon-11-Iabelled thymidine ue

{IS) earbon-11-labelled thymidine is a DNA precursor that can be used as an in vivo marker for cell proliferation in malignant tumours. It also has applications in tumour staging and for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. It has been used in two forms, labelled with 11 e in the methyl group, [methyJ} 1C]thymidine, or labelled with lie on e2 of the pyrimidine ring, [2-liC]thymidine. The two forms differ in respect of the metabolic fate of the lie label. [Methyl} 1C]thymidine is metabolised to [liC]-P-amino-iso-butyric acid, while the ring e2 labelled molecule is metabolised to [11C]C02• For dosimetric purposes it is necessary to develop appropriate biokinetic models .to describe the fate of the lie following the administration of each of the two compounds.

2.1.1.1. [ Methyl-11 C }thymidine

(16) Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies in a small number of patients (Martiat et al., 1988; Thiercns et al., 1994) have provided information for the distribution of [methyl-liC]thymidine over a period of 40 minutes following intravenous injection. Thierens et al. observed that 95% of the activity was cleared rapidly from the blood (T 112 = I min) and deposited in the liver, 40-45%, skeletal muscle, 30-34%, and kidneys, 5-6%, with much smaller quantities going to the other tissues. At 10 minutes after injection less than 15% of the activity remaining

·in the blood was present as [methyl-liC]thymidine; this amounts to less than 0.75% of the injected activity.

(17) Martiat et al. (1988) report 'substantial' uptake in lungs, spleen, and intestine, but Thierens et al. (1994) state that the concentration in spleen and lungs does not exceed that observed in muscle. Using the data of Martiat et al. to calculate organ contents at 30 minutes post injection suggests uptakes of 40% in liver, 10% in the kidneys, 2% in the lungs and in the spleen, and 13% in muscle. Analysis of the tissue retention data reported by Martiat et al. (1988) and Thierens et al. (1994) suggests biological half-times of retention ranging from 60 minutes in the lungs to 460 minutes in muscle.

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c 6 Thymidine

/CRP Publication80

(18) The data of Martial et at. (1988} and Thicrens et at. (1994) has been used to derive the biokinetic model for [methyl-11C]thymidine.

2.1.1.2. [2.1 1 C] thymidine

(19) Van der Borght et at. (1992) compared the retention of [2- 11C]thymidine and [methyl-11C]thymidine in a PET study involving 5 patients. Although the masses of labelled thymidine injected, 3.1 J.lmoles [2-11C]thymidine and 0.17 J.lmoles [methyl- 11C]thymidine, differed by a factor of 18, they \Vere both small in relation to the plasma levels of non-radioactive thymidine and mass-related changes in the biokinetics of the two labelled compounds appear unlikely. The initial plasma clearance was very rapid, with more than 99% of the injected activity being removed with a half-time of Jess than I minute. Although there were some differences in the retention of the small fraction of the injected activity remaining in the plasma at 10 minutes, these were quite small. At lO minutes post injection 70% of the plasma activity was in the form of [11 C]C02• The retention of 11C in the liver and kidneys was 7 and 3 times less for [2- 11C]thymidine than for [methyJ.I 1C]thymidine, respectively.

(20) The following dosimetric model for [2- 11C]thymidine is based on the assumption that 70% of the injected compound is very rapidly converted to [

11C]C02, which then follows the biokinetic model for continuous inhalation of [11 C]C02 proposed in ICRP Publication 53 (1987}; the remaining activity is

assumed to follow a model derived from that for [methyl-11C]thymidine, but with uptake values for liver and kidneys based on the observations of Van der Borght et at. (1992}.

2.1.2. References for Carbon-11-labellcd thymidine

ICRP, 1987. Carbon dioxide. Radiation Doses to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (1-4} 47-49.

Martial, Ph, Ferrant, A., Labar, D., Cogneau, M. et at., 1988. In vivo measurement of carbon- I I thymidine uptake in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 29, 1633-1637.

Thierens, H., van Eijkeren, M., Goethals, P., 1994. Biokinetics and dosimetry for [methyl.I 1C]thymidine. Br. J. Radiol. 67, 292-295.

Van der Borght, T., de Maeght, S., Labar, D. et al., 1992. Comparison of thymidine labelled in methyl group and in 2C-ring position in human PET studies. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 19, 578.

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ICRP Publication 80 c 6

Thymidine

en used 2.1.3. Biokinctic data: (Mcthyl-11C)thymidine

Organ (S) Fs T112 a AJAo

Blood 1.00 I min 0.95 2.75 min 24 h 0.05

rmidine li\'cr 0.45 I min -1.00 10.8 min rgh the 2h 1.00

id 0.17 Kidneys O.o7 1 min -1.00 1.93 min

.man in 24 h 1.00

·related .Muscles 0.30 I min -1.00 8.06 min

8h 1.00 ly. The Other organs and tissues 0.13 I min -1.00 3.36 min njected 4h 1.00

re were activity es post tention te. than

on the 2.1.4. Biokinctic data: (2.S 1C)thymidine rted to tion of Organ (S) F, :vity is

T112 a As/Ao

ut with Blood 1.00 I min 0.99 1.65 min

Borght 24 h 0.01 Liver O.o7 I min -1.00 1.41 min

40min 0.70 2h 0.30

Kidneys 0.03 I min -1.00 0.64 min 40min 0.70

from 24h 0.30 4) 47- Other organs and tissues 0.89 I min -1.00 18.7min

40min 0.70

l vivo 8h 0.30

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c /CRP Puhlication 80 6 Thymidine

2.1.5. Absorbed doses: (Mcthyl-11C)thymidinc

11 C 20.38 min

Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)

Organ Adult 15 years 10 years 5 years l year

Adrenals 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 Bladder 1.4E-03 1.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.0E-03 6.6E-03 Bone surfaces l.SE-03 2.2E-03 3.3E-03 5.1E-03 I.OE-02 Brain 9.6E-04 I.IE-03 1.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.1E-03 Breast 1.3E-03 J.SE-03 2.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.5E-03 Gall bladder 5.5E-03 6.2E-03 S.IE-03 1.3E-02 2.6E-02 GI·tract

Stomach 2.2E-03 2.5E-03 4.1E-03 6.5E-03 l.3E-02 Sl 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 3.8E-03 6.1E-03 I.IE-02 Colon 1.9E-03 2.2E-03 3.5E-03 5.6E-03 I.OE-02 (ULI 2.3E-03 2.6E-03 4.3E-03 6.8E-03 1.3E-02) (LLI 1.4E-03 l.6E-03 2.5E-03 3.9E-03 7.0E-03)

Heart 4.0E-03 5.1E-03 7.9E-03 l.2E-02 2.2E-02 Kidneys 3.1E-02 3.8E-02 5.4E-02 S.OE-02 l.4E-OI

i . Liver 3.2E-02 4.2E-02 6.4E-02 9.4E-02 l.SE-01 I ' Lungs 3.5E-03 4.4E-03 6.9E-03 I.IE-02 2.1E-02 I

l Muscles 2.2E-03 3.4E-03 6.7E-03 I.SE-02 3.1E-02

Oesophagus 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 Ovaries 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.0E-03 4.8E-03 8.9E-03 Pancreas 3.5E-03 4.2E-03 6.6E-03 l.OE-02 1.7E-02 Red marrow 2.2E-03 2.5E-03 3.8E-03 5.6E-03 I.OE-02 Skin I.IE-03 1.3E-03 1.9E-03 3.0E-03 5.7E-03

Spleen 3.1E-03 3.9E-03 6.1E-03 9.5E-03 l.SE-02 Testes I.IE-03 l.3E-03 2.0E-03 3.1E-03 5.9E-03 Thymus l.6E-03 • 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 Thyroid 1.5E-03 1.9E-03 3.IE-03 S.OE-03 9.6E-03 Uterus l.SE-03 1.9E-03 3.0E-03 4.8E-03 8.8E-03

Remaining organs 2.4E-03 3.7E-03 6.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02

I Effecth·e dose (mS\'f.MBq) 3.5E-03 4.4E-03 6.8E-03 I.IE-02 2.0E-02 .I

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2.2. Carbon-14-labelled urea 14C

2.2.1. Biokinetic models

c 6

Urea (incl. carbon dioxide/bicarbonate)

(21) Urea (carbamide, H 2NCONH2) is the main end product in the human catabolism of proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, and other nitrogen-containing substances. It is freely water-soluble and distributes rapidly into the total body water. The main part is excreted unchanged by the kidneys, while a small part diffuses into the intestinal content where it is broken down by urease-producing bacteria to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is reabsorbed and equilibrates with bicarbonate, thus entering the C02/bicarbonate pools in the body and finally being exhaled by the lungs.

2.2.1.1. 14C urea

(22) A breath test employing a peroral administration of 14C-urca is commonly used to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of patients with peptic ulcer and other gastric diseases. Normally, the stomach does not contain urease-producing bacteria, so the urea is rapidly absorbed unchanged into body water. He/icobacter pylori, on the other hand, produces urease and therefore brings about an extensive early expiration of labelled carbon dioxide, resulting in a positive breath test.

(23) In the model for peroral administration there is, in the normal case, a complete and rapid (T 112 = 5 min) resorption from the stomach. In case of Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach, it is assumed that 65% is immediately converted to carbon dioxide, which is treated further according to the dosimetric model for C02/bicarbonate (see below). The remaining 35% are resorbed from the stomach in the same way as in the normal case.

(24) Urea resorbed in the stomach is rapidly distributed in the total body water. Eighty percent is excreted by the kidn_!!ys with a half-time of 6 hours, and 20% is rapidly broken down in the same way as intravenously administered urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide, treated according to the dosimetric model for C02/

bicarbonate.

2.2.1 .2. 14C carbon dioxide/bicarbonate

(25) Carbon dioxide (C02) is continuously formed in the metabolism of all organic substances in the body. Together with water, it forms carbonic acid (H2C03), which dissociates and equilibrates with bicarbonate ion (HCO:J). The substances are present in all body fluids. Winchell et al. (1970) presented a kinetic model with two compartments, one (compartment I) with rapid (within 3 min) equilibration with C02/HC03 in blood and another (compartment II) with a slower equilibration. Carbon dioxide leaves the system from compartment I by

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c 6 Urea (incl. carbon dioxide/bicarbonate)

Large molecules

ICRP Publication 80

Inflow

1.65 1----.- Exhalation

Trabecular Cortical bone

Fig. I. Biokinetic model for C02/bicarbonate. The model presented is valid for adults. The transfer constants are in the unit h-1

• Compartment I represents organs with high vascular perfusion (heart, liver, kidneys, intestinal tract etc.); compartment 2 represents tissues having lower blood flow rate (muscle, skin and fat).

exhalation. A certain small fraction was assumed to be 'relatively fixed' in the body, presumably in the form of bone bicarbonate and as a constituent of larger molecules with slow turnover. Compartment I was identified with organs with high vascular perfusion (heart, liver, kidneys, intestinal tract, etc.), while compartment II would be represented by muscle, skin, and fat, having lower blood flow rate.

(26) Stubbs and Marshall (1993) slightly modified this model by defining a compartment Ill, corresponding to. the 'fixed' fraction and having a flow back to compartment I with a half-time of 1000 h in accordance with the assumption for carbon metabolism in Publication 30 (ICRP, 1981). This half-time of 1000 h may not be sufficient to account for carbon deposited in the bone compartments with slow metabolic turnover, since there is experimental evidence for a much longer turnover time.

(27) The biokinetic model adopted here (Fig. 1) is based on the models mentioned above with the following modifications. Compartment III has been further divided into three compartments, one (compartment 3) being assumed to represent uptake in large molecules having a slow turnover with a biological halftime of 1000 h. The other compartments are assumed to represent bone. In the present model, bone has been divided into trabecular bone (compartment 4) and cortical (compact) bone (compartment 5), from which the activity is lost with a rate of 0.18 per year (half-time 3.9 years) and 0.03 per year (half-time 23 years)

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ICRP Publication 80 c 6

Urea (incl. carbon dio~idetbicarbonate)

respectively (ICRP, 1995). Eighty percent of the bone mass is assumed to be cortical bone and 20% trabecular bone (ICRP, 1995). The rate of inflow to compartments 3, 4, and 5 is chosen so that realistic carbonate/bicarbonate pool sizes are reached during a lifetime. ~his means that the inflow rate constants to the bone compartments have been set to twice the steady state value calculated to give a carbonate/bicarbonate pool in the bone of 300 g. The model is shown below together with values used for the transfer constants. The numerical values for transfer constants not taken from ICRP (1995) or calculated from steady state conditions are taken from Winchell et al. (1970).

2.2.2. References for 1~C urea incl. carbon dioxide/bicarbonate

Combs, M.J., Stubbs, J.B., Agarwal, A.K. et al., 1999. Dose estimates for a capsule-based 14C-urea breath test. In: S-Stelson, A.T., Stabin, M.G., Sparks, R.B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 620-630.

ICRP, 1981. Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. ICRP Publication 30: Part 3, Annals of the ICRP 6 (2/3).

ICRP, 1995. Basic Anatomical and Physiological Data for Use in Radiation Protection: The Skeleton. ICRP Publication 70, Annals of the ICRP 25 (2).

Marshall, B.J., Surveyor, 1., 1988. Carbon-14 urea breath test for the diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori associated gastritis. J. Nucl. Med. 29, 11-16.

Stubbs, J.B., Marshall, B.J., 1993. Radiation dose estimates for the carbon-14-labeled urea breath test. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 821-825.

Walser, M., Bodenlos, L.J., 1959. Urea metabolism in man. J. Clin. Invest. 38, 1617-1626.

Winchell, H.S., Stahelin, H., Kusubov, N. et al., 1970. Kinetics of COrHCO.J in normal adult males. J. Nucl. Med. 12, 711-715

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c 6 Urea (ind. carbon dioxide/bicarbonate)

2.2.3. Biokinetic data

Organ (S)

1) Normal case Oral administration: Stomach contents Total body (excl. contents)

Bladder C07 pool

Cortical bone Trabecular bone Other organs and tissues

2) Helicobacter positire patient Oral administration: Stomach contents Total body (excl. contents)

Bladder COrpool

Cortical bone Trabecular bone Other organs and tissues

ICRP Publication 80

1.00 0.80

0.80 0.20

1.00 0.28

0.28 0.65 0.07

16

Tr12

Smin Smin

6h

a

1.00 -1.00

1.00

(Immediate transfer ill the botly)

Smin 5min

6h

1.00 -1.00

1.00

7.21 min 6.93 h

1.49 h

4.99 h 1.40 h 2.08 d

7.21 min 2.42 h

31.4 min (Immediate com-ersion in the stomach) (Immediate transfer itz tlze body)

18.0 h 5.04 h 7.49 d

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Urea (incl. C'J.rbon dioxide/bicarbonate)

2.2.4. Absorbed doses: 14C~Iabelled urea (normal case)

14C 5730 years

Organ

Adrenals Bladder Bone surfaces Brain Breast Gall bladder GI-tract

Stomach Sl Colon (ULI (LLI

Heart Kidneys Liver Lungs Muscles

Oesophagus Ovaries Pancreas Red marrow Skin

Spleen Testes Thymus Thyroid Uterus

Remaining organs

Effecth·c dose (mSl"fi\lBq)

I.v. or oral administration


2.4E-02 1.2E-OI 3.3E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02

3.0E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02) 2.4E-02)

2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02

2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02

2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4£-02 2.4E-02

2.4E-02

J.tE-02

17


i i : j

, I

c 6 Urea (incl. carbon dio.,idejbicarbonate)

ICRP Puh/icatio1180

2.2.5. Absorbed doses: 14C labelled urea (Helicobacte1· positire patient)

14C 5730 years

Organ

Adrenals Bladder Bone surfaces Brain Breast Gall bladder Gl-tract

Stomach SI Colon (ULI (LLI




Remaining organs

Effecthe dose (mS,·JMBq)

Oral administration

Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGyfMBq)

7.6E-02 l.IE-01 1.2E-OI 7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02

8.3E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02) 7.6E-02}

7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02

7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.6E-02 9.7E-02 7.6E-02

7.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.~1E-02

7.6E-02 7.6E-02

7.6E-02

8.1E-02

18

-supplied by The British Library - "The world's knowledge"

,fDq)

.... :-··

2.3.1. Biokinetic model

2.3. Oxygen-15-labelled water 1s0

0 8

Water

(28) Oxygen-IS-labelled water is widely used to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow using PET and has been proposed for blood flow measurement in other organs and tissues. Early biokinetic models based on equilibrium tracer distribution in body water are inaccurate for use with 150 labelled water. On account of the short half-life of 150 (2.04 min), uniform radionuclide concentration in body water is not attained; consequently such models underestimate dose values for this substance.

(29) A more satisfactory method of kinetic modelling is based on organ blood flow rates. Using this model, the concentration of 150 water in a given organ is derived by convolution of the arterial blood concentration (arterial input function) and the transit time function (impulse response) of the organ. The latter is given by exp[-(F/Vd+).)t] where F (ml · min-1

• g-1) is the organ blood flow, Vd (ml ·

g tissue-1/ml · ml blood-1) is its relative water distribution space, and). (min-1

) is the radioactive decay constant of 150. Thus, following intravenous administration of 150 labelled water and measurement of the arterial blood concentration, a retention equation can be derived for organs for which values of F and V d are known.

{30) In practice, a measured amount of 150 water activity is injected via a forearm vein and the arterial blood concentration monitored continuously from the other forearm. Residence time {min) in a given organ is calculated as the product of the areas under the curves of the arterial input function (min · ml-1

normalised per administered MBq) and the organ transit time function {min), multiplied by the total blood flow to the organ (ml · min-1

). The latter is given by F · M where M is the mass (g) of the organ. The table lists organ residence times that lead to organ doses equal to the mean values that have been estimated using the blood flow model at four different centres {Berridge et al., 1991; Brihaye et al., 1995; Eichling et al., 1997, Herscovich et al., 1993). Direct measurements of the retention in some organs by PET (Smith, 1994) have shown good agreement with the model for brain, heart, liver, and spleen.

2.3.2. References for Oxygen-IS-labelled water

Berridge, M.S., Adler, L.P., Rao, P.S., 1991. Radiation absorbed dose for 0-15-butanol and 0-15 water estimated by positron emission tomography. J. Nuct. Med. 32, 1043.

Brihaye, C., Depresseux, J.C., Comar, D., 1995. Radiation dosimetry for bolus administration of oxygen-15 water. J. Nucl. Med. 36, 651-656. .

Eic~ting, J.O., Bergman, S.R., Schwarz, S.W. et al., 1997. Equivalent dose

19


I ~ .

f

I -·· .

0 8 Water

ICRP Publication 80

estimates in adults for intravenously administered 0·15 water. Unpublished; personal communication through S. Schwarz.

Herscovich, P., Carson, R.E., Stabin, M. et al., 1993. A new kinetic approach to estimate the radiation dosimetry of flow·based radiotracers. J. Nucl. Med. 34, l55P.

Smith, T., Tong, C., Lammertsma, A.A. et al., 1994. Dosimetry of intravenously administered oxygen· IS labelled water in man: a model based on experimental human data from 21 subjects. Eur. J. Nucl. Mcd. 21, 1126-1134.

..·

20

;hed;

h to . 34,

msly ~ntal


Organ (S)

Adrcnals Brain Bone Gltract

Stomach wall Sl ULI wall LLI wall

Heart contents Heart wall Kidneys Liver

Lungs Muscle Ovaries1

Pancreas

Red marrow Spleen Testes1

Thyroid

Other organs and tissues

/CRP Pub/icatiOII 80 0 8

Water

.tfJAo

0.16 s 13 s 4.3 s

1.7 s 6.6 s 2.2 s 1.7 s

5.5 s 2.4 s 3.7 s

19 s

lis 39 s 0.05 s 0.90 s

5.8 s 2.0 s 0.20 s 0.23 s

51 s

1 For adults the ratio between cumulated activity in the gonads and that in the total body is proportional to the ratio of gonad weight and total body weight. For children, the same assumption is made.

21


0 ICRP Publication SO 8 Water

2.3.4. Absorbed doses: 150-labelled water

150 2.04 min

' i Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGyfli.IBq)

Organ Adult 15 years 10 years 5 years I year

Adrenals 1.4E-03 2.2E-03 3.1E-03 4.3E-03 6.6E-03 Bladder 2.6E-04 3.1E-04 S.OE-04 8.4E-04 1.5E-03 Bone surfaces 6.2E-04 S.OE-04 l.3E-03 2.3E-03 5.5E-03 Brain 1.3E-03 1.3E-03 1.4E-03 1.6E-03 2.2E-03 Breast 2.8E-04 3.5E-04 6.0E-04 9.9E-04 2.0E-03 Gall bladder 4.5E-04 5.5E-04 8.6E-04 1.4E-03 2.7E-03 GI·tract

Stomach 7.8E-04 2.2E-03 3.1E-03 5.3E-03 1.2E-02 SI 1.3E-03 J.7E-03 3.0E-03 S.OE-03 9.9E-03 Colon I.OE-03 2.1E-03 3.7E-03 6.2E-03 1.2E-02 (ULI I.OE-03 2.JE-03 3.7E-03 6.2E-03 l.2E-02) (lll I.IE-03 2.1E-03 3.7E-03 6.2E-03 J.2E-02)

Heart 1.9E-03 2.4E-03 3.8E-03 6.0E-03 I.IE-02 Kidneys 1.7E-03 2.JE-03 3.0E-03 4.5E-03 8.1E-03 Liver 1.6E-03 2.JE-03 3.2E-03 4.8E-03 9.3E-03 lungs 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 JAE-03 5.2E-03 I.OE-02 Muscles 2.9E-04 3.7E-04 6.1E-04 l.OE-03 2.0E-03

Oesophagus 3.3E-04 4.2E-04 6.7E-04 I.IE-03 2.1E-03 Ovaries 8.5E-04 I.IE-03 I.SE-03 2.8E-03 5.8E-03 Pancreas 1.4E-03 2.0E-03 4.2E-03 5.4E-03 1.2E-02 Red marrow 8.5E-04 9.7E-04 1.6E-03 3.0E-03 6.1E-03 Skin 2.5E-04 3.1E-04 5.2E-04 8.8E-04 I.SE-03

Spleen 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 3.7E-03 5.8E-03 I.IE-02 Testes 7.4E-04 9.3E-04 I.SE-03 2.6E-03 s.JE-03 Thymus 3.3E-04 .4.2E-04 6.7E-04 I.IE-03 2.1E-03 Thyroid I.SE-03 2.5E-03 3.8E-03 8.5E-03 1.6E-02 Uterus 3.5E-04 4.4E-04 7.2E-04 1.2E-03 2.3E-03


Effectil"e dose (mS\'fMBq) 9.3E-04 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.8E-03 7.7E-03

22

-- · Supplied by The British Library - "The world's knowledge"

1r

-03 -03 -03 -03 -03 -03

-02 -03 -02 -02) . -02("

-02 -03 -03 -02 -03

-03 -03 -02 -03 -03

-02 -03 -03 -02 -03

-03

·03

2.4. Technetium-labelled human immunoglobulin (HIG) 99mTc


Tc 43

HIG

(31) Labelled non-specific (polyclonal) human immunoglobulin of lgG-type (HlG) is used to localise and image focal sites of infection and inflammation in the body. Increased vascular permeability and trapping of HIG by inflammatory cells is believed to play a role in the accumulation of radioactivity in the foci.

(32) Native lgG has a half-time in the body of about 23 days (Solomon et at., 1963). After labelling with 99mTc or 111 In, much shorter half-time of the radioactivity in the body is observed, probably due to some alteration of the protein at the labelling procedure and to partial dissociation of the label from the carrier protein.·

(33) After intravenous injection, the initial distribution is determined by the blood content of the organs. The early whole-body image therefore shows the heart, major blood vessels, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, mucosae of the nose and vagina, and the external genitalia. There is also early activity in the bladder. Blood activity slowly falls, due to the combined effect of distribution of HIG into extra-vascular spaces, uptake and excretion via the kidneys of some dissociated label, and some active uptake in the liver. As a consequence delayed images (at 24 h) are dominated by activity in liver and kidneys, while activity in other bloodrich organs has decreased. There is no visible uptake in the bone-marrow, and activity in the intestines is only occasionally seen. The urine contains 27-50% of administered activity after 24 hours.

(34) The dosimetric model assumes an initial blood-pool distribution, with organ blood content according to Publication 23 (ICRP, 1978). There is a rapid uptake (T 112 = 1 hour) in the liver (5%) and kidneys (8% ); the kidney content is excreted in the urine with a half-time of 6 hours. The rest of the blood activity falls with a half-time of 12 hours because of distribution into other organs and tissues (50%) and of direct excretion in the urine (37%). In view of the short physical half-life of the label, infinite half-time is assumed for activity remaining in the body.

2.4.2. References for 99111Tc-labelled HIG

Buscombe, J.R., Lui, D., Ensing, G. et al., 1990.,99mTc-human immunoglobulin (HIG)-first results of a new agent for the localisation of infection and inflammation. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 649-655.

Corstens, F.H.M., Claessens, R.A.M.J., 1992. Imaging inflammation with polyclonal immunoglobulin: not looked for but discovered. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 19, 155-158.

23

--------------- .... - -


i.

j ...

I

::

'\I , I '·.t

Tc 43 IIIG

/CRP Publication 80

Datz, F.L., Castronovo, F.P., Christian, P.E. et al., 1995. Biodistribution and dosimetry of indium-111-polyclonal JgG in normal subjects. J. Nucl. Med. 36, 2372-2379.

Hovi, I., Taavitsainen, M., Lantto, T. et al., 1993. Technetium-99m-HMPAOIabeled leukocytes and technetium-99m-Iabelled human polyclonal immunoglobulin G in diagnosis of focal purulent disease. J. Nucl. Med. 9, 1428-1434.

ICRP, 1975. A Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Kinne, R.W., Becker, W., Schwab, J. et al., 1993. Comparison of 99Tcm·labcllcd specific murine anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies and non-specific human immunoglobulin for imaging inflamed joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Nucl. Med. Comm. 14, 667-675.

Saptogino, A., Becker, W., Wolf, F., 1991. Biokinetics and estimation of dose from 99Tcm labelled polyclonal human immunoglobulin (HIG). NuklearMedizin 30, 18-23.

Sciuk, J., Brandau, W., Vollet, B. et al., 1991. Comparison of technetium-99m polyclonal human immunoglobulin and technetium-99m monoclonal antibodies for imaging chronic osteomyelitis. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 18, 401-407.

Solomon, A., Waldmann, T.A., Fahey, J.L., 1963. Metabolism of normal 6,6 S }'globulin in normal subjects and in patients with macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 62, 1-17.


Organ (S) F. T112 a A,/Ao

Blood 1 h 0.13 5.19 h 12 h 0.87

Liver 0.05 I h -1.00 22.3 min 00 1.00

Kidneys 0.08 I h -1.00 17.8 min 6h 1.00

Testes 0.003 1 h -1.00 1.1 min 24 h 1.00

Other organs and tissues 0.50 12 h -i.oo 1.45 h 00 1.00

Bladder 0.45 From acthity accumulated in kidneys (0.08) Excreted directly from blood (0.37)

A clult am/ 15 years 15.7 min 10 years .. 13.6 min 5 years am/ 1 yc>ar 9.2min

24

--====--·Supplied by The British Library- "The world's knowledge"·--------•

and . 36,

AO-onal I. 9,

tion

~lied

man !fed.

:lose lizin

~9rii

dies

s y-and

lo

9h

min

min

min

5h

min min min

-··

/CRP Publication 80

2.4.4. Absorbed doses: 9901Tc-Iabellcd HIG

99mTc 6.02 h

Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGyjMBq)

Organ Adult 15 years 10 years 5 years

Adrenals 8.4E-03 I.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 Bladder 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.2E-02 2.4£-02 Bone surfaces 6.9£-03 I.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 Brain 3.1E-03 3.9£-03 6.4E-03 I.OE-02 Breast 2.9E-03 3.5E-03 5.8E-03 9.1£-03 Gall bladder 6.4E-03 8.0E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 GI-tract

Stomach 4.3E-03 5.5E-03 9.0E-03 1.3E-02 Sl 4.0E-03 5.0E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 Colon 3.9E-03 5.0E-03 7.7E-03 1.2E-02 {ULl 4.0E-03 5.2E-03 8.0E-03 l.3E-02 (LLI 3.7E-03 4.7E-03 7.3E-03 l.OE-02

Heart 1.6E-02 2.0E-02 3.1E-02 4.7E-02 Kidneys 2.3E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 6.0E-02 Liver 1.3E-02 l.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 Lungs 1.3E-02 1.6£-02 2.5E-02 4.0E-02 Muscles 3.1E-03 3.9E-03 5.8E-03 8.8E-03

Oesophagus 4.9E-03 5.8E-03 8.1E-03 1.2E-02 Ovaries 3.9E-03 5.0E-03 7.2E-03 I.IE-02 Pancreas 6.1E-03 7.5E-03 I.IE-02 1.8E-02 Red marrow 5.5E-03 6.8E-03 I.IE-02 1.7E-02 Skin 1.9E-03 2.3E-03 3.7E-03 6.0E-03

Spleen l.OE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.3E-02 Testes 7.6E-03 1.6E-02 I.OE-01 1.2£-01 Thymus 4.9E-03 5,8E-03 S.!E-03 1.2E-02 Thyroid 4.6E-03 5.8E-03 9.5E-03 1.5E-02 Uterus 4.5E-03 5.5E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02

Remaining organs 3.2E-03 4.0£-03 6.9E-03 1.2E-02

Effecthc dose (mSl}i\IBq) 7.0E-03 9.4E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02

25


Tc 43

HIG

I year

4.5E-02 4.4£-02 5.5£-02 1.9E-02 1.6E-02 2.7£-02

2.3£-02 2.1£-02 2.0E-02 2.1E-02) 1.9E-02)

8.1E-02 I.IE-01 6.5E-02 7.5E-02 1.6E-02

2.0E-02 1.9E-02 3.0E-02 3.1E-02 I.IE-02

6.0E-02 1.6E-OI 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 2.0E-02

2.!E-02

4.7E-02

2.5.1. Biokinctic model

2.5. Pcrtechncgas 99mTc

Tc 43

Pcrtechncgas

(35) 'Pertechnegas' is a 99mTc labelled sodium chloride aerosol, which is soluble because it lacks the carbon coating of Technegas, and has a median particle diameter of 167 nm (Lloyd et al., 1995). Pertechnegas is thus a modified form of Technegas, produced by heating 99mTc pertechnetate in argon containing 3% of oxygen. Following inhalation, Pertechnegas shows lung clearance properties similar to those of a 99mTc-pertechnetate aerosol. About 75% of inhaled Pertechnegas is lost from the lungs with a half-time of 9-11 minutes in both smokers and non-smokers. The remainder of the material appears to leave the lungs with a h~lf-time of 2-3 hours (lsawa et al., 1996; Kotzerka et al., 1996). The material leaving the lungs is assumed to enter the blood as pertechnetate.

(36) The biokinetic model for Pertechnegas assumes that 75% of the total inhaled activity is lost from the lungs with a half-time of 10 minutes; the remaining 25% leaves the lungs with a half-time of 160 minutes. All of the activity leaving the lungs is assumed to be absorbed to blood and to behave as intravenously injected 99mTc-pertechnetate.

2.5.2. References for Pertechnegas

lsawa, T., Lee, B.T., Hiraga, K., 1996. High-resolution electron microscopy of Technegas and Pertechnegas. Nucl. Med. Commun. 17, 147-152.

Kotzerke, J., van den Hoff, J., Burchert, W. et al., 1996. A compartmental model for alveolar clearance of Pertechnegas. J. Nucl. Med. 37, 2066-2071.

Lloyd, J.J., Shields, R.A., Taylor, C.J. et al., 1995. Technegas and Pertechnegas particle size distribution. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 473-476.

27


Tc 43 Pertechnegas


Organ (S)

Lungs

99mTc pertechnetate to blood:

Thyroid Salivary glands Stomach contents

wall SI contents ULI contents

wall LLI contents Bladder contents

Adults and 15 years 10 years 5 years and 1 year

Other organs and remaining tissues

ICRP Pub!icatio11 80

F,

1.0

1.0

28

IOmin 160 min

a

0.75 0.25

50.5 min

1.81 min 2.72 min 7.48 min

12.0 min 20.5 min 36.1 min 26.4 min 17.7 min

23.1 min 19.9 min 13.3 min 3.99 h

\.·-.. 1 --:-:::======Supplied by The British Library- "The world's knowlledae"-----•••

/CRP Publication 80 Tc 43

Pcrtcchnegas

2.5.4. Absorbed doses: Pcrtcchncgas

Inhalation

min 99mTc 6.02 h


min Organ Adult 15 years 10 years 5 years I year

min Adrenals 3.7E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 J.IE-02 1.9E-02

min nin Bladder 1.9E-02 2.5E-02 3.2E-02 3.5E-02 6.2E-02

nin Bone surfaces 5.2E-03 6.3E-03 9.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.5E-02

nin Brain 1.9E-03 2.4E-03 3.9E-03 6.2E-03 I.IE-02

nin Breast 2.0E-03 2.6E-03 3.9E-03 6.2E-03 J.IE-02

nin Gall bladder 6.5E-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.0E-02 J.IE-02 Gl·tract

niJ;J,.··· Stomach 2.1E-02 2.8E-02 3.9E-02 6.4E-02 1.3E-01

nin Sl 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 3.9E-02 6.8E-02

nin Colon 3.4E-02 4.4E-02 7.3E-02 1.2E-01 2.2E-OI

h (ULI 4.6E-02 6.0E-02 I.OE-01 1.6E-OI 3.1E-01) (LLI I.SE-02 2.3E-02 3.8E-02 5.9E-02 l.IE-01)

Heart 3.5E-03 4.6E-03 6.8E-03 l.OE-02 I.SE-02 Kidneys 3.9E-03 4.8E-03 7.3E-03 I.IE-02 1.9E-02 Liver 3.7E-03 4.8E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 Lungs S.IE-03 l.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.7E-02 Muscles 3.1E-03 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 8.6E-03 1.6E-02

Oesophagus 2.7E-03 3.5E-03 5.2E-03 S.OE-03 1.4E-02 Ovaries 8.6E-03 I.IE-02 l.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.9E-02 Pancreas 5.2E-03 6.7E-03 I.OE-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 Red marrow 3.4E-03 4.2E-03 6.2E-03 8.5E-03 1.4E-02 Salivary gland 9.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.2E-02 J.SE-02 Skin 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 I.OE-02

Spleen 4.1E-03 S.IE-03 7.7E-03 l.IE-02 2.0E-02 Testes 2.7E-03 3.6E-03 5.5E-03 8.2E-03 l.SE-02 Thymus 2.7E-03 3.5E-03 5.2E-03 S.OE-03 1.4E-02 Thyroid 1.9E-02 3.0E-02 4.5E-02 9.7E-02 I.SE-01 Uterus 7.4E-03 9.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.0E-02 3.3E-02


Effecth·e dose (mS,"/i\IBq) 1.2[-02 1.6[-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 7.JE-02

29

. -



2.6. Tcchncgas 99mTc

Tc 43

Techncgas

(37) Technegas is used for ventilation lung scintigraphy. It is an aerosol incorporating 99mTc atoms, which is prepared by evaporating sodium 99mTcpertechnetate in normal saline to dryness in a graphite crucible. The crucible is then heated at 2500°C for 15 s in an atmosphere of pure argon (Burch et al., 1986). Technegas appears to consist of 99mTc atoms attached to carbon particles having a median diameter of 140-160 nm (Strong and Agnew, 1989; Lloyd et al., 1995; Isawa et al., 1996). Following inhalation, Technegas shows good penetration to the lung periphery and the material is deposited on the lung parenchyma, where it is retained with a half-time that is long compared to the physical half-life of 99mTc (Burch et al.,l986; lsawa et al., 1991). The observed deposition of Technegas in the bronchial airways is about 5% (Lloyd et al., 1995) and the biological retention in the pulmonary tissue amounts to 85% at 24 hours (Isawa et al., 1991).

(38) The biokinetic model for Technegas assumes that 95% of the inhaled material is deposited in the lungs with 5% in the main bronchii airways. The inhaled material is assumed to be lost from the pulmonary tissue with a biological half-time of 4 days. The material deposited in the bronchii is assumed to be elevated by the ciliary escalator and swallowed. The material absorbed from the Gl-tract is assumed to behave as orally administered 99mTc-pertechnetate (ICRP, 1987).

2.6.2. References for Tcchnegas

Burch, W.M., Sullivan, P.J., McLaren, C.J., 1986. Technegas-a new ventilation agent for lung scanning. Nucl. Med. Commun. 7, 865-871.

ICRP, 1987. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP, 18 (1-4).

Isawa, T., Teshima, T., Anazawa, Y. et al., 1991. Technegas for inhalation lung imaging. Nucl. Med. Commun. 12, 47-55.

lsawa, T., Lee, B.T., Hiraga, K., 1996. High-resolution electron microscopy of Technegas and Pertechnegas. Nucl. Med. Commun. 17, 147-152.

Lloyd, J.J., Shields, R.A., Taylor, C.J. et al., 1995. Technegas and Pertechnegas particle size distribution. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 473-476.

Strong, J.C., Agnew, J.E., 1989. The particle size distribution ofTechnegas and its influence on regional lung deposition. Nucl. Med. Comm. 10, 425-430.

31


r I

, ..

Tc 43 Technegas

2.6.3. Biokinctic data

Organ (S)

lungs

99mTc pertechnetate to G 1-tract:

Thyroid Salivary glands Stomach contents

wall Sl contents Ull contents

wall lll contents Bladder contents

Adult and 15 Jl?ars 10 years 5 years and 1 year

Other organs and remaining tissues

ICRP Publication 80

F. T112 a

1.0 Sh 0.05 4d 0.95

0.05

32

~-~·~---=-----=,..----=-::-::-:~-.:-::-. - Supplied byThe British Library - "The world's knowledge"

As/Ao

8.00 h

2.2 s 3.2 s 1.15 min

14 s 58 s

1.44 min 31 s 42 s

17 s 15 s lOs 4.16 min

ICRP Publication 80 Tc 43

Tcchnegas

2.6.4. Absorbed doses: Techncgas

1Ao Inhalation

99mTc 6.02 h •h


Organ Adult IS years 10 years 5 years I year

Adrenals 6.8E-03 9.1E-03 1.3E-02 2.0E-02 3.4E-02

min Bladder 3.2E-04 4.5E-04 7.4E-04 l.2E-03 2.8E-03 Bone surfaces 4.9E-03 6.3E-03 8.8E-03 l.4E-02 2.6E-02 Brain 2.5E-04 3.3E-04 S.SE-04 9.4E-04 l.SE-03

min Breast 6.7E-03 7.3E-03 I.JE-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 Gall bladder 2.3E-03 3.2E-03 S.SE-03 8.4E-03 l.IE-02 Gl·tract

Stomach 4.4E-03 6.2E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 Sl 8.7E-04 1.3E-03 2.2E-03 3.9E-03 7.8E-03 ... Colon 1.4E-03 1.9E-03 3.4E-03 5.9E-03 l.2E-02 (ULI 1.9E-03 2.5E-03 4.6E-03 7.7E-03 l.SE-02)

nin (LLI 7.4E-04 l.OE-03 l.SE-03 3.4E-03 7.0E-03)

Heart l.JE-02 1.7E-02 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 4.8E-02 Kidneys 2.0E-03 3.0E-03 4.6E-03 7.2E-03 1.3E-02 Liver 5.7E-03 7.8E-03 I.OE-02 I.SE-02 2.5E-02 Lungs l.IE-01 1.6E-Ol 2.2E-Ol 3.3E-Ol 6.3E-Ol Muscles 2.8E-03 3.6E-03 4.9E-03 7.3E-03 1.3E-02

Oesophagus 8.2E-03 I.OE-02 I.SE-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 Ovaries 4.1E-04 S.SE-04 I.IE-03 2.0E-03 4.2E-03 Pancreas 5.2E-03 7.3E-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.8E-02 Red marrow 3.3E-03 3.8E-03 S.OE-03 6.6E-03 l.IE-02 Salivary glands 2.8E-03 3.6E-03 6.3E-03 9.8E-03 1.8E-02 Skin 1.2E-03 l.3E-03 2.2E-03 3.3E-03 5.9E-03

. Spleen 4.8E-03 6.3E-03 9.3E-03 I.SE-02 2.5E-02 Testes 6.1E-05 9.1E-05 2.0E-04 3.3E-04 l.IE-03 Thymus 8.2E-03 l.OE-02 l.SE-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 Thyroid 2.9E-03 3.9E-03 6.9E-03 I.IE-02 2.0E-02 Uterus 3.0E-04 4.6E-04 8.3E-04 1.6E-03 3.6E-03


Effccth·e dose (mSv/~JBq) t.SE-02 2.2E-02 3.1E-02 4.7£-02 8.7E-02

33


2.7. Tcchnctium-Jabcllcd tctrofosmin (Myo\·icw) 99mTc

2.7.1. 8iokinetie model

Tc 43

Tctrofosmin

(39) Technetium-99m-l ,2-bis[bis(2-ethoxyethyl)phosphino]ethanc is a lipophilic technetium phosphine dioxo cation ([99mTc(tetrofosminh 0 2]+) prepared from a freeze-dried kit (Myoview). It is used for studies of myocardial perfusion.

(40) Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin accumulates in viable myocardial tissue in proportion to regional blood flow in a manner similar to thallous chloride. After intravenous injection, the substance is rapidly cleared from the blood ( < 5% left by 10 min) and taken up predominantly in muscular tissues (including heart), liver, kidneys, and salivary glands with a smaller amount in the thyroid. Biodistribution is generally similar to that of technetium-99m-MIBI (Cardiolite) (Publication 62, ICRP 1991) but there are some differences that have a bearing on diagnostic technique. Tcchnetium-99m-tetrofosmin shows a heart uptake of 1.2% and is very rapidly cleared from the liver ( <4.5% left by I hour) and lungs. More than 80% of the substance is excreted in 48 h, and the faecal:urinary excretion is 54:46. When the substance is injected in conjunction with an exercise stress test there is a considerable increase of the uptake in skeletal muscle but little change in heart uptake. Initial rates of urinary and faecal clearance arc lower than at rest and the faecal:urinary excretion is 46:54.

(41) The quantitative figures for uptake and excretion in man, presented in the table below, are based on reports by Smith et al. (1992) and Higley et al. (1993). Substance excreted by the hepatobiliary system is assumed to leave the body via the intestinal tract according to the Publication 30 gastro-intestinal tract model (ICRP, 1979). The kidney-bladder model presented in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987) is used for substance excreted in urine.

2.7.2. References for 99mTc-1abclled tctrofosmin

Higley, B., Smith, F.W., Smith, T. et al., 1993. Technetium-99m-1,2-bis(bis(2-ethoxyethyl)phosphino)cthane: Human biodistribution, dosimetry and safety of a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 30-38.

ICRP, 1979. Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. ICRP Publication 30: Part 1, Annals of the ICRP 2 (3/4).

ICRP, 1987. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. lCRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (l-4).

ICRP, 1991. Addendum I to Publication 53, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. In: Radiological Protection in Biomedical Research. ICRP Publication 62, Annals of the ICRP 22(3).

Smith, T., Lahiri, A., Gemmell, H.G. et al., 1992. Dosimetry of 99mTc-P53, a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent. In: S-Stelson, A., Watson, E.E. (Eds.), Fifth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. CONF-910529. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 467:-c-481.

35


Tc ICRP Publication 80 43 Tetrofosmin


Organ (S) F. Tl/2 a A,fAo

I) Resting subject Heart 0.012 4h 0.67 3.3 min

I day 0.33 Liver 0.10 30min 0.85 5.3 min

2h 0.15 Gall bladder 0.18 14.4 min Gl-tract contents:

Sl 0.54 30.7 min ULI 0.54 39.9 min LLI 0.54 19.6min

Kidneys O.o? I h 0.70 12.4 min I day 0.30

Bladder contents 0.46 Adult and 15 Jl!ars 19.7min /0 years 16.8min 5 years and 1 year 11.0 min

Salivary glands 0.015 I day 1.00 6.2min Thyroid 0.003 2h 1.00 23 s Other organs and tissues 0.80 20min 0.15 4.78 h

I day 0.85 2) Exercise Heart 0.013 4h 0.67 3.6min

I day 0.33 Liver 0.05 30min 0.85 2.7min

2h 0.15 Gall bladder 0.153 10.8 min Gl-tract contents:

Sl 0.46 21.3 min ULI 0.46 27.7 min Lll 0.46 13.6 min

Kidneys 0.05 I h 0.70 8.9min I day 0.30

Bladder contents 0.54 Adult and 15 years 15.2min 10 years 13.0min 5 years and 1 year 8.6min

Salivary glands 0.01 I day 1.00 4.2min Thyroid 0.002 2h 1.00 16 s Other organs and tissues 0.875 20min 0.05 5.75 h

l day 0.95

36

. l_--...-,-----===--:-:--==-=.==:-::--:-:-:::------:;::;:;------::--:;-::;;::-;::-:::-:-:;-:::-:;-:-. Supplied by Th~·British Library- "The world's knowledge"

ICRP Pub/icatiou 80 Tc 43

Tetrofosmin

2.7.4. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labclled tctrofosmin {resting subject)

99mTc 6.02 h

4o Absorbed dose per unit acthity administered (mGy/MBq)

I min Organ Adult 15 years 10 years 5 years I year

I min Adrenals 3.4£-03 4.4£-03 6.5£-03 9.6£-03 1.7£-02 Bladder 1.7£-02 2.2£-02 2.9E-02 3.1£-02 5.6£-02

I min Bone surfaces 4.5£-03 5.4£-03 7.8£-03 1.2£-02 2.1£-02 Brain 3.9£-04 5.0£-04 7.8£-04 1.4£-03 2.6£-03

'min Breast 9.0£-04 I.IE-03 2.0£-03 3.3£-03 6.0£-03

•min Gall bladder 3.6£-02 4.0£-02 5.3£-02 9.3£-02 3.1£-01

imin Gl-tract

imin Stomach 3.7£-03 5.0E-03 7.7£-03 I.IE-02 1.9£-02 SI 1.5£-02 1.9E-02 3.0£-02 4.6E-02 8.3£-02 Colon 2.4£-02 3.0£-02 4.8£-02 7.6E-02 1.4E-OI

min (ULI 2.7£-02 3.4£-02 5.5E-02 8.8£-02 1.6£-01) :min·· (LLI 2.0E-02 2.5E-'-02 4.1E-02 6.4£-02 1.2E-OJ)

I min 'min Heart 4.4£-03 5.6£-03 8.4£-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02

Kidneys 1.4£-02 1.7£-02 2.3E-02 3.4£-02 5.8£-02

8h Liver 4.0£-03 5.1E-03 7.8E-03 I.IE-02 2.0E-02 Lungs 2.0E-03 2.7E-03 3.7£-03 5.6£-03 l.OE-02 Muscles 3.7£-03 4.6E-03 6.9£-03 I.IE-02 2.0E-02

min Oesophagus 2.1£-03 2.6E-03 3.6£-03 5.6E-03 9.5E-03

min Ovaries 8.4E-03 I.OE-02 1.5£-02 2.2E-02 3.7£-02 Pancreas 4.JE-03 5.3E-03 8.4£-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02

min Red marrow 2.9£-03 3.5£-03 4.8E-03 6.3E-03 9.2E-03 Salivary glands 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.3£-02 3.0E-02 4.4£-02

min Skin 1.3£-03 l.SE-03 2.3E-03 3.6E-03 6.3E-03

min min Spleen 3.0£-03 3.9E-03 5.9£-03 8.8E-03 1.5£-02

min Testes 2.4E-03 3.2E-03 5.0E-03 7.4E-03 1.3E-02 Thymus 2.1£-03 2.61::-03 3.6E-03 5.6E-03 9.5£-03 Thyroid 5.7£-03 8.6£-03 1.3£-02 2.7£-02 S.OE-02

min Uterus 7.2E-03 9.0E-03 1.4£-02 2.0E-02 3.2E-02

min min Remaining organs 3.9£-03 4.8E-03 7.1£-03 l.IE-02 1.9£-02

min Effccthc dose (mSl'/~ IBq) 7.6E-03 9.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.3E-02

ih

37


'Tc lCRP Pub/ication80 43 Tetrofosmin

2.7.5. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labe11ed tetrofosmin (exercise)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 3.3E-03 4.3E-03 6.3E-03 9.2E-03 1.6E-02 Bladder 2.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.4E-02 2.7E-02 4.8E-02 Bone surfaces 4.8E-03 5.8E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 Brain 4.6E-04 5.9E-04 9.2E-04 1.6E-03 3.1E-03 Breast l.OE-03 1.3E-03 2.2E-03 3.6E-03 6.5E-03 Gall bladder 2.7E-02 3.1E-02 4.1E-02 7.2E-02 2.3E-OI GI-tract

Stomach 3.5E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 I.OE-02 1.8E-02 SI l.IE-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 6.3E-02 Colon I.SE-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 5.6E-02 l.IE-01 (ULI 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 4.0E-02 6.4E-02 1.2E-OI) (LLI I.SE-02 2.0E-02 3.1E-02 4.8E-02 9.0E-02)

Heart 4.8E-03 6.1E-03 9.0E-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 Kidneys l.IE-02 1.3E-02 l.SE-02 2.6E-02 4.6E-02 liver 3.3E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 9.3E-03 1.6E-02 Lungs 2.2E-03 2.9E-03 4.1E-03 6.1E-03 l.IE-02 Muscles 4.1E-03 S.OE-03 7.4E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02

Oesophagus 2.4E-03 3.0E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 l.IE-02 Ovaries 7.6E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 !.9E-02 3.1E-02 Pancreas 3.9E-03 S.IE-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 Red marrow 2.9E-03 3.5E-03 4.7E-03 6.3E-03 9.3E-03 Salivary glands 9.3E-03 l.IE-02 I.SE-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 Skin 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 2.5E-03 3.8E-03 6.7E-03

' 3.0E-03 l.SE-02 ! Spleen 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 8.6E-03

i Testes 2.9E-03 . 3.9E-03 S.lE-03 7.7E-03 1.3E-02

I Thymus 2.4E-03 3.0E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 l.IE-02

I Thyroid 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 l.IE-02 2.2E-02 4.0E-02

i Uterus 7.6E-03 9.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.9E-02

Remaining organs 4.1E-03 S.IE-03 7.4E-03 l.IE-02 2.0E-02

Effccthe dose (mSr/i\lBq) 7.0E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 3.5E-02

38

I. '--


:ar

~-02

~-02

~-02

:!-03 ~-03

~-OJ

~-02

~-02

!-01 !-01). ~-b2)

~-02

~-02

~-02

~-02

~-02

:-02 :-02 l-02 l-03 :-02 :-03

!-02 :-02 :-02 :-02 :-02

:-02

:-02

2.8. Indium-labelled human immunoglobulin (HIG) 1111n


In 49

IIIG

0 OOH ·-----·-----0

(42) Indium-labelled HIG behaves in principle in the same way as described in the biokinetic model for technetium-labelled HIG, i.e. an initial blood-pool distribution, followed by some active accumulation in liver and kidneys, some additional uptake in spleen, and some direct excretion of radioactivity in the urine. Compared to the technetium labelled-substance, the blood-clearance is slower (T 112 = 24 h for the main part), the liver and spleen uptake being somewhat higher and the kidney uptake and the urinary excretion somewhat lower. Early excretion in urine is set to 20%, and it is assumed that there is a slow excretion of remaining activity in the body with the same half-time as found for indium given in ionic form, i.e. 70 days.

2.8.2. References for 111In labelled HIG

Buijs, W.C.A.M., Oyen, W.J.G., Claessens, R.A.M.J. et at., 1990. Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of indium-Ill labelled immunoglobulin G. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 433 (abstract).

Claessens, R.A.M.J., Koenders, E.B., Solomon, H.F. et al., 1994. Pharmacokinetics of 111 In.I4C-DTPA-IgG-1231 in rats with a focal infection. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 21, 832 (abstract).

Datz, F.L., Castronovo, F.P., Christian, P.E. et al., 1995. Biodistribution and dosimetry of indium-111-polyclonal lgG in normal subjects. J. Nucl. Med. 36, 2372-2379.

Fischman, A.J., Rubin, R.H., Khaw, B.A. et at., 1988. Detection of acute inflammation with 1111n-labeled non-specific polyclonat lgG. Sem. Nucl. Med. 18, 335-344.

Morrel, E.M., Tompkins, R.G., Fischman, A.J. et at., 1989. Autoradiographic method for quantitation of radiolabelled proteins in tissues using indium-Ill. J. Nucl. Med. 30, 1538-1545.

Oyen, W.J.G., Claessens, R.A.M.J., van Horn, J.R. et al., 1990. Scintigraphic detection of bone and joint infections with Indium-111-labelled non-specific polyclonal human immunoglobulin G. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 403-412.

39


II In ICRP Pub/icatioll 80 49 HIG


I: I I Organ (S) F. T112 a AJAo

r I Blood I h 0.15 22.0 h 24 h 0.85

Liver 0.08 t h -1.00 7.42 h 70 days 1.00

Kidneys 0.05 t h -1.00 23.5 min 6h 1.00

Spleen 0.02 I h -1.00 1.86 h 70 days 1.00

Testes 0.003 I h -1.00 4.5min 24h 1.00

Other organs and tissues 0.70 24 h -1.00 2.03 days 70 days 1.00

Bladder 1.0 from activity accumulated in kidneys (0.05) excreted directly from blood (0.15) slow excretion from organ and tissues (0.80)

Acluft alld 15 years 19.1 min 10 years 16.3min 5 years alld I year 10.9 min

40

------~~,~-~-------------::=-


___ .......

ICRP Publication 80 In 49

HIG

2.8.4. Absorbed doses: 111ln labelled HIG

tllln 2.83 days

It Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)

h Organ Adult IS years 10 years 5 years I year

nin Adrenals 2.1E-OI 2.SE-OI 3.8E-OI S.SE-01 I.OE+OO Bladder I.JE-01 I.SE-01 2.4E-OI 3.3E-OI S.SE-01

h Bone surfaces I.SE-01 2.3E-OI J.SE-01 S.SE-01 I.IE+OO Brain 9.8E-02 1.2E-OI 2.0E-OI 3.3E-OI S.SE-01

nin Breast 9.1E-02 I.IE-01 1.7E-OI 2.7E-OI S.OE-01 Gall bladder 2.1E-OI 2.6E-01 3.9E-OI S.SE-01 S.SE-01

days Gl-tract Stomach I.SE-01 1.9E-OI 2.9E-ot 4.4E-ot 7.6E-01 SI 1.4E-OI 1.7E-OI 2.7E-Ol 4.2E-OI 7.4E-OI Colon 1.4E-OI 1.7E-OI 2.6E-OI 4.1E-OI 7.0E-OI (ULI 1.4E-OI I.SE-01 2.7E-OI 4.4E-OI 7.4E-OI) {LLI I.JE-01 I.SE-01 2.4E-OI 3.6E-OI 6.SE-01)

nin Heart 2.9E-01 3.6E-OI 5.4E-Ol S.IE-01 1.4E+OO nin Kidneys 2.3E-OI 2.8E-OI 4.2E-01 6.4E-OI I.IE+OO nin Liver 3.9E-OI S.OE-01 7.SE-OI I.IE+OO 1.9E+OO

Lungs 2.3E-OI 2.9E-OI 4.5E-Ol 6.9E-01 1.3E+OO 1\1 uscles I.IE-01 J.JE-01 2.0E-OI 3.1E-01 S.SE-01

Oesophagus 1.4E-OI 1.7E-OI 2.4E-OJ 3.7E-OI 6.5E-OI Ovaries I.JE-01 1.7E-OI 2.5E-OI 3.8E-OI 6.9E-OI Pancreas 2.0E-OI 2.SE-OI 3.8E-01 S.SE-01 t.OE+OO Red marrow 1.3E-OI 1.6E-OI 2.SE-OI 3.7E-OI 6.7E-OI Skin 7.0E-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-OI 2.1E-OI 3.9E-01

Spleen 6.0E-OI S.IE-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.3E+OO Testes 1.3E-OI 2.2E-OI I.IE+OO 1.3E+OO l.SE+OO Thymus 1.4E-OI l."JE-01 2.4E-OI 3.7E-OI 6.SE-Ol Thyroid I.JE-01 1.6E-OI 2.5E-Ol 4.1E-OI 7.6E-OI Uterus 1.3E-OI 1.7E-OI 2.6E-01 3.9E-Ol 6.9E-OI

Remaining organs I.IE-01 1.4E-OI 2.1E-OI 3.4E-Ol 6.1E-01

Effccth·c dose (mSl'/;\IBq) 1.7E-OI 2.2E-OI 4.1E-01 5.8E-Ol 9.9E-OI

41

--Supplied by The British Library- "The world's knowledge"


2.9. Indium-labelled octreotide 111 In

In 49

Octrcotide

(43) In-111-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide (pentatreotide) is a peptide composed of 8 amino acids and is an analogue of the active part of the peptide hormone somatostatin. Somatostatin is present in many neurons and endocrine cells, mainly in the brain and in the GI tract, and has an inhibitory effect on growth hormone secretion. In-Ill-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide may be used for visualising somatostatin receptor-containing tumours including neuroblastoma, some types of endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours, small-cell lung cancer, and breast cancer.

(44) The biol_cinetic model is based on scintigraphic studies of a total of 24 humans by Krenning et a!. (1992), Forssell Aronsson eta!. and Leide-Svegborn et a!. (1996). Tissue samples have been analysed by Forssell Aronsson et a!. (1995). These studies have demonstrated uptake in liver, spleen, kidneys, and thyroid. In some patients there may also be uptake in the pituitary gland. There is a wide variation in uptake values between the subjects. The main route of excretion is via the kidneys and less than 2% is excreted in faeces. Although some degradation seems to occur, the great majority of activity excreted in urine is still peptide bound, even after 48 hours. The biokinetic data come from patients with carcinoid tumours and neuroendocrine tumours in the GI-tract. Uptake in tumour tissue present in any given organ may therefore be included in the published organ uptake values.

(45) Intravenously injected In-11 1-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide is assumed to be immediately taken up in liver, spleen, kidneys, and thyroid, while the rest is assumed to be homogeneously distributed in the remainder of the body. The experimentally found retention data is best described by mono- or hi-exponential functions. The small excretion via the GI tract is not included in the model, since its contribution to the absorbed dose in normal circumstances is negligible. According to Claessens et a!. (1995) and Koizumi et a!. (1989), there is a detachment of part of the molecule giving a lllln-substance with a long-tem1 retention. For this long-term retention, the same half-time as for In-ions (Publication 53, ICRP 1987) is assumed.

(46) An observed excretion of 85% via urine after 24 h fits well with the model proposed.

2.9.2. References for Ill In-labelled octreotide

Bajc, M., Palmer, J., Ohlsson, T. eta!., 1994. Distribution and dosimetry of 111 In DTPA-D-Phe-octreotide in man assessed by whole body scintigraphy. Acta Radiol. 35, 53-51.

-·

43


,,

'i ,j; ',i

In 49 Oct reo tide

TCRP Publicatioll80

Claessens, R.A.M.J., Koenders, E.B., Boerman, O.C. et al., 1995. Dissociation of indium from indium-Ill labelled triamine penta acetic acid conjugated with non-specific polyclonal human immunoglobulin G in inflammatory foci. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 212-219.

Forssell, Aronsson E., Fjiilling, M., Nilsson, 0. et al., 1995. 111 In activity concentration in human tissue samples after i.v. injection of 111 In-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide. J. Nucl. Med. 36, 7-12.

Forssell, Aronsson E., Lanhede, B., Fjalling, M. et al., 1999. Pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of 111In-DTPA-D-Phe-l-octreotide in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. In: S-Stclson, A.T., Stabin, M.G., Sparks, R.B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 643-655.

Krenning, E.P., Bakker, W.H., Kooij, P.P.M. et al., 1992. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with Indium-11 1-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide in man: Metabolism, dosimetry and comparison with Iodine-123-Tyr-3-0ctreotide. J. Nucl. Med. 33, 652-658.

Koizumi, M., Endo, K., Watanabe, Y. et al., 1989. Pharamcokinetics of internally labeled monoclonal antibodies in osteogenic sarcoma xenografts in nude mice. Cancer Res. 49, 1752-1757.

Krenning, E.P., Kwekkeboom, D.J., Bakker, W.H. et al., 1993. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with (111 In-DTPA-D-Phe 1)-and 123I-Tyr3)-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 20, 716-731.

Leide-Svegborn, S., Nosslin, B., Mattsson, S., 1996. Biokinetics and dosimetry of 111 In-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide in patients. In: S-Stelson, A.T., Stabin, M.G., Sparks, R.B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 631-642.

Stabin, M.G., Kooij, P.P.M., Bakker, W.H. et al., 1997. Radiation Dosimetry for Indium-111-pentetreotide. J. Nuc~. Med. 38, 1919-1922.

44


,f h I

y ·-

s h I, y

r l,

;,

y . n e 1,

,f

tl :i

r

1CRP Publication 80


Organ (S) F, Tt/2

Liver 0.06 2h 2.5 d

70 d Spleen 0.05 2.5 d Kidney 0.06 2.5 d Thyroid 0.001 2.5 d Other organs and tissues 0.829 3h

2.5 d Bladder 1.00

Adult am/ 15 )'f?ars IO)'f?ars 5 )'ears and 1 year

45

a

0.40 0.30 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.10

In 49

Octreotide

A,/Ao

2.59 h

2.30 h 2.76 h 2.76 min 6.90 h

1.65 h 1.40 h

54.3 min


'I

,,

In ICRP Publicatio11 SO 49 Octrcotidc

2.9.4. Absorbed doses: 111 In labelled-octrcotidc

111 In 2.83 days

Absorbed dose per unit acti\'ity administered (mGyf~IBq)


Adrenals 5.8E-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-OI 1.7E-OI 3.0E-01 Bladder 2.0E-OI 2.5E-01 J.IE-01 4.6E-OI 8.2E-01 Bone surfaces 2.7E-02 3.4E-02 5.0E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-OI Brain 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 J.JE-02 5.8E-02 Breast 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.8E-02 Gall bladder 5.2E-02 6.3E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-OI 2.2E-01 GI-tract

Stomach 4.3E-02 S.OE-02 7.8E-02 1.1 E-01 I.SE-01 SI 2.9E-02 J.SE-02 5.9E-02 9.1E-02 1.6E-OI Colon 2.9E-02 3.6E-02 5.5E-02 8.9E-02 1.5E-02 (ULI J.OE-02 3.7E-02 5.8E-02 9.4E-02 1.6E-01) (LLI 2.7E-02 3.4E-02 S.OE-02 7.6E-02 I.JE-01)

Hearl 2.5E-02 3.2E-02 4.9E-02 7.1E-02 I.JE-01 Kidneys 4.1E-OI 4.9E-OI 6.7E-01 9.6E-OI 1.6E+OO Liver I.OE-01 I.JE-01 2.0E-OI 2.7E-OI 4.8E-01 Lungs 2.3E-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 6.8E-02 1.2E-01 Muscles 2.0E-02 2.6E-02 3.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.1 E-01

Oesophagus 1.4E-02 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 4.4E-02 7.8E-02 Ovaries 2.7E-02 3.5E-02 S.IE-02 S.IE-02 1.4E-01 Pancreas 7.2E-02 8.8E-02 I.JE-01 2.0E-OI 3.2E-01 Red marrow 2.2E-02 2.7E-02 3.9E-02 5.3E-02 8.7E-02 Skin I.IE-02 I.JE-02 2.1E-02 J.JE-02 6.2E-02

Spleen 5.7E-OI 7.9E-OI 1.2E+OO 1.8E+OO J.IE+OO Testes 1.7E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 5.5E-02 I.OE-01 Thymus 1.4E-02 . 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 4.4E-02 7.8E-02 Thyroid 7.6E-02 1.2E-OI I.SE-01 3.7E-OI 6.9E-01 Uterus 3.9E-02 4.9E-02 7.1E-02 I.IE-01 1.9E-OI

Remaining organs 2.3E-02 2.8E-02 4.2E-02 6.3E-02 I.IE-01

Elfcclhe dose (mS1'j;\IBq) 5.4E-02 7.1E-02 l.OE-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-OI

46


3. RECALCULATED DOSE DATA FOR 19 FREQUENTLY USED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FROM ICRP PUBLICA TJON 53

3.1. Introduction to recalculations

(47) Organ absorbed doses and effective doses for a number of substances published in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987) and still frequently used in nuclear medicine were recalculated, using the newer dosimetry of Addendum 1 to Publication 53 (ICRP, 1991) and the present Addendum 2 to Publication 53. For the calculations, biokinetic data were taken from Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987).

I)·, · Absorbed fractions from Cristy and Eckerman (1987) were used to calculate the I) S-values.

(48) For 51 Cr EDTA, 99mTc DTPA, and 1231 and 1311 Hippuran, assuming normal renal function, an extra footnote gives the effective dose when the urinary bladder is emptied at 1 or 0.5 hour after administration instead of the assumption behind the dose tables which is 3.5 hours for adults and 15 years old, 3.0 hours for 10 years old, and 2.0 hours from 5 years to newborn. Only the first void is altered.

3.1.1. References for Introduction to recalculations

Cristy, M., Eckerman, K.F., 1987. Specific Absorbed Fractions of Energy at Various Ages from Internal Photon Sources. ORNL{fM-8381/Vl-7. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.

ICRP, 1987. Radiation Dose to Patieats from Radiopharmaceuticals, ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (1-4).

ICRP, 1991. Addendum I to Publication 53, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. In: Radiological Protection in Biomedical Research. ICRP Publication 62, Annals of the ICRP 22 (3).

47


3.2. 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) ISF

3.2.1. Absorbed doses: 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)

18F 109.77 min

F 9

FDG


Organ

Adrcnals Bladder Bone surfaces Brain Breasi Gall bladder Gl·tract

Stomach SI Colon (ULI (LLI




Remaining organs

Effecthe dose (mSvfi\lBq)

Adult

1.2E-02 1.6E-Ol I.JE-02 2.8E-02 8.6E-03 1.2E-02

l.IE-02 l.JE-02 l.JE-02 1.2E-02 1.5E-02

6.2E-02 2.1E-02 l.IE-02 I.OE-02 I.IE-02

I.JE-02 I.SE-02 1.2E-02 I.IE-02 S.OE-03

I.IE-02 1.2E-02 I.JE-02 I.OE-02 2.1E-02

I.IE-02

J.9E-02

15 years

1.5E-02 2.IE-01 1.4E-02 2.8E-02 t.IE-02 1.5E-02

1.4E-02 !.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.9E-02

S.IE-02 2.5E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 1.4E-02

1.5E-02 2.0E-02 1.6E-02 1.4E-02 I.OE-02

1.4E-02 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 I.JE-02 2.6E-02

1.4E-02

2.5E-02

49

10 years

2.4E-02 2.8E-OI 2.2E-02 J.OE-02 I.SE-02 2.3E-02

2.2E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.5E-02 2.9E-02

1.2E-OI 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 2.1E-02 2.IE-02

2.2E-02 J.OE-02 2.5E-02 2.2E-02 1.6E-02

2.2E-02 2.6E-02 2.2E-02 2.IE-02 3.9E-02

2.2E-02

3.6E-02

/ 5 years / I year

3.8E-02 3.2E-OJ 3.5E-02 3.4E-02 2.9E-02 3.5E-02

3.6E-02 4.JE-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 4.2E-02

2.0E-Ol 5.4E-02 3.7E-02 3.4E-02 3.4E-02

3.5E-02 4.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.2E-02 2.7E-02

3.6E-02 3.8E-02 3.5E-02 3.5E-02 5.5E-02

3.4E-02

S.OE-02

7.2E-02 5.9E-OI 6.6E-02 4.8E-02 5.6E-02 6.6E-02

6.8E-02 7.7E-02 7.4E-02 7.2E-02) 7.6E-02)

3.5E-OI 9.6E-02 7.0E-02 6.5E-02 6.5E-02

6.8E-02 8.2E-02 7.6E-02 6.IE-02 5.2E-02

6.9E-02 7.3E-02 6.8E-02 6.8E-02 l.OE-01

6.3E-02

9.5E-02


3.3. Chromium EDT A 51 Cr

3.3.1. Absorbed doses: 51 Cr EDT A

51Cr 27.70 days


Organ Adult IS years 10 years 5 years

Adrenals 7.2E-O-t 9.2E-O-t 1.4E-03 2.1E-03 Bladder 2.4E-02 3.1E-02 3.8E-02 3.6E-02 Bone surfaces 8.2E-O-t I.OE-03 1.4E-03 2.1E-03 Brain 4.7E-04 6.0E-O-t 9.9E-O-t 1.6E-03 Breast 4.3E-04 5.6E-04 8.3E-O-t 1.3E-03 Gall bladder 7.8E-04 I.OE-03 1.6E-03 2.2E-03 Gl-tmct

Stomach 6.9E-04 8.5E-04 UE-03 2.0E-03 SI I.IE-03 1.4E-03 2.0E-03 2.7E-03 Colon I.JE-03 1.6E-03 2.2E-03 2.9E-03 (ULI 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 2.6E-03 (LLI 1.7E-03 2.JE-03 2.8E-03 3.3E-03

Heart 6.3E-04 8.2E-04 I.JE-03 1.9E-03 Kidneys 1.8E-03 2.2E-03 3.0E-03 4.4E-03 Lh·er 6.5E-04 8.4E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-03 Lungs 5.5E-04 7.3E-04 I.IE-03 1.7E-03 Muscles 7.7E-04 9.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.9E-03

Oesophagus 5.7E-04 7.4E-04 I.IE-03 1.7E-03 Ovaries 1.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 Pancreas 7.5E-04 9.5,F-O-t I.SE-03 2.2E-03 Red marrow 7.4E-04 9.3E-O-t 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 Skin 4.7E-O-t 5.8E-04 8.9E-04 1.4E-03

Spleen 6.7E-04 8.7E-04 I.JE-03 2.0E-03 Testes 1.2E-03 1.6E-03 2.5E-03 3.0E-03 Thymus 5.7E-04 7.4E-04 I.IE-03 1.7E-03 Thyroid 5.6E-04 7.4E-04 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 Uterus 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 4.6E-03 5.1E-03 Remaining organs 7.7E-04 9.7E-04 t.4E-03 2.0E-03

Effcctil'e dose (mS\'f:\IBq) 2.0[-03 2.6£-03 3.4E-03 3.9E-03

Bladder wall contributes up to 60% of the effective dose. Effect ire dose if bladder is emprictl 1 or 0.5 hours after administration: I hour 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 2.9E-03 J.SE-03 30min I.SE-03 2.3E-03 J.OE-03 3.6E-03

51

Cr 2-f

EDTA

I year

3.9E-03 6.6E-02 3.8E-03 2.9E-03 2.5E-03 3.4E-03

J.SE-03 4.8E-03 4.9E-03 4.3E-03) 5.6E-03)

3.4E-03 7.8E-03 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 3.6E-03

3.2E-03 5.8E-03 4.0E-03 3.2E-03 2.6E-03

3.7E-03 5.4E-03 3.2E-03 3.5E-03 8.8E-03 3.6E-03

7.1E-03

6.3E-03 6.4E-02


l

,,.

3.4. Gallium citrate 67Ga

3.4.1. Absorbed doses: 67Ga citrate

67Ga 3.26 days



Adrenals 1.3E-OI I.SE-01 2.6E-01 3.6E-OI Bladder S.IE-02 I.IE-01 I.SE-01 2.0E-OI Bone surfaces 6.3E-Ol S.lE-01 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO Brain 5.7E-02 7.2E-02 1.2E-OI 1.9E-Ol Breast 4.7E-02 6.1E-02 9.3E-02 I.SE-01 Gall bladder 8.2E-02 l.IE-01 l.?E-01 2.5E-OI Gl-tract

Stomach 6.9E-02 9.0E-02 1.4E-Ol 2.1E-01 Sl 5.9E-02 7.4E-02 I.IE-01 1.6E-Ol Colon 1.6E-01 2.0E-01 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 (ULI 1.2E-01 l.SE-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 (LLI 2.1E-OI 2.6E-01 4.4E-OI ?.IE-01

Heart 6.9E-02 8.9E-02 l.4E-01 2.1E-Ol Kidneys 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.0E-OI 2.9E-01 liver 1.2E-01 l.SE-01 2.3E-OI 3.3E-Ol Lungs 6.3E-02 8.3E-02 l.3E-OI 1.9E-Ol Muscles 6.0E-02 7.6E-02 1.2E-Ol l.SE-01

Oesophagus 6.1E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-OI Ovaries 8.2E-02 l.IE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 Pancreas 8.1E-02 I.OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-Ol Red marrow 2.JE-OI 2.3E-OI 3.8E-01 7.1E-01 Skin 4.SE-02 5.7E-02 9.2E-02 I.SE-01

Spleen 1.4E-01 2.0E-Ol 3.1E-OI 4.8E-01 Testes 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 I.IE-01 I.SE-01 Thymus 6.1E-02 7.9E-02 l.2E-01 l.9E-OI Thyroid 6.2E-02 S.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01

Uterus 7.6E-02 9.7E-02 I.SE-01 2.3E-Ol

Remaining organs 6.1E-02 7.8E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 Effectil'c dose (mSl'/;\IBq) J.OE-01 I.JE-01 2.0E-Ol 3.3[-01

53

Ga 31

Citrate

I year

5.7E-OI I

3.7E-oj/ 5.2E+OO 3.4E-01 2.9E-01 3.8E-01

3.9E-01 2.8E-01 l.OE+OO 7.5E-01) 1.4E+00)

3.8E-01 S.lE-01 6.1E-01 3.6E-01 3.SE-Ol

3.SE-01 4.SE-01 4.3E-Ol l.SE+OO 2.9E-01

8.6E-01 3.3E-01 3.5E-01 3.8E-01

4.2E-01

3.5E-Ol 6.4E-01

Supplied by The British Library- "The world's knowledge" J

3.5. Selenium-labelled bile acid (SeH CAT) 75Se

3.5.1. Absorbed doses: 75Sc-lnbclled bile acid (ScHCAT)

75Se I 19.8 days



Adrcnals 3.2E-Ol 4.1E-OI 6.2E-Ol 9.4E-OI Bladder 3.3E-OI 4.2E-OI 6.7E-OI I.OE+OO Bone surfaces 2.3E-OI J.OE-01 4.3E-OI 6.4E-OI Brain 4.8E-02 5.6E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-O! Breast 7.7E-02 9.6E-02 l.SE-01 2.8E-OI Gall bladder 6.4E+OO 7.1E+OO 9.0E+OO 1.5E+OI Gf-tract

Stomach 4.2E-OI 5.5E-OI 9.3E-OI I.SE+OO Sl 1.9E+OO 2.4E+OO 3.8E+OO 5.9E+OO Colon 2.0E+OO 2.4E+OO 3.8E+OO 5.8E+OO (ULI 1.9E+OO 2.3E+OO 3.5E+OO 5.3E+OO (LLI 2.1E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.2E+OO 6.5E+OO

Heart 3.3E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-OI 9.6E-01 Kidneys 5.0E-Ol 6.1E-01 8.9E-OI I.JE+OO Liver 6.9E-OI 8.7E-OI 1.3E+OO 1.8E+OO Lungs 2.4E-OI 3.3E-OI 4.7E-Ol 7.2E-01 Muscles 2.0E-OI 2.5E-OI 3.7E-01 S.SE-01

Oesophagus J.IE-01 1.4E-OI 1.9E-OI 2.9E-OI Ovaries I.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.0E+OO 2.9E+OO Pancreas 4.SE-01 5.8E-OI I.IE+OO 1.7E+OO Red marrow 2.9E-OI 3.4£-01 4.6E-01 6.0E-Ol Skin 7.5E-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-Ol

Spleen J.OE-01 4.1E-01 6.6E-01 I.OE+OO Testes 9.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-OI 3.7E-OI Thymus I.IE-01 1.4E-OI 1.9E-OI 2.9E-OI Thyroid 6.9E-02 9.6E-02 I.SE-01 2.7E-01 Uterus 7.SE-OI 9.4E-01 l.SE+OO 2.3E+OO

Remaining organs 2.6E-01 3.4E-OI S.JE-01 8.3E-OI

Effecthe dose (mS\}MBq) 6.9£-01 8.6[-01 1.3[+00 2.0E+OO

55

Se 34

Sell CAT

I year

1.5E+OO 1.7E+OO 1.2E+OO 2.0E-O! 5.2E-OI 4.8E+OI

2.5E+OO l.OE+01 l.OE+OI 9.1E+OO) 1.2E+OI)

1.6E+OO 2.0E+OO 3.2E+OO J.JE+OO 9.8E-01

4.8E-OI 4.9E+OO 2.6E+OO 8.3E-Ol 4.2E-OI

1.7E+OO 7.0E-OI 4.8E-OI 5.2E-OI 3.8E+OO

1.3E+OO

3.9£+00


3.6. Tcchnetium-Dl\'ISA 99mTc

3.6.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc DMSA

99mTc 6.02 h

Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGyfl\1Bq)


Adrenals 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.5E-02 Bladder I.SE-02 2.3E-02 2.9E-02 3.1E-02 Done surfaces S.OE-03 6.2E-03 9.2E-03 1.4E-02 Drain 1.2E-03 I.SE-03 2.5E-03 4.0E-03 Breast 1.3E-03 I.SE-03 2.8E-03 4.5E-03 Gall bladder 8.3E-03 I.OE-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 GI-tract

Stomach 5.2E-03 6.3£-03 I.OE-02 1.4E-02 SI S.OE-03 6.4E-03 I.OE-02 1.4E-02 Colon 4.3E-03 S.SE-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 (ULI S.OE-03 6.4E-03 9.5E-03 1.4E-02 (LLI 3.3E-03 4.3E-03 6.5E-03 9.6E-03

Heart 3.0E-03 3.8E-03 5.8E-03 8.6E-03 Kidneys I.SE-01 2.2E-OI 3.0E-OI 4.3E-OI Liver 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.5E-02 Lungs 2.5E-03 3.5E-03 5.2E-03 S.OE-03 Muscles 2.9E-03 3.6E-03 5.2E-03 7.7E-03

Oesophagus 1.7E-03 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 5.4E-03 Ovaries 3.5E-03 4.7E-03 7.0E-03 I.IE-02 Pancreas 9.0E-03 I.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 Red marrow 3.9E-03 4.7E-03 6.8E-03 9.0E-03 Skin I.SE-03 l.SE-03 2.9E-03 · 4.5E-03

Spleen l.JE-02 l.7E-02 2.6E-02 3.8E-02 Testes l.SE-03 2.4E-03 3.7E-03 5.3E-03 Thymus 1.7E-03 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 5.4E-03 Thyroid I.SE-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.2E-03 Uterus 4.5E-03 5.6E-03 8.3E-03 l.lE-02

Remaining organs 2.9E-03 3.7E-03 5.2E-03 7.7E-03

Effcctile dose (mSl'/~IDq) S.SE-03 I.IE-02 I.SE-02 2.1E-02

57

Tc 43

m.tSA

I year

6.0E-02 5.7E-02 2.6E-02 7.2E-03 8.4E-03 3.IE-02

2.0E-02 2.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.3E-02) 1.6E-02)

1.4E-02 7.6E-OI 4.1E-02 I.SE-02 1.4E-02

9.4E-03 1.9E-02 3.7E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-03

6.1E-02 I.OE-02 9.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.9E-02

1.4E-02

3.7E-02

Supplied by The British Library- "The world's knowledge" ·

f

Tc 43

DTPA

3.7. Tcchnetium-DTPA 99mTc

3.7.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc DTPA

99mTc 6.02 h


Organ Adult 15 years 10 years 5 years 1 year

Adrenals 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 2.6E-03 3.8E-03 7.0E-03 Bladder 6.2E-02 7.8E-02 9.7E-02 9.5E-02 1.7E-01 Bone surfaces 2.3E-03 2.8E-03 4.0E-03 5.5E-03 9.9E-03 Brain 8.4E-04 I.OE-03 1.7E-03 2.7E-03 4.8E-03 Breast 7.1E-04 9.0E-04 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 4.0E-03 Gall bladder l.SE-03 2.0E-03 3.6E-03 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 Gl·tract

Stomach 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 3.7E-03 6.7E-03 Sl 2.5E-03 3.1E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.8E-03 Colon 3.0E-03 3.8E-03 5.4E-03 6.4E-03 l.IE-02 (ULI 2.lE-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.4E-03 9.0E-03) (LLI 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 7.3E-03 7.7E-03 l.JE-02)

Heart l.IE-03 1.4E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 5.8E-03 Kidneys 3.9E-03 4.7E-03 6.7E-03 9.6E-03 1.7E-02 Liver 1.2E-03 J.SE-03 2.4E-03 3.5E-03 6.3E-03 Lungs 9.9E-04 1.3E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 5.3E-03 Muscles 1.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.8E-03 3.7E-03 6.7E-03

Oesophagus l.OE-03 J.JE-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 5.3E-03 Ovaries 4.2E-03 5.3E-03 6.9E-03 7.8E-03 1.3E-02 Pancreas l.4E-03 l.SE-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-03 7.2E-03 Red marrow l.4E-03 1.8~-03 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.6E-03 Skin 8.5E-04 l.OE-03 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 4.3E-03

Spleen 1.2E-03 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.6E-03 6.6E-03 Testes 2.9E-03 4.0E-03 6.0E-03 6.9E-03 1.3E-02 Thymus l.OE-03 UE-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 5.3E-03 Thyroid l.OE-03 1.3£-03 2.0E-03 3.2E-03 5.8E-03 Uterus 7.9E-03 9.5E-03 l.3E-02 1.3E-02 2.2E-02

Remaining organs l.7E-03 2.0E-03 2.8E-03 3.7E-03 6.4E-03

Effecth'e dose (mS\·fl\IBq) 4.9£-03 6.2£-03 8.2£-03 9.0£-03 l.6E-02

Bladder wall contributes up to 57% of the effective dose. Effect ire dose if bladder is emptied I or 0.5 hours after administration: 1 hour 3.8E-03 4.8E-03 6.SE-03 7.7E-03 1.4E-02 30min 4.1E-03 5.3E-03 7.0E-03 7.9E-03 1.4E-02

59


3.8. Technetium-labelled erythrocytes (RBC) 99mTc

3.8.1. Absorbed doses: 99"'Tc-labelled erythrocytes

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 9.9E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 J.OE-02 Bladder 8.5E-03 I.IE-02 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 Bone surfaces 7.4E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.6E-02 Brain 3.6E-03 4.6E-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 Breast J.SE-03 4.lE-03 7.0E-03 I.IE-:02 Gall bladder 6.5E-03 S.IE-03 I.JE-02 2.0E_:02 Gl-tract

Stomach 4.6E-03 5.9E-03 9.7E-03 1.4E-02 Sl 3.9E-03 4.9E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 Colon 3.7E-03 4.8E-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 (ULI 4.0E-03 S.IE-03 8.0E-03 1.3E-02 (LLI 3.4E-03 4.4E-03 6.9E-03 I.OE-02

Heart 2.3E-02 2.9E-02 4.3E-02 6.6E-02 Kidneys 1.8E-02 2.2E-02 3.6E-02 5.7E-02 Liver I.JE-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.0E-02 Lungs 1.8E-02 2.2E-02 3.5E-02 5.6E-02 Muscles J.JE-03 4.0E-03 6.1E-03 9.4E-03

Oesophagus 6.1E-03 7.0E-03 9.8E-03 I.SE-02 Ovaries 3.7E-03 4.8E-03 7.0E-03 I.IE-02 Pancreas 6.6E-03 S.IE-03 l.JE-02 1.9E-02 Red marrow 6.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 Skin 2.0E-03 2~4E-03 3.8E-03 6.2E-03

Spleen 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.7£-02 4.3E-02 Testes 2.3E-03 3.0E-03 4.4E-03 6.9E-03 Thymus 6.1E-03 7.0E-03 9.8E-03 I.SE-02 Thyroid 5.7E-03 7.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 Uterus 3.9E-03 4.9E-03 7.4E-03 I.IE-02

Remaining organs J.SE-03 4.5E-03 7.3E-03 I.JE-02

Effectil"c dose (mS,"/.MBq) 7.0E-03 8.9E-03 1.4E-02 2.1E-02

61


Tc 43

RBC

I year

5.6E-02 3.1E-02 7.4E-02 2.2E-02 1.9E-02 J.OE-02

2.5E-02 2.1E-02 2.0E-02 2.2E-02) 1.8£-02)

I.IE-01 I.IE-01 7.2E-02 I.IE-01 1.7E-02

2.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.2E-02

S.IE-02 l.JE-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 1.9E-02

2.3E-02

3.9E-02

3.9. Tcchnctium-labcllcd iminodiacctic acid (IDA) dcrirath·cs 99mTc

3.9.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labcllcd IDA derh·ath·cs

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 3.7E-03 4.8E-03 7.5E-03 I.IE-02 Bladder 2.2E-02 2.8E-02 3.7E-02 4.3E-02 Bone surfaces 3.8E-03 4.7E-03 6.8E-03 l.OE-02 Brain 3.4E-05 4.0E-05 7.9E-05 1.4E-04 Breast 4.8E-04 6.5E-04 L4E-03 2.5E-03 Gall bladder l.IE-01 l.2E-Ol 1.6E-OI 2.8E-OI Gl-tract

Stomach 5.6E-03 7.8E-03 l.3E-02 2.1E-02 SI 4.4E-02 5.5E-02 9.0E-02 1.4E-Ol Colon 7.4E-02 9.5E-02 I.SE-01 2.5E-01 (ULI 8.6E-02 I.IE-01 I.&E-01 2.9E-OI (LLI 5.9E-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-OI 2.0E-OJ

Heart 1.8E-03 2.4E-03 4.0E-03 6.3E-03 Kidneys 6.1E-03 7.5E-03 I.IE-02 1.6E-02 Liver 1.4E-02 1.8E-02 2.7E-02 4.0E-02 Lungs l.3E-03 1.9E-03 2.8E-03 4.6E-03 Muscles 2.9E-03 3.6E-03 5.3E-03 7.8E-03

Oesophagus 4.1E-04 6.0E-04 9.JE-04 1.7E-03 Ovaries 1.9E-02 2.4E-02 3.5E-02 S.OE-02 Pancreas 5.6E-03 7.6E-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 Red marrow 3.9E-03 4.7E-03 6.3E-03 7.7E-03 Skin 8.9E-04 J.IE-03 1.7E-03 2.7E-03

Spleen 2.7E-03 3.6E-03 6.3E-03 I.OE-02 Testes I.SE-03 2.3E-03 4.1E-03 6.2E-03 Thymus 4.1E-04 6.0E-04 9.1E-04 l.7E-03 Thyroid 1.4E-04 2.3E-04 4.2E-04 7.7E-04 Uterus 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 3.8E-02


Effccth·c dose (mSv/MBq) 1.7E-02 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 4.5E-02

63


Tc 43

IDA

1 year

1.8E-02 7.6E-02 1.9E-02 2.6E-04 4.8E-03 9.5E-01

3.4E-02 2.5E-OI 4.7E-OI 5.4E-01) 3.8E-OI)

1.2E-02 2.5E-02 7.1E-02 8.6E-03 l.4E-02

3.2E-03 8.3E-02 3.4E-02 I.OE-02 S.OE-03

1.7E-02 1.2E-02 3.2E-03 1.9E-03 6.1E-02

1.6E-02

I.OE-01

...

3.1 0. Technetium-labelled large colloids 99mTc

3.1 0.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labellcd large colloids

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.1E-02 2.8E-02 Bladder I.IE-03 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 5.7E-03 Bone surfaces 8.7E-03 I.IE-02 I.SE-02 3.0E-02 Brain 6.7E-04 8.8E-04 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 Breast 2.1E-03 2.7E-03 4.6E-03 7.2E-03 Gall bladder 2.0E-02 2.3E-02 3.1E-02 5.0E-02 GI-tract

Stomach 6.4E-03 8.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 SI 4.0E-03 5.1E-03 8.9E-03 1.4E-02 Colon 3.8E-03 4.8E-03 8.5E-03 1.5E-02 (ULI 5.5E-03 6.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 (LLI 1.6E-03 2.2E-03 3.8E-03 6.1E-03

Hearl 6.5E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 Kidneys 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 Liver 7.1E-02 9.1E-02 1.3E-OI 1.9E-01 Lungs 5.9E-03 7.5E-03 I.OE-02 1.5E-02 Muscles 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 4.9E-03 7.2E-03

Oesophagus 2.1E-03 2.7E-03 3.7E-03 5.7E-03 Ovaries 2.2E-03 2.9E-03 4.9E-03 7.9E-03 Pancreas 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-01 Red marrow I.IE-02 I.~E-02 1.9E-02 3.2E-02 Skin 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.5E-03 4.0E-03

Spleen 7.5E-02 I.IE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-OI Testes 5.6E-O.t 7.7E-O.t 1.3E-03 2.3E-03 Thymus 2.1E-03 2.7E-03 3.7E-03 5.7E-03 Thyroid 9.3E-O.t 1.2E-03 2.0E-03 3.5E-03 Uterus 1.9E-03 2.5E-03 4.4E-03 7.3E-03


Effccthc dose (mS,·f~JBq) 9.4E-03 1.2£-02 J.SE-02 2.8E-02

65

.

Tc 43

Colloids

I year

4.2E-02 9.4E-03 6.9E-02 4.1E-03 UE-02 8.4E-02

3.5E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.4E-02) I.IE-01)

3.0E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-OI 2.5E-02 1.3E-02

9.8E-03 1.4E-02 5.9E-02 6.4E-02 7.6E-03

4.3E-OI 4.5E-03 9.8E-03 6.5E-03 1.4E-02

1.2E-02

S.OE-02


3.11. Technetium-labelled lcucocytes (WBC) 99mTc

3.11.1. Absorbed doses~ 99mTc-labellcd white blood cells (leukocytes)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals l.OE-02 1.2E-02 l.SE-02 2.6E-02 Bladder 2.6E-03 J.SE-03 5.2E-03 7.8E-03 Bone surfaces l.6E-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02 6.1E-02 Brain 2.3E-03 2.9E-03 4.4E-03 7.0E-03 Breast 2.4E-03 2.9E-03 4.9E-03 7.6E-03 Gall bladder 8.4E-03 l.OE-02 l.6E-02 2.SE-02 Gl-tract

Stomach S.IE-03 9.6E-03 l.4E-02 2.0E-02 Sl 4.6E-03 5.7E-03 8.7E-03 l.3E-02 Colon 4.3E-03 5.4E-OJ 8.4E-03 l.2E-02 (ULl 4.7E-03 5.9E-03 9.3E-OJ 1.4E-02 (LU 3.7E-OJ 4.8E-03 7.3E-03 l.OE-02

Heart 9.4E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 Kidneys 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 Liver 2.0E-02 2.6E-02 J.SE-02 5.4E-02 Lungs 7.8E-03 9.9E-03 I.SE-02 2.3E-02 Muscles 3.3E-OJ 4.1E-03 6.0E-03 8.9E-03

Oesophagus 3.SE-OJ 4.2E-03 S.SE-03 8.6E-03 Ovaries 3.9E-03 S.OE-03 7.2E-03 l.IE-02 Pancreas l.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.4E-02 Red marrow 2.3E-02 2.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.1E-02 Skin 1.8E-03 2:1E-03 3.4E-03 S.SE-03

Spleen l.SE-01 2.1E-Ol J.!E-01 4.8E-Ol Testes 1.6E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 S.IE-03 Thymus J.SE-03 4.2E-03 S.SE-03 8.6E-03 Thyroid 2.9E-03 3.7E-03 5.8E-03 9.3E-03

·Uterus 3.4E-03 4.3E-03 6.SE-03 9.7£-03

Remaining organs 3.4E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-OJ 9.5E-03

EffediH~ dose (mSY/MBq) l.lE-02 1.4E-Ol 2.2E-Ol 3.4l!E-Ol

67


Tc 43

WBC

l year 1 I

4.3E~02 1.4E 02 I.SElOI l.JE-.02 1.3E_;_02 3.6E-02

3.2E-02 2.1E-02 2.1E-02 2.3E-02) l.SE-02)

4.4E-02 5.4E-02 9.7E-02 4.1E-02 1.6E-02

l.SE-02 I.SE-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-Ol l.OE-02

S.SE-01 9.2E-03 I.SE-02 1.7E-02 1.6E-02

i.6E-02

.6.2E-02

3.12. Tcchnctium-labcllcd macroaggrcgatcd albumin (MAA) 99mTc

3.12.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labcllcd MAA

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 6.8E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 Bladder 8.7E-03 I.IE-02 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 Done surfaces 5.1£-03 6.4£-03 9.1E-03 1.4E-02 Brain 9.2E-04 1.2£-03 2.0£-03 3.2E-03 Breast 5.0E-03 5.6£-03 9.9E-03 1.4E-02 Gall bladder 5.6£-03 7.0£-03 I.OE-02 1.6£-02 Gl-tract

Stomach 3.7£-03 5.2£-03 8.0£-03 1.2E-02 Sl 2.0£-03 2.6E-03 4.3E-03 6.8E-03 Colon 1.9E-03 2.6£-03 4.3£-03 6.9£-03 (ULI 2.2£-03 2.9£-03 5.0£-03 8.3E-03 (LLI 1.6E-03 2.1E-03 3.3E-03 5.0E-03

Heart 9.6E-03 1.3£-02 1.8£-02 2.5E-02 Kidneys 3.7E-03 4.8£-03 7.2E-03 I.IE-02 Liver 1.6£-02 2.1E-02 3.0£-02 4.2£-02 Lungs 6.6£-02 9.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 Muscles 2.8£-03 3.7E-03 5.2£-03 7.7E-03

Oesophagus 6.1E-03 7.7£-03 I.IE-02 1.5£-02 Ovaries 1.8E-03 2.3£-03 3.5E-03 5.4E-03 Pancreas 5.6E-03 7.5£-03 l.IE-02 1.7£-02 Red marrow 3.2£-03 J.&E-03 5.3£-03 7.2E-03 Skin 1.5£-03 1.7£-03 2.7£-03 4.3£-03

Spleen 4.1£-03 5.5£-03 8.3£-03 1.3E-02 Testes I.IE-03 1.4£-03 2.2E-03 3.3E-03 Thymus 6.1E-03 7.7£-03 UE-02 !.5E-02 Thyroid 2.5£-03 3.3£-03 5.7£-03 9.0£-03 Uterus 2.2E-03 2.8E-03 4.2E-03 6.0£-03


'' EITecthe dose (mS,'fMBq) I.IE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.4E-02

69

Tc 43

1\IAA

I year I

3.1£-02 1 J.OE-02" 2.6£-02 5.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.4E-02

2.0£-02 1.2£-02 1.2£-02 1.4E-02) 9.5£-03)

3.8£-02 1.8E-02 7.4E-02 3.9E-Ol 1.4£-02

2.2E-02 I.OE-02 2.9E-02 1.2E-02 7.8£-03

2.2£-02 6.2E-03 2.2£-02 1.6E-02 I.IE-02

1.3E-02

6.3£-02


1:

J l

Tc: 43

Non-abs markers

3.13. Technetium-labelled non-absorbable markers 99mTc

3.13.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labelled non-absorbable markers

Oral administration of fluids 99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 2.5E-03 3.3E-03 5.5E-03 8.9E-03 l.SE-02 Bladder 6.9E-03 9.1E-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.5E-02 Bone surfaces 4.2E-03 5.2E-03 7.4E-03 l.lE-02 2.1E-02 Brain l.SE-06 3.4E-06 1.2E-OS 4.0E-05 l.OE-04 Breast 2.8E-04 4.2E-04 9.4E-04 2.0E-03 3.8E-03 Gall bladder 1.4E-02 l.SE-02 3.0E-02 4.3E-02 7.1E-02

GI-tract Stomach 2.2E-02 2.9E-02 4.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.2E-01 SI 6.0E-02 7.6E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-Ol 3.5E-01 Colon I.OE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-OI 3.5E-01 6.6E-01 (ULI 1.2E-01 I.SE-01 2.SE-OI 4.0E-OI 7.5E-OI) (LLl 8.3E-02 l.lE-01 I.SE-01 2.9E-Ol 5.4E-Ol)

Heart l.OE-03 1.4E-03 2.5E-03 4.3E-03 8.6E-03 Kidneys 5.5E-03 6.7E-03 l.OE-02 l.SE-02 2.3E-02 Liver 3.7E-03 4.8E-03 9.3E-03 l.SE-02 2.7E-02 Lungs 5.7E-04 9.1E-04 1.6E-03 2.9E-03 5.7E-03 Muscles 3.2E-03 4.0E-03 6.0E-03 9.0E-03 l.SE-02

Oesophagus 1.9E-04 J.OE-04 S.OE-04 l.2E-03 2.6E-03 Ovaries 2.5E-02 3.2E-02 4.8E-02 6.8E-02 l.l E-01 Pancreas 5.9E-03 7..9E-03 1.2E-02 l.SE-02 J.IE-02 Red marrow 4.7E-03 5.7E-03 7.5E-03 9.2E-03 l.lE-02 Skin 9.3E-04 l.lE-03 l.7E-03 2.9E-03 5.4E-03

Spleen 4.0E-03 S.OE-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 Testes l.JE-03 2.0E-03 J.SE-03 6.5E-03 l.2E-02 Thymus l.9E-04 J.OE-04 S.OE-04 l.2E-03 2.6E-03 Thyroid 2.0E-05 4.8E-05 t.SE-04 J.OE-04 1.2E-03 Uterus 1.6E·02 2.0E-02 J.IE-02 4.7E-02 7.6E-02

Remaining organs 5.2E-03 7.2E-03 l.lE-02 2.0E-02 J.OE-02

Effectin! dose (mSv/l\IBq) 1.9E-02 2.5E-02 3.9E-02 6.2E-02 J.IE-01

71


rl

r I

Tc JCRP Pub/imtio11 80 I 43

Non-abs markers

' 3.13.2. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-labelled non-absorbable markers '' I I'

{: Oral administration of solids 99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 3.6E-03 4.7E-03 7.4E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 Bladder ?.OE-03 9.2E-03 1.5E-02 2.2E-02 3.6E-02 Bone surfaces 4.6E-03 5.8E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02 Brain 3.6E-06 6.1E-06 1.9E-05 5.6E-05 1.4E-04 Breast 5.3E-04 7.3E-04 1.5E-03 3.0E-03 5.5E-03 Gall bladder l.SE-02 2.0E-02 3.5E-02 4.9E-02 S.IE-02

Gl-tract Stomach 5.9E-02 7.7E-02 l.IE-01 I.?E-01 3.3E-Ol SI 6.JE-02 7.7E-02 . 1.3E-OI 2.0E-OI 3.6E-OJ Colon l.OE-01 1.3E-OI 2.2E-01 3.5E-Ot 6.6E-OI (ULI 1.2E-OJ l.SE-01 2.5E-Ol 4.0E-OI 7.5E-Ol) (LLI 8.3E-02 J.JE-01 J.SE-01 2.9E-OI 4.5E-OI)

'i Heart 2.0E-03 2.8E-03 4.5E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-02 Kidneys 6.6E-03 S.OE-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 Liver 4.3E-03 5.7E-03 I.IE-02 I.SE-02 3.2E-02 Lungs l.OE-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.3E-03 8.3E-03 Muscles 3.7E-03 4.6E-03 6.7E-03 l.OE-02 l.?E-02

Oesophagus 3.4E-04 5.2E-04 8.6E-04 l.SE-03 3.7E-03 Ovaries 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 4.8E-02 6.9E-02 I.IE-01 Pancreas I.IE-02 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 4.8E-02

ll Red marrow S.OE-03 6.0E-03 S.OE-03 9.8E-03 1.2E-02 Skin l.IE-03 1.3E-03 2.0E-03 3.3E-03 6.2E-03

Spleen 7.3E-03 8.7E-03 1.3E-02 J.SE-02 2.9E-02

I Testes 1.3E-03 2.0E-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-03 1.3E-02 Thymus 3.4E-04 5.2E-04 8.6E-04 I.SE-03 3.7E-03

I. Thyroid 3.1E-05 7.9E-05 2.1E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 Uterus 1.6E-02 2.0E-02 3.2E-02 4.9E-02 7.8E-02


Effecth·e dose (mSv/MBq) 2.4E-02 J.IE-02 4.8E-02 7.6E-02 1.4E-01

72


3.14. Pcrtccbnctatc 99mTc

3.14.1. Absorbed doses: Pcrtechnctatc

99mTc 6.02 h


Organ Adult · 15 years 10 years 5 years

Adrenals 3.7E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 l.IE-02 Bladder I.SE-02 2.3E-02 3.0E-02 3.3E-02 Bone surfaces 5.4E-03 6.6E-03 9.7E-03 1.4E-02 Brain 2.0E-03 2.5E-03 4.1E-03 6.6E-03 Breast l.SE-03 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 5.6E-03 Gall bladder 7.4E-03 9.9E-03 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 Gl-tract

Stomach 2.6E-02 3.4E-02 4.8E-02 7.8E-02 Sf 1.6E-02 2.0E-02 3.1E-02 4.7E-02 Colon 4.2E-02 5.4E-02 8.8E-02 1.4E-01 (ULI 5.7E-02 7.3E-02 1.2E-Ol 2.0E-OI (LLI 2.1E-02 2.8E-02 4.5E-02 7.2E-02

Heart 3.1E-03 4.0E-03 6.1E-03 9.2E-03 Kidneys 5.0E-03 6.0E-03 8.7E-03 l.JE-02 Liver 3.8E-03 4.8E-03 S.JE-03 1.3E-02 Lungs 2.6E-03 3.4E-03 5.1E-03 7.9E-03 Muscles 3.2E-03 4.0E-03 6.0E-03 9.0E-03

Oesophagus 2.4E-03 3.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 Ovaries l.OE-02 l.3E-02 I.SE-02 2.6E-02 Pancreas 5.6E-03 7.3E-03 I.IE-02 1.6E-02 Red marrow 3.6E-03 4.5F.-03 6.6E-03 9.0E-03 Salivary glands 9.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 Skin I.SE-03 2.2E-03 3.5E-03 5.6E-03

Spleen 4.3E-03 5.4E-03 S.!E-03 1.2E-02 Testes 2.8E-03 3.7E-03 5.8E-03 8.7E-03 Thymus 2.4E-03 3.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 Thyroid 2.2E-02 3.6E-02 5.5E-02 1.2E-Ol Uterus S.IE-03 l.OE-02 1.5E-02 2.2E-02


EITcctiie dose (mS,·/MBq) 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.2E-02

73

Tc 43

Pertechnetate

I year

1.9E-02 6.0E-02 2.6E-02 1.2E-02 l.IE-02 3.5E-02

1.6E-Ol 8.2E-02 2.7E-OI 3.8E-Ot) 1.3E-01)

1.7E-02 2.1E-02 2.2E-02 J.4E-02 J.6E-02

1.4E-02 4.5E-02 2.7E-02 1.5E-02 3.9E-02 J.OE-02

2.IE-02 l.6E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-01 3.7E-02

1.7E-02

7.9E-02


'i

'I i ·, i

Tc ICRP Publication 80 43 Pcrtcchnctatc

3.14.2. Absorbed doses: Pcrtcchnetatc

Blocking agent given 9901TC 6.02 h

. I Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)


Adrenals 2.9E-03 3.7E-03 5.6E-03 8.6E-03 1.6E-02 Bladder 3.0E-02 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 S.OE-02 9.1E-02 Bone surfaces 4.4E-03 5.4E-03 8.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 Brain 2.0E-03 2.6E-03 4.2E-03 7.1E-03 1.2E-02 Breast 1.7E-03 2.2E-03 3.2E-03 5.2E-03 I.OE-02 Gall bladder 3.0E-03 4.2E-03 7.0E-03 t.OE-02 1.3E-02 Gl-tract

Stomach 2.7E-03 3.6E-03 5.9E-03 8.6E-03 1.5E-02 Sl 3.5E-03 4.4E-03 6.7E-03 I.OE-02 I.SE-02 Colon 3.6E-03 4.8E-03 7.JE-03 l.OE-02 l.SE-02 (ULI 3.2E-03 4.3E-03 6.4E-03 I.OE-02 l.7E-02) (LLI 4.2E-03 5.4E-03 S.IE-03 I.IE-02 1.9E-02)

Heart 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 5.2E-03 S.IE-03 1.4E-02 Kidneys 4.4E-03 5.4E-03 7.7E-03 I.IE-02 1.9E-02 Liver 2.6E-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 8.2E-03 l.5E-02 Lungs 2.3E-03 3.1E-03 4.6E-03 7.4E-03 1.3E-02 Muscles 2.5E-03 3.1E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 1.3E-02

Oesophagus 2.4E-03 3.1E-03 4.6E-03 7.5E-03 l.4E-02 Ovaries 4.3E-03 5.4E-03 7.8E-03 I.IE-02 l.9E-02 Pancreas 3.0E-03 3.9E-03 5.9E-03 9.3E-03 l.6E-02 Red marrow 2.5E-03 3.2E-03 4.9E-03 7.2E-03 l.3E-02 Skin l.6E-03 2.0E-03 3.2E-03 5.2E-03 9.7E-03

Spleen 2.6E-03 3.4E-03 S.4E-03 8.3E-03 l.5E-02 Testes J.OE-03 "4.0E-03 6.0E-03 8.7E-03 1.6E-02 Thymus 2.4E-03 J.IE-03 4.6E-03 7.SE-03 1.4E-02 Thyroid 2.4E-03 J.IE-03 5.0E-03 8.4E-03 I.SE-02 Uterus 6.0E-03 7.3E-03 I.IE-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02

Remaining organs 2.5E-03 3.1E-03 4.8E-03 7.3E-03 I.JE-02

Effecthe dose (mS\'f:\IBq) 4.2E-03 S.4E-03 7.7E-03 I.IE-02 t.9E-02

74


Tc 43

Phosphates

3.15. Technetium-labelled phosphates and phosphonates 99mTc

3.15.1. Absorbed doses: 99mTc-Jabclled phosphates and phosphonatcs

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 2.JE-03 2.7E-03 3.9E-03 S.SE-03 l.IE-02 Dladder 4.8E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-02 7.3E-02 1.3E-01 Bone surfaces 6.3E-02 8.2E-02 1.3E-OI 2.2E-01 5.3E-OI Brain 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 2.8E-03 4.3E-03 6.1E-03 Breast 7.IE-0-t 8.9E-0-1 l.4E-03 2.2E-03 4.2E-03 Gall bladder 1.4E-03 1.9E-03 3.5E-03 4.2E-03 6.7E-03 Gl·tract

Stomach 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 3.5E-03 6.6E-03 Sl 2.3E-03 2.9E-03 4.4E-03 5.3E-03 9.5E-03 Colon 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 6.1E-03 l.IE-02 (Ull 1.9E-03 2.4E-03 3.9E-03 S.IE-03 8.9E-03) (Lll 3.8E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 7.5E-03 1.3E-02)

Heart 1.2E-03 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 6.0E-03 Kidneys 7.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 3.2E-02 Liver 1.2E-03 1.6E-03 2.5E-03 3.6E-03 6.6E-03 Lungs 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.6E-03 6.8E-03 Muscles 1.9E-03 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 4.4E-03 7.9E-03

Oesophagus l.OE-03 1.3E-03 1.9E-03 3.0E-03 5.3E-03 Ovaries 3.6E-03 4.6E-03 6.6E-03 7.0E-03 1.2E-02 Pancreas 1.6E-03 2.0E-03 3.IE-03 4.5E-03 8.2E-03 Red marrow 9.2E-03 I.OE-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-02 6.7E-02 Skin I.OE-03 i.J.E-03 2.0E-03 2.9E-03 5.5E-03

Spleen 1.4E-03 I.SE-03 2.8E-03 4.5E-03 7.9E-03 Testes 2.4E-03 3.3E-03 5.5E-03 S.SE-03 I.IE-02 Thymus l.OE-03 1.3E-03 1.9E-03 3.0E-03 5.3E-03 Thyroid 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 3.5E-03 5.6E-03 Uterus 6.3E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-02 l.IE-02 l.SE-02


Effccth·c dose (mS1"}~1Bq) 5.7E-03 7.0E-03 I.IE-02 t.4E-02 2.7E-02

75


3.16. Hippuran t2JI m I

3.16.1. Absorbed doses: 1231 Hippuran

1231 13.2 h

I 53

Hippuran

Absorbed dose per unit aclivity administered (mGy/MBq)


Adrenals 8.3E-04 I.IE-03 1.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.0E-03 Bladder 1.9E-OI 2.4E-OI 3.0E-OI 2.8E-01 5.1E-01 Bone surf aces I.SE-03 2.3E-03 3.3E-03 4.1E-03 S.IE-03 Bmin 3.8E-04 4.8E-04 7.9E-04 1.3E-03 2.3£-03 Breast 3.4E-04 4.4E-04 6.7E-04 I.IE-03 2.1£-03 Gall bladder I.OE-03 1.5E-03 2.8E-03 2.9E-03 4.8E-03 Gl-tract

Stomach 7.8E-04 9.7E-04 1.7E-03 2.3E-03 4.5E-03 Sl 3.1E-03 4.0E-03 5.7E-03 6.4E-03 1.2E-02 Colon 4.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.3E-03 8.3E-03 1.5E-02 (ULI 2.4E-03 3.2E-03 4.7E-03 5.SE-03 9.8E-03) (LLI 7.7E-03 9.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.2E-02 2.1E-02)

Heart 5.2E-04 6.7E-04 I.IE-03 1.6E-03 3.1E-03 Kidneys 6.2E-03 7.5E-03 I.OE-02 I.SE-02 2.6E-02 Liver 6.9E-04 8.9E-04 I.SE-03 2.2E-03 4.1E-03 Lungs 4.6E-04 6.2E-04 9.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.9E-03 Muscles 2.1E-03 2.6E-03 3.5E-03 3.9E-03 7.1E-03

Oesophagus 4.4E-04 5.7E-04 8.9E-04 1.4E-03 2.6E-03 Ovaries 6.9E-03 9.0E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 Pancreas 8.2E-04 I.OE-03 I.SE-03 2.6E-03 4.8E-03 Red marrow 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 2.3E-03 2.4E-03 3.8E-03 Skin 7.9E-04 9.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.8E-OJ 3.4E-03

Spleen 7.8E-04 I.OE-03 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 4.6E-03 Testes 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 2.4E-02 Thymus 4.4E-04 5.7E-04 8.9E-04 1.4E-03 2.6E-03 Thyroid 4.4E-04 5.6E-04 9.1E-04 I.SE-03 2.8E-03 Uterus I.?E-02 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.8E-02 S.OE-02 Remaining organs 2.1E-03 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 3.5E-03 6.0E-03

Effccthc dose (mS\·f~IBq) 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 3.4E-02

Bladder wall contributes up to 77% of the effective dose. Effect ire dose if bladder is emptied I or 0.5 hours after administration: I hour 4.6E-03 5.9E-03 8.3E-03 I.IE-02 1.9E-02 30 min 5.9E-03 7.6E-03 9.9E-03 I.IE-02 1.9E-02

77


. ·.-·- ------·

ij I ICRP Publication 80 53

I Hippur:m

I I 3.16.2. Absorbed doses: 1311 Hippuran 1

1311 8.04 days


Organ Adult IS years 10 years S years I year

Adrenals 2.5E-03 3.2E-03 S.OE-03 7.7E-03 I.SE-02 Bladder 9.2E-Ol 1.2E+OO I.SE+OO 1.4E+OO 2.7E+OO Bone surfaces 3.5E-03 4.4E-03 6.1E-03 7.7E-03 I.SE-02 Brain I.JE-03 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 4.7E-03 9.0E-03 Breast 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 2.9E-03 4.6E-03 9.3E-03 Gall bladder 3.1E-03 4.2E-03 7.0E-03 8.4E-03 I.SE-02 GI-tract

Stomach. 2.4E-03 3.0E-03 S.OE-03 7.1E-03 l.4E-02 SI 7.7E-03 I.OE-02 1.4E-02 !.6E-02 2.8E-02 Colon l.IE-02 1.4E-02 1.8E-02 2.0E-02 3.2E-02 (ULI 6.2E-03 8.4E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02) (LLI l.8E-02 2.2E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 4.3E-02)

Heart l.7E-03 2.2E-03 3.6E-03 5.6E-03 l.lE-02 Kidneys 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 5.2E-02 7.7E-02 1.4E-01 Liver 2.2E-03 2.8E-03 4.7E-03 7.1E-03 1.3E-02 Lungs l.SE-03 2.1E-03 3.3E-03 5.2E-03 l.OE-02 Muscles 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 8.8E-03 I.OE-02 1.8E-02

Oesophagus l.SE-03 2.0E-03 3.2E-03 S.IE-03 9.9E-03 Ovaries 1.6E-02 2.1E-02 2.6E-02 2.SE-02 4.3E-02 Pancreas 2.5E-03 J.IE-03 5.3E-03 7.7E-03 l.SE-02 Red marrow 4.0E-03 5.2E-03 6.9E-03 7.7E-03 1.3E-02 Skin 2.5E-03 3.1E-03 4.6E-03 6.3E-03 l.2E-02

Spleen 2.4E-03 3.1E-03 4.9E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-02 Testes l.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 4.9E-02 Thymus l.SE-03 ' 2.0E-03 3.2E-03 S.lE-03 9.9E-03 Thyroid l.4E-03 1.9E-03 3.JE-03 5.2E-03 l.OE-02 Uterus 3.6E-02 4.3E-02 5.6E-02 5.4E-02 9.1E-02 Remaining organs 5.4E-03 6.7E-03 8.9E-03 l.OE-02 l.8E-02

Effective dose (mS,·JMBq) 5.2E-02 6.7E-02 8.6E-02 8.3E-02 l.6E-Ol

Bladder wall contributes up to 88% of the effective dose. Effectil'e dose if bladder is emptied I or 0.5 hours after administration: I hour 2.0E-02 2.6E-02 3.6E-02 4.7E-02 8.9E-02 30min 2.6E-02 3.4E-02 4.5E-02 4.7E-02 9.0E-02

78


3.17. Mctaiodobenzylguanidinc (MIBG) 1231

3.17.1. Absorbed doses: 1231 MIBG

1231 13.2 h



Adrenals 1.7E-02 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 4.5E-02 Bladder 4.8E-02 6.1E-02 7.8E-02 8.4E-02 Bone surfaces l.IE-02 l.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.4E-02 Brain 4.7E-03 6.0E-03 9.9E-03 1.6E-02 Breast 5.3E-03 6.8E-03 l.IE-02 l.7E-02 Gall bladder 2.1E-02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 5.4E-02 Gl-tract

Stomach 8.4E-03 l.JE-02 1.9E-02 J.OE-02 Sl 8.4E-03 I.IE-02 l.SE-02 2.8E-02 Colon 8.6E-03 l.lE-02 l.SE-02 2.9E-02 (ULI 9.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 3.3E-02 (LLI 7.9E-03 I.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02

Heart I.SE-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 5.5E-02 Kidneys 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 Liver 6.7E-02 8.7E-02 l.JE-01 l.SE-01 Lungs 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.3E-02 4.9E-02 Muscles 6.6E-03 8.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.0E-02

Oesophagus 6.8E-03 S.SE-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 Ovaries 8.2E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.SE-02 Pancreas I.JE-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.2E-02 Red marrow 6.4E-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 l.SE-02 Skin 4.2E-03 S.IE-03 8.2E-03 I.JE-02

Spleen 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.3E-02 6.6E-02 Testes 5.7E-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 Thymus 6.8E-03 S.SE-03 l.JE-02 2.1E-02 Thyroid S.6E-03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 Uterus I.OE-02 l.JE-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02

Remaining organs 6.7E-03 S.SE-03 I.JE-02 2.0E-02

Effccth·c dose (mSvfl\lBq) l.JE-02 1.7E-02 2.6[-02 3.7£-02

79


I 53

MIGB

I year

7.1E-02 l.SE-01 6.8E-02 2.9E-02 3.2E-02 l.OE-01

5.6E-02 S.IE-02 5.2E-02 5.8E-02) 4.3E-02)

9.7E-02 6.1E-02 3.3E-01 9.2E-02 3.7E-02

3.7E-02 4.6E-02 7.4E-02 3.2E-02 2.5E-02

1.2E-Ol 3.3E-02 3.7E-02 3.6E-02 S.JE-02

3.7E-02

6.8[-02

I

•I

!

3.18. lodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP 59) 1311

3.18.1. Absorbed doses: 1311-methyl-19-norcltolesterol (NP 59)

131 I 8.04 days

Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGyJMBq)


Adrena!s 3.5E+OO 5.3E+OO 7.7E+OO l.IE+Ol Bladder 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E+OO Bone surfaces 4.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.8E-Ol 1.2E+OO Brain 3.2E-Ol 4.1E-01 6.8E-01 l.IE+OO Breast 3.1E-01 3.9E-01 6.3E-01 J.OE+OO Gall bladder 4.7E-01 5.8E-01 9.1E-01 1.4E+OO Gl-tract

Stomach 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+OO Sl 4.0E-Ol 5.1E-Ol 8.1E-Ol 1.3E+OO Colon 4.0E-01 4.9E-01 7.9E-Ol 1.3E+OO (ULI 4.0E-01 5.0E-01 S.OE-01 1.3E+OO (Lll 3.9E-01 4.7E-Ol 7.7E-01 1.2E+OO

Heart 3.9E-01 S.OE-01 8.1E-01 1.3E+OO Kidneys 3.9E-01 5.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.3E+OO Liver l.IE+OO 1.5E+OO 2.3E+OO 3.4E+OO Lungs 3.6E-01 4.7E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E+OO Muscles 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.1E-Ol l.IE+OO

Oesophagus 3.6E-01 4.7E-01 7.5E-Ol 1.2E+OO Ovaries 4.0E-Ol 5.0E-01 S.OE-01 1.3E+OO Pancreas 4.3E-01 5.5E-Ol 8.7E-01 1.4E+OO Red marrow 3.7E-01 4.6E-01 7.2E-Ol l.IE+OO Skin 2.9E-01 3.7E-01 6.0E-01 9.9E-01

Spleen 3.7E-Ol 4.8E-Ol 7.6E-01 1.2E+OO Testes 3.3E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 l.IE+OO Thymus 3.6E-01 4.7E-01 7.5E-01 1.2E+OO Thyroid 2.9E+Ol 4.7E+Ol 7.3E+Ol 1.7E+02 Uterus 4.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.1E-Ol 1.3E+OO

Remaining organs 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.2E-01 1.2E+OO

Effecth-e dose (mS\'f;\IBq) J.SE+OO 2.9E+OO 4.4E+OO 9.6E+OO

81


I 53

NPS9

I year

1.6E+Ol 2.2E+OO 2.4E+OO 2.1E+OO 2.0E+OO 2.5E+OO

2.3E+OO 2.5E+OO 2.4E+OO 2.4E+OO) 2.3E+OO)

2.4E+OO 2.4E+OO 6.5E+OO 2.3E+OO 2.2E+OO

2.4E+OO 2.4E+OO 2.6E+OO 2.2E+OO 1.9E+OO

2.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 2.4E+OO 3.2E+02 2.4E+OO

2.2E+OO

l.SE+Ol

3.19. Thallous ion 201Tl

3.19.1. Absorbed doses: Thallous ion

201 Tl 3.05 days



Adrenals 5.7£-02 7.1E-02 I.IE-01 1.5£-01 Bladder 4.0£-02 5.4£-02 7.9£-02 1.2£-01 Bone surfaces 3.4£-01 4.4£-01 7.2£-01 l.2E+OO Brain 2.2£-02 2.5£-02 3.8£-02 5.6£-02 Breast 2.4£-02 2.8£-02 4.5£-02 6.9£-02 Gall bladder 6.5£-02 8.1£-02 1.3£-01 1.9£-01 Gl-tract

Stomach 9.9£-02 1.3£-01 1.9£-01 3.1£-01 SI 1.4£-01 1.8£-01 3.0£-01 4.9E-Oi Colon 2.3£-01 3.0£-01 5.1£-01 8.6£-01 (ULI 1.7£-01 2.2£-01 3.7£-01 6.0£-01 (LLI 3.2£-01 4.1£-01 7.0E-OI 1.2E+OO

Heart 2.0£-01 2.6E-OI 3.9£-01 6.2£-01 Kidneys 4.8£-01 5.8£-01 8.2£-01 1.2£+00 Liver 1.5£-01 2.0£-01 3.1£-01 4.5E-OI Lungs I.IE-01 1.6£-0I 2.3£-01 3.6£-01 Muscles 5.2£-02 8.2£-02 1.6£-01 4.5£-01

Oesophagus 3.6£-02 4.3£-02 6.2£-02 9.3£-02 Ovaries 7.3£-01 6.2£-01 2.0£+00 3.5£+00 Pancreas 5.7£-02 7.1£-02 l.IE-01 1.6£-01 Red marrow 1.6£-01 1.7E-OI 2.8E-OI 5.3E-OI Skin 2.2£-02 2.5£-02 3.9£-02 6.0£-02

Spleen 1.2£-01 1.7£-01 2.6£-01 4.1E-OI Testes 4.5E-OI l.IE+OO 8.3£+00 9.6£+00 Thymus 3.6E-02 4.3E-02 6.2E-02 9.3E-02 Thyroid 2.2E-01 3.5E-OI 5.4E-OI 1.2E+OO Uterus 5.1E-02 6.3E-02 I.OE-01 1.5E-OI

Remaining organs 5.8E-02 8.9E-02 1.6E-OI 3.4E-OI

Effecth·e dose (mSv/~lBq) 2.2E-Ol J.OE-01 1.2E+OO 1.7E+OO

83

I year

n 81

I on

2.7£-01 2.3£-01 2.9£+00 I.IE-01 1.3£-01 3.1£-01

6.5E-OI 9.2£-01 1.6£+00 I.IE+OO) 2.3£+00)

I.IE+OO 2.2£+00 8.4£-01 6.9£-01 7.6E-OI

1.7E-OI 8.3£+00 2.8£-01 I.IE+OO l.IE-01

7.4E-01 1.3E+OI 1.7E-OI 2.3£+00 2.7E-OI

5.5E-OI

2.8E+OO


i , I I

4. REPRINTING OF BIOKINETICS AND DOSE DATA FROM ADDENDUM I TO ICRP PUBLICATION 53

4.1. Introduction to this updated ,·ersion of Addendum 1

(49) In order to make this publication more complete and useful, the dose information from Addendum 1 to Publication 53 (ICRP, 1991), is reprinted here. Printing errors have been corrected and information on the average absorbed dose to the colon has been added, using the definition of 'colon' given in Publication 67 (ICRP, 1993). Therefore, the present report supersedes Addendum 1 to Publication 53.

(50) For 99mTc MAG3, assuming normal renal function, an extra footnote gives the effective dose when the urinary bladder is emptied as described in paragraph (48).

4.1.1. References for Introduction to reprinting of Addendum 1

ICRP, 1991. Addendum I to Publication 53, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. In: Radiological Protection in Biomedical Research. ICRP Publication 62, Annals of the ICRP 22 (3).

ICRP, 1993. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 2, ICRP Publication 67, Annals of the ICRP 23 (3-4).

85


4.2. Tritium-labelled neutral fat and free fatty acids 3H


II I

Fatty acids

(51) Orally administered fat is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Within 3-4 h all activity has reached the blood via the lymphatic system. After transient uptake and chemical modification in the liver, the fat is transported to the adipose tissue, which occurs principally in subcutaneous tissue, yellow bone marrow, and the abdominal cavity, and to the muscles. Other organs and tissues receive only small amounts. It is then metabolised by betaoxidation with water and carbon dioxide as end products. The turnover rate is highly dependent on the nutritional state, especially the supply of carbohydrates. ·

(52) Pedersen and Marqversen (1981) measured 14C02 in expired air in 5 healthy subjects, who were given labelled neutral fat in a test meal after an 8 h fast. From 6 h later unrestricted food was allowed. After one day 15-33% and within 10 days 25-40% of ingested fat was metabolised. The residue was retained for a much longer time with a calculated half-time of 304-493 days. Malmendier et al. (1974) injected 14C-Iabelled palmitic acid into 4 fasting normal subjects and measured expired air during 24 hours. They found that 45% of the fatty acid was oxidised to C02 directly. No carbohydrate was given simultaneously, which may explain the larger fraction metabolised more rapidly than in the study of Pedersen and Marqversen (1981). Hirsch et al. (1960) studied the turnover of neutral fat incorporated into adipose tissue and found half-times up to 750 days.

(53) The model adopted here is intended for fat containing unbranched longchain (13-18 C-atoms) fat molecules and labelled with 14C or 3H, administered orally or intravenously. Rapid and complete resorption is assumed. After transient uptake in the liver, the activity is deposited in the adipose tissue (85%), in muscles (10%), and in all other· organs and tissues according to their fat content (5%) as given in Publication 23 (ICRP, 1975). Assuming adequate supply of carbohydrates, 30% is metabolised rapidly (T 112 = 2 days) and 70% is retained for a longer time (T112 =400 days). The half-time of 400 days assumed for the longer term component of retention of 3H (and of 14C) in the body fat is longer than the overall half-time of 40 days assumed for the total body hydrogen (and carbon) in Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979) and Publication 56 {ICRP, 1989). This long-lived component refers only to that fraction of the body fat which is labelled following administration of a single dose of labelled fat administered as a radiopharmaceutical and which probably represents only a small fraction of the total body carbon pool.

(54) This model is intended for adults only. It is possible that the metabolism is significantly different in children with longer half-times in some tissues, for example the nervous system.

87


-nr d I

II I

ICRP Puhlication80

Fatty acids

4.2.2. References for 3H-Iabelled neutral fat and free fatty acids

Hirsch, J., Farquhar, J.W., Ahrens, J.E.H. et al., 1960. Studies of adipose tissue in man, J. Clin. Nutr. 8, 499-510.

Malmendier, C.L., Delcroix, C., Berman, M., 1974. Interrelations in oxidative metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and glycerol in normal and hyperlipemic patients. A compartmental model, J. Clin. Invest. 54, 461-476.

Pedersen, N.T., Marqversen, J., 1981. Metabolism of ingested 14C-triolein. Estimation of radiation dose in tests of lipid assimilation using 14C- and 3Hlabelled fatty acids, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 6, 327-329.

ICRP, 1975. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP, 1979. Limits for Intakes of Radionuclidcs by Workers, Part I, ICRP Publication 30, Annals of the ICRP 2 (3-4).

ICRP, 1989. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides, Part I, ICRP Publication 56, Annals of the ICRP 20 (2).

88


ICRP Puhficmion80


Organ (S) F, TIJ1

Adipose tissue 0.85 2 days 400 days

Muscle 0.10 2 days Other organs and tissues 0.05 400 days

Adrenals 0.0002 Breast 0.0006 Stomach 0.0005 Sl 0.0022 ULI 0.0007 LLI 0.0005 Heart 0.0018 Kidneys 0.0009 Liver 0.0064 Lungs 0.0005 Ovaries 0.00001 Pancreas 0.0004 Red marrow 0.0322 Bone (cort.) 0.0020 Bone (trab.) 0.0005 Spleen 0.0002 Testes 0.0001 Thyroid 0.0001

89

{/

0.30 0.70 1.0 1.0

-

II I

Fatty acids

A,/Ao

316 days

6.90 h 26.5 days 2.54 h 7.62 h 6.35 h 1.16 days 8.90 h 6.35 h

22.9 h 11.4 h 3.39 days 6.35 h 7.80 min 5.08 h

17.0 days 1.11 days 6.35 h 2.54 h 1.27 h 1.27 h


r., [ij.·

I !

·!'

; !

··.

H I Fatty acids

/CRP Publication 80

4.2.4. Absorbed doses: 3H-Iabelled neutral fat and free fatty acids

3H 12.35 years

Organ

Adrenals Bone surfaces Breast Gl-tract



Ovaries Pancreas Red marrow Spleen Testes Thyroid

Remaining organs

Effccth·c dose (mSl'/.MBq)


S.IE-01 6.1E-OI 6.9E-02

1.3E-01 I.IE-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01) 1.3E-01)

2.4E-01 1.3E-OI 1.4E-OI 2.1E-02 4.4E-04

4.9E-02 I.SE-01 1.2E+OO 4.6E-02 I.IE-01 2.0E-OJ

2.0E-03

2.2E-Ol

90


4.3. Carbon-14-labelled neutral fat and free fatty acids 14c


(55) The same model is used as for 3H-labelled fatty acid.

4.3.2. References for 14C~labclled fatty acids

c 6

Fatly acids

Hirsch, J., Farquhar, J.W., Ahens, J.E.H. et al., 1960. Studies of adipose tissue in man, J. Clin. Nutr. 8, 499-510.

Malmendier, C.L., Delcroix, C., Berman, M., 1974. Interrelations in oxidative metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and glycerol in normal and hyperlipemic patients. A compartmental model, J. Clin. Invest. 54, 461-476.

Pedersen, N.T., ·Marqversen, J., 1981. Metabolism of ingested 14C-triolein. Estimation of radiation dose in tests of iipid assimilation using 14C- and 3HIabelled fatty acids., Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 6, 327-329.

91


. '

.J

c 6 Fatty acids

4.3.3. Diokinctic data

Organ (S)

Adipose tissue

Muscle Other organs and tissues

Adrenals Breast Stomach Sl ULI LLI Heart Kidneys Liver Lungs Ovaries Pancreas Red marrow Bone (cor!.) Bone (trab.) Spleen Testes Thyroid

ICRP Pub/ication80

F, T112 a

0.85 2 days 0.30 400 days 0.70

0.10 2 days 1.0 0.05 400 days 1.0 0.0002 0.0006 0.0005 0.0022 0.0007 0.0005 0.0018 0.0009 0.0064 0.0005 0.00001 0.0004 0.0322 0.0020 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001

92


i,/Ao

344 days

6.92 h 28.9 days

2.77 h 8.30 h 6.92 h 1.27 days 9.69 h 6.92 h 1.04 days

12.5 h 3.69 days 6.92 h 8.40 min 5.54 h

18.6 days 1.21 days 6.92 h 2.77 h 1.38 h 1.38 h

ICRP Puh/ication 80 c 6

fatly acids

4.3.4. Absorbed doses: •~c labelled neutral fat and free fatty acids

14C 5730 years

Organ

Adrenals Bone surfaces Breast Gl-tract



Ovaries Pancreas Red marrow Spleen Testes Thyroid

Remaining organs

Effccthe dose (mS\·f;\JBq)

Absorbed dose per unit activity administered (mGyfl\tBq)

4.8E+OO 5.8E+OO 6.5£-01

1.2E+OO l.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 1.3£+00) l.2E+OO)

2.3E+OO 1.2E+OO 1.3E+OO 2.0£-01 3.8£-03

4.6£-01 l.7E+OO l.!E+OI 4.3£-01 l.OE+OO l.9E+OO

1.8£-02

2.1E+OO

93


----· ___ --.... ·


4.4. Gallium-labelled EDT A 68Ga

Ga 31

EDTA

(56) This generator-produced positron-emitting substance is used in PET studies. After intravenous administration and initial distribution in the extracellular fluid, the substance is excreted exclusively by the renal system according to the models for GFR-substances and the kidney-bladder (see Appendix Section A.6 and A.5, respectively, in Publication 53, ICRP 1987). Assuming normal renal function, total body retention can be described by a double exponential function, with component half-times of 100 min (0.99) and 7 d (0.01). The fraction excreted by the kidneys is 1.0 and the renal transit time is 5 min.

4.4.2. Reference for 68Ga-labelled EDTA

ICRP, 1987 Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (1-4).


Organ (S) F, T112 a A,/Ao

Total body 1.0 1.67 h 0.99 58.8 min (excluding bladder contents) 7.0days 0.01

Kidneys 1.0 1.96 min Bladder contents

Adult and 15 years 1.0 30.3 min 10 years 27.8 min 5 years and 1 year 20.8 min

95


#·- ._../L ·-·~ • . .;

""" ··I I

Ga ICRP Puhlication 80 31 EDTA

4.4.4. Absorbed doses: 68Ga EDT A ' i

68Ga 68.06 min



Adrcnals 9.4E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 3.2E-02 6.2E-02 Bladder 5.9E-OI 7.7E-OI I.IE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.4E+OO Bone surfaces 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 J.OE-02 6.0E-02 Brain 7.7E-03 I.OE-02 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 5.5E-02 Breast 7.5E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 Gall bladder 9.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 3.1E-02 6.0E-02 Gl-tract

Stomach 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.0E-02 5.9E-02 Sl 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 3.7E-02 7.0E-02 Colon l.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.8E-02 7.0E-02 (ULI l.IE-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.5E-02 6.6E-02) .. ·. (LLI 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 2.9E-02 4.2E-02 7.5E-02)

Heart 8.7E-03 I.IE-02 1.9E-02 3.0E-02 5.8E-02 Kidneys 5.4E-02 6.5E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-OI 2.5E-OI Li\·er 8.9E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 6.0E-02 Lungs 8.2E-03 I.IE-02 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 5.6E-02 Muscles 9.7E-03 UE-02 2.0E-02 3.IE-02 6.1E-02

Oesophagus 8.3E-03 I.IE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 5.7E-02 Ovaries 1.5E-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 4.2E-02 7.8E-02 Pancreas 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 3.2E-02 6.3E-02 Red marrow 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.0E-02 5.7E-02 Skin 7.8E-03 I.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 5.3E-02

Spleen 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 J.IE-02 6.1E-02 Testes 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 7.7E-02 Thymus 8.3E-03 I.IE-02 I.SE-02 2.9E-02 5.7E-02 Thyroid 8.2E-03 I.IE-02 1.8E-02 J.OE-02 5.8E-02 Uterus 2.3E-02 2.8E-02 4.4E-02 5.9E-02 I.IE-01


Effccthe dose (mS\'fMBq) 4.0E-02 5.2E-02 7.5E-02 9.5E-02 J.SE-01

96


4.5. Tcchnctium-Jabellcd HM-PAO (Ccrctec) 99mTc


Tc 43

111\I·PAO

(57) The d,l diastereoisomer of hexamethylpropyleneamineoxine (HM-PAO) labelled with 99mTc, is a lipophilic complex which rapidly crosses the intact bloodbrain barrier and is retained in the brain for a long time, making detailed tomographic studies of the regional cerebral blood flow possible. Quantitative studies in man have shown that the substance is rapidly cleared from the blood after intravenous injection. Uptake in the brain reaches a maximum of 4-6% within one minute and there is little loss of activity for the following 24 hours. Early whole body scans also show an uptake in lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and thyroid. A great part of the activity is widely distributed throughout the body, particularly in muscle and soft tissue. Except for the brain, the activity leaves the organs and tissues within a few days by excretion in urine and faeces. At 48 h about 40% has been excreted in urine and 15% in faeces.

(58) In the model it is assumed that there is an immediate cellular uptake of the substance in the brain (0.05), lungs (0.10), liver (0.15), gastrointestinal tract (0.05), kidneys (0.09), and thyroid (0.008). The uptake in GI-walls (0.05) is assumed to be apportioned according to the relative weights of the walls. The activity of the labelled radiopharmaceutical is cleared from the brain mono-exponentially with a half-time of 4 days, while most of the other organs and tissues are cleared hiexponentially. Activity in the liver is assumed to be excreted to the intestine, partly via the gall bladder according to the model described in the Appendix Section A.9 in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987).

(59) For children, the fractional uptake in the brain is higher, due to the higher relative weight of the brain. In some cases an uptake in the lacrimal gland has also been seen. Villanueva-Meyer et al. (1990) found a significant uptake in 15 of their 138 adult patients, resulting in an absorbed dose of 0.014 mGy/MBq to the lacrimal gland. This does not influence the effective dose value.

4.5.2. References for 99mTc-labclled HM-PAO

Costa, D.C., Ell, P.J., Cullum, I.D. et al., 1986. The in vivo distribution of 99mTcHM-PAO in normal man, Nucl. Mcd. Comm. 7, 647-658.

ICRP, 1987. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (1-4).

Sharp, P.F., Smith, F.W., Gemme!, H.G. et al., 1986. Technetium-99 m HM-PAO stereoisomers as potential agents for imaging regional cerebral blood flow: Human volunteer studies, J. Nucl. Med. 27, 171-177.

Soundy, R.G., Tyrrell, D.A., Pickett, R.D. et al., 1990. The radiation dosimetry of 99mTc-exametazime, Nucl. Med. Comm. 11, 791-799.

97


I I I

I

I.

\

-----------'------ ___ . __ ,._ -"----------'------""'iiii~ir .............

Tc 43 Ul\1-PAO

ICRP Publication 80

Vestergren, E., Jacobsson, L., Mattsson, S. et al., 1991. Biokinetics and dosimetry of Tc-99 m HM-PAO in children. In: S-Stelsom, A., Watson, E.E. (Ed.). Fifth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. CONF-910529, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 444-456.

Villanueva-Meyer, J., Thompson, D., Mena, I. et al., 1990. Lachrymal gland dosimetry for the brain imaging agent technetium-99 m-HMPAO, J. Nucl. Med. 31, 1237-1239.

98


ICRP Publimtion 80 Tc 43

IIM-PAO


Organ (S) F, Tll2 a A,/Ao

nrain 4 days 1.0 Adult 0.05 24.5 min 15 years 0.08 39.2 min 10 years 0.12 58.8 min 5 years 0.15 1.23 h I year and ll£'ll·bom 0.20 1.63 h

Thyroid 0.008 I h 0.35 2.6 min 2 days 0.65

Lungs 0.10 100 min 0.15 42.6 min 3 days 0.85

Liver 0.15 45 min 0.50 30.4 min 12 h 0.50

Gall bladder contents 0.05 ~Q • ~-- mm

Gl tract Stomach wall 0.0065 2h 0.15 2.8 min

4 days 0.85 Sl wall O.Q28 2h 0.15 12.0 min

4 days 0.85 ULI wall 0.0091 2h 0.15 3.9 min

4 days 0.85 LLI wall 0.0069 2h 0.15 3.0 min

4 days 0.85 Stomach contents 0.0065 3.4 s

Sl contents 0.185 14.1 min ULI contents 0.194 18.9 min LLI contents 0.20 9.7 min

Kidneys 0.09 24 h 1.00 38.7 min madder contents 0.80

Adult 29.5 min 15 years 28.3 min 10 years 22.7 min 5 years 14.2 min 1 year amln£'u·bom 13.1 min

Other organs and remaining tissues I h 0.35 2 days 0.65

Adult 0.55 3.00 h 15 years 0.52 2.83 h 10 years 0.48 2.62 h 5 years 0.45 2.45 h 1 year and lll!lrbom 0.40 2.18 h

99


·---·--·-·

i 'I

j

Tc /CRP Pub/icatio11 80 43 Hl\1-PAO

4.5.4. Absorbed doses: 99mTc Hi\1-PAO (Ccretcc)

99mTc 6.02 h


Organ Adult IS years 10 years 5 years I year Newborn

Adrenals S.JE-03 6.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 Bladder 2.3E-02 2.8E-02 3.3E-02 3.3E-02 5.6E-02 I.SE-01 Bone surfaces SJE-03 6.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 7.3E-02 Brain 6.8E-03 I.IE-02 1.6E-02 2.JE-02 3.7E-02 8.4E-02 Breast 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 3.7E-03 5.6E-03 9.5E-03 3.4E-02 Gall bladder I.SE-02 2.1E-02 2.8E-02 4.8E-02 1.4E-OI 3.2E-OI Gl-tract

Stomach 6.4E-03 S.SE-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.6E-02 1.4E-OI SI 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 6.SE-02 2.1E-Ol Colon 1.7E-02 2.2E-02 J.SE-02 S.SE-02 l.OE-01 2.9E-OI (ULI I.SE-02 2.4E-02 3.8E-02 6.0E-02 I.IE-01 J.IE-01) (LLI I.SE-02 1.9E-02 J.IE-02 4.8E-02 9.0E-02 2.7E-01)

Heart 3.7E-03 4.7E-03 6.7E-03 9.7E-03 1.6E-02 S.OE-02 Kidneys 3.4E-02 4.1E-02 5.7E-02 S.IE-02 1.4E-OI 3.6E-OI Liver 8.6E-03 I.IE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 4.0E-02 9.2E-02 Lungs l.IE-02 1.6E-02 2.2E-02 3.4E-02 6.3E-02 1.7E~OI

Muscles 2.8E-03 J.SE-03 S.OE-03 7.3E-03 1.3E-02 4.5E-02

Oesophagus 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 4.7E-03 6.9E-03 I.IE-02 4.1E-02 Ovaries 6.6E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 S.IE-02 Pancreas S.IE-03 6.5E-03 9.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 6.9E-02 Red marrow 3.4E-03 4.1E-03 5.9E-03 S.OE-03 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 Skin 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 4.5E-03 8.3E-03 3.2E-02

Spleen 4.3E-03 5.4E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 5.9E-02 Testes 2.4E-03 3.0E-03 4.4E-03 6.1E-03 I.IE-02 3.9E-02 Thymus 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 4.7E-03 6.9E-03 l.IE-02 4.1E-02 Thyroid 2.6E-02 4.'2E-02 6.3E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-OI 3.7E-OJ Uterus 6.6E-03 S.lE-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.5E-02 7.5E-02

Remaining organs 3.2E-03 4.0E-03 6.0E-03 9.2E-03 1.7E-02 5.3E-02

Effccthe dose (mS,·JMBq) 9.3E-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.7£-02 4.9£-02 1.2£-01

100


--.

4.6. Technetium-labelled mercaptoacctyl triglycinc (MAG3) 99mTc


Tc 43

l\IAG3

(60) This substance has been developed as a possible replacement for radioiodine-labelled Hippuran (sodium ort/wiodohippurate) for investigation of renal function with improved imaging quality.

(61) In the normal case, following intravenous administration of MAG3, the substance is rapidly distributed in the extracellular fluid and excreted entirely by the renal system according to the kidney-bladder model. Total body retention is described by a three-exponential function (Stabin et al., 1992). The renal transit time is assumed to be 4 min as for Hippuran.

(62) When ren~li function is bilaterally impaired, it is assumed that the clearance rate of the substance is one tenth of that for the normal case, that the renal transit time is increased to 20 min, and that a fraction of 0.04 is taken up in the liver.

(63) As an example of acute unilateral renal blockage, it is assumed that a fraction of 0.5 of the administered radiopharmaceutical is taken up by one kidney and slowly released to the blood with a half-time of 5 days and subsequently excreted by the other kidney, which is assumed to function normally.

4.6.2. References for 99mTc MAG3

Bubeck, B., Brandau, W., Weber, E. et al., 1990. Pharmacokinetics of technetium-99m-MAG3 in humans, J. Nucl. Med. 31, 1285-1293.

Jafri, R.A., Britton, K.E., Nimmon, C.C. et al., 1988. Technetium-99m-MAG3, a comparison with iodine-123 and iodine-131 orthoiodohippurate, in patients with renal disorders, J. Nucl. Med. 29, 147-158.

Stabin, M.G., Taylor, A. Jr, Eshima, D. et al., 1992. Radiation dosimetry for Tc-99m MAG3, technetium-99m-DTPA, ·and iodine-131 OIH based on human distribution studies, J. Nucl. Med. 33, 33-40.

Taylor, A. Jr, Eshima, D., Fritzberg, A.R. et al., 1986. Comparison of iodine-131 OIH and technetium-99m MAG3 renal imaging in volunteers, J. Nucl. Med. 27, 795-803.

101


I .,

Tc ICRP Publication 80 43 MAG3


Organ (S) F. T112 a AJAo

I) Normal renal function Total body (excl. bladder contents and kidneys) 1.0 1.7 min 0.40 13.9 min

3.2min 0.40 43 min 0.20

Kidneys 1.0 3.9min Bladder contents 1.0

Adults am/15 years 2.66 h 10 years 2.33 h 5 years and 1 year 1.60 h

2) Abnormal renalfmzction Total body (excl. bladder contents and kidneys) 1.0 17min 0.40 1.38 h

32min 0.40 7.17 h 0.20

Kidneys 1.0 16.5 min Liver 0.04 17 min 0.40 3.3 min

32 min 0.40 7.17 h 0.20

Bladder contents 1.0 Adults and 15 years 2.03 h 10 years 1.74 h 5 years and I year 1.13 h

J) Acute unilateral renal blockage Total body (excl. bladder contents and kidneys) 1.0 1.7 min 0.40 4.37 h

3.2 min 0.40 43min 0.20

Abnormal kidney 0.5 5 days 1.0 3.99 h Normal kidney 1.0 2.0min Bladder contents 1.0

Adults and 15 years 1.37 h 10 years 1.20 h 5 years ami I year 49.4 min

102


ICRP Publicalion80 Tc 43

MAG3

4.6.4. Absorbed doses: 99mTc MAG3 (Normal renal function)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 3.9E-O-l S.IE-0-l 8.2E-O-l 1.2E-03 2.SE-03 Bladder I.IE-01 1.4E-OI 1.7E-OI 1.8E-OI 3.2E-Ol Bone surfaces 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.1E-03 2.4E-03 4.3E-03 Brain I.OE-04 1.3E-04 2.2E-04 J.SE-04 6.1E-04 Breast I.OE-04 1.4E-04 2.4E-04 3.9E-04 8.2E-04 Gall bladder S.?E-04 8.7E-04 2.0E-03 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 GI·tract

Stomach 3.9E-O-t 4.9E-04 9.7E-04 I.JE-03 2.SE-03 SI 2.3E-03 J.OE-03 4.2E-03 4.6E-03 7.8E-03 Colon 3.4E-03 4.3E-03 5.9E-03 6.0E-03 9.8E-03 (ULI 1.7E-03 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 4.0E-03 6.7E-03) (LLI S.?E-03 7.0E-03 9.2E-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02)

Heart 1.8E-04 2.4E-04 3.7E-O-l 5.7E-04 1.2E-03 Kidneys 3.4E-03 4.2E-03 S.9E-03 8.4E-03 l.SE-02 Liver J.IE-04 4.3E-04 7.5E-O-t l.IE-03 2.1E-03 Lungs I.SE-04 2.1E-04 3.3E-04 S.OE-04 l.OE-03 Muscles 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 2.2E-03 2.4E-03 4.1E-03

Oesophagus 1.3E-O-t I.&E-04 2.8E-04 4.4E-04 8.2E-04 Ovaries 5.4E-03 6.9E-03 8.7E-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 Pancreas 4.0E-O-t S.OE-04 9.3E-04 1.3E-03 2.5E-03 Red marrow 9.3E-04 1.2E-03 1.6E-03 l.SE-03 2.1E-03 Skin 4.6E-04 S.?E-04 8.3E-04 9.7E-04 I.SE-03

Spleen 3.6E-04 4.9E-O-l 7.9E-04 1.2E-03 2.3E-03 Testes 3.7E-03 5.3E-03 &.IE-03 8.7E-OJ 1.6E-02 Thymus l.JE-04 1.8E-04 2.8E-04 4.4E-04 8.2E-04 Thyroid I.JE-0-t 1.6E-O-t 2.7E-O-t 4.4E-04 8.2E-04 Uterus 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 Remaining organs 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.1E-03 2.2E-03 3.6E-03

Effccthe dose (mSl}MBq) 7.0E-03 9.0[-03 l.2E-02 1.2E-02 2.2E-02

Bladder wall contributes up to 80% of the effective dose. £./fectiw close if blot!der is emplied I or 0.5 hours after administration: 1 hour 2.5E-03 3.1E-03 4.5E-03 6.4E-03 6.4E-03 30 min 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 2.9E-03 3.9E-03 6.8E-03

103


i

·I j

Tc /CRP Publication 80 43 MAG3

4.6.5. Absorbed doses: 99mTc MAG3 (Abnormal renal function)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 1.6E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 4.8E-03 8.6E-03 Bladder 8.3E-02 I.IE-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-OI 2.3E-01 Bone surfaces 2.2E-03 2.7E-03 3.8E-03 S.OE-03 9.1E-03 Brain· 6.1E-04 7.7E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-03 3.6E-03 Breast 5.4E-04 7.0E-04 I.IE-03 1.7E-03 3.2E-03 Gall bladder 1.6E-03 2.2E-03 3.8E-03 4.6E-03 6.4E-03 Gl-tract

Stomach 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.6E-03 3.5E-03 6.1E-03 SI 2.7E-03 3.5E-03 S.OE-03 6.0E-03 l.OE-02 Colon 3.5E-03 4.4E-03 6.1E-03 6.9E-03 l.IE-02 (ULI 2.2E-03 3.0E-03 4.3E-03 5.6E-03 9.3E-03) (LLI S.IE-03 6.3E-03 8.5E-03 8.6E-03 1.4E-02)

Heart 9.1E-04 1.2E-03 l.SE-03 2.7E-03 4.8E-03 Kidneys 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 3.4E-02 5.9E-02 Liver 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 2.7E-03 3.8E-03 6.6E-03 Lungs 7.9E-04 I.IE-03 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 4.5E-03 Muscles 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 2.9E-03 3.6E-03 6.4E-03

Oesophagus 7.4E-04 9.7E-04 I.SE-03 2.3E-03 4.1E-03 Ovaries 4.9E-03 6.3E-03 8.1E-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 Pancreas 1.5E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 4.3E-03 7.4E-03 Red marrow 1.5E-03 1.9E-03 2.6E-03 J.IE-03 S.OE-03 Skin 7.8E-04 9.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.0E-03 3.8E-03

Spleen 1.5E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 4.3E-03 7.4E-03 Testes 3.4E-03 4.7E-03 7.1E-03 7.8E-03 l.4E-02 Thymus 7.4E-04 9.7E-04 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 4.1E-03 Thyroid 7.3E-04 9.5E-04 I.SE-03 2.4E-03 4.4E-03 Uterus I.OE-02 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02


Effecth·c dose (mS,·fMBq) 6.1E-03 7.8E-03 l.OE-02 l.lE-02 1.9E-02

104

I ~ .,_I


ICRP Publication SO Tc 43

MAG3

4.6.6. Absorbed doses: 99mTc MAG3 (Acute unilateral renal blockage)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals l.IE-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 S.SE-02 Bladder 5.6E-02 7.1E-02 9.1E-02 9.3E-02 1.7E-Ol Bone surfaces 3.1E-03 4.0E-03 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.7E-02 Brain l.IE-04 1.4E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.5E-04 Breast 3.8E-04 S.lE-04 l.OE-03 1.6E-03 3.0E-03 Gall bladder 6.2E-03 7.3E-03 I.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 GI-tract

Stomach 3.9E-03 4.4E-03 7.0E-03 9.3E-03 1.2E-02 SI 4.3E-03 S.SE-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 Colon 3.9E-03 S.OE-03 7.2E-03 9.2E-03 1.5E-03 (ULI 4.0E-03 S.IE-03 7.6E-03 I.OE-02 1.6E-02)

/ (LLI 3.8E-03 4.8E-03 6.7E-03 8.2E-03 I.JE-02) / Heart 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-03 6.1E-03 I Kidneys 2.0E-Ot 2.4E-01 3.3E-Ol 4.7E-OI S.IE-01 I Liver 4.4E-03 5.4E-03 S.IE-03 l.IE-02 1.7E-02 I Lungs l.IE-03 1.6E-03 2.5E-03 3.9E-03 7.2E-03/ Muscles 2.2E-03 2.7E-03 3.7E-03 S.IE-03 8.9E-03

Oesophagus 3.8E-04 5.4E-04 S.SE-04 l.SE-03 2.3E-03 Ovaries 3.8E-03 S.lE-03 7.1E-03 9.2E-03 1.5E-02 Pancreas 7.4E-03 9.0E-03 J.3E-02 l.SE-02 2.9E-02 Red marrow 3.0E-03 3.6E-03 S.OE-03 6.0E-03 8.3E-03 Skin 8.2E-04 t.OE-03 I.SE-03 2.2E-03 4.2E-03

Spleen 9.8E-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.6E-02 4.0E-02 Testes 2.0E-03 2.9E-03 4.5E-03 S.OE-03 9.8E-03 Thymus 3.8E-04 5.4E-o.t 8.5E-04 I.SE-03 2.3E-03 Thyroid 1.7E-04 2.3E-04 4.5E-04 9.2E-04 1.6E-03 Uterus 7.2E-03 8.7E-03 1.2E-02 1.3E-02 2.2E-02


Effecthe dose (mS\'f~IBq) I.OE-02 1.2£-02 1.7£-02 2.2E-02 3.8[-02

105



4.7. Technetium-labelled i\1181 99mTc

Tc 43

MIDI

(64) Technetium-methyl oxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI syn. Sestamibi, Hexamibi) is a cationic complex prepared from a lyophilised kit (Cardiolite). It is used for studies of myocardial perfusion and cardiac ventricular function.

(65) 99mTc MIBI is accumulated in viable myocardial tissue in proportion to regional blood flow, in a manner similar to thallous chloride. After intravenous: injection, the substance is rapidly cleared from the blood and taken ur/ predominantly in muscular tissues (including heart), liver, and kidneys, with) smaller amount in salivary glands and thyroid. Other organs and tissues show· a low uptake \'\•ith a uniform distribution. When the substance is injected in conjunction with a stress test, there is a considerable increase of the uptake in heart and skeletal muscles, with a correspondingly lower uptake in all other organs and tissues. No redistribution takes place, and there is no evidence of any metabolism of the substance. The principal pathway for excretion is via the hepatobiliary system to the GI-tract, with some additional excretion via the kidneys. Results of animal studies do not indicate any direct uptake and excretion via the GI wall. The major part of injected substance is excreted within 48 h.

(66) The quantitative figures for uptake and excretion in man, presented in the table below, are based on reports by Wackers et al. (1988) and Leide et al. (1992). Substance excreted by the hepatobiliary system is assumed to leave the body via the intestinal tract according to the Publication 30 gastro-intestinal tract model (ICRP, 1979). The kidney-bladder model presented in Publication 53 (ICRP, 1987) is used for substance excreted in urine. It is further assumed that all substance leaving organs and tissues with half-times stated in the table is excreted by the liver and kidneys in the proportions 75% and 25%, respectively.

4.7.2. References for 99mTc-labelled MIBI

Andersson, L., Jonsson, B-A., Leide, S. et al., 1990. Biodistribution and retention of Tc- 99m-HEXA-MIBI evaluated in the rat, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. (Supplement) 16, S 105 (abstract).

ICRP, 1979. Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. Part I. ICRP Publication 30, Annals of the ICRP 2 (3-4).

ICRP, 1987. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, ICRP Publication 53, Annals of the ICRP 18 (1-4).

Leide, S., Diemer, H., Ahlgren, L. et al., 1992. In vivo distribution and dosimetry of Tc-99m MIBI in man. In: S-Stelson, A., Watson, E.E. (Ed.). Fifth

107


rr I :

Tc 43 MIDI

ICRP Publication 80

International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. CONF-910529, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 483-497.

Wackers, F.J.T., Berman, D.S., Maddahi, J. ct al., 1989. Technetium-99m hexakis-2 methoxy isobutyl isonitrile; Human biodistribution, dosimetry, safety, preliminary comparison to Tl-201 for myocardial perfusion imaging, J. Nucl. Med. 30, 301-311.

lOS


ICRP Publica lion 80 Tc 43

AliBI


Organ (S) F. T112 a A,/Ao

I) Resting subject Heart 0.015 4h 0.67 4.18min

I day 0.33 liver 40.5 min

Immediate uptake 0.18 1.3h 0.85 I day 0.15

Delayed uptake 0.51 Gall bladder 0.23 14.7min Gl tract contents

Sl 0.69 29.7 min ULI 0.69 38.7 min lll 0.69 18.9min

Kidneys 0.14 7h 1.00 39.4 min Bladder contents 0.31

Aclult ancl 15 years 10.2min 10 years 8.81 min 5 years and 1 year 5.93 min

Muscles 0.20 I day 1.00 1.39 h Salivary glands 0.015 1 day 1.00 6.25 min Thyroid 0.003 2h 1.00 23 s Other organs and remaining tissues 0.45 I day 1.00 3.12 h

2) Exercise Heart 0.02 4h 0.67 5.57 min

I day 0.33 Lh·er 31.8 min

Immediate uptake 0.10 1.3 h 0.85 I day 0.15

Delayed uptake 0.60 Gall bladder 0.23 12.2 min G I tract contents

Sl 0.70 23.1 min ULI 0.70 30.1 min lll 0.70 14.7min

Kidneys 0.10 7h 1.00 28.2 min Bladder contents 0.30

Ac/u/1 and 15 years 8.93 min 10 years 7.70min 5 years am/ I year 5.19min

Muscles 0.40 I day 1.00 2.78 h Salivary glands 0.01 I day 1.00 4.17 min Thyroid 0.002 2h 1.00 16 s Other organs and remaining tissues 0.37 I day 1.00 2.57 h

109


- . - . - -- ·--- .

Tc /CRP Publication 80 43 MIBI

4.7.4. Absorbed doses: Technetium-labelled ~UBI (Resting subject)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrenals 7.5E-03 9.9E-03 I.SE-02 2.2E-02 3.8E-02 Bladder I.IE-02 1.4E-02 1.9E-02 2.3E-02 4.1E-02 Bone surfaces 8.2E-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.IE-02 3.8E-02 Brain 5.2E-03 7.1E-03 I.IE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 Breast 3.8E-03 5.3E-03 7.1E-03 1.1E-02 2.0E-02 Gall bladder 3.9E-02 4.5E-02 5.8E-02 l.OE-01 3.2E-Ol Gl-tract

Stomach 6.5E-03 9.0E-03 l.SE-02 2.1E-02 3.5E-02 SI l.SE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 4.5£-02 8.0E-02 Colon 2.4E-02 3.1E-02 S.OE-02 7.9E-02 I.SE-02 (ULI 2.7E-02 3.5E-02 5.7E-02 8.9E-02 1.7E-Ol) {lLI 1.9E-02 2.5E-02 4.1E-02 6.SE-02 1.2E-01)

Heart 6.3E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.8£-02 3.0E-02 Kidneys 3.6E-02 4.3E-02 5.9E-02 S.SE-02 l.SE-01 liver l.IE-02 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 J.OE-02 5.2E-02 Lungs 4.6E-03 6.4E-03 9.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.5£-02 Muscles 2.9E-03 3.7E-03 5.4E-03 7.6E-03 1.4E-02

Oesophagus 4.1E-03 5.7E-03 8.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 Ovaries 9.1E-03 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.SE-02 4.5E-02 Pancreas 7.7E-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 Red marrow S.SE-03 7.1E-03 I.IE-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 Salivary glands 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.6£-02 Skin J.IE-03 4.1E-03 6.4E-03 9.8E-03 1.9E-02

Spleen 6.5E-03 8.6E-03 1.4E-02 2.0E-02 3.4E-02 Testes 3.8E-03 . S.OE-03 7.5E-03 J.JE-02 2.JE-02 Thymus 4.JE-03 5.7E-03 8.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 Thyroid 5.3E-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02 Uterus 7.8E-03 I.OE-02 I.SE-02 2.2E-02 3.8E-02

Remaining organs 3.JE-03 3.9E-03 6.0E-03 8.8E-03 1.6E-02

Effccth·e dose {mSvfi\IBq) 9.0E-03 1.2E-02 I.8E-02 2.8E-02 5.3[-02

110


----·

ICRP Publication 80 Tc 43

MIDI

4.7.5. Absorbed doses: Technetium-labelled MIBI (Exercise)

99mTc 6.02 h



Adrcnals 6.6E-03 8.7E-03 1.3E-02 t.9E-02 3.3E-02 Bladder 9.8E-03 1.3E-02 t.7E-02 2.1E-02 3.8E-02 Bone surfaces 7.8E-03 9.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.0E-02 3.6E-02 Brain 4.4E-03 6.0E-03 9.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 Breast 3.4E-03 4.7E-03 6.2E-03 9.7E-03 I.SE-02 Gall bladder 3.3E-02 3.8E-02 4.9E-02 8.6E-02 2.6E-OI Gl-tract /

Stomach 5.9E-03 S.IE-03 I.JE-02 1.9£-02 3.2E-02 / SI 1.2E-02 I.SE-02 2.4E-02 3.7E-02 6.6E-02 ;

l

Colon 1.9E-02 2.5£-02 4.1E-02 6.4E-02 1.2E-OI /

(ULI 2.2E-02 2.8E-02 4.6E-02 7.2E-02 1.3E-OI) (LLI 1.6£-02 2.1E-02 3.4£-02 5.3E-02 9.9E-02)

Heart 7.2E-03 9.4E-03 I.OE-02 2.1E-02 3.5E-02 Kidneys 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02 I.IE-01 Liver 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 l.SE-02 2.5E-02 4.4E-02 Lungs 4.4£-03 6.0£-03 8.7E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 Muscles 3.2£-03 4.IE-03 6.0E-03 9.0E-03 1.7E-02

Oesophagus 4.0E-03 S.SE-03 S.OE-03 1.2E-02 2.3£-02 Ovaries S.IE-03 I.IE-02 I.SE-02 2.3E-02 4.0E-02 Pancreas 6.9E-03 9.IE-03 1.4E-02 2.IE-02 3.5E-02 Red marrow S.OE-03 6.4E-03 9.SE-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 Salivary glands 9.2E-03 I.IE-02 I.SE-03 2.0E-03 2.9E-03 Skin 2.9E-03 3.7E-03 S.SE-03 9.0E-03 1.7E-02

Spleen S.SE-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 J.OE-02 Testes 3.7E-03 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 I.IE-02 2.0E-02 Thymus 4.0E-03 S.SE-03 S.OE-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02 Thyroid 4.4E-03 6.4E-03 9.9E-03 1.9E-02 3.5E-02 Uterus 7.2E-03 9.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.0E-02 3.5E-02

Remaining organs 3.3E-03 4.3E-03 6.4E-03 9.8E-03 I.SE-02

Effccthc dose (mS\"fi\IBq) 7.9E-03 l.OE-02 1.6[-02 2.3E-02 4.5[-02

Ill


5. INDEX TO AND EFFECTIVE DOSE PER UNIT ADMINISTERED ACTIVITY FOR ALL RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS TREATED IN ICRP

PUBLICATIONS

Data given in this table refers to adults. Note that for some substances, there are page references both to this report (for

recalculated dose values) and to ICRP Publication 53 (for biokinetic information).

Radionuclidc Substance E mSv/MBq This report page Pub/. 53 page

'H Water 1.5E-02 39 'H Inulin 9.4E-04 41 JH Neutral fat and free fatty acids 2.2E-Ol 87 lie Carbon monoxide (single 4.8E-03 43

inhalation, 20 s breath-hold) uc Carbon monoxide (continuous 3.2E-03 43

inhalation for I h) lie Carbon dioxide (single 1.6E-03 47

inhalation, 20 s breath-hold) lie Carbon dioxide (continuous I.OE-03 47

inhalation for l h) lie (Methyi-11C}thymidine 3.5E-03 7 lie [2-11C}thymidine 2.7E-03 7 lie COHb-labelled erythrocytes 5.0E-03 51 He Spiperone 5.3E-03 53 •4c Inulin 8.2E-03 55 t4c Neutral fat and free fatty acids 2.1E+OO 91 t4c Urea (incl. COl, bicarbonate): .J.IE-02 13

normal patient t4c Urea (incl. COl. bicarbonate): S.IE-02 13

J/elicobacter positive patient tlN Nitrogen gas (single 3.8E-04 57

inhalation, 20 s breath-hold) UN Nitrogen gas (continuous 4.3E-04 57

inhalation for 1 h) BN Nitrogen gas in solution 4.1E-04 59 BN Ammonia 2.0E-03 61 uN L-Giutamate 3.9E-03 63 ISO Carbon monoxide (single S.IE-04 65

inhalation, 20 s breath-hold) •so Carbon monoxide (continuous 5.5E-04 65

inhalation for I h) ( colllinu£'cl Ollllext page)

113


L

\t I ' .,

i

I

ICRP Publicatio11 80

(COilliiiUl'tf)

Radionuclide Substance EmSvjMBq This report page Pub/. 53 page

•so Carbon dioxide (single 5.1E-04 67 inhalation, 20 s breath-hold)

uo Carbon dioxide (continuous 3.8E-04 67 inhalation for I h) ts0 Oxygen gas (single inhalation, 3.7E-04 69 20 s breath-hold)

•so Oxygen gas (continuous 4.0E-04 69 inhalation for I h)

•so Water 9.3E-04 19 1sF Fluoride 2.4E-02 73 ISF 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose 1.9E-02 49 75

(FDG) 22Na Sodium (intravenous or oral 2.6E+OO 77

administration) 24Na Sodium 3.2E-Ol 77 24Na Sodium (oral administration) 3.6E-01 77 :sMg Magnesium 7.2E-01 81 32p Phosphate 2.4E+OO 83 33p Phosphate 6.6E-01 83 Jss Sulphate 9.0E-02 85 Hmcl Chloride 1.4E-02 87 36CI Chloride 6.7E-OI 87 JsCI Chloride 1.4E-02 87 JsK Potassium (ultra short-li\'ed) 1.9E-02 89 42K Potassium 2.8E-01 91 42K Potassium (oral 3.4E-01 91

administration) 43K Potassium 2.0E-01 91 4JK Potassium (oral 2.2E-OI 91

administration) 4sca Calcium 3.1E+OO 95 4sca Calcium (oral administration) 1.8E+OO 95 47Ca Calcium 1.2E+OO 95 47Ca Calcium (oral administration) 1.8E+OO 95 46Sc Se-labelled non-absorbable • 1.6E+OO 99

markers (fluids) 46Sc Sc-labelled non-absorbable 1.7E+OO 99

markers (solids) 47Sc Sc-labelled non-absorbable 7.4E-01 99

markers (fluids) 47Sc Sc-labelled non-absorbable 7.6E-01 99

markers (solids) 51Cr Chromium (Ill) chloride 6.8E-02 103 s•cr Chromium EDT A 2.0E-03 51 105 51Cr Chromium EDT A, bladder 1.7E-03 51 105

emptied I h after administration

114


ICRP Publication 80

(colllinued)

Radio nuclide Substance E mSv/MBq This report page Pub!. 53 page

51Cr Chromium EDTA, bladder I.SE-03 51 105 emptied ! h after administration

51Cr Chromium EDTA (oral 4.4£-02 105 administration)

51Cr Cr-labclled platelets 1.4£-01 109 (thrombocytcs)

51Cr Cr-labclled erythrocytes 1.7£-01 Ill 51Cr Cr-labelled denatured l.SE-01 113

erythrocytes 51Cr Cr-labelled white blood cells 1.2£-01 115

(leukocytes) sJcr Cr-labelled non-absorbable 4.3E-02 117

markers (fluids) sJcr Cr-labcllcd non-absorbable 4.5£-02 117

markers (solids) 5~Fe Iron l.lE+OO 119 s1Fe Iron (oral administration) 7.1E-01 119 55 Fe Iron 4.0£+00 119 55 Fe Iron (oral administration) 4.2£-01 119 S9Fe Iron I.OE+Ol 119 S9Fe Iron (oral administration) 2.0£+00 119 s7co Co-labelled bleomycin 4.7£-02 125 57 Co Vitamin B 12 (intra\"enous 4.4£+00 127

injection, no carrier) ssco Vitamin 812 (intra\"enous 8.2£+00 127

injection, no carrier) s7co Vitamin B12 (intra\"enous 4.6£-01 127

injection with carrier) ssco Vitamin Bl2 (intra\"enous 8.9E-OI 127

injection with carrier) s7co Vitamin 812 (oral 2.1£+00 127

administration with flushing) ssco Vitamin 812 (oral 4.0E+OO 127

administration with flushing) s7co Vitamin 812 (oral 3.1E+OO 127

administration, no flushing) ssco Vitamin Bl2 (oral 5.9£+00 127

administration, no flushing) 6-lcu Copper 3.6£-02 135 67Cu Copper I.SE-01 135 61zn Zinc J.SE-01 137 65Zn Zinc 8.4E+OO 137 69mzn Zinc 1.4£-01 137 66Ga Gallium citrate 3.2£-01 141 67Ga Gallium citrate I.OE-01 53 141 6SGa Gallium citrate 2.0£-02 141 6RGa Gallium EDTA 4.0£-02 95 72Ga Gallium citrate 3.4£-01 141

(continued 011/U!XI page)

115


ICRP Puhlimtion 80

(mntbwed)

Radio nuclide Substance E mSv/MBq This report page Puhl. 53 page

72As Arsenate, arsenite 3.6E-OI 145 7~As Arsenate, arsenite 5.1E-OI 145 76As Arsenate, arsenite 2.8E-OI 145 75Sc Selenite 2.6E+OO 147 73Se Selenomethylcholesterol 1.5E+OO 151 7sse 1-Selenomethioninc 2.5E+OO 149 7sse Selenium-labelled bile acid 6.9E-Ol 55 153

(SeHCAT) 76Br Bromide 2.8E-OI 155 77Br Bromide 7.7E-02 155 slnr Bromide 4.0E-OI 155 77Br Bromospiperone 8.5E-02 157 Bln'Kr Krypton 2.7E-05 159 SIRb Rubidium 2.8E-02 163 B2Rb Rubidium 3.4E-03 161 8~Rb Rubidium 2.8E+OO 163 s6Rb Rubidium 3.0E+OO 163 SIRb Rb-labelled denatured 1.4E-01 167

erythrocytes sssr Strontium 7.9E-OI 169 s7msr Strontium 6.4E-03 169 &9Sr Strontium 3.1E+OO 169 99mTc Tc-labelled albumin (HSA) 6.1E-03 173 99mTc Tc-labelled citrate complex 6.1E-03 177 99n'Tc Tc-labelled large colloids 9.4E-03 65 179 99mTc Tc-labelled small colloids 9.7E-03 179 99mTc Tc-DMSA 8.8E-03 57 185 99mTc Tc-DTPA 4.9E-03 59 187 99'"Tc Tc-DTPA, bladder emptied I h 3.8E-03 59 187

after administr.llion 9'~"'Tc Tc-DTPA, bhldder emptied f 4.1E-03 59 187

h after administration 99mTc Tc-labelled plasmin 7.3E-03 191 99"'Tc Tc-gluconate, glucoheptonate 5.4E-03 193 99mTc Tc-labelled HM-PAO

. 9.3E-03 97

99"'Tc Tc-penicillamine 7.3E-03 195 99mTc Pertechnetate 1.3E-02 73 197 99mTc Pertechnctate (blocking agent 4.2E-03 73 197

gi\'en) 99"'Tc Pertechnetate (oral 1.4E-02 197

udministration, no blocking) 99mTc Tc-labcllcd IDA deri\'ati\'es 1.7E-02 63 201 99mTc Tc-labelled fibrinogen 6.2E-03 207 99mTc Tc-labclled erythrocytes 7.0E-03 61 209 99mTc Tc-labcllcd denatured 1.9E-03 211

erythrocytes 99"'Tc Tc-labclled phosphates und 5.7E-03 75 213

phosphonutes

116


/CRP Publication .'W

(com inuecl)

Radionuclide Substance E mSv/l\tBq This report page Puhl. 53 page

9<JmTc Tc-labelled aerosols 6.1E-03 217 (substances with fast clearance)

99mTe Tc-labclled aerosols 1.4E-02 217 (substances with slow clearJnce)

99mTc Tc-labelled heparin 5.5E-03 221 99mTc Tc-labelled MAG3 7.0E-03 101 99mTc Tc-labelled macroaggregated l.IE-02 69 223

albumin 99mTe Tc-labclled MIBI (rest) 9.0E-03 107 99mTc Tc-labclled l\1181 (exercise) 7.9E-03 107 99"'Tc Te-labcllcd non-absorbable 1.9E-02 71 225

markers (fluids) 99mTc Tc-Jabelled non-absorbable 2.4E-02 71 225

markers (solids) 99mTc Tc-labclled albumin I.OE-02 227

.,. microspheres 99mTc Tc-labclled platelets 1.2E-02 229

(thrombocytes) 99mTc Te-labelled white blood cells l.IE-02 67 231

(leucocytes) 99mTc Tc-labelled human 7.0E-03 23

immunoglobulin 99"'Tc Pcrtcchnegas 1.2E-02 27 99mTc Technegas 1.5E-02 31 99mTc Tc-labelled tetrofosmin, resting 7.6E-03 35

subject 99mTc Tc-labelled tetrofosmin, 7.0E-03 35

exercise 1111n Indium 2.1.E-Ol 233 IUmln Indium l.OE-02 233 113m In Indium hydroxide (coUoidal) l.lE-02 235 1111n ln-DTPA 2.1E-02 237 113m In ln-DTPA l.IE-02 237 1111n In-aerosols (substances with 2.5E-02 245

fast clearance) "'In In-aerosols (substances \\ith 2.4E-01 245

slow clearance) 113m In In-aerosols (substances \\ith 1.6E-02 245

fast clearance) 113mln In-aerosols (substances with 2.5E-02 245

slow clearance) •••tn In-labelled non-absorbable 3.tE-01 249

markers (fluids) 1111n In-labelled non-absorbable 3.2E-OI 249

markers (solids) 113m In In-labelled non-absorbable 2.0E-02 249

markers (fluids) ( COIIIiiiUI!tf 01111/!XI page)

117


/CRP Publication 80

(cominuetl)

Radionuclide Substance EmSv/MBq This report page Pub/. 53 page

113m In In-labelled non-absorbable 2.9E-02 249 markers (solids)

IIJin In-labelled platelets 3.9E-Ol 253 (thrombocytes)

J111n In-labelled white blood cells 3.6E-OI 255 (leucocytes)

111 In In-labelled bleomycin l.OE-01 257 J11 In Human immunoglobulin 1.7E-Ol 39 111In Oct reo tide 5.4E-02 43 J231 Iodide (thyroid blocked, l.IE-02 259

uptake 0%) 1231 Iodide (thyroid uptake 35%) 2.2E-OI 259 12.fl Iodide (thyroid blocked, 9.5E-02 259

uptake 0%) IHI Iodide (thyroid uptake 35%) 1.5E+OI 259 J251 Iodide (thyroid blocked, 9.IE-03 259

uptake 0%) 1251 Iodide (thyroid uptake 35%) 1.4E+OI 259 1311 Iodide (thyroid blocked, 6.1E-02 259

uptake 0%) 1311 Iodide (thyroid uptake 35%) 2.4E+OI 259 1231 lodoamphetamine (IMP) 2.7E-02 279 J231 Iodine-labelled fibrinogen 2.0):-02 281 l2Sl Iodine-labelled fibrinogen S.OE-02 281 1311 Iodine-labelled fibrinogen 4.2E-Ol 281 1231 Iodine-labelled albumin (HSA) 2.0E-02 285 1251 Iodine-labelled albumin (HSA) 2.2E-01 285 1311 Iodine-labelled albumin (HSA) 6.4E-OI 285 1311 Iodine-labelled 4.5E-OI 293

maeroaggregated albumin {MAA)

1251 Iodine-labelled non-absorbable 1.7E-Ol 295 markers (fluids)

1251 Iodine-labelled non-absorbable 1.7E-01 295 markers {solids)

1311 Iodine-labelled non-absorbable 1.2E+OO 295 markers (fluids)

1311 Iodine-labelled non-absorbable 1.2E+OO 295 markers (solids)

1231 Iodine-labelled I.SE-02 299 microaggregated albumin (MIAA)

1311 Iodine-labelled 2.2E-Ol 299 microaggregated albumin (1\tiAA)

1231 Hippuran 1.2E-02 77 305 1231 Hippuran, bladder emptied I h 4.6E-03 77 305

after administration

118


JCRP Publication 80

(cominued)

Radionuclide Substance EmSv/MBq This report page Pub/. 53 page

1231 IJippuran, bladder emptied ! 5.9E-03 77 305 h after administration

1251 Hippuran 7.7E-03 305 1311 Hippuran S.2E-02 77 305 1311 Hippuran, bladder emptied I h 2.0E-02 77 305

after administration 1311 Hippuran, bladder emptied ! 2.6E-02 77 305

h after administration 1311 lodo-antipyrine 6.7E-02 313 1251 lodo-antipyrine l.OE-02 313 1251 Iothalamate 7.2E-03 315 1311 lodomcthyl-19-norcholestcrol 1.8E+OO 81 317

{NP 59) 1251 Iodinated polyvinylpyrrolidone 6.5E-01 319

{PVP) ill I Iodinated poly'<inylpyrrolidone 6.0E-OI 3i9

(PVP) 1251 Thyroxine (T4) I.OE-01 321 1311 Thyroxine {T4) 4.4E-Ol 321 1251 Triiodothyronine {T3) 4.7E-02 323 1311 Triiodothyronine (T3) 3.0E-Ol 323 1251 Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) 3.7E-02 325 1311 Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) 2.5E-Ol 325 1251 Diiodothyronine 3.6E-02 327 1311 Diiodothyronine 2.5E-Ol 327 1231 Metaiodobenzylguanidine l.3E-02 79 329

(MIBG) 1311 l-.letaiodobenzylguanidine 1.4E-OI 329

(MIBG) 1231 Sodium Rose Bengal S.9E-02 333 1311 Sodium Rose Bengal l.IE+OO 333 121Xe Xenon-gas (single inhalation 1.3E-04 341

or i.v. injection, 30 s breath-hold)

133Xe Xenon-gas {single inhalation I.SE-04 341 or i.v. injection, 30 s breath-hold)

121Xe Xenon-gas (rebreathing for 7.1E-04 341 5 min)

121Xe Xenon-gas {rebreathing for I.IE-03 341 IOmin)

133Xe Xenon-gas (rebreathing for 7.3E-04 341 5 min)

133Xe Xenon-gas (rebreathing for l.IE-03 341 10 min)

129Cs Caesium 4.9E-02 347 uocs Caesium 3.4E-03 347 131Cs Caesium 5.0E-02 347 134mcs Caesium 6.7E-03 347

( contimu:cl 011 next page)

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ICRP Publimtion 80

(COIITiiiiiCc/)

Radionuclide Substance £ mSv/l\tBq This report page Puhl. 53 page

131 Ba Barium 5.0E-OI 351 13.lmBa Barium 4.7E-OI 351 135'"Ba Barium 3.4E-OI 351 131 Ba Ba-labclled non-absorbable 4.9E-OI 355

markers (fluids) 131 Ba Ba-labcllcd non-absorbable 5.1E-01 355

markers (solids) t~ola La-DTPA l.SE-01 357 I69Yb Yb-DTPA 3.6E-02 359 I9~Au Gold colloid I.IE+OO 363 t97Hg Mercury chloride 1.4E-OI 365 t97Hg Bromo-mercuri- 1.4E-OI 367

hydroxypropane (Bl\tHP) t97Hg Chlormerodrin 8.7E-02 369 1oJHg Chlormerodrin 1.1 E+OO 369 1o1Ti Thallous ion 2.2E-01 83 371

l.

120


6. ERRATA: PRINTING ERRORS IN ICRP PUBLICATION 53

There are some misprints in Publication 53 (Annals of the ICRP, 18 [l-4]):

Page Position Now reads Should read Comments

16 Table A2, Fractional 0.058 0.24 The portal flow was left cardiac output, liver out

27 ParagrJI:h I, line 3 emitting ;·-emitting

36 Paragraph 5, line 3 at and

48 Biokinetic data table, 14.1 s 14.1 min Absorbed doses were (1). Single inhalation, calculated using the Total body correct cumulated

activity 64 Dose table, 10 year, 8.4E-03 8.4E-02

Salivary glands

64 Dose table, 10 year, 4.7E-03 1.7E-03 Thyroid

112 Biokinetic data table, 0.40 0.04 The cumulated activity Fs. Red marrow was calculated using the

correct Fs 133 Biokinetic data table, 27.5 d 37.7 d Absorbed doses were

58Co, Total body calculated using the correct cumulated activity

291 Last line 12~1 (4.18 d) 1251 (60.14 d)

293 Last line of main text thryoid thyroid

121


1 ••• PERGAMON ICRP Publication 80

Annals of the ICRP

Inhalation dose coefficients for members of the public: labelled methane

(Addendum l to ICRP Publication 72)

. The CD ROM on which this Addendum is based was approved by the Commission in October 1998

Abstract-This is an Addendum to ICRP Publication 72 concerning age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides. It provides inhalation dose coefficients for labelled methane for members of the public, jointly prepared by two Task Groups of ICRP Committee 2. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of ICRP. All rights reserved.

123


--·-·---~.

ICRP Puh/icatioll 80

Al. MODEL FOR THE INHALATION OF METHANE

(AI) A model for inhalation of tritium labelled methane was described in Publication 71 (ICRP, 1995). In short, methane is treated as a SR-I vapour with l% of inhaled activity assumed to be absorbed in the lung and subsequently metabolised to form tritiated water.

(A2) In the ICRP CD-ROM of dose coefficients (ICRP, 1998), this model is also applied to methane labelled with carbon-11 and carbon-14. The available data (Dougherty et al., 1967) indicate that the carbon label is oxidised to form carbon dioxide, but the possibility of some activity being incorporated into organic molecules is not excluded. A conservative assumption is therefore that one half of the metabolised fraction is retained with the half-time of carbon dioxide and one half with that of organic carbon.

(A3) Dose coefficients for the six age groups addressed in Publication 72 (ICRP, 1996) both for tritiated methane and for carbon labelled methane are given in Table AI. Results for adult members of the public can also be applied to workers.

Al.l. References

Dougherty, R.W., O'Toole, J.T., A11ison, M. J., 1967. Oxidation of inter-arterially administered C-14 labelled methane in sheep. Proc. Soc. Exp. Bioi. Med. 124, 95-107.

ICRP, 1995. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 4, Inhalation Dose Coefficients. ICRP Publication 71, Annals of the ICRP 25 (3/4).

ICRP, 1996. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 5, Compilation of Ingestion and Inhalation Dose Coefficients. ICRP Publication 72, Annals of the ICRP 26 (I).

ICRP, 1998. The ICRP Database of Dose Coefficients: Workers and Members of the Public. Pergamon Press, Oxford (~istributed by Elsevier Science Ltd).

125


ICRP Puhlicatiou 80

A2. TABLE OF DOSE COEFFICIENTS

Table AI. Inhalation dose coefficients: committed effective doses, e{t ), to age 70 y (S\' Bq-1) for

methane labelled with tritium, carbon- II, or carbon-14

It e(r) It e(t) Physical

Nuclide half-life <ly 3 months ~I y I year 5 years 10 years 15 years Adult

JH 12.3 y 1.000 6.4E-13 1.000 4.8E-13 3.1E-13 2.3E-13 J.SE-13 J.SE-13 lie 0.340 h 1.000 2.3E-13 1.000 1.5E-13 8.1£-14 5.IE-14 3.2E-14 2.7E-14 t4c 5730 y 1.000. 6.6E-12 1.000 7.8E-12 4.9E-12 4.0E-12 2.9E-12 2.9E-12

126


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