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E-RESILIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division
ESCAP
Ms. Atsuko Okuda, Chief IDS
ICT and Development Section
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Introduction What is E-Resilience?
• ICT plays a pivotal role in all stages of disaster management • Addressed holistically, e-resilience has the potential to reduce disaster risks
and improve disaster management and preparedness
Definition of Resilience “the capacity of countries to withstand, adapt to, and recover from natural disasters and major economic crises- so that their people can continue to lead the kind of life they value” (ESCAP, 2013)
Definition of E-Resilience “the ability of ICT systems to withstand, recover from and change in the face of an external disturbance such as a natural disaster.”
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Sustainable Development Goals
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E- Resilience for Sustainable Development
Why E-resilience for Sustainable Development? • Goal 9: building resilient infrastructure - Target 9.c seeks to considerably increase access to ICT and provide universal access to the internet in LDCs by 2020
• ICT is a growth sector as well as a key enabler for sustainable development
• ICT can accelerate the implementation of SDGs in the region, e-resilience is essential for sustainable development
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E-Resilience essential steps
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Source: Asia Pacific Disaster
Report, 2015
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Disaster Risk in Asia-Pacific Region
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Asia-Pacific is increasingly at risk • Between the 1970s and the decade 2005-2014 damage from disasters
increased from $52 billion to over $523 billion.
• Based on present trends, by 2030, annual losses in the region could average US$160 billion a year.
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People living at “extreme to high disaster risk” in
cities: predicted to rise from 742 to 980
million by 2030
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Source: ESCAP, 2015
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South and South West Asia is at high risk
• South and South West Asia has high seismic and flood risks
• It is one of the most disaster prone sub-region with a high number of deaths (1,22,000) over the period 2005-2014
• It is also the second most disaster prone sub-region with around 497 events
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100
200
300
400
500
600
ENEA SEA SSWA NCA Pacific
a) Occurrence
50
100
150
200
ENEA SEA SSWA NCA Pacific
Th
ou
san
ds
b) Deaths
By sub-region 2005-2014
Source: ESCAP, 2015
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Countries with Special Needs (CSNs) are particularly at risk
• Small island economies and least developed countries are disproportionally affected
• CSNs have low capacity to respond to disasters
• CSNs face special challenges such as limited access to ICT and space infrastructure, a shortage of human capital and a lack of technical capacity
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AP-IS can build E-Resilience in the region
• Regional Initiative supported by ESCAP member countries
• A regional broadband network covering ESCAP Member countries and associate Member countries from Turkey to Kiribati
• It can addresses the causes of digital divides, develop Internet ecosystem which supports the implementation of the SDGs and stimulate digital economy
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AP-IS Four Pillars
• Resilient ICT Networks
• Support to disaster management systems
• Ensuring last mile disaster communication
E-Resilience
Traffic/ Network
Mgmt
Broadband for all
Connectivity
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Critical factors for E-Resilience
Some of the critical factors for e-resilience in the context of Asia-Pacific information superhighway, are as follows:
(a) shortening the time needed for restoration after a disaster;
(b) knowing disaster risks and designing for resilience;
(c) ensuring last-mile connectivity;
(d) promoting mobile and other communication means for redundancy and emergency communications; and
(e) exploring innovative mobile, GIS and space applications and big data
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DRM
Phases
ICT Roles
Risk
Prevention
Risk Reduction Preparedness
and Response
Recovery
Key Tasks Improving risk-
informed measures For investments, strategies, operations
Mitigating the chance of disaster-induced disruption, damage, losses
Lessening the impacts by preparing and being able to respond to
disaster
Restoring and
bouncing stronger Of functions, recover assets and
operations, and to build back better
ICT for its
own
resilience
Not to create new risks
Not to exacerbate
existing risks
Avoid and transfer risks
Address the underlying
risk factors
Reduce vulnerability
Increase capacity
/protection
Retrofit assets and capital
Reduce exposure
Invest in early warning
Continuity plan
Redundancy / backup
Response readiness
Training and drills
Contingency planning
Emergency mechanisms
Early recovery
Rapid assessment
Estimate needs
Recovery strategy
Invest to reduce
future risks
ICT for
society’s
resilience
ICT to improve risk
assessments
ICT for better analysis
ICT for development
planning
Risk databases
GIS, RS, ST for DRR
Knowledge, innovation,
Enhance coordination
Enhance risk monitoring &
warning
ICT for preparedness
Assessment and
emergency decision
making
Enhance communication
and coordination
Rapid assessments
and detailed PDNA
Enhance future
investments
E-resilience Matrix
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Acquisition price
Research time
Operations and maintenance
System upgrade
Consumables
Security System integrity Privacy & confidentiality
Enhanced decision making
Cost-benefit of E-resilience
Redundancy
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ICT Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Cell Broadcasting Not affected by traffic load. Will not add to congestion Messages can be differentiated by cells or sets of cells.
Greater authenticity of message.
Must be literate Phone must be switched on Phone must be set to receive cell broadcasting.
GIS and Remote Sensing Continuous monitoring. ·Spatial presentation of data. Facilitates cooperative effort.
Require high bandwidth and high speed Costly hardware, software , and skills Difficulty capturing qualitative data
Internet/Email Interactive Multiple sources can be checked for accuracy of information.
Low penetration rate Must be literate Content in local languages may be limited.
Mobile Phone (Text SMS) High penetration rate Portable. Relatively low cost
Must be literate No indication that message is generated by a
legitimate authority Subject to congestion and thereby delay
Radio One-to-many broadcasting Does not require user to be literate Portable. ·
Less effective at night.
Satellite Communications Independent of terrestrial communication network that can be damaged by natural hazards
High cost of systems hardware and bandwidth utilization
Unlikely to work indoors.
Telephone Does not require user to be literate. Inadequate penetration rates. Congestion of phone lines during emergencies
Disasters can damage infrastructure.
Television ·One-to-many broadcasting. ·Does not require user to be literate
·Less effective at night.
ESCAP/ Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information, 2009, ICT for Disaster Risk Reduction
E-resilience options
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Way Forward
• Enhance e-resilience through use of existing and innovative technology
• Ensure last-mile connectivity
• Just as every sector can be affected by disasters, so every sector needs to consider how to make its activities disaster resilient, particularly ICT
• Mainstream DRR and resilient ICT into national policies and plans
• Build regional cooperation for knowledge sharing and capacity building
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THANK YOU
For further information please contact: Ms. Atsuko
Okuda: [email protected]