Intrinsic Motivation and Design of ICT for the Ageing Population

Tanya Goldhaber

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The Ageing Population

The UK in the last 25 years:

Population over 65: 1.7 million (+1%)

Population under 16: 3.4 million (-2%)

The current elder care model will not workNot enough financial capitalNot enough human capital

In the coming years:

People who can provide care << People who need care

This is a global problemhttp://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/populationestimates/flash_pyramid/default.htm

Care Networks

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Ideal Situation

+ = +

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What actually happens

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Then vs. Now

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The big problem

- =

Motivation and Technology Adoption

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Useful

Novice

“Fun”

Effo

rt

Learning

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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

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Research Questions

Can interfaces be redesigned to be more intrinsically motivating by applying principles from motivation research?

Can this help address the problem of healthcare for the ageing population?

Theories of Intrinsic Motivation: Self-Determination Theory

Theories of Intrinsic Motivation: Flow Theory

Theories of Intrinsic Motivation: Theory of Intrinsically Motivating Instruction

Theories of Intrinsic Motivation: The 2x2 Achievement Goal Framework

Theories of Intrinsic Motivation: Overview

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Games as Methods: Why games are intrinsically motivating

Self-Determination TheoryCompetenceAutonomyRelatedness

Flow TheoryChallenge matched to skillsClear goalsFast and relevant feedback

Theory of Intrinsically Motivating Instruction:CuriosityFantasyChallenge

Method

MethodInventories used:

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI):AutonomyCompetenceInterest/EnjoymentPressure/Tension

Perceived Competence (PC)

Player Experience of Need Satisfaction (PENS):AutonomyCompetenceInterest/Enjoyment

New questions:Desire for future play/useFeelings of capability for future play/useVoluntary use when mandatory play has stopped

Results

Mean Score Values by Condition

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Push Button Angry Birds Angry Birds Advanced

Condition

Mea

n S

core

Free Choice Play Time (min)IMI Pressure/TensionIMI Interest/EnjoymentIMI AutonomyIMI Perceived CompetencePerceived CompetencePENS Interest/EnjoymentPENS Perceived CompetencePENS Autonomy

Results

Mean Score Values by Inventory

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Free Cho

ice Play

Time (

min)

IMI P

ressu

re/Tens

ion

IMI In

teres

t/Enjoy

ment

IMI A

utonomy

IMI P

erceive

d Com

peten

ce

Perceiv

ed Com

peten

ce

PENS Inter

est/E

njoym

ent

PENS Perc

eived C

ompe

tence

PENS Auto

nomy

Inventory

Mea

n Sc

ore

Push ButtonAngry BirdsAngry Birds Advanced

Results

One-way ANOVAs (between conditions)Sum of

Squares dfMean

Square F Sig.IMI Pressure/Tension

Between Groups

25.800 2 12.900 .306 .739

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

Between Groups

528.200 2 264.100 1.738 .195

IMI Autonomy Between Groups

228.867 2 114.433 2.288 .121

IMI Perceived Competence

Between Groups

160.067 2 80.033 2.492 .102

Perceived Competence

Between Groups

150.867 2 75.433 3.023 .065

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

Between Groups

45.267 2 22.633 .561 .577

PENS Perceived Competence

Between Groups

121.362 2 60.681 4.103 0.028*

PENS Autonomy Between Groups

106.867 2 53.433 2.677 .087

Free Choice Play Time

Between Groups

5.373 2 2.687 1.405 .263

Computer Experience

Between Groups

.350 2 .175 1.673 .207

Touchscreen Experience

Between Groups

2.400 2 1.200 2.250 .125

Results: Correlation Table

Negative Correlation

Positive Correlation

IMI Pressure/TensionIMI

AutonomyIMI Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Autonomy

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

PENS Perceived

Competence

PENS Autonomy

Free Choice

Play Time

IMI Autonomy IMI Pressure/Tension

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

PENS Autonomy

IMI Perceived Competence

IMI Pressure/Tension

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Autonomy

Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

PENS Perceived

Competence

PENS Autonomy

Touchscreen Experience

Perceived Competence

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Autonomy

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

PENS Perceived

Competence

PENS Autonomy

Computer Experience

Touchscreen Experience

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Pressure/Tension

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Autonomy

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Perceived

Competence

PENS Autonomy

PENS Perceived Competence

IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

PENS Autonomy

Computer Experience

PENS Autonomy IMI Interest/Enjoyment

IMI Autonomy

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/Enjoyment

PENS Perceived

Competence

Free Choice

Play TimeFree Choice Play

TimeIMI

Interest/EnjoymentPENS

Autonomy

Computer Experience

Perceived Competence

PENS Perceived

CompetenceTouchscreen Experience

IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

ConditionIMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence

PENS Perceived

Competence

New Questions

Confidence in future game play:I feel that given more time I could become better at playing this gameI could improve at playing this game.

Confidence in future use of tablet computers:I believe I could learn to use a tablet computer.

Desire for future game play:I would want the opportunity to get better at this game.I would like to get better at playing this game.I would like to play this game again.

Desire for future use of tablet computers:I would like to use a tablet computer again in the future.

Disappointment at end of game play:I was disappointed when I had to stop playing the game.I was relieved when I could stop playing the game.

Results: Mean Scores for New Questions

Mean Score Values for New Questions

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Push Button Angry Birds Angry BirdsAdvanced

Condition

Mea

n S

core

Desire for future use

Desire for future play

Confidence in future play

Confidence in future use

Disappointment with playstopping

Results: ANOVA for new questions

One-way ANOVAs (between conditions)

Sum of Squares df

Mean Square F Sig.

Desire for future use

Between Groups

13.067 2 6.533 2.090 .143

Desire for future play

Between Groups

17.156 2 8.578 3.215 .056

Confidence in future play

Between Groups

.717 2 .358 .184 .833

Confidence in future use

Between Groups

2.867 2 1.433 .600 .556

Disappointment with play stopping

Between Groups

7.317 2 3.658 1.340 .279

Results: Correlations for New Questions

Desire for future use Desire for future play Confidence in future play Confidence in future use Disappointment with play stopping

IMI Pressure/TensionIMI Interest/ Enjoyment IMI Interest/ Enjoyment IMI Interest/ Enjoyment IMI Interest/ Enjoyment IMI Interest/ Enjoyment

IMI Autonomy IMI Autonomy IMI Autonomy

IMI Perceived Competence IMI Perceived Competence IMI Perceived Competence IMI Perceived Competence

Perceived Competence Perceived Competence Perceived Competence Perceived Competence Perceived Competence

PENS Interest/ Enjoyment PENS Interest/ Enjoyment PENS Interest/ Enjoyment PENS Interest/ Enjoyment PENS Interest/ Enjoyment

PENS Perceived Competence

PENS Perceived Competence

PENS Perceived Competence PENS Perceived Competence PENS Perceived Competence

Condition ConditionPENS Autonomy PENS Autonomy PENS Autonomy PENS Autonomy

Free choice play time Free choice play time Free choice play timeTouchscreen Exper ience

Desire for fu ture use Desire for future use Desi re for future useDesire for future play Desire for future play Desire for future play

Confidence in future play Confidence in future play Confidence in future play Confidence in future playConfidence in future use Confidence in future use

Disappointment with play stopping

Disappointment with play stopping

Negative Correlation

Positive Correlation

Results: ANOVAs for Total Scores (Post-hoc)

Angry Birds -22.22222 14.78769 .306Angry Birds Advanced

23.30000 14.39328 .256

Push Button 22.22222 14.78769 .306Angry Birds Advanced

45.52222 14.78769 .013

Push Button -23.30000 14.39328 .256Angry Birds -45.52222 14.78769 .013Angry Birds -23.87407 17.02614 .354Angry Birds Advanced

27.31667 16.57203 .244

Push Button 23.87407 17.02614 .354Angry Birds Advanced

51.19074 17.02614 .015

Push Button -27.31667 16.57203 .244Angry Birds -51.19074 17.02614 .015Angry Birds -.36667 2.77840 .990Angry Birds Advanced

4.01667 2.77840 .332

Push Button .36667 2.77840 .990Angry Birds Advanced

4.38333 2.77840 .272

Push Button -4.01667 2.77840 .332Angry Birds -4.38333 2.77840 .272

Angry Birds

Angry Birds Advanced

Total Score: New questions only

Tukey HSD Push Button

Angry Birds

Angry Birds Advanced

Total Score: Old and new questions

Tukey HSD Push Button

Angry Birds

Angry Birds Advanced

Total Score: Old questions only

Tukey HSD Push Button

Multiple ComparisonsDependent Variable (I) Condition (J) Condition Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

Future Work

More in-depth statistical analyses.Factor analysisTwo-way ANOVA

Development of inventory to be used in future studies based on results of this study.

Testing of novel user interfaces using methods developed in thisstudy.

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Thank you

Questions?

Many thanks to: