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Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 2
Importance of ProcessImportance of Process
It is not the products, but the processes that create products, bring companies long-term success.
Process: Ordered sequence of events.
Business Process: Ordered sequence events involving people, materials, energy, and equipment that is designed to achieve a defined business outcome.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 3
Motivation for Process ModelingMotivation for Process Modeling
“Underlying the operations of every company--working like its spine-- is its Value Delivery System. A company’s performance is the direct result of how effectively this system is structured and managed.”
— George Stalk, Jr. & Thomas M. Hout
From BPR Literature
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 4
What is a Process Model?What is a Process Model?
“Simply put, the Process Model is the way that the work is divided in a value delivery system.”
— James B. Swartz
A representation of a process and its related components presented in a time-dependent fashion.
It also represents the decision logic that exists within the system.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 5
Benefits of Process ModelingBenefits of Process Modeling
Document current processes for standardization. Provide guidelines for new process members to
reduce the learning curve. Capture and analyze AS-IS processes. Design / redesign process for TO-BE scenarios. Test the design of a new process before
committing to an expensive development project.
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What is IDEF3?What is IDEF3?
The Process Description Capture Method. The Object State Transition Description Method. Supports descriptions at any desired level of detail
through Decompositions. Employs the concepts of Scenarios to simplify the
structure of complex process flow descriptions. Supports the capture of multiple viewpoints.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 7
Flow Charting Process Modeling
Conveys process logic in an ambiguous manner
Does not provide information about the objects in a process
Conveys process logic with unambiguous syntax
Can capture varying levels of abstraction from multiple viewpoints
Embellishes the process with objects and simulation data
Varying levels of abstraction cannot be captured
Flow Charting vs. Process ModelingFlow Charting vs. Process Modeling
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A Generic Process Modeling Tool ...A Generic Process Modeling Tool ...
Automates the IDEF3 method. Complies with the method standards. Provides background quality checking and
advisory support. Utilizes SmartDraw capability.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 9
IDEF3 OverviewIDEF3 Overview
Section 1: Basic Elements of theProcess Diagram
Section 2: Documenting the ProcessFlow
Section 3: Enhancing the ProcessDescription
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Function Action Process
Activity ActOperation
Event Scenario Decision
ProcedureRepresented by
Verb-based Label
Node # IDEF Ref #
ProcessesProcesses
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LinksLinks
Purpose Describe temporal, logical, conventional, or natural
constraints between processes
Types of Links Simple Precedence Object Flow Relation
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 13
You have to turn on the computer before you can login.
Precedence LinkPrecedence Link
Express simple temporal precedence between instances of one process type and another.
Each instance of the source process will complete before the paired instance of the destination process can begin.
1 2
Turn on computer
Login
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There is an object (Part) that is common to both processes.
Paint Part
1 2
Dry Part
Object Flow LinkObject Flow Link
Indicates the participation of an object in two process instances.
Has the same temporal semantics as a precedence link.
Lack of an Object Flow link does not preclude the existence of an object participation between two processes.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 15
Commonly used relational (dashed) link relations: Before Meets Starts Triggers
During Overlaps Causes
After Finishes Enables
(a)1 1
22
Relational LinkRelational Link
Activity B
2
Activity A
1
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 16
2
Fan-in junction
4
3 5
61
Fan-out junction
J1 J2
JunctionsJunctions
IDEF3 junctions show convergence or divergence of multiple process flows and their timing.
17MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems DevelopmentDelen
Asynchronous And — All preceding (or following) actions must complete (or start).
& & Synchronous And — All preceding (or following) actions must complete (or start) simultaneously.
Asynchronous Or — One or more of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start).
Synchronous Or — One or more of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start) simultaneously.
OO
XExclusive Or — Exactly one of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start).
JunctionsJunctions
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 18
Receivepurchaserequisition
Approverequest
9.1
Denyrequest
Partiallyapprove
Reworkpurchaserequest
7/1
Goto/Receivepurchaserequisition
Enter intocomputer
Place theorder
Assign aP.O.#
15.1
Fill P.O.
XJ4
&J7
&J8
7.1 8.1
11.1 12.1
13.1
14.1
10.1
Junctions ExampleJunctions Example
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Taxonomy of JunctionsTaxonomy of Junctions
Junctions
Fan-in Fan-out
XOR (X) AND (&) OR (O)
Synchronous AsynchronousX
&
O
&
O
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Junction Type Meaning
All succeeding process paths will eventually start, andall processes on each path will eventually happen.
All succeeding process paths will start together,and all processes on each path will eventually happen.
One or more of the following process paths will eventually start, and all of the processes on these paths will happen.
There will be a synchronized initiation of one or more process paths.
Exactly one of the following process paths will be initiated, and only the processes on that path will happen.
— Asynchronous “AND”
— Synchronous “AND”
— Asynchronous “OR”
— Synchronous “OR”
— “XOR”
O
X
O
&
&
Junction SemanticsJunction Semantics
Fan-out (Divergence)
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 21
Junction Type Meaning
All preceding processes must complete.
All preceding processes will complete simultaneously.
One or more of the preceding processes will complete.
One or more of the preceding processes will completesimultaneously.
Exactly one of the preceding processes will complete.
— Asynchronous “AND”
— Synchronous “AND”
— Asynchronous “OR”
— Synchronous “OR”
— “XOR”
O
X
O
&
&
Fan-in (Convergence)
Junction SemanticsJunction Semantics
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 22
Process Function Process
Activity Operation
Action Event
Junctions
Links
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Precedence Link
Relational Link
Object Flow Link
Verb-based label
Process # IDEF Ref #
Junctiontype
Junctiontype
ReviewReview
Documenting the Documenting the Process FlowProcess Flow
Process Elaboration
Objects
Referents
Other Documentation
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Process ElaborationProcess Elaboration
Elaboration FormProcess Label:Process Reference Number:
Objects:
Facts:
Constraints:
Description:
Process Label
Process #
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Elaboration DocumentationElaboration Documentation
Refers To
Each UOB has an elaboration form that provides the defining characterization of the real-world process
Elaboration Form
UOB Name
Objects
Facts
Constraints
Description
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 26
Object Types Instances of Object Types
Entity Location Resource Queue Transport
Paint/Part Paint Booth Operator Part Queue Conveyor
Paint Part
Objects Linked to a ProcessObjects Linked to a Process
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ReferentsReferents
Referents draw the reader’s attention to an important point or note.
Referents are often used to: Point to other model elements without showing an
explicit process flow. Indicate a “Go-To” location in complex process flows. Specify constraints on junctions. Provide links to Object State Transition Networks.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 28
. . . simply point the reader to some other aspect of the model that needs to be considered.
&
1
2 3
4
5 J1 J2
&
Object: Pur. Req.
Scenario / Ordering Contracted parts
Object /Contracted Parts
Receive request for purchase
Prepare and dispatch purchase order
Negotiate price with vendor
Receive request for purchase
Identify Supplier
ReferentsReferents
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Other DocumentationOther Documentation
Glossary Textual descriptions of the process elements.
Sources Source material used in the construction of the process
description.
Notes Annotations resulting from the model review process.
Enhancing the Enhancing the Process Process
DescriptionsDescriptionsScenario
Scenario Objectives
Decompositions
Object State Transmission Networks
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 31
ScenariosScenarios
Scenarios are the organizing structure for IDEF3 descriptions. A scenario represents a commonly occurring situation. Business events that we are specifically planning for. e.g., “core” or “primary” process under investigation.
Different views can be different scenarios.
A base scenario is always needed.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 32
“Painting a part in the company paint shop.”
Paintpart
1 2 3X
Drypart
Testcoverage
Go-To/Paint part
1/1
4
Route tonext stop
Paint Shop ExamplePaint Shop Example
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 33
Scenario ObjectivesScenario Objectives
Viewpoint Determines what can be seen and from what
perspective.
Purpose Establishes the goal of the communication intended by
the description. Defines why the description is being developed, and
specifies how it will be used.
Context Establishes the subject of a description. Establishes the subject as a part of a larger whole. Creates a boundary within the environment.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 34
Syntactically, a decomposition is just another IDEF3 process flow diagram.
DecompositionDecomposition
Purpose Decreases complexity of a diagram. Enables the capture of descriptions at varying levels of
abstraction. Provides the ability to model the same process from
different knowledge sources or different points of view.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 35
DecompositionDecomposition
Decompositions allow you to break the process into pieces which are stand-alone processes.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 36
DecompositionDecomposition
Types Objective view: Multiple view decompositions may be
consolidated into an objective view--the view perceived by a neutral observer. There can be only one objective view.
Role view: The view of a process as understood by, or from the perspective of, one individual, role type, or functional organization. There may be more than one role view of a process.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 37
Top-level Scenario: AS-IS Order Process
Customer Places Order
1.1
Supplier Processes
Order
2.1
Del. Svc. Transports Materials
3.1
Customer Rec./Dis. Materials
4.1
Purchase Order ExamplePurchase Order Example
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 38
Decomposition: Customer Places Order
5.1
Sys. Cross Ref. Part # w/Order
Details
6.1 7.1
Open Channel/Send File to Target
Printer
8.1
Operator Enters Item Description
System Generates
Pick Ticket File
Customer Places Order
1.1
Supplier Processes
Order
2.1
Del. Svc. Transports Materials
3.1
Customer Rec./Dis. Materials
4.1
Purchase Order ExamplePurchase Order Example
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 39
Numbering
7
Receivepurchaserequisition
8.1
Approverequest
9
Denyrequest
11
Approvepartially
XJ4
Give forapproval
8
Completeproposal
Prepare proposal
Evaluaterequest
8.1.44 8.1.45 8.1. 46 8.1.47
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 40
Analyzing Objects & Object StatesAnalyzing Objects & Object States
Objects and their related processes can be studied in an object-centered view by using the Object State Transition Network (OSTN).
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 41
Object State
Transition Arc
Referents
ObjectStateLabel
Asynchronous SynchronousReferent Referent
Locator
Referent Type/ID
Locator
Referent Type/ID
The IDEF3 OSTN LanguageThe IDEF3 OSTN Language
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 42
The IDEF3 OSTN LanguageThe IDEF3 OSTN Language
Transition ArcsTransition Arcs
Object State
EntryConditions
StateDescription
ExitConditions
In the ObjectIn the ObjectState ElaborationState Elaboration
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 43
Allows construction of an object-centered viewAllows construction of an object-centered view Summarizes allowable transitions of an object in the domainSummarizes allowable transitions of an object in the domain Used to document data life cyclesUsed to document data life cycles Cuts across the process flow diagramsCuts across the process flow diagrams Characterizes dynamic behavior of objectsCharacterizes dynamic behavior of objects
UOBReferent
ObjectState II
ObjectState IV
ObjectState III
ObjectState I
ScenarioReferent
OSTNReferent
OSTN DiagramOSTN Diagram
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 44
ScenarioReferent
UOBDry part
2
Solidpaint on
part
Paintcovered bynew layer
UOB/Testcoverage
3
UOB/Testcoverage
3
1
Liquidpaint inmachine
Paint covered by
polish
Paint Shop Scenario: Paint OSTN Paint Shop Scenario: Paint OSTN (Focus Object: Paint)(Focus Object: Paint)
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 46
Reading IDEF3 ModelsReading IDEF3 Models
Study the context, purpose, and viewpoint to understand the scope of the model.
Read process flow diagrams from left to right, starting with the leftmost process(es). Reading a diagram in this manner is called
“performing a walkthrough.”
Examine carefully the description and elaboration form of each element.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 47
IDEF3 Model Development ProcessIDEF3 Model Development Process
Establish and refine CV&P - validate Collect information and artifacts - validate Identify candidate Scenarios - validate Identify candidate UOBs - validate Specify elaboration per UOB - validate Construct process flow diagrams - validate Develop OSTN diagram for flow objects - validate Refine from OSTN to Flow model - validate Apply results - validate Maintain
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 48
Establish and refine CV&PEstablish and refine CV&P
What are the boundaries What is in and out Essentially define the top level scenario
What is visible and what is not What are the completion criteria
What decisions need to be made
Won’t get it right the first time Will refine during the course of doing the model
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 49
Collect Information and ArtifactsCollect Information and Artifacts
Identify sources and expert reviewers Identify stakeholders Interview
All relevant levels in the organization Listen carefully Take detailed notes Collect as much as you can
Organize the collected material Go through the Author-Reader-Review cycle
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 50
The Author-Reader-Review CycleThe Author-Reader-Review Cycle
Kit
Kit withReviewer
Comments
Kit with Commentsand AuthorResponse
Model Author
Library Coordinator
Expert Reviewer
1.
2.
3.
The team:• source experts• reviewers• modelers• method/modeling experts• team and project managers• librarian/model coordinator
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 51
Identify candidate objectsIdentify candidate objects
Pick out object references Name coining is a key activity
Definite descriptors need to be converted to names Use nouns or noun phrases
Organize the lists By kind By part-of relations
Validate with reviewer cycle
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 52
Group Objects into HierarchiesGroup Objects into Hierarchies
Solidify name references Harmonize terminology Construct new names for the super-kinds or
compositions May guide modeler in identification of missing
functions
Validate with experts
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 53
Define UOB elaborationDefine UOB elaboration
Associate objects with UOB Identify roles that objects play relative to a UOB
flow entity [operated upon] resource objects [affects flow entities or each other] information object [may be a kind of resource]
Identify facts: observed relations between objects Identify constraints: relations that must hold for this
UOB to occur Check object association on the next level of detail Check object relevance on the same level
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 54
Construct DiagramsConstruct Diagrams
Build what diagrams you can from the composition relationships
Look for inconsistent or incomplete statements Analyze to find the key missing relations Complete the story as best as you can from the
source material Validate with experts
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 55
Refine upwards and downwardsRefine upwards and downwards
Arrange diagrams in hierarchy Check consistency of interfaces Is the boundary clearly defined?
Refine upwards
Do the leaf nodes contain information required to address the modeling purpose? Refine downwards
Validate with experts
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 56
Building IDEF3 ModelsBuilding IDEF3 Models
Do not follow an XOR fan-out junction with an AND fan-in junction.
Avoid multiple leftmost processes in a diagram: their interpretation is ambiguous. Use a fan-out junction preceding the multiple leftmost processes
to clarify the process flow.
When possible, avoid nested fan-out junctions to simplify diagrams.
A fan-out junction immediately following a fan-in junction can indicate a missing process in the diagram.
Some practical guidelines—
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 57
ConclusionConclusion
IDEF3 documents current processes for standardization and provides guidelines for new process members to reduce the learning curve.
IDEF3 provides a mechanism to capture the temporal sequence of a process, the decision logic effecting the process, and the state transitions of objects within the process.
IDEF3 serves as a tool to analyze existing processes and design and test new processes before committing to expensive changes.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 59
When To Do IDEFØ Before IDEF3When To Do IDEFØ Before IDEF3
When definite precedence or flow logic does not appear in the description
When the interviewee tells you what she does, not how she does it
When there are no clear separations between the activities being described
When policy rather than procedure is being described
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 60
When To Do IDEF3 Before IDEFØWhen To Do IDEF3 Before IDEFØ
When the descriptions are very procedural or detailed in nature
Where logical or precedence sequences form a major portion of the acquired description
When the domain expert describes the timing and/or logic of a process
When the domain expert focuses on objects and their flow or participation in the environment
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 62
Window TypesWindow Types
PROSIM provides three window types in which to view process models and one for viewing object states. Each window provides a different perspective on the model.
Process Flow Nodelist Window Process Diagram Window Process/Object Matrix Window Object State Transition Network (OSTN) Window
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 63
Process Flow Nodelist WindowProcess Flow Nodelist Window
The Process Flow Nodelist Window shows the entire hierarchy of scenarios in the active project, also indicating the decomposition diagrams within each scenario and the processes in each diagram.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 64
Process Flow Nodelist WindowProcess Flow Nodelist Window
Drag and drop elements in the nodelist to copy a scenario to create a new decomposition to move the contents of one diagram to another to rearrange processes
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 65
Process Diagram WindowProcess Diagram Window
The Process Diagram Window shows individual models using the standard IDEF3 graphic display.
It provides a process-centered perspective of the system being modeled.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 66
Process/Object Matrix WindowProcess/Object Matrix Window
The P/O Matrix Window shows all the processes in the model and all objects associated with those processes.
The matrix cells indicate associations between processes and objects. Cells also show each object’s simulation type.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 67
OSTN WindowOSTN Window
The OSTN Window illustrates graphically how objects change during a process flow.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 69
External Customer
Presentation FeaturesPresentation Features
In Custom Display mode, you can replace elements with custom bitmaps and control the color of the elements.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 70
External Customer
Presentation FeaturesPresentation Features
In Presentation Display mode, you can drag elements into specific Swim Lanes represented by different color-codes.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 72
Model ManagementModel Management
PROSIM’s import and export capabilities allow you to exchange and convert between different IDEF model types.
Importing—Import models from other KBSI tools as well as text files you create.
Exporting—Export an entire project or a single model.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 73
Importing Activity ModelsImporting Activity Models
When PROSIM imports activity models, PROSIM partially reconstructs the imported models. Elements are placed into the pools where you can begin distributing them to models in your project. Activities—converted to processes and placed into the
Process Pool. Concepts—converted to objects and placed into the Object
Pool. Inputs > Entities Outputs > Entities Controls > Logicals Mechanisms > Resources
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 74
ExportingExporting
Entire projects Individual diagrams Pools Simulation models
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 76
What is Simulation?What is Simulation?
Process models represent process-centered views of the modeled system and incorporate logical assumptions about how the system works.
In simulation models, this process-centered view becomes an object-centered view, allowing the modeler to numerically evaluate the performance of the model at discrete points of time.
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 77
Process times and resource rules are a function of processes and determine the amount of time required for a process to complete and how resources are used in a single activation. These data map to WITNESS as cycle time and labor.
You can also define the cost of resources and entity changes that occur in the process.
Processes & SimulationProcesses & Simulation
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 78
Simulation information for objects represents how the object participates in the process.
For entities, you can define: How the entity arrives in
the process The number of entities
arriving The inter-arrival time of
entity batches
Objects & SimulationObjects & Simulation
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 79
Simulation information for junctions represents how junctions produce or combine entities (AND junctions) or how junctions route entities through the process flow (XOR junctions).
For XOR junctions, you can define how the junction logically passes entities to the next element in the process flow. When you select a logic type, you can then detail the type for the junction occurrence.
Junctions & SimulationJunctions & Simulation
Exporting a PROSIM Exporting a PROSIM Simulation Model into Simulation Model into
WITNESSWITNESS STEPS: Complete validation of PROSIM
Simulation Model.
Generate Simulation Model Code.
Remember where you saved your file.
Access Simulation Model File through the WITNESS “Read Commands” option under the “File” Menu.
Running a Simulation Running a Simulation ModelModel
Several options are available for running a Simulation Model:
(1) Click on “Run” and again on “Run” to run the Simulation Model. There are other options available for stopping the model (Stop) and for returning the model to the start point (Begin). You can also use the ICONs at the bottom left portion of the WITNESS Screen.
(2) Click on this ICON to run the Simulation Model.
(3) Click on this ICON to stop the Simulation Model.
(4) Click on this ICON to “rewind” the model (return it to the start point).
(1)
(2)(3)
(4)
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 83
PROJECTLINK allows you to translate your process models into a scheduling chart format and to create process models from existing schedules.
Export a *.txt file from PROSIM
Import an *.mpx file into your project
management software
Save your work in an *.mpx format
Import a *.txt file into PROSIM
PPROROSSIMIM & P & PROJECTROJECTLLINKINK
Delen MSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development 84
Assignment #2Assignment #2
Develop a IDEF3 process model of a system of your choice.Develop a IDEF3 process model of a system of your choice. Make sure toMake sure to
DefineDefine Context, Purpose, and Viewpoint Context, Purpose, and Viewpoint IncludeInclude at least 2 Levels of at least 2 Levels of DecompositionsDecompositions UseUse at least two different types of junctions (XOR, OR, AND) at least two different types of junctions (XOR, OR, AND) UseUse at least two referents at least two referents
Use ProSim to generate and print the diagrams. If you wish, you Use ProSim to generate and print the diagrams. If you wish, you may also use other drawing tools (Visio, PowerPoint drawing may also use other drawing tools (Visio, PowerPoint drawing tools, etc.)tools, etc.)
Assignments should be typed, and should have a cover page including Assignments should be typed, and should have a cover page including your name, date, and assignment number. your name, date, and assignment number.