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Identifying and Classifying Bacteria
Ch. 23
What is a prokaryote?
Cells that lack a true nucleus.
Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles.
Most surrounded by a cell wall.
Many secrete a protective slime capsule.
How big is a prokaryotic cell?
1- 5 micrometers (1 millionth of a meter)
Classification
Archaebacteria vs Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Surrounded by a cell wall lacking peptidoglycan.
Live in extreme conditions
Examples of Archae
Methanogens: convert H2
and CO2 into methane gas for energy
Halophiles: love saltThermoacidophiles: love heat and acid
Eubacteria:
Surrounded by a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
Example: rhizobium- nitrogen–fixing
bacteria
Identifying Prokaryotes
1. Shape:• Coccus – spherical• Bacillus – rod-shaped• Spirillum – spiral• Vibrio – comma shape
Coccus
Spirillum
Vibrio
Bacillus
Ex. Diplococcus
Cocci and Bacilli may group together
Prefixes for arrangements: Diplo – two
Strepto – chain
Streptococcus
Streptobacillus
Staphylo - clustered
Staphylococcus
2. Motility: ability to moveFlagella: whip-like structure used to propel bacteria
Slime: glide along slime secretion
Spiral motion: cork-screw motion (spirillum)
3. Metabolism: Oxygen or NOT
Obligate Aerobes: Need oxygen
Obligate Anaerobes: cannot live in oxygen
Facultative anaerobes: can live with or without oxygen
3.Metabolism: Obtaining EnergyAutotroph vs. Heterotroph• Photoautotroph- uses light
energy for photosynthesis• Chemoautotroph- uses
energy from inorganic chemicals for chemosynthesis
• Photoheterotrophs- uses photosynthesis and eats organic compounds
• Heterotroph – consumes organic compounds
review
What role do chemosynthetic bacteria have in the ecosystem?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc&NR=1
Bacterial Reproduction
Asexual: Binary fission
1. Circular DNA replicates2. Cell membrane and cell
wall divide 3. Identical daughter cells
separate
How fast does this happen?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc&feature=related
approximately every 20 minutes
Genetic recombination
Sharing or exchanging of genetic material
3 types:1. Conjugation2. Transformation3. Transduction
1. ConjugationA temporary bridge forms between two cells.
A plasmid, a separate section of DNA, is transferred from one cell to the other.
Often the plasmid contains useful genes, like antibiotic resistance.
2. Transformation
Bacteria takes in DNA from the environment.
Dead bacteria may break apart and release DNA.
Other bacteria can pick up this DNA and become genetically different.
3. Transduction
Viruses can pick up small amounts of DNA from a host bacteria.
When it infects another bacteria, the new DNA is transferred into that cell.
Disease
Pathology is the study of disease.
Pathogens: organisms that cause disease.
Gram-staining Test
Gram-positive: bacteria contain lots of peptidoglycan in cell walls. Stains purple.
Gram- negative: bacteria contain little peptidoglycan in cell walls. Stains red.
Exotoxins
Poisonous proteins that are released by some gram-positive bacteria.
For example Clostridium tetani secretes an
exotoxin that causes tetanus.Tetanus causes stiffness in muscles.
Clostridium botulinum produces a very powerful exotoxin that causes the fatal disease, botulism.
1 g of botulism toxin can kill 1 million people.
Endotoxins
Lipids and carbohydrates in the cell membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria, that are poisonous.
They are released when the bacteria die.
For example:
Most species of Salmonella, are endotoxin producing bacteria.
Salmonella typhi, causes typhoid fever.
AntibioticsAntibiotics interfere with the bacteria’s cellular activities.
For example:Penicillin: blocks the building of the cell wall.“Accidently” discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1920s
Tetracyline: blocks protein synthesis.
Where do antibiotics come from?
Antibiotics are naturally made by some fungi and bacteria.
Some are made synthetically in labs.
But most used in treatment still come from bacteria.
Antibiotic-ResistanceBacteria can quickly adapt to their environment because of their rapid rate of reproduction.
Antibiotic-Resistance1. If one bacterium mutates
and becomes resistant, 2. then in the presence of
antibiotics, bacteria not resistant die
3. Those with the resistance take over the population.
Which diseases are preventable by better sanitation practice?
CholeraSalmonellaTetanusStaph
What are other ways that antibiotic resistance is passed?
Genetic recombination