A Guide for Advocates J A N U A R Y 2 0 1 3
Identifying and Selecting Long-Term Services and Supports Outcome Measures
Table of Contents
Introduction 2MedicaidLong-TermServicesandSupports,andHomeandCommunity-BasedServices:TheChangingLandscape 3ManagedLTSS 3StateAdvocates’RoleinIdentifyingManagedLTSSOutcomeMeasures 12CoreManagedLTSS/HCBSOutcomeMeasurementPrinciples 12SelectingMeasures 14DataSources 15GeneratingReports 15BuildingInfrastructureCapacity 16SuggestedActionSteps 18Conclusion 19
Prepared by the Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF) in collaboration with the National Senior Citizens Law Center. Funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (Grant #H133B080002)
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Introduction
Thispaperprovidesresourcestohelpstateadvocatesidentifymeasuresthatcanhelpdetermineiftheidentifiedneedsandgoalsofpeoplewithdisabilitiesandseniorsarebeingmet.Theneedforsuchmeasuresisincreasinglyimportant,asmoreandmorestateslaunchinitiativestoprovideMedicaidLong-TermServicesandSupports(LTSS)—includingbothinstitutionalandHomeandCommunity-BasedSettings(HCBS)—throughmanagedcarearrangements.
WefocusprimarilyonidentificationofLTSSoutcomemeasuresthatexamineindividualexperience,whetherthatindividualisthebeneficiaryreceivingservices,thebeneficiary’sfamilycaregiver,orapaidpersonalassistant,ratherthanmeasuresthatrelatetostructuralelementsorprocesses.Thisdistinctionisimportantfortworeasons:1)novalidatednationalLTSSoutcomemeasuresarecurrentlyavailable,and2)outcomemeasureswillplayacentralroleingeneratingvaluabledatathattheCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(CMS),states,managedcareorganizations(MCO),andadvocatesrequireinordertomonitortheeffectivenessofmanagedLTSS,andcraftandimplementstrategiesforongoingqualityimprovement.Whilethepaperemphasizesoutcomesforlong-termhomeandcommunity-basedservices,someindividualoutcomesalsorelatetotheexperiencesofpeoplelivinginnursingfacilities.
Thepaperoutlinesthefactorsthathavespurredtheincreaseinstates’enrollmentofMedicaidbeneficiarieswithdisabilitiesintomanagedLTSS/HCBSandexplainswhymeasuringindividualoutcomesissoimportantasthesechangesareimplemented.Recentworktoidentifyappropriateindividualoutcomemeasuresaswellasgapsinneededmeasuresareidentifiedanddiscussed.Examplesofmeasuresthatareindevelopmentandthatareincurrentusearealsopresented.
WepresentcoreprinciplesandcriteriaforselectionofLTSSoutcomemeasures.Wealsopresentpossiblesourcesofdatathatcouldbeusedtorespondtospecificquestionsrelatedtoqualityaswellaskeyreporttopicsthatwillgenerateinformationneededforqualityimprovement.ThepaperalsosuggestsmethodsforbuildingLTSSknowledgeandinfrastructurecapacityatfederalagencies,states,MCOsandserviceproviders.IncludedarekeytrainingrecommendationsforincorporatingLTSSperson-centeredvaluesatthesevarioussystemslevels,andmonitoringandreportingrequirementsthatadvocatesshouldknow.
Thepaperconcludeswithsuggestedactionstepsandresourcesforadvocateswhoareworkingwithstates,MCOs,community-basedserviceorganizations,disabilityandseniorgroupsandotherstakeholdersasstateslaunchmanagedLTSSandHCBSinitiatives.
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Medicaid Long-Term Services and Supports, and Home and Community-Based Services: The Changing Landscape
HealthcareandLTSSmechanismsandfinancingforlow-incomepeoplewithdisabilitiesofallageshavebeenundergoingsignificantchangesinrecentyears.StatesareincreasinglyrequiringthatMedicaidbeneficiarieswithdisabilitiesandseniorsmandatorilyenrollinmanagedcarewiththedualgoalsofcostsavingandimprovedhealthoutcomes.The2010AffordableCareAct(ACA)authorizedamultistatedemonstrationtoenrollpeoplewhoareduallyeligibleforMedicareandfullMedicaidbenefitsinmanagedcareplans.SomeofthedemonstrationswillalsotransitionLTSSservicesintothemanagedcaresystem.Slatedtobeginin2013insomestates,thedemonstrationsaimtogeneratesavingsaswellasaddressthegapsandinstancesoffinancialandservicemisalignmentbetweenMedicareandMedicaid.Moreover,beginningin2014,theACAwillexpandMedicaidtocovermillionsoflowincome,uninsuredindividuals,includingmanywithdisabilities.SomestatesthatparticipateintheexpansionwilllikelyrequirethatthesenewMedicaidbeneficiariesalsoenrollinmanagedcare.
Managed LTSS 1
Historically,moststateshaveprovidedMedicaidLTSSforpeoplewithdisabilitiesandseniorsprimarilythroughfee-for-servicemodels.SomeofthemethodsfordeliveringLTSShaveevolvedbasedoncoreprinciplesofself-directionandindependentlivingespousedbydisabilityrightsadvocates.Self-directionmeansthatbeneficiariesdirectlycontrolavarietyofservicesandsupports–sometimeswiththeassistanceofotherindividualswhomtheychoose–basedontheirownpreferencesandneeds.Forexample,self-directioncanmeanthatthebeneficiaryhires,supervises,andtrainsapersonalassistanceworkerofherorhischoicewhoispaidbyMedicaid.Thecoreintentofself-directionistomaximizeanindividual’sopportunitiestoliveindependentlyinthemostintegratedcommunity-basedsettingofherorhischoice.
Asmandatoryenrollmentoflow-incomepeoplewithdisabilitiesandseniorsintoMedicaidmanagedhealthcarebecomesmorewidespread,morestatesarealsomovingtoincludeMedicaidLTSSaspartofamanagedcarepackage.ThenumberofstateswithmanagedLTSSprogramsincreasedfrom8in2004to16in2012,andthenumberisexpectedtoreach26by2014.2,3IntegrationofLTSSwithacutecareinsuchplanstypicallyinvolvesashiftofresponsibilityforprovidingLTSStoMCOsthatonlyhaveexperienceprovidingacutecare.ThismodelofcareintegrationofteninvolvesincludingLTSSaspartofacapitatedpaymenttoatraditionalrisk-basedMCO.Thetermcapitated paymentindicatesapaymentmethodinwhichthemanagedcareorganizationispaidacontractedrateforeachmemberassigned,referredtoasa“per-member-per-month”rate,regardlessofthenumberornatureofservicesthatareactuallyprovided.Thecontractualratesareusuallyadjustedforage,gender,illness,physicalandmentalimpairment,regionaldifferences,andotherrelevantfactors.
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WhyAreQualityMeasuresNeeded?
Asdiscussed,asmanyas26statesmayinitiatemanagedMedicaidLTSS/HCBSprogramsby2014.ManyofthesestateswillrelyonMCOsthatlackexperienceprovidingLTSS/HCBSandthatdonothavethecapacitytocollecttimely,reliableandvaliddataaboutthecarebeingprovided,thosewhoprovidecare,orconsumerexperiencewithcare.Thisinformationisfundamentaltoallstrategiesformonitoringoutcomesandidentifyingmethodsforimprovement.4CMS,states,MCOs,healthcareandLTSSproviders,advocatesandbeneficiariesrequireinformationderivedfromappropriate,uniform,andpreferablyvalidatedmeasuresthatassessfactorssuchasadequacyandimpactofservices,quality-of-life,extentofself-directionandself-determination,communityintegrationandparticipation,health,functionalandsafetyoutcomes,andaccesstoconsumerrightsandprotections.MeasuringoutcomesinmanagedLTSSservesavarietyofpurposes:
• Dataenablesstateandfederaloversightoftheextenttowhichmanagedcareplans’commitmentstoconsumer-focusedanddirected,qualityservicesarebeinghonored.
• ThepresenceofoutcomedatacanencourageandenableMCOstofocusonmoreeffectivelymeetingbeneficiaries’expressedneeds.
• Theabilitytotrackoutcomesovertime,includingduringthetransitiontointegrated,managedLTSS,aswellastocompareoutcomesacrossmanagedcareplans,givesadvocatesatooltomakebothplansandthestateaccountableforappropriateserviceprovision.
• Dataassistsstates,MCOsandproviderstoevaluatetheeffectivenessofintegratedcarecoordinationacrossbothclinicalandLTSSdomains.
• Whenconsumershaveachoiceamongplans,orwhethertoreceiveLTSSthroughamanagedcareplan,dataonoutcomescanhelpthemmakesuchchoices.
• Whensimilaroutcomemeasuresareusedacrossprogramsandservicesettings(e.g.,communityversusinstitutions),datacanbeusedbyconsumerstomakechoices,andbyadvocatesandpolicymakerstoidentifyprogramswiththebestoutcomes.5
HowIsQualityMeasured?
Qualitymeasurestypicallyfallintothreecategories:structural,process,oroutcomemeasures.Structuralmeasuresgenerallyrefertoelementsofserviceorcare,suchasphysicalplantoperationsandfacilities,equipment,andstaffcapacity.Structuralelementscanalsoincludemanagementandmanagementstructure,administration,staffqualificationsandbalanceofprofessionalandnonprofessionalstaff,dataandrecordkeepingmechanisms,andotherinternalqualityreviewactivitiesthatanorganizationmightundertake.
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Processmeasurestypicallyrefertotheinteractionbetweentheindividualwhousescareandsystemsthatprovideit,andincludebothatechnicalelementandaninterpersonalelement.Thetechnicalelementmeasurestheappropriatenessofcareandthecapabilityoftheprovider.Italsoincludeselementsoftimelinessandconsistencyforaninterventionandtheskillwithwhichitwasprovided,includingassessment,serviceplanning,andprovisionofcareorservices.
Outcomesaretheresultsofservicesorcare.Theyemanatefromeffortstoassessandtreatconditionsorflowfromsupportandservicesthatpeoplereceiveorshouldbereceiving.Outcomescanbebothbeneficiaryevaluationofcareorsupportandtheresultsofcare.6
QualitymeasuresinclinicalsettingsarehighlydevelopedascomparedwithqualitymeasuresforLTSS,whichareintheearlystagesofstandardizationanddevelopment.7Scientificallyvalidatedclinicalqualitymeasuresinusenationwidetypicallyincludestructural(e.g.,physicalplantoperations,facilities,equipment,staffcapacity),acutemedicalandclinicalprocesses(e.g.,hypertensionorcancerscreening,diseasepreventionsuchaspromotionofsmokingsecessionorweightloss),andhealthoutcomes(e.g.,loweredcholesterolorbloodglucoselevels,weightreduction).FewermeasureshavebeendevelopedthatapplytocaretransitionforLTSSbeneficiaries,thatis,forcareandoutcomesforindividualswhoaretransitioningbetweensettings,suchasacutecarefacilities,homecare,assistedliving,andskillednursingcare.FewerstillmeasureindividualoutcomesspecificallyforLTSSprovidedinamanagedcarecontext.TotheextentthatstatesandMCOsareattemptingtomeasuremanagedLTSSeffectiveness,theytendtouseprocessmeasuressuchaswhetherornotbeneficiariesofmanagedLTSSweregiventhechoicebetweencommunity-basedservicesandinstitutionalization,orhowfrequentlycareneedsaredetermined.Theymayalsousetargetedmonitoringofspecificprocessmeasuresthatareimportanttocertainpopulationssuchasfrequencyofdentalvisitsforpeoplewithdevelopmentaldisabilities.8
WhilefewuniformqualityindicatorshavebeentestedandvalidatedthatwouldinformandguidemonitoringandqualityimprovementofmanagedLTSS,andnonationalstandardsexist,variousinstrumentsandmeasuresthatcontainmanyoftherelevantconceptshavebeendevelopedbynationalprojectstoimproveLTSSoutcomesandquality.9,10,11InlightofincreasingpressuretomeasuremanagedLTSSoutcomesfromaperson-centeredperspective,increasedpublicandprivateeffortshavefocusedonmappingthelandscapeofavailablemeasures,identifyinggaps,andrecommendingfutureactions.
Moreover,CMShastakensomestepstoensurethatthehealthandlongtermcareneedsspecificallyofdualeligiblebeneficiariesareappropriatelymetwhentheyaretransitionedfromfee-for-servicetomanagedcare.Theagencyisrequiringstatesthatareparticipatinginthedualdemonstrationprojectstoreportindividuallevelquality,cost,enrollment,andutilizationdata.CMSisalsorequiringthatparticipatinghealthplansreportencounterdataandmeetcertainqualityindicators.However,theseindicatorsremaintobedetermined.QualityindicatorsidentifiedbythisreportingprocessholdthepotentialtoequallyinformtheinitiativesinvolvingmandatoryenrollmentofMedicaid-onlybeneficiarieswithdisabilitiesandseniorsintomanagedcare.12
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AlthoughCMSisstillconsideringhowstatesshouldmeasuremanagedLTSS/HCBSoutcomesforthedualsdemonstrations,in2004theagencypublishedaQualityFrameworkofLTSS/HCBSdomainsanddesiredoutcomes,illustratedinTable1,thatcontainskeyindicators:13
Table1:CMSQualityFrameworkDomainsandDesiredOutcomes
Focus Desired Outcome
ParticipantAccess Individualshaveaccesstohomeandcommunity-basedservicesandsupportsintheircommunities.
Participant-CenteredServicePlanningandDelivery
Servicesandsupportsareplannedandeffectivelyimplementedinaccordancewitheachparticipant’suniqueneeds,expressedpreferencesanddecisionsconcerninghis/herlifeinthecommunity.
ProviderCapacityandCapabilities TherearesufficientHCBSprovidersandtheypossessanddemonstratethecapabilitytoeffectivelyserveparticipants.
ParticipantSafeguards Participantsaresafeandsecureintheirhomesandcommunities,takingintoaccounttheirinformedandexpressedchoices.
ParticipantRightsandResponsibilities Participantsreceivesupporttoexercisetheirrightsandacceptpersonalresponsibilities.
ParticipantOutcomesandSatisfaction Participantsaresatisfiedwiththeirservicesandachievedesiredoutcomes.
SystemPerformance Thesystemsupportsparticipantsefficientlyandeffectivelyandconstantlystrivestoimprovequality.
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WhatManagedLTSSOutcomesShouldbeMeasured?
ThefollowingsummaryofeffortsthusfartoidentifyexistingoutcomemeasuresintheMedicaidLTSScontextrevealsbothpotentialtoolsforimmediateusewithmanagedLTSSaswellassignificantgapsthatcallforadditionalresearchandpracticalfieldtesting.
1. MeasureApplicationPartnership(MAP)
TheMeasureApplicationPartnership(MAP),authorizedbytheACAandconvenedbytheNationalQualityForum(NQF),hasdevelopedanationalmeasurementstrategyforthedualeligiblepopulation,whichwasreleasedinJune2012.MAPseparatelyexploredqualitymeasuresinMedicaid-supportedHCBS,identifiedsuchmeasuresasamajordevelopmentgaparea,andrecommendedthatHHSfundanNQFeffortonqualitymeasuresinLTSS.14Insupportofthisrecommendation,theMAPreportidentified24potentialillustrationsofperson-centeredconceptsthatwarrantfurtherinvestigation.15TheseincludeunmetActivityofDailyLiving(ADL)needs;degreetowhichpeopleexpresssatisfactionwithrelationships;degreetowhichpeoplewithidentifiedhealthproblemsobtainappropriateservices;16availabilityofself-directionoptions;andself-reportedpreventivehealthcarevisits.Themeasuresfallintoelevenmajordomainsincludingclientfunctioningandexperience;programperformance;choiceofsettingandprovider;andqualityoflifeandqualityofcare.17(SeeAttachmentA.)
2. AgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality(AHRQ)Scan(June2010)
TheDeficitReductionAct(DRA)of2005directedAHRQtodevelopqualitymeasuresfortheMedicaidHomeandCommunity-BasedServicesprogram.TheDRAinstructedAHRQtodevelopmeasuresinthedomainsofclientfunctioning,clientsatisfaction,andprogramperformanceinordertoassessthequalityofMedicaidHCBSprogramsnationwide.Inresponsetothisdirective,AHRQconductedanextensiveenvironmentalscanusingabroaddefinitionofHCBSservicesandpopulations,including,forexample,populationssuchasadultswithsevereandpersistentmentalillnesswhoarenottraditionalrecipientsofMedicaidHCBS.Reportingresearchoutcomesin2010,AHRQidentifiedmorethan200measuresourcesthatincludedsurveyinstrumentsdesignedtoyieldperformancemeasures,measuresets,andmeasuredatabases.Theseinstrumentsrevealedsomebroadthemes.Forexample,severalconsumersurveytoolshavebeendevelopedthatassessclientexperiencewithHCBS,particularlyforindividualswithintellectualand/ordevelopmentaldisabilities.Moreover,psychometrictestinghasbeencarriedoutonmanysurveysusedbyseveralstateprograms.Whilefewstate-specifictoolshavebeentestedforvalidity,manythatareinusesolicitconsumerfeedbackasameansofprovidingfederallyrequiredassurancesforMedicaid1915(c)waiverprograms.However,AHRQalsoreportedthatnosinglesurveytoolormeasuresetaddressedalltwenty-oneconstructsthattheAgency,withstakeholderinput,hadidentifiedasapplicableacrossallHCBSpopulations.(SeeAttachmentA.)18
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AHRQ’seightconstructsofclientexperience,listedbelowareofparticularinterest,however,becausestate-specificsurveyshavequeriedmanyofthesamedimensionsofexperience:(AlsoseeAttachmentA.)
• Respectfultreatmentbydirectserviceproviders.
• Opportunitiestomakechoicesaboutproviders.
• Opportunitiestomakechoicesaboutservices.
• Satisfactionwithcasemanagementservices.
• Clientperceptionofqualityofcare.
• Satisfactionandchoiceregardingresidentialsetting.
• Clientreportofabuseandneglect.
• Availabilityofsupportforresilienceandrecovery(mentalhealthservicerecipientsonly).Threethemesunderlietheseeightconstructs,composingtheclientexperiencedomainofthemeasurescan:
• Clientchoice,capturedinthreeglobaldimensionsofprogramsupports:providers,services,andhousing.
• Thecross-cuttingthemeofsatisfaction,representedbythequeriesforsatisfactionwithresidentialsettingandcasemanagementservices.Globalsatisfactionisrepresentedbytheconstructforperceptionofthequalityofcare.
• Interpersonalrespectandsupport,whichcanbeassessedpositively,asintheconstructsofrespectfultreatmentbydirectservicestaffandtheavailabilityofstaff/programsupportforresilienceandrecoveryforthosewithseriousmentalillness.Theconverseofpositiveandsupportiveinterpersonalrelationshipsisreflectedintheremainingconstruct,clientreportsofabuseandneglect.
Overall,theseeightmeasurescanbeseenasrepresentingacontinuumfromharmfulandunacceptableexperience(e.g.,neglectandabuse),throughrespectandindividualchoice,culminatinginindividualsatisfaction.
3. TheLong-TermQualityAlliance(LTQA)QualityMeasurementWorkgroupReport(December2011)
TheLong-TermQualityAlliance(LTQA)identifiedmeasurementgapsforLTSSbeneficiariesthatalsosuggestedareasformeasuredevelopmentand/orresearch.Theseincludetransitionalcaremeasuresforperson-andfamily-centeredness.Specifically,measureswereidentifiedthat
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contributetooverallqualityforindividualsandtheirfamiliesandthatarebroaderthanclinicaloutcomes(i.e.,qualityoflife,autonomy,relationships,compassion,socialsupports,andemotionalwell-being).19
4. CenterforPersonalAssistanceServices,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco
a. In a March 2012 policy document that summarized the results of a review of the literature, the Center for Personal Assistance Services suggested that in order to ensure managed care systems provide appropriate and effective LTSS for newly enrolled low income individuals with disabilities of all ages, a uniform set of LTSS outcome measures must be identified with input from consumers, advocates, and other stakeholders. The Center urged that stakeholders be afforded a variety of measures from which to choose that reflect their values rather than reflecting the particular services they are receiving. The Center accordingly recommended five overarching areas that include such measures, as well as measures of broader outcomes related to the beneficiary, his or her family, and the informal caregivers and paid workers who provide services.20 (See Attachment A.)
b. Selected Inventory of Quality-of-Life Measures for Long-Term Services and Supports Participant Experience Surveys.21
TobegintoaddressthegapinmethodstomeasureLTSSqualityoflifeoutcomes,theCenter,usingWisconsin’sPersonalExperienceOutcomesIntegratedInterviewandEvaluationSystem(PEONIES)(See6cbelow)domainsasastartingpoint,searchedamongrelevant,existingsurveyinstrumentstoidentifypreviouslyfieldtestedquestionsrelatedtothesedomainsandtoqualityoflife(QOL)measures.Thisresearchyieldedalistofmeasuresthatmighteitherbeusedoradaptedtoconstructconcisesurveysusefulformonitoringparticularprogramsservingspecificpopulations.(See,www.dredf.org/Personal-experience-domains-and-items.pdf)
5. CMSHCBSQualityMeasurementProjectUnderDevelopment22
a. The Home and Community-Based Service (HCBS) Experience Survey
CMSissupportingdevelopmentofanewsurveydesignedtoalignwiththeAHRQConsumerAssessmentofHealthcareProvidersandSystems(CAHPS)project.CAHPStoolsprovideastandardbenchmarkforperformanceofhealthcareproviders,usingdataobtainedfrompatientsandothers.CMSiscurrentlytestinganewHCBSExperienceSurveythatcanbeaddedtothecurrentgroupofCAHPSinstruments.ThegoalofthesurveyistoprovidestandardperformancemetricsforHCBSprogramsthatareapplicabletoallpopulationsservedincludingpeoplewithphysicaldisabilities,cognitivedisabilities,intellectualimpairments,anddisabilitiesduetomentalillness.ThesurveyisintendedtogatherdirectfeedbackfromparticipantsinMedicaidHCBSprograms,abouttheirexperienceswithservicesandsupports.TheExperienceSurveyisdifferentfromothersinthatitwillprovidecomparableinformationonprogramparticipantsacrossthespectrumofdisabilityandfederally-fundedservices,regardlessof
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thecontextortimeframeinwhichparticipantsarereceivingHCBS.Surveyresponseswillbecompiledtodevelopqualitymeasuresattheprogramlevel.Thegoalforthesemeasuresistoenablefederalandstategovernmentstoexpandqualityimprovementtoencompassindividualqualityoflifeandoutcomemeasures,acrossHCBSpopulations.DatacollectionforthefieldtestisscheduledtobegininFall2012.23
6. StandardLTSS/HCBSQualityMeasurementOutcomeSurveysInUse
a. Developmental Disabilities National Core Indicators (NCI) Consumer Survey
StatesadministeringMedicaidLTSSforpeoplewithintellectualanddevelopmentaldisabilitieshavelonghadsurveyinstrumentsinplacethatasktheindividualrecipientstheirviewsontheservicesthattheyarereceiving.Twenty-fivestatesnowemployaDevelopmentalDisabilitiesNationalCoreIndicatorsConsumerSurveyandothersarelikelytojointheeffortinthenearfuture.Thecoreindicatorsarestandardmeasuresusedacrossstatestoassesstheoutcomesofservicesprovidedtoindividualsandfamilies.Indicatorsaddresskeyareasofconcernincludingemployment,rights,serviceplanning,communityinclusion,choice,andhealthandsafety.24,25(NCIindicatorscanbeaccessedat:http://www.nationalcoreindicators.org/indicators/)
b. Participant Experience Surveys (PES) for HCBS for Elderly and Disabled
In2003,CMSdevelopedasurveyforstatestoadministertopeoplewithdisabilitiesreceivingHCBSservices.Thesurvey,administeredinface-to-faceinterviews,focuseson:accesstocare,choiceandcontrol,respect/dignity,andcommunityintegration/inclusion.26AHRQalsodevelopedasurveyusers’guidefortheCMSsurveywhichincludesinformationaboutthepurposeofthesurvey;howtoselectthesample;howtochooseandtraininterviewers;howtoscheduleandprepareforinterviews;generalinterviewingguidelines;howtocodetheresponses;howtoanalyzetheresults;andhowtoactonthefindings.27(Acopyofthesurveycanbeaccessedat:http://www.hcbs.org/files/28/1387/3_PES_ED.pdf.)
Inoneexampleofastate’suseofthePES,theTexasDepartmentofAgingandDisabilityServices(DADS)producedareportinJanuary2011describingtheperceivedqualityoflong-termservicesandsupportsadministeredbyDADS,andtrendsinlong-termservicesandsupportsovertime.Perceivedqualityandtrendsovertimewereobtainedbyexaminingresponsesgivenbypeoplewhoreceivelong-termservicesandsupportstooneoftwosurveys:theNationalCoreIndicators(NCI)surveyortheParticipantExperienceSurvey(PES).28
Findingssuggestthatpeoplearesatisfiedwithinformationabouthowtoaccesslong-termservicesandsupportsandreceivetheservicestheyneed.PeoplealsoreportedthattheirLTSShelpedthemachievetheirpersonalgoalsandsupportedtheirhealthandwell-being.Inaddition,findingsfrompeoplewhousetheConsumer-DirectedServices(CDS)optionsuggestthatpeoplewhodirecttheirservicesandsupportshaveahighdegreeofawarenessabout
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choosingthestaffthathelpthemandaremorelikelythanpeoplewhodonotuseCDStochoosethestaffthathelpthem.
Thereportalsosuggestsspecificareasforimprovementincludingenhancingopportunitiesforpeopletohavechoice,control,andautonomyovertheirservicesandsupports.Whileimprovingchoice,control,andautonomyarebroadgoalstoachieve,thereportidentifiedspecificopportunitiestoimprovelong-termservicesandsupports,includingincreasingaperson’sautonomytotakerisks,andhavingachoiceaboutthestaffwhohelpthem.29
c. Wisconsin “Personal Experience Outcomes Integrated Interview and Evaluation System (PEONIES)” 30
WisconsinhasdevelopedtoolsformeasuringoutcomesandqualityincommunitybasedLTSSsettingsbasedon“PersonalExperienceOutcomes.”Suchoutcomemeasurementtoolsseektoaccountforthewidevarietyofpreferencesandexpectationsthatseniorsandpersonswithdisabilitiesmayhaveforthesupportandassistancetheyrequiretoliveincommunitysettings.
Thesepersonalexperienceoutcomesaremeasuredusingindividualgoals:
• IdecidewhereandwithwhomIlive.
• Imakedecisionsregardingmysupportsandservices.
• IdecidehowIspendmyday.
• IhaverelationshipswithfamilyandfriendsIcareabout.
• Idothingsthatareimportanttome.
• Iaminvolvedinmycommunity.
• Mylifeisstable.
• Iamrespectedandtreatedfairly.
• Ihaveprivacy.
• Ihavethebestpossiblehealth.
• Ifeelsafe.
• Iamfreefromabuseandneglect.
Wisconsinassertsthatmeasuredoutcomesareintendedtohelpcaremanagersandconsumersworktogethertomakesureservicesaresupportingthethingsthataremostimportanttotheconsumerandtomonitorandimprovequality.Understandingoutcomesalsoensuresthattheprogramsthestatefundsarehelpingpeopleachievethequalityoflifetheydesire.
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d. Personal Outcome Measures developed by the Council on Quality and Leadership (CQL).31
CQLisfocusedoncommunityagencies,andoffersproductstoassistinvestigatorsindevelopingqualitymeasurestodeterminewhetherservicesensureconsumerchoice,participant-direction,andindividualsatisfaction.Thesystemsaskconsumersappropriatequestionsaboutconsumer-choice,participantdirectedservices,andconsumerexperienceandsatisfaction.(PleasenotethatCQLprovidesconsultationonperson-centeredqualitymeasurement;measurementtoolsarealsoavailableforpurchase.However,someinformationisfreeanddownloadablefromtheorganization’swebsite.)
e. Money Follows the Person (MFP) Quality of Life Survey (QoL)
TheCenterforMedicaid,CHIPandSurvey&Certification(CMCSC)calledfordevelopmentofTheMoneyFollowsthePersonQualityofLifeSurvey(QoL)in2007.Thetargetpopulationforthesurveyincludespeoplewithdisabilitiesandlong-termillnesseswhoaretransitioningfrominstitutionalizedcaretoacaresettinginthecommunity.Theinstrumentisdesignedtomeasurequalityoflifeinsevendomains.(SeeAttachmentA.)Thesurveyisadministeredtoparticipantsatthreepointsintime—justpriortotransition,about11monthsaftertransition,andabout24monthsaftertransition.Thegoalofthesurveyistoprovidestandardcross-disabilityperformancemetricsforpeoplewithphysicaldisabilities,cognitivedisabilities,intellectualimpairments,and/ordisabilitiesduetomentalillness.TheassessmentenablescomparisonsacrossHCBSprogramsforthesetransitioningbeneficiaries.32
State Advocates’ Role in Identifying Managed LTSS Outcome Measures
AlthoughnonationallytestedandvalidatedmanagedLTSSoutcomemeasuresyetexist,advocateshaveaccesstothesignificantworkpreviouslydiscussedthatsetsoutbothimportantqualitydomainsandconstructs,andareasinwhichinformationshouldbecollected.Moreover,anumberofstatesarealreadyusingsomeexistingmanagedLTSSoutcomesurveysthatincorporatekeyconceptsrequiredtomeasuretheeffectivenessofmanagedLTSS/HCBS.Untilnationaloutcomesurveysareavailable,stateadvocatesshouldconsiderqualitymeasurementrecommendationsfromthesenationalresearcheffortsalongwithexistingsurveysandrelatedtools.
Core Managed LTSS/HCBS Outcome Measurement Principles
ThefollowingcoreprinciplesareintendedtohelpadvocatesidentifyandevaluatekeymanagedLTSSqualitymeasures.
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TheMeasurementProcessisPerson-Centered
Person-centeredmeansthatallaspectsofLTSSplanning,implementation,andevaluationaredirectedbytheindividualwithlong-termsupportneedstothemaximumextentpossible,orbyanotherpersonimportantinthelifeoftheindividualwhomsheorhehasfreelychosentodirecttheprocess.Aperson-centeredapproachaimstoidentifytheindividual’sstrengths,capacities,preferences,needs,anddesiredoutcomes.
AnessentialelementforevaluatingtheimpactoftheshiftofLTSStomanagedcareenvironmentswillbethemeasurementofLTSSoutcomesfromperson-centeredperspectivesincludingconsumerfunctioning(e.g.,availabilityofsupportwitheverydayactivitieswhenneeded;thepresenceoffriendships;maintenanceoffamilyrelationships),consumerexperience(e.g.,respectfultreatmentbydirectserviceproviders;opportunitiestomakechoicesaboutproviders;opportunitiestomakechoicesaboutservices),andprogramperformance(e.g.,receiptofallservicesinthecareplan).
MeasurementExaminesQualityofLifeOutcomes
Measurementshouldevaluatequalityoflifeoutcomesrelatedtotheindividual’slivingsituation,choiceandcontrol,accesstopersonalcare,experienceofrespectanddignity,extentofcommunityintegration,participation,andinclusion,overalllifesatisfaction,healthstatus,andachievementofperson-centeredgoals.Othermeasuresincludebutarenotlimitedtotheeffectivenessofsupportarrangements,availabilityofself-directedsupports,financialmanagementservicesincludingindividualbudgeting,personalfinanceandassetbuilding,relationshipbuildingandmaintenance,education,employment,participationinreligiousandspiritualactivities,andculturalpreferences.MeasurementOutcomesInformImprovement
AmeasurementandevaluationsystemforLTSSmustincorporateprinciplesofcontinuousqualityimprovement.ContinuousQualityImprovement(CQI)isanongoingprocessmeasuringandimprovingindividualoutcomesandtheprovisionofperson-centeredLTSS.CQIusesqualitativeandquantitativemethodstoidentifyneededimprovementsinbothprocessesandoutcomes,implementimprovements,andsubsequentlymeasuretheimpactofimprovementsinLTSSsystemsandindividualqualityoflife.ThebasicelementsofCQI:
• System designdefinesperformancemeasuresthatwillbeusedtoevaluatequalityandidentifyareasforintervention,specifieshowdatawillbecollectedtomonitorprogramimplementation,andembracesqualityimprovement,includingthedevelopmentofproactivemechanismstoavoidqualityproblems.
• Discoveryinvolvesthereviewandanalysisofperformancemeasuresandotherobjectivedata.
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• Remediationisimprovingoverallquality,includingbothfixingtheindividualqualityproblemswhentheyoccur,andimplementingthesystemicchangesneededtoreachrequiredbenchmarks.
• Improvementimplementslong-term,system-widesolutionstoanyqualityproblemsrevealedduringdiscovery,andcollectsandappliesdatatomeasureimprovement.33
Selecting Measures
Whileitisbeyondthescopeofthispapertodiscussindetailthecomplex,step-by-stepprocessestypicallyusedtoselectandadoptmeasures,theInstituteofMedicine(IOM)oftheNationalAcademyofScienceshasprovidedsomeguidance,includingthefollowingselectioncriteriathatmaybehelpfultoadvocatesastheyidentifymeasuresthataremostimportantforuseintheirstate.34
TheIOMgroupsthreecriteriaaccordingtothesubjectofmeasurement:
• Impact.IntheLTSScontext,theimpactoftheprovidedservice,forexample,onqualityoflife,mustbeconsidered.
• Meaningfulness.Themeasures(s)shouldbeunderstandablebyconsumers,advocates,andpolicymakersandrepresentconcernsandissuesthatmattertothem.
• Susceptibility.Theextenttowhichmeasuresareinfluencedbythehomeandcommunity-basedcaresystems.
ThemeasuresshouldhavesomethingtodowithaspectsofLTSSthatvariousstakeholders,includingpolicymakers,caninfluence.Forexample,policymakersshouldbeabletotakeactiononspecificproblemsthatarerevealedbycollecteddata.
OtherIOMcriteriapertaintothescientificsoundnessofthemeasure:
• Validity.Themeasureshouldhavefacevalidity(i.e.,itshouldmakesenselogically);itshouldcorrelatewellwithothermeasuresofthesameaspectsofsupportandcare(constructvalidity)andcapturemeaningfulaspectsofsuchsupportandcare(contentvalidity).
• Reliability.Themeasureshouldproduceconsistentresultswhenitisusedrepeatedlyandwithdifferentgroups,especiallyovertime.
• Feasibility.Feasibilityrefers,forexample,tothepracticalabilitytoimplementthemeasuresuchasavailabilityofmeasureprototypes,theavailabilityofrequireddata,andthecostorburdentocollectthedata.
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Data Sources
Asadvocatesconsiderandevaluatevariousoutcomemeasures,theyshouldbeawareofthefollowingdatasourcesthatmayprovideinformationcalledforbyvariousmeasurequeries.
• Program data.VariousMedicaidLTSS/HCBSprogramshavehistoricallybeenrequiredtocollectprogramdataaspartoftheirongoingoperations.Forexample,providerfiles,enrollmentdata,serviceplanningrecords,caremanagementtrackingprocesses,grievanceandcomplaintdata,andauditinformationarebeingcollectednowbyMedicaidLTSS/HCBSprograms.AdvocatesshouldcallforsuchdatatoberequiredofmanagedLTSS/HCBSprograms.Thesedatasourcesthencanbedrawnupontofulfillcertainoutcomemeasurementrequirements.
• Utilization data.ThisdatarelatestoservicespaidforbyMedicaidorothergovernmentprogramsandincludes,forexample,cost-per-member-per-month,hospitalizationratesforpeoplewithcertainconditionsorimpairments,andfrequencywithwhichdurablemedicalequipmentisprovided.
• Assessment data.Currently,collectionofassessmentdataishamperedbythefactthatstatesdonotuseauniformassessmentinstrument;thereforeitisdifficulttocompareassessmentoutcomes.However,underthedualsdemonstrationsandtheBalancingIncentivesProgram,eachparticipatingstateisrequiredtodevelopauniformassessmenttool,whichwilleventuallymakeitpossibletocollectdatausingthesetoolsandtomeasurecertainLTSSoutcomesacrossregionsofastateor,insomecases,fortheentirestate.
• Survey and interview data.CoreelementsofMedicaidLTSSservicessuchascontrol,respect,anddignityarefrequentlymeasuredthroughsurveys.Althoughsurveyscollectimportantinformation,thedatatheycollectmayalsopresentsomechallengessuchasdifficultyinscalingtheresults,linkingtootherdatasourcessuchasutilizationandcostdata,samplesize,andthecostandtimeassociatedwithdatacollectionandanalysis.Nevertheless,surveyscanbekeymethodstoidentifyproblemareasthatrequireimmediateinterventionorimprovement.
Generating Reports
Usingthedatasourcespreviouslydescribed,advocatesshouldurgethatspecificreportsbegeneratedthatrespondtotheselectedmeasures.Suggestedreporttopicsinclude:
• Personcenteredgoaloutcometrendsagainstcostandserviceutilizationforeachmajordisabilitygroupacrossthelifespan
• Beneficiarysatisfactionincludingidentificationofunmetneed
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• Snapshots,changesovertime,andlong-termtrendsinnumberofenrolleesindifferentLTSSsettings
• HCBSandinstitutionalexpendituresmonthly,quarterlyandannuallyasapercentageofoverallLTSSexpenditures
• AverageperpersonexpendituresinHCBSandNursingFacility(NF)settings
• AveragelengthofresidenceinHCBSsettings
• NumberofnewadmissionstoNFsover12monthsandaveragelengthofstay
• NumberofLTSSenrolleestransitionedfromNFstoHCBSsettingsover12monthsand,conversely,thenumberofenrolleesadmittedtoNFsfromHCBSsettings
• Summariesandtrendsoncomplaintsandappeals,especiallythoserelatedtocontinuityofcareandtransitionissues
Building Infrastructure Capacity
Whilecollectionofoutcomedataisrequiredtodriveoverallqualityimprovement,thecapacityofthevariousrelevantentities(includingstates,MCOs,andlocalserviceagencies)mustalsobeadequateinordertoensureeffectiveimplementation.Followingarecapacity-buildingrecommendationsrelatedtosystems,andtomonitoringandreporting.
IncorporationofPerson-CenteredFocusintoSystems
Inordertoensureeffectiveimplementationandevaluationoftheperson-centeredprocess,thefollowingspecificmechanismsmustbeinplaceattherelevantstate,MCOandlocalagencylevels:
• Principlesthatunderlietheperson-centeredprocessmustbeincorporatedintorelevantpolicies,mission/visionstatements,operationsdocuments,andmeasurementmechanisms.
• Staffatalllevels,andnotjustatthefront-enddirectorcustomerservicelevel,musthaveaconsistentunderstandingofperson-centeredprinciples,valuesandimplementationprocesses.
• Staffandleadershipmustreceiveongoingcapacity-buildingtrainingintheperson-centeredprocess.
MonitoringandReportingRequirements
1. Outreach/EnrollmentMonitoring
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StatesandMCOsmustmonitoroutreachandenrollmentprocessesandstructuresforadequacyofinformationandreferralintheno-wrong-doormodel,aswellascompliancewithrequirementsforadequateenrollmentprocesses.No-wrong-doorreferstosingleentrypointsystemsforaccessingLTSS/HCBSthatenableconsumerstoaccessservicesthroughoneagencyororganization.UnduebarrierstogainingaccesstoneededservicesandsupportsmustbeidentifiedandaddressedusingCQImethodspreviouslydescribed.
• AnyIndependentStateOmbudsmanthatoverseestheintegrationofLTSS/HCBSintomanagedcaremusthaveexperienceandexpertiseinperson-centeredLTSSprinciples,andthecapacitytoassistwiththeresolutionofbothindividualandsystemicproblemsrevealedbyCQIprocesses.
• TheresultsofqualitymeasurementsurveysandCQIoutcomesmustbemadeavailabletostakeholdersandthepublicinareadilyaccessibleandtransparentfashion.
2. RegularlyScheduledSiteVisits
StatesmustensurethatMCOsortheirdesigneesconductsitereviewsregularlyinordertogainaqualitativeunderstandingoftheenvironmentalcontextinwhichdataiscollectedandreported.MCOsmustvisitastatisticallyvalidrandomsampleofprovidersinthefollowingcategories:
• Residentialsettingsthatareownedbyprovidersmustbemonitoredandmeasured.
• Aggregatesettingssuchasdaytreatmentcenters,mentalhealth“clubhouses,”andothersmustbemonitoredtoensurethatthereisadequatecommunityaccessaccordingtotheperson-centeredplan.
• Asampleofperson-centeredplansmustbereviewedannuallyinthecontextofin-personparticipantinterviewsforfidelitytotheperson-centeredplanningprocess.
3. CriticalIncidentReporting
Criticalincidentreportingisawell-establishedqualitymanagementmechanisminclinicalcareandmustalsobeincludedinLTSS/HCBSqualitymanagement.Examplesofcriticalincidentsincludesexualabuse,suspiciousdeath,physicalabuse,neglect,seriousinjury,frequentcareproviderabsences,financialexploitation,orsuicideattempt.CriticalincidentreportscanbeusedtotrackbothpatternsandprevalenceofseriousadverseeventsamongLTSSbeneficiariesandtoinformstrategiesformanagingrisk,preventingerrors,andfocusingqualityimprovementefforts.StatesandMCOscanparseaggregatedincidentdatainavarietyofwaystoidentifyincidentsgeographicallybyregionorlocale,byprovideragency,orbytypeofincident.SuchmechanismsfortrackingincidentsmustbepartofMCOs’overallqualitymanagementsystem
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andtheymustmakedataavailabletostatesandotherinterestedpartiesincludingoversightagencies.35
4. EarlyWarningReporting
Methodsmustbedevelopedtoensurethatproblemsthatoccurbeforetheyareidentifiedthroughthemonitoringandreportingprocessespreviouslydescribedareresolvedproactively.SuchproblemstypicallyarisewhenclinicalandLTSS/HCBSassessmentsaresiloed,andthereforepoorlycoordinated.Forexample,deterioratingwheelchairseatingcanleadtopressureulcers,whichlikelywillbetreatedclinically,yettheunderlyingproblemofinadequate,worndurablemedicalequipmentmaybeoverlooked,alongwiththenegativeimpactofreducedmobilityonqualityoflifeandbeneficiarychoiceandsatisfaction.
5. ComplaintReporting
AmechanismforrespondingtocomplaintsthatisfreeofconflictofinterestisanessentialcomponentofanyhealthcareandHCBSdeliverysystem.Mechanismsfortrackingtrendsinkeycomplaintareasmustbeapartoftheoverallqualitymanagementsystem.
Suggested Action Steps
StatesthatareplanningtomovetomanagedLTSSmustdeterminewhatqualitymeasureswillbeusedtoidentifyandevaluateoutcomesforindividualbeneficiaries.Advocatescanusethefollowingsuggestedmethodstoactivelyengagewiththisdecision-makingprocess.
• RequesttoseeanysurveysthatthestateisusingcurrentlytomeasureLTSSbeneficiaryoutcomesforMedicaidHCBSwaiverprograms36
• Reviewexistingsurveystodetermineifthedatabeingcollectedmeetsthesuggestedcoreprinciplesandhewstothedomainsandrelateditemsrecommendedinresearchbythenationalgroupscitedabove
• Identifyareaswhereadditionalsurveyelementsareneeded
• AdvocateforthestatetoestablishandperiodicallyconveneforumstosolicitandconsiderstakeholderandbeneficiaryinputonLTSSqualitymeasures
• SeekstateandMCO-levelpoliciesandprocedures,andcontractlanguagethatwillensureanappropriatelevelofmanagedLTSSqualitymeasurement
• Introducerecommendedindividual-levelqualitymeasurestolocal/regionalMCOsplanningtotakeoverprovisionofLTSS
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Inalloftheseactivities,advocatesshouldrecognizeboththepromiseandthelimitationsofqualitymeasures.Sincequalitymeasuresrelyondataaggregatedsometimeafterindividualoccurrences,qualitymeasurescannotsubstituteforbeneficiaryappealrightsandothersystemicprotectionsthatprovidetimelyremediesforbeneficiariesotherwiseatriskofbadoutcomes.
Conclusion
ThetrendtowardprovidingMedicaidLTSSthroughmanagedcaresystemsisgrowingrapidlyanditislikelythateverystatewilldeliverLTSSasamanagedserviceinthenearfuture.ShiftingLTSStoMCOspresentssomepossibleopportunitiessuchasenablingexpansionofservicestomorebeneficiaries,increasingthetypesofservicesthatareavailable,andpotentiallyspurringrebalancingofLTSSfundingsothatmoreresourcesareprovidedforHCBS.However,advocatesalsohavearticulatedsignificantconcerns.ThewidespreadlackofexperiencedeliveringLTSSonthepartofmanyMCOs,andthespeedwithwhichthetransitionofsuchservicestomanagedsystemsistakingplace,leaveinsufficienttimeforMCOstoprepareadequatelytoservealargeinfluxofpeoplewithdisabilitiesofallages.Moreover,onitsface,thefundamentalstructureofmanagedcareraisesquestionsaboutwhetherornottheindividualneedsofbeneficiarieswillconflictwiththecostcontainmentgoalsandpracticesofMCOs.Forthesereasons,advocates,alongwithconsumerswhowillexperiencethetransitionfirsthand,mustengagewithstates,MCOs,andprovidersinordertofosteraccountability,promotedisabilityliteracy,andensurethattheprincipleofperson-centerednessisembeddedineachofthekeysystemsofservice.
Oneofthecoreaspectsofengagementwillbeidentification,promotion,adoptionandimplementationofadequateLTSSoutcomemeasures,whicharecriticaltodeterminingtheeffectivenessofthenewsystemsindeliveringpromisedservicesandinprotectingtherightofpeoplewithdisabilitiesofallagestolivesafelyandwithdignityinthecommunityinsettingsoftheirchoice.
Attachments
Attachment AComparisonChart:LTSS/HCBSDomainsandMeasures
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Endnotes1TheMedicaidprogramallowsforthecoverageofLongTermCareServicesthroughseveralvehiclesandoveracontinuumofsettings.ThisincludesInstitutionalCareandHomeandCommunityBasedLongTermServicesandSupports.InMedicaidcoverage,institutionalservicesreferstospecificbenefitsauthorizedintheSocialSecurityAct.Thesearehospitalservices,IntermediateCareFacilitiesforPeoplewithMentalRetardation(ICF/MR),NursingFacility(NF),PreadmissionScreening&ResidentReview(PASRR),InpatientPsychiatricServicesforIndividualsUnderAge21,andServicesforindividualsage65orolderinaninstitutionformentaldiseases.CommunityBasedLong-TermServices&Supportsaimtoprovidesustainable,person-drivenlong-termsupportsystemsinwhichpeoplewithdisabilitiesandchronicconditionshavechoice,controlandaccesstoafullarrayofqualityservicesthatassureoptimaloutcomes,suchasindependence,healthandqualityoflife.SeeCMS(CenterforMedicareandMedicaidServices),“Long-TermServicesandSupport,”http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Long-Term-Services-and-Support/Long-Term-Services-and-Support.html(October1,2012).
2CMS,“Long-TermServicesandSupport.”
3PaulSaucier,etal.,The Growth of Managed Long-Term Services and Supports (MLTSS) Programs: A 2012 Update,preparedforCMS,pp.6-24,July,2012,http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Delivery-Systems/Downloads/MLTSSP_White_paper_combined.pdf(October1,2012).4BoardonHealthcareServices(HCS),“CurrentandFutureStateofPerformanceMeasurementandReporting,”inPerformance Measurement: Accelerating Improvement (Pathways to Quality Health Care Series),2006,http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11517&page=40(October1,2012).
5H.StephenKaye,Ph.D,CenterforPersonalAssistanceServices,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,beforetheCaliforniaSenateHumanServicesCommittee,March27,2012.
6MaureenBoothandJulieFrailich,“PerformanceMeasurement:ManagingandUsingHomeandCommunity-BasedServicesDataforQualityImprovement,”MuskieSchoolofPublicService,UniversityofSouthernMaine,http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/Publications/DA/Performance-Measurement-HCBS.pdf(October1,2012).
7NationalQualityForum,“MeasuringHealthcareQualityfortheDualEligibleBeneficiaryPopulation,MeasureApplicationPartnership,FinalReporttoHHS,”June,2012,http://www.qualityforum.org/Setting_Priorities/Partnership/Duals_Workgroup/Dual_Eligible_Beneficiaries_Workgroup.aspx(October1,2012).
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8KaiserCommissiononMedicaidandtheUninsured,“PeoplewithDisabilitiesandMedicaidManagedCare:KeyIssuestoConsider,”February,2012,http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/8278.pdf.(October1,2012).
9NationalQualityForum,“MeasuringHealthcareQuality.”
10NationalQualityForum,“MeasuringHealthcareQuality.”
11AgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality(AHRQ),Environmental Scan of Measures for Medicaid Title XIX Home and Community-Based Services.AHRQPublicationNo.10-0042-EF,June2010,http://www.ahrq.gov/research/ltc/hcbsreport/hcbssum.htm(October1,2012).
12KaiserFamilyFoundation,“AnUpdateonCMS’sCapitatedFinancialAlignmentDemonstrationModelforMedicare-MedicaidEnrollees,”April2012,http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/8290.pdf(October1,2012).
13CMS,“CMSLettertoStateMedicaidDirectors:QualityFrameworkforHomeandCommunityBasedServices,”February17,2004,http://www.hcbs.org/moreInfo.php/doc/952(October1,2012).
14NationalQualityForum,p.24.Thereportalsonotesthat:“BecauseHCBSarelargelynon-medical,theynecessarilyoperatewithinadifferentqualityparadigmthanthehealthsystem.Manyoftheprimarydomainsofhigh-quality,person-centeredHCBScanbetracedbacktothedisabilityrightsmovementandthehistoricalneedtoassureadequatequalityoflifeforindividualswithdisabilitiesleavinginstitutionalcaresettings.”
15NationalQualityForum,p.25.NQFreviewedatotalof148potentialHCBSmeasuresfromthreeprimarysources:EnvironmentalScanofMeasuresforMedicaidTitleXIXHomeandCommunity–BasedServices(June2010),RaisingExpectations:AStateScorecardonLTSSforOlderAdults,PeoplewithDisabilities,andFamilyCaregivers(September2011),andNationalBalancingIndicatorContractor(October2010).
16Itshouldbenotedthatmeasuresexaminingtheextenttowhichbeneficiariesobtainappropriateservicesdonotalsoquerywhetherornotpeoplewithdisabilitiesencounterlackofdisabilityawarenessandliteracyamonghealthcareproviders,whichcanaffecthealthoutcomes.MeasuresalsodonotincludearchitecturalandprogrammaticbarrierstocaresuchaslackofaccessiblediagnosticorexamequipmentorneededaccommodationssuchasAmericanSignLanguage(ASL)Interpreters,liftingassistance,oradditionaltimeforanexamorconsultation.MeasuresexaminingtheseissuesastheyaffecthealthoutcomesshouldbeincludedamonganyfinalLTSS/HCBSsurveyanddatacollectionmethods.
17NationalQualityForum,ExhibitH.
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18AHRQ,EnvironmentalScanofMeasures.
19HeatherYoung,etal.,“MeasurementOpportunitiesandGaps:TransitionalCareProcessesandOutcomesAmongAdultRecipientsofLong-TermServicesandSupports,”preparedforLong-TermQualityAlliance(LTQA),December,2011,http://www.ltqa.org/wp-content/themes/ltqaMain/custom/images//TransitionalCare_Final_122311.pdf(October1,2012).
20H.StephenKaye,Ph.D,testimony,March27,2012.
21H.StephenKaye,Ph.D.,“SelectedInventoryofQuality-of-LifeMeasuresforLong-TermServicesandSupportsParticipantExperienceSurveys,”CenterforPersonalAssistanceServices,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,www.dredf.org/Personal-experience-domains-and-items.pdf,(December2012).
22CMShasongoinginitiativestosupportandfacilitatecontinuousqualityimprovementacrossallHCBSprograms.SeeCMSwebsitehttp://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Quality-of-Care/Quality-of-Care-HCBS.html.Examplesinclude:
• HCBSQualityMeasurementProjects:FourkeyqualitymeasurementprojectsarecurrentlyunderwayinHCBSprograms.Theprojectstestavarietyofmeasurementsetsthataddressqualityoflife,health,satisfaction,impactofprogramdesign,andsystembalancing.Effortstocoordinatetheoutcomesofthoseprojectsarealsobeingconsidered.
• Cross-CuttingQualityEffortsinHCBS:HCBScross-cuttingteamsworktoalignqualityacrossHCBSprogramauthorities.Cross-cuttingqualitygoalsarefocusedonadvancingqualityintegration,continuousqualityimprovement,andinformationtechnology.
• NationalTechnicalAssistance:UndertheNationalQualityImprovementinitiative,statesmayrequesttechnicalassistancefromtheCMS-designatednationalTAprovider,theNationalQualityEnterprise(NQE).TheNQEprovideson-siteassistancetostatestoaddressspecificconcernssuchasdevelopmentandimplementationofHCBSqualityimprovementstrategies,sampling,evidencegathering,andaddressingqualityissuesthatariseinregionalofficewaiverqualityreviews.
23“AgencyInformationCollectionActivities:ProposedCollection;CommentRequest,”FederalRegister77:97(May18,2012)p.29644-29645,http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-18/html/2012-12080.htm(October1,2012).
24NationalAssociationofStatesUnitedforAgingandDisabilities(NASUAD),AnnualSummaryReport2009-2010,http://www.nasddds.org/pdf/2009-2010NCI-Report.pdf(October1,2012).
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25NationalCoreIndicatorswebsite:http://www.nationalcoreindicators.org/(October1,2012).
26NASUAD,“ParticipantExperienceSurvey,”http://www.nasuad.org/documentation/nasuad_materials/The%20Use%20of%20Participant%20Experience%20Survey.pdf(October1,2012).
27NASUAD,“ParticipantExperienceSurvey.”Acopyofthesurveyusers’guidecanbefoundathttp://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=1443.
28TexasDepartmentofAgingandDisabilityServices,Long-TermServicesandSupportsQualityReview2010(January2011):8.
29TexasDepartmentofAgingandDisabilityServices,Long-TermServicesandSupportsQualityReview2010(January2011):9.
30SeeCenterforHealthSystemsResearchandAnalysiswebsite:http://www.chsra.wisc.edu/peonies/personal-experience-outcomes.htm(October1,2012).
31TheCouncilonQualityandLeadership,http://www.thecouncil.org/index.aspx(November9,2012).
32MattSloanandCarolIvan,“MoneyFollowsthePersonQualityofLifeSurvey,”preparedforCMS,2007,http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/pdfs/health/MFP_QoL_Survey.pdf(October1,2012).
33SaraGalantowicz,“ImplementingContinuousQualityImprovement(CQI)inMedicaidHCBSPrograms,”ThomsonReuters,January2010,http://www.dpw.state.pa.us/ucmprd/groups/webcontent/documents/document/d_007056.pdf.(October1,2012).
34CommitteeontheNationalQualityReportonHealthCareDelivery,Envisioning the National Health Care Quality Report,2001,http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030907343X(October1,2012).
35TarynBowe,etal.,“ManagingandUsingHomeandCommunity-BasedServicesDataforQualityImprovement,”CommunityLivingExchange,RutgersCenterforStateHealthPolicy,p.20,April2006,http://www.hcbs.org/files/91/4507/Reporting_FINAL_revised_ALL.pdf(October1,2012).
36Iftherequestisdenied,advocatescanfileaformalFreedomofInformationAct(FOI)request.
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ATTACHMENT A: Comparison Chart -- LTSS/HCBS Domains and Measures
Measure Application Partnership/National Quality ForumSelected Potential Measures for Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS)
from Three SourcesJune 2012
1) Framework: HCBS Scan (AHRQ, Thomson Reuters)
DOMAIN Measures/Constructs
ClientFunctioning • Degreetowhichconsumersexperienceanincreasedleveloffunctioning.
• UnmetneedinADLs/IADLs(11measurestotal).• Degreetowhichpeopleexpresssatisfactionwith
relationships.• Satisfactionwithclosefriends.• Satisfactionwithrelationshipswithparents,siblings,and
otherrelatives.• Participantsreportingunmetneedforcommunity
involvement.• Degreetowhichpeoplewithidentifiedphysicalhealth
problemsobtainappropriateservicesanddegreetowhichhealthstatusismaintainedandimproved.
ClientExperience • Degreetowhichconsumersreportthatstaffaresensitivetotheircultural,ethnic,orlinguisticbackgroundsanddegreetowhichconsumersfelttheywererespectedbystaff.
• Degreeofactiveconsumerparticipationindecisionsconcerningtheirtreatment.
• Casemanagerhelpfulness.• Degreetowhichconsumersweresatisfiedwithoverall
services.• Servicesatisfactionscales:homeworker;personalcare;
home-deliveredmeals.
ProgramPerformance • Abilitytoidentifycasemanager.• Abilitytocontactcasemanager.
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2) NQF/MAP—Framework: LTSS Scorecard (AARP, The Commonwealth Fund, The SCAN Foundation)
ChoiceofSettingandProvider
Toolsandprogramstofacilitateconsumerchoice(AARPScorecard—compositeindicator,scale0-4).
QualityofLifeandQualityofCare
• Percentofadultsage18+withdisabilitiesinthecommunityusuallyoralwaysgettingneededsupport.
• Percentofadultsage18+withdisabilitiesinthecommunitysatisfiedorverysatisfiedwithlife.
SupportforFamilyCaregivers
Percentofcaregiversusuallyoralwaysgettingneededsupport.
3) Framework: National Balancing Indicators (Abt Associates, IMPAQ International)
Sustainability ProportionofMedicaidHCBSspendingofthetotalMedicaidLTCspending.
Self-determination/Person-centeredness
Availabilityofself-directionoptions.
CommunityIntegrationandInclusion
Waiverwaitlist(Thewaitlistmeasuremaybeinappropriateasameasureofcommunityintegrationandinclusionforstatesthataredroppingwaitlistswhenbeneficiariesmovetomanagedcare.)
Prevention Proportionofpeoplewithdisabilitiesreportingrecentpreventivehealthcarevisits(individual-level).
CoordinationandTransparency
• Proportionofpeoplereportingthatservicecoordinatorshelpthemgetwhattheyneed(individual-level).
• CoordinationbetweenHCBSandinstitutionalservices.
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Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)Quality Measures for Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services
June 2010
DOMAIN Measures/Constructs
ClientFunctioning: • Changeindailyactivityfunction.• Availabilityofsupportwitheverydayactivitieswhenneeded.• Presenceoffriendships.• Maintenanceoffamilyrelationships.• Employmentstatus.• Schoolattendance(childrenonly).• Communityintegration.• Receiptofrecommendedpreventivehealthcareservices.• Seriousreportableadversehealthevents.• Avoidablehospitalizations.
ClientExperience: • Respectfultreatmentbydirectserviceproviders.• Opportunitiestomakechoicesaboutproviders.• Opportunitiestomakechoicesaboutservices.• Satisfactionwithcasemanagementservices.• Clientperceptionofqualityofcare.• Satisfactionandchoiceregardingresidentialsetting.• Clientreportofabuseandneglect.• Availabilityofsupportforresilienceandrecovery(mental
healthservicerecipientsonly).
ProgramPerformance: • Accesstocasemanagementservices.• Availabilityofcarecoordination.• Receiptofallservicesinthecareplan
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Center for Personal Assistance ServicesUniversity of California San Francisco
California Senate Human Services CommitteeMarch 27, 2012
DOMAIN Measures/Constructs
Quality,adequacy,andimpactofservices
a.Basicsatisfactionmeasuresrelatedtoquality,timeliness,appropriatenessb.Adequacyofservices:Didthepersongetenoughhelp,orweresomeoftheirneedsunmet?c.Consumerchoice,control,directionofservicesd.Consequencesofhelpreceivedornotreceived:
i.Didgettingthehelpenablethepersontoparticipateinsocial,cultural,and/oreconomicactivities?ii.Didlackofhelphindersuchparticipation?iii.Didproblemswithhelphinderparticipation,e.g.,didpersonmissappointments,engagements,work,etc.,becausehelpdidnotshowup,ordidnotarriveontime?
e.Unmetneedforservicesinthepopulationatlarge,notjustamongrecipients
Health,functional,andhealthcare-relatedoutcomes:
a.Healthstatusincludingmentalhealth,functionalabilitiesb.InjuriesorsecondaryhealthconditionstypicallyexperiencedbyLTSSrecipients,suchasfalls,burns,skinulcers,orinvoluntaryweightlossc.Maintenanceofcommunityliving;i.e.,avoidanceofinstitutionalizationd.Healthcareutilization,includingavoidablehospitalization,ERvisitse.Mortality
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DOMAIN Measures/Constructs
“Qualityoflife”andsocialparticipationmeasures:(The11LTSS-relatedqualityoflifedomainsidentifiedbyRosalieKane:Kane,R.A.(2001).Long-TermCareandaGoodQualityofLife:Bringingthemclosertogether.TheGerontologist,41(3),293-304.)
The11LTSS-relatedqualityoflifedomainsidentifiedbyRosalieKaneinclude:a.Autonomy/choiceb.Meaningfulactivity,whichmayincludeemploymentforworking-ageadultsc.Relationshipsd.Individualitye.Privacyf.Dignityg.Senseofsafety,security,andorder
Family-andfamilycaregiver-focusedoutcomes
a.Adequacyofcaregivingsupportservicesb.Caregiving-relatedemotionalstressesc.Caregiverphysicalinjuriesd.Caregiving-relatedfinancialstressese.Interfaceoffamilycaregivingandpaidhelp
Paidpersonalassistanceworkerandworkforce-relatedoutcomes
a.Wages,benefits,workhoursandconditions,turnoverb.Trainingand/orcertificationc.Injuriesd.Jobsatisfactione.Localavailabilityofworkerstomeetconsumerdemand
A D V O C A T E S G U I D E
I D E N T I F YI N G A N D S E L E C T I N G LTS S O U TCO M E M E A S U R E S | 29
Money Follows the Person (MFP) Quality of Life Survey (QoL)
DOMAINS
• Livingsituation
• Choiceandcontrol
• Accesstopersonalcare
• Respect/dignity
• Communityintegration/inclusion
• Overalllifesatisfaction
• Healthstatus
A D V O C A T E S G U I D E
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