THE RISE OF THE TEENAGER: ERIKSON

AND MARCIA

HISTORY OF ADOLESCENCE

G. Stanley HallCombined evolution with recapitulation theory

Physiological factors12-25 years oldSturm und Drang

A TIME OF STABILITY AND TECHNOLOGY

The 1940sThe market,

entertainment, and technology

Rise in youth delinquency

Subcultures

Eric Erikson

Stage 5 (10-20yrs)Identity verses

identity confusion transitional stage the importance of peers Love, work and ideology

(beliefs and values) an integrated image of

oneself as a unique individual

IDENTITY CRISIS (ERIC ERIKSON)

Crisis “refers to times during adolescence when the individual seems to

be actively involved in choosing among alternative occupations and beliefs” (Marcia, 1967, p.67)

Commitment “refers to the degree of personal investment the individual

expresses in an occupation or belief” (Marcia, 1967, p.67)

IDENTITY STATUSES (JAMES MARCIA)

IDENTITY STATUSES (JAMES MARCIA)

NoYes

No

Yes

Diffusion

Foreclosure

Moratorium

Achievement

Crisis Present

Com

mitm

ent

IDENTITY STATUSES (JAMES MARCIA)

NoYes

No

Yes

Exploration

Com

mitm

ent

I Dunno. I don’t really listen to my parents. Life sucks. Apathy central!!! Yes I am depressed.

I Make the Most of the Moment. Last year it was a lead guitarist. This year, a

Chemist. I react to the moment. This is me.

I Follow my parents. I respect them and their rules. Conform to karma … that’s my life. Some of my friend’s don’t understand.

I Actually Know who I am and want to be. I’ve enrolled in

the BYD and are set for life. I still love my parents and friends, but I am my own

person.

How set are these two theories?Do they apply to all youth?Are there any values underlying the theories which are not

universalDo we really have one identity – do we only achieve once?

REFLECTIONS

ETHNIC IDENTITY STAGES (PHINNEY)

Phinney’s one step before the Statuses

Stage One Unexamined Ethnic Identity

Diffusion/Foreclosure – unexamined means has let to exploreStage Two

Ethnic Identity Examined Moratorium – looking but no pressure to commit

Stage Three Ethnic Identity Achieved

From this a young person then can position themselves in terms of their ethnic identity – especially if from a minority culture

ETHNIC IDENTITY STATUSES (PHINNEY & DEVICH-NAVARRO)

High LowHigh

Low

Bicultural

Separated

Assimilated

Marginal

Identification with Ethnic Group

Iden

tifica

tion

with

M

ajor

ity C

ultu

re

ETHNIC IDENTITY STATUSES (PHINNEY & DEVICH-NAVARRO)

High LowHigh

Low

If you want to make it in the Pakeha world you have to

become Pakeha. Throw off the cultural baggage and absorb

your whiteness.

Identification with Ethnic Group

Iden

tifica

tion

with

M

ajor

ity C

ultu

re

I don’t know the ways of my people and can’t do their

culture. I can’t find a place in the Pakeha world. I am lost. I

am meanlingless.

Go on, I dare you, watch CRASH, you will see what I

mean. If the system is against you then go against the

system.

It is about living in two worlds. You have to walk differently in each world. It is about being

comfortable in different settings..

How is Phinney and Devich-Navarro similar to Marcia and Erikson?

How do they differ?Are there any statuses stronger than others? Is it really possible to be bi-cultural?How does wider society influence the choices a youth may

make about ethnic identity?

REFLECTIONS

Sits with and does sit within the bicultural status of Phinney & Devich-Navarro

Used by Tupola to explore the edgewalking of Samoan youthAlso known as Diasporic IdentityHaving to walk in two CULTURAL worlds/settings and adapt to

both worlds/settingsLooks at the tools used to find oneself on the edgeAcknowledges the difficulty and the potential to be lostAcknowledges the space for transformation as new tools are

used

EDGEWALKING

Looks like …Sounds like …Smells like …Tastes like …Feels like …This is what it is when …

LIVING ON THE EDGE …

AMP MODEL (BROWN ET.AL)

IncorporatesResists

Motivates

Evaluates Interprets

Pays Attention to

Lived Experience

Eminem (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh9LGytJOHk) What factors in his life lead him to hip hop – what is hip hop?? How has hip hop influenced his identity What has he incorporated/rejected

JB (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNZjTqIsdvc) What do you think the bedrooms of these girls would look like? What factors do you think were in the girls’ lived experienced? What motivated them to listen to the music? What did they interact with? How have they incorporated this music into their identity?

AMP MODEL (BROWNE ET.AL)