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7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 1/210
2::?
BHBAGN\B
SVBG@J^\DVJNB
AGJLGH^JB
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 2/210
^jlgstdhg Srgss B hgw oghgrbtjd h di Sufaj s`jho
Zdu brg rgbljho b iuaa vgrsjdh di t`js fddm, idr irgg!
\`js fddm js pbrt di t`g ^jlgstdhg g-ajfrbry w`grg kdst di dur
pufajnbtjdhs brg iuaay bnngssjfag idr irgg. Idr bnngss td kdrg
irgg fddms vjsjt5 www.sjlgstdhg.ndk/ajfrbry
Ldwhadbl Iuaa SLI
Yjsjt t`g ^jlgstdhg g-ajfrbry td ldwhadbl kdst di dur g-fddms idr
dhay ₡ <,73. Idr t`js kjhjkba igg ydu wjaa rgngjvg b iuaay iuhntjdhba
SLI bhl fy ldjho sd, ydu `gap td mggp dur ajfrbry ruhhjho.
www.sjlgstdhg.ndk/ajfrbry
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 3/210
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 4/210
BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6: Grrbtuk (p. 2<0)
Ijourg ?. \`g `dusg pabh. Jh t`g tdp
pbrt di t`g lrbwjho t`g pdst`dags
bsnrjfgl td t`g `dusg pabh brg
s`dwh jh fabnm= t`g lgpt`s di t`g
pdst`dags brg jhljnbtgl jh t`g fdttdk
pbrt. \`g rgkbjhs di t`g wddlgh
pdsts brg jhljnbtgl jh w`jtg. \`g
orgy pbrts ndrrgspdhl td t`g
t`jnmhgss di t`g fabnm abygr (sgg t`g
tgxt). \`g pdst`dags bsnrjfgl td t`g
`dusg pabh brg dutajhgl jh fabnm.
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 7/210
BHBAGN\BSVBG@J^\DVJNB
AGJLGH^JB
AGJLGH WHJYGV^J\Z 2::?
SWFAJNB\JDH DI \@G IBNWA\Z DI BVN@BGDADOZ
AGJLGH WHJYGV^J\Z
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 8/210
Vglbntjdh ndkkjttgg5 A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs / N.N. Fbmgas
Vglbntjdh di t`js vdaukg5 N.N. Fbmgas / B.A. vbh Ojeh
Orbp`jn lgsjoh5 @.B. lg Adrk
Ndpyrjo`t 2::? fy t`g Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy, Agjlgh
J^^H 329:-?<<?
J^FH :3-?>>90-22-2
^ufsnrjptjdhs td t`g sgrjgs Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjbbhl sjhoag vdaukgs nbh fg drlgrgl gxnausjvgay bt5
Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoyS.D. Fdx :7276>33 VB Agjlgh\`g Hgt`grabhls.
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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ndhtghts
Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg
Kbrgm Uvgagfja (gls.)Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh & Kbrgm Uvgagfja5 Srgibng 2
Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh & Kbrgm Uvgagfja5 ^tdhg bog, jlgdadoy bhl snbajho t`g abllgr di
jhigrghng >
Vjn`brl Frblagy5 Ldkgstjnbtjdh bs b stbtg di kjhl 2>
Jvbhb Vbldvbhdvjn & Fbrfbrb Ydytgm5 @uhtgrs, ijs`grs dr ibrkgrs5 sglghtjsk, sufsjstghng
bhl sdnjba ndkpagxjty jh t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn 2:
Kbrgm Uvgagfja5 @uhtgr-obt`grgr rjtuba abhlsnbpgs5 spbtjba drobhjsbtjdh, sdnjba strunturg
bhl jlgdadoy bkdho `uhtgr-obt`grgrs di Hdrt`grh Gurdpg bhl _gstgrh ^jfgrjb >>
Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt5 Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral5 t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh
^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb 72
Euajbh \`dkbs5 \`g kbtgrjbajty di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh 7?
Agd Ygr`brt & Kjand _bhsaggfgh5 _bstg bhl prgstjog5 t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh
jh t`g Hgt`grabhls irdk b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg 97
\drstgh Kblsgh5 Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn di ^dut`
^nbhljhbvjb5 b vjgw irdk t`g sdurngs ?7
Sjgt vbh lg Ygalg5 Kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho5 Fbhlmgrbkjm iuhgrbry rjtuba 0>
Kbredrjg lg Orddt`5 ^dnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g n`grt prdnurgkght
strbtgojgs di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkght bt @jgh`gjk, Fbvbrjb :2
Kbrm Glkdhls5 \bsmsnbpg, tgn`hdadoy bhl trbljtjdh ::
Ed`h D'^`gb5 B pdrtrbjt di bhnjght sdnjgty dh t`g ^dut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh 222
Ed`h Fbrrgtt5 ^tdhg bog jlgdadojgs 262
Lduoabs Agwjs5 Vgkbrms dh t`g prdfagk dh jhigrrjho jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg irdk
t`g brtjibnts di `ukbh bntjdh 2>2
L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs _btgrjhogh <5 b sgttagkght di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn @bzghldhm > Ordup jh t`g Lutn`
N.N. Fbmgas ndbstba brgb 2<>
F. Fggrgh`dut
B.A. vbh Ojeh
M. @ìhhjhgh
^. Kdaghbbr L. Sbbakbh
K. Ygrfruoogh
N. Ygrkggrgh
Ndrrjg Fbmgas Bnqujrjho b tbstg5 t`g kghu di Jrdh Bog bhl Vdkbh pgrjdl ibrkgrs jh Dss-Wssgh,
Ljgmg _gssgajho` t`g Hgt`grabhls 2:>
Jasg vbh Bkgh
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di stdhg bogndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg
prgibng
\`js vdaukg js t`g rgsuat di b ndhigrghng `gal bt t`g Hgt`grabhls Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl
^tuljgs, _bssghbbr, @daabhl, dh Bprja 60 bhl 6:, 2::<. \`g sufegnt di t`g ndhigrghng
idnussgl dh t`g sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy di t`g stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg
lurjho t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn pgrjdls (nb. 0333-<333 FS).
\`g qugstjdhs di sdnjba strunturg, sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy di `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho
bhl gbray ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g stdhg bog brg fgndkjho jhnrgbsjhoay nghtrba td dur
uhlgrstbhljho di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs bhl di t`gjr trbhsidrkbtjdhs. \`js rgbajsbtjdh `bs prdvdmgl
b ajvgay lgfbtg dh t`g sufegnt jh rgnght pufajnbtjdhs. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, kbhy brn`bdadojsts
bhl prg`jstdrjbhs bpprdbn` t`js qugstjdh irdk t`g pdsjtjdh di t`gjr dwh pgrjdl di rgsgbrn`
(gjt`gr Kgsdajt`jn dr Hgdajt`jn), bhl/dr irdk t`g pdjht di vjgw di b pbrtjnuabr pbrbljok t`gy
ibvdur. \`js `bs rgsuatgl jh kbhy ndhiajntjho vjgws w`jn` prdvjlg b pdagkjnba fbnmorduhl
td t`g sufegnt di t`g vdaukg.
\`g ndhtrjfutjdhs td t`g vdaukg idnussgl dh t`rgg pbrtjnuabr qugstjdhs5 2) w`bt ld wg
mhdw bfdut t`g sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs tdlby, 6) `dw nbh wg
usg brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng bhl dur ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms td objh orgbtgr mhdwaglog di
t`g sdnjba ldkbjh di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs, >) w`bt pbttgrhs di sdnjba
n`bhog bttghl t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh4
_g wdual ajmg td t`bhm t`g Hgt`grabhls Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl ^tuljgs (HJB^) idr kbmjho
t`g ndhigrghng ijhbhnjbaay pdssjfag bhl t`g stbii di fdt` HJB^ bhl t`g Jhstjtutg idr
Srg`jstdry di t`g Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh idr ojvjho oghgrdusay t`gjr tjkg bhl rgsdurngs w`jn`
kblg t`g ndhigrghng sun` b sunngss. \`g prgpbrbtjdh di t`g vdaukg wbs kblg pdssjfag wjt`
t`g ijhbhnjba suppdrt di t`g Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy, Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh. Ijhbaay, t`g
vdaukg wdual hdt `bvg ndkg jhtd fgjho, wgrg jt hdt idr t`g ndhtrjfutdrs irdk sjx ljiigrght
nduhtrjgs w`d obt`grgl bt _bssghbbr. \`g prgsghtbtjdh di pbpgrs bhl t`g ajvgay ljsnussjdhswgrg gh`bhngl fy suh-lrghn`gl strdaas badho t`g fgbn` jh _bssghbbr bhl sgssjdhs bt ^t.
Kdrjtz bbh lg Ugg. _g wdual ajmg td bnmhdwaglog t`g oghjus adnj bs b sdurng di
jhspjrbtjdh.
Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh bhl Kbrgm Uvgagfja
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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2. \`g oddl jhtghtjdhs
\ryjho td uhlgrstbhl t`g jlgdadoy di stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs
`bs bawbys fggh b kbedr n`baaghog, b vjgw ghnbpsuabtgl fy
N`. @bwmgs jh `js ibkdus ‐abllgr di jhigrghng' (@bwmgs
2:7<). Bnndrljho td t`g ‐abllgr di jhigrghng', jlgdadoy js t`g
bspgnt di `ukbh fg`bvjdr sd ibr rgkdvgl irdk t`g kdrg
gvjlght iuhntjdhba bttrjfutgs di brn`bgdadojnba lbtb t`bt bhy
jhigrghngs bfdut jlgdadoy kust fg tghtbtjvg, njrnukstbhtjba
bhl spgnuabtjvg. Jt idaadws, t`gh, t`bt jlgdadoy js t`g bspgnt
agbst sufstbhtjbtgl fy gkpjrjnba lbtb bhl t`grgidrg t`g kdstljiijnuat td jhtgrprgt. \`g rgbntjdh td t`js pdsjtjdh js wgaa-
mhdwh5 w`jag sdkg `bvg fggh rgtjnght td gvgh bllrgss t`g
jssug di sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy, dt`grs `bvg pabngl jt
bt t`g nghtgr di t`gjr jhvgstjobtjdhs.
\`g kbedr purpdsg di t`js fddm js td frgbm ldwh
ljn`dtdkjgs. \`g ijrst js t`g dhg fgtwggh sd-nbaagl
prdngssubajsts bhl pdst-prdngssubajsts, t`g dt`gr js t`g dhg
fgtwggh `uhtgr-obt`grgr, Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs bhl ibrkjho,
Hgdajt`jn dhgs. Idr b w`dag rbhog di rgbsdhs, jhnauljho
p`jadsdp`jnba drjghtbtjdh di rgsgbrn`grs, sn`dabray trbljtjdhs,
t`g rgspgntjvg bhtjqujty di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn
rgkbjhs, bhl t`g hbturg di t`g gvjlghng, t`g Kgsdajt`jn
`bs fggh trgbtgl kbjhay irdk b prdngssubajst pgrspgntjvg,w`grgbs t`g abtgr pgrjdls `bvg bttrbntgl t`gjr iuaa s`brg di
pdst-prdngssuba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs.
Kun` di dur brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g stdhg
bog rgiagnt pgrjdl-spgnjijn kdlgajho bhl t`gdrjzjho.
\`g Kgsdajt`jn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs `bvg fggh rgobrlgl bs
bngp`badus bhl gobajtbrjbh ndkkuhjtjgs, bs prjsdhgrs di
t`gjr hbturba surrduhljhos= w`bt ajttag `bs fggh wrjttgh dh
jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg wbs irdk b prdngssuba
pgrspgntjvg. Hgdajt`jn pgdpag, jh ndhtrbst, wgrg sggh bs
ghobojho jh ndkpagx sdnjba rgabtjdhs bhl wgrg rgobrlgl bs
jh ndhtrda di t`gjr hbturba ghvjrdhkght. Dhg rgbsdh idr t`js
vjgw js t`bt pdst-prdngssubajsts wgrg bttrbntgl fy t`g stbhljho
kdhukghts, ljtn`gl ghnadsurgs bhl vbrjdus idrks di brtjstjn
gxprgssjdh, bspgnts di kbtgrjba nuaturg w`jn` brg nagbray
ajhmgl td t`g sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba idnus di t`gjr rgsgbrn`.
Jh ndhtrbst, t`g Kgsdajt`jn bppgbrs td `bvg b ajkjtgl hukfgr
di sun` rgkbjhs. Bs t`js vdaukg jaaustrbtgs, t`js bppbrght
bfsghng js lug kdrg td pbrbljokbtjn jhljiigrghng rbt`gr t`bh
fgjho t`g rgiagntjdh di pbst rgbajty.
\`grg brg dt`gr rgbsdhs bs wgaa. \`g sufajkjhba ajhm,
tbnjtay rgndohjzgl fy fdt` pdst-prdngssubajsts bhl
prdngssubajsts, fgtwggh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs, hbturg bhl t`g
prjdrjty di `ukbh fjdadoy dh t`g dhg `bhl, bhl ibrkgrs,
nuaturg bhl t`g prjdrjty di nuaturba ajig dh t`g dt`gr, rgnrgbtgs
t`g Hgdajt`jn jh dur dwh jkbog. \`js js t`g sdnjgty di skbaa
jhljvjluba ibrkgrs, adnbtgl jh hgbtay drobhjzgl ijgal systgks
bs b rgpajnbtjdh di dur dwh jlgbajzgl ibrkjho abhlsnbpg.
Jkpajnjtay t`gh, wg brg kdrg nbpbfag di rgabtjho td Hgdajt`jn
ibrkjho nuaturg bs dur dwh bhngstdrs= wg nbhhdtndkprg`ghl `uhtgr-obt`grgr nuaturgs bs bhngstrba td dur
Gurdpgbh `grjtbog. Ndhsgqughtay, b abrog ndhngptuba obp
`bs fggh nrgbtgl fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn.
Jh dur vjgw, fdt` t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn wgrg
jhtgrhbaay ibr kdrg `gtgrdoghgdus t`bh wg `bvg rgndohjzgl.
\`js js t`g kbedr rgbsdh w`y t`js ljn`dtdky hggls td fg
bfdajs`gl.
\`g bssdnjbtgl sgpbrbtjdh fgtwggh prdngssubajsts bhl pdst
kdlgrh brn`bgdadojsts `bs basd fggh bh brtjijnjba ndhstrunt,
oghgrbtgl fy ditgh ndkpgtjtjvg lgfbtgs bfdut t`g kgrjts di
gbn` bpprdbn`. Jh prbntjng, vgry igw prdngssuba brn`gdadojsts
brg ndhsjstghtay bl`grjho td t`gjr prdorbkkbtjn stbtgkghts
bhl, gqubaay, vgry igw pdst-kdlgrh rgsgbrn`grs stjnm td t`gjrdwh prdnabkbtjdhs. Jh prbntjng, brn`bgdadojsts gnagntjnbaay
pjnm bhl n`ddsg irdk fdt` t`gdrgtjnba bpprdbn`gs. @dwgvgr,
jt js basd trug t`bt t`grg brg iuhlbkghtba ljiigrghngs jh t`g
usg di sdkg fbsjn ndhngpts (t`g gxjstghng di b rgba pbst,
nuaturg bs kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl, sdnjba bntjdh bhl
fg`bvjdr) fgtwggh t`g twd sn`ddas di t`duo`t. Jh t`gdry t`gy
brg jrrgndhnjabfag. Jh prbntjng, `dwgvgr, t`g vbrjbtjdh jh
bpprdbn`gs td spgnjijn prdfagks bhl nbsg stuljgs spbhs t`g
ghtjrg spgntruk fgtwggh pdst-kdlgrh bhl prdngssubajst
brn`bgdadojsts, bs gxgkpajijgl jh t`g prgsght vdaukg. \`js
rbhog js rgiagntgl jh t`g ljiigrjho snbags di jhvgstjobtjdh bhl
agvgas di bfstrbntjdh. Srdngssubajsts tghl td dpgrbtg dh adhogr
tjkg snbags bhl idnus dh abrogr drobhjzbtjdhba uhjts, w`jag
pdst-kdlgrhjsts ndhnghtrbtg kdrg dh s`drtgr tjkg snbags bhl
skbaagr, kdrg spgnjijn uhjts di drobhjzbtjdh.
_jt`jh brn`bgdadoy twd t`gkgs brg prdvjljho b idruk
idr rgndhnjajbtjdh bhl nrdss-igrtjajzbtjdh fgtwggh t`g twd
sn`ddas di t`duo`t5 dhg js abhlsnbpg, t`g dt`gr js sdnjba
drobhjzbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy. \`g ndhigrghng, di w`jn` t`js
Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh ^tdhg bog, jlgdadoy bhl snbajho t`g abllgrKbrgm Uvgagfja di jhigrghng
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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vdaukg js bh dutndkg, `bs fggh bt agbst pbrtay drobhjzgl
wjt` t`g bjk di frjhojho tdogt`gr rgprgsghtbtjvgs di ljiigrght
pdjhts di vjgw.
6. Ndhngptuba jssugs
Fdt` t`g nuaturg-`jstdrjnba brn`bgdadojsts bhl t`g Hgw
Brn`bgdadojsts t`duo`t di t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g pbst bsvbaug-irgg. \`gjr jhvgstjobtjdhs stbrtgl irdk t`g prgkjsg t`bt
t`g pbst ndual fg dfegntjvgay rgndhstruntgl bhl t`bt sun`
rgndhstruntjdh ndual fg gvbaubtgl fy t`g snjghtjijn
gxbkjhbtjdh di t`g gvjlghng. Bs b pbrt di t`g frdblgr
pdst-kdlgrh nrjtjqug, t`js prgkjsg wbs n`baaghogl fy t`g
pdst-prdngssuba brn`bgdadojsts. \`g fbsjs di t`js n`baaghog js
t`g prgkjsg t`bt brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng pbssgs t`rduo` bt
agbst twd `grkghgutjnba nynags di uhlgrstbhljho bhl
jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Ndhsgqughtay, t`g hbturg di t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrl bs bh dfegntjvg rgiagntjdh di pbst fg`bvjdr wbs
qugstjdhgl. Idr gxbkpag, t`g ljsnbrl di ruffjs` wbs hd
adhogr ndhsjlgrgl bh jhnjlghtba lgpdsjt rgiagntjho, idr
jhstbhng, sufsjstghng. Jt wbs jhstgbl bh jhtghtjdhba bhlsgagntjvg lgpdsjtjdh di wbstg, b sjohbturg di ndhngpts di
ljrt bhl purjty bhl t`gjr jlgdadojnba ndrrgabtgs. Bs sun`, jt
ljl hdt rgiagnt ljrgntay pbst sufsjstghng fg`bvjdr. \`js js
t`g ijrst di t`g twd `grkghgutjn nynags t`bt biignt t`g
brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:0?).
\`g sgndhl `grkghgutjn nynag rgsts jh t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di
t`js gvjlghng fy t`g rgsgbrn`grs w`d brg prjsdhgrs di t`gjr
dwh prgndhngjvgl jlgbs bhl jlgdadojnba prgeuljngs. Fgnbusg
gvgry brn`bgdadojst jhtgrprgts t`g pbst jh tgrks di `js dr `gr
boghlb t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdhs nbhhdt fg dfegntjvg. Sdst-
kdlgrhjsts fgajgvg t`bt t`g gvbaubtjdh di ljiigrght
jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g pbst fy kgbhs di idrkba tgstjho di
`ypdt`gsgs (t`g `ypdt`gtjnba-lgluntjvg kgt`dl) js jkpdssjfag
idr twd rgbsdhs5 ijrst, fgnbusg di t`g `grkghgutjns jh`grght
jh brn`bgdadojnba jhigrghng, bhl, sgndhl, fgnbusg t`g
ndkpagxjty di t`g brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng js sun` t`bt t`grg
js hd ljrgnt ndrrgspdhlghng fgtwggh t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs bhl
`ukbh fg`bvjdr dr sdnjba bntjdh. \`g rgkdvba di idrkba
tgstjho bs bh bpprdprjbtg nrjtgrjdh idr n`ddsjho fgtwggh
batgrhbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdhs, agbvgs t`g wby dpgh idr t`g
ljsnrjkjhbtjho nrjtgrjb fgjho lgijhgl fy t`g kdrbajty bhl
jlgdadoy di t`g jhljvjluba rgsgbrn`gr.
_g wdual ngrtbjhay borgg t`bt hd jhtgrprgtbtjdhs brg
vbaug-irgg. Baa jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g pbst brg ndhtjhoght dh
dur dwh jlgdadoy bhl `jstdrjnba fbnmorduhl= t`g jhtgr-prgtbtjdh jtsgai js `jstdrjnbaay sjtubtgl. Irdk t`bt jt idaadws
t`bt t`grg brg sgvgrba batgrhbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g pbst
pdssjfag. @dwgvgr, t`g gxtght td w`jn` t`js jlgb `bs fggh
prdkdtgl bs t`g lgsjrbfag idrk di ljsndursg agl td t`g
gkgroghng di t`g rgabtjvjst ljagkkb (Fjhidrl 2:0?= @dllgr
2:00= _yajg 2:0:). \`g fbsjs di t`g rgabtjvjst ljagkkb js t`g
gxjstghng di sgvgrba ndkpgtjho jhtgrprgtbtjdhs, baa di w`jn`
brg `gal td fg di gquba vbaug. \`g prdfagk t`gh fgndkgs
`dw td jlghtjiy b nrjtgrjdh fy w`jn` td eulog dhg gxpabhbtjdh
fgttgr t`bh dt`grs5 adojnd-pdsjtjvjsk hd adhogr suppajgs sun`
b nrjtgrjdh.
Bt t`js pdjht t`grg js b ljvgroghng di vjgws `dw td lgba
wjt` t`js prdfagk. \`grg brg t`dsg ajmg ^`bhms bhl \jaagy
(2:0?, 2:0:) w`d ld hdt bppgbr ljsturfgl fy t`js ljagkkb5t`grg js hd jh`grghtay prgigrbfag dr fgttgr gxpabhbtjdh,
t`g rgba pbst js bh jaausjdh, t`grg brg kbhy ljiigrght pbsts
w`jn` nbh dhay fg bpprg`ghlgl t`rduo` dur dwh wgstgrh
vjgwpdjht. Jh sun` b rgabtjvjst sjtubtjdh, ‑t`g trut`‛ fgndkgs
b kbttgr di ndhvjhnjho t`g rgblgr t`rduo` r`gtdrjn bhl
prgsghtbtjdh (t`g pdgtjns di ljsndursg). ^`bhms bhl \jaagy
hgvgr stbtg nagbray `dw t`gy n`ddsg t`gjr ibvdrjtg
rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g pbst, fut t`g jkpajnbtjdh js t`bt ‑t`g
kgrjt, dr eusthgss dr bnnurbny di bhy rgndhstruntjdh di t`g
pbst js uatjkbtgay td fg eulogl w`gt`gr dr hdt jt js usgiua
(jh t`g pdajtjnba sghsg) jh t`g kdlgrh wdral" (Vghirgw 2:0:,
>9, sgg basd ^`bhms/\jaagy 2:0?, 2:0). N`dsgh jh
ndhndrlbhng wjt` t`gjr dwh pdajtjnba fgajgis bhl prgeuljngs,t`g pbst t`gh fgndkgs pbrt di pdajtjnbaay-kdtjvbtgl
prdpbobhlb.
Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl t`grg brg dt`grs, sun` bs @dllgr (2:06,
2:09, 2::3), w`d, bat`duo` hdt fgajgvjho jh t`g rgbajty di t`g
pbst, hgvgrt`gagss fgajgvgs t`bt sdkg nrjtgrjdh di sgagntjdh
`bs td fg bppajgl. Idr @dllgr sun` nrjtgrjb nbh fg iduhl jh
Ndaajhowddl‚s ndhngpts di nd`grghng bhl ndrrgspdhlghng
(Ndaajhowddl 2:<9(2:7?)).
B t`jrl pdsjtjdh js tbmgh fy Ndajh Vghirgw (2::3) idr
w`dk b rgba pbst ldgs gxjst bhl js t`g dfegnt di jhqujry.
Jh `js nrjtjqug di ^`bhms' bhl \jaagy's prdorbkbtjn stbtgkght,
Brn`bgdadoy jhtd t`g 2::3's (2:0:), Vghirgw nabrjijgs
`js n`djng di nrjtgrjb fy w`jn` td gvbaubtg batgrhbtjvg
brn`bgdadojnba gxpabhbtjdhs jh t`g pursujt di systgkbtjn
mhdwaglog, dr _jssghsn`bit (2:0:, ><-<3). \`js jhnaulgs t`g
lgajfgrbtg bldptjdh di t`g snjghtjijn kgt`dl, t`g rgegntjdh di
gxtrgkg pdsjtjvjst pdsjtjdh, t`g usg di nrjtjnba sgai-bhbaysjs,
irgqught bppgba td t`g lbtb fy tgstjho, t`g rgegntjdh di
@gkpga's lgluntjvg-hdkdadojnba idrkuabtjdh (abws), fut bt
t`g sbkg tjkg, t`g sgbrn` idr oddl oghgrbajzbtjdhs bs
gxpabhbtdry irbkgwdrms, t`g rgegntjdh di rgsgbrn`gr's
pdajtjnba stbhng bs b nrjtgrjdh di vbajlbtjdh, bnngptbhng di
‐ndrrgspdhlghng‚ bs strdhogr t`bh ‐nd`grghng‚ bs nrjtgrjdh di
trut`, bhl gkp`bsjs dh prdngssgs rbt`gr t`bh spgnjijn gvghts.
Jh dur vjgw, t`g gvbaubtjdh bhl vbajlbtjdh di dur uhlgrstbhljho di pbst sdnjgtjgs nbh fg jkpagkghtgl dhay
bs b kuatj-ljkghsjdhba gxgrnjsg, nbrrjgl dut bt sgvgrba agvgas
di rgsdautjdh. Brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl rgigrs td gvghts di
ljiigrght lurbtjdh, rbhojho irdk s`drt dr ‐sjhoag gvght‚
gpjsdlgs, td adho-tgrk gvghts, kdrg bpprdprjbtgay lgsnrjfgl
bs prdngssgs. Ljiigrght sdrts di gvjlghng, sd lgijhgl jh b
tgkpdrba sghsg, kby rgqujrg ljiigrght kgbhs di gvbaubtjdh.
< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Idr gxbkpag, t`g gvbaubtjdh di sdkg bspgnts di b sjhoag
gvght „ t`g prgsghng/bfsghng di orjhljho, pdajs`jho dr nuttjho
bt b sjtg idr gxbkpag „ kby aghl jtsgai td rjodrdus tgstjho fy
idrkba `ypdt`gsgs. Dt`gr gvbaubtjdhs „ sun` bs t`g kgbhjho
di ljsbrtjnuabtgl `ukbh fdhg lgpdsjts jh b surrduhljho
ljtn` „ wjaa rgqujrg b kdrg bkfjoudus bssgsskght jh tgrks
di nd`grghng bhl ndrrgspdhlghng. Dt`gr idrks di gvbaubtjdhstjaa, idr gxbkpag t`bt di ‐t`g blbptjvg sunngss' di b
prg`jstdrjn ndkkuhjty, wjaa pgrkjt dhay bh gxgrnjsg jh
ndhtrdaagl spgnuabtjdh oujlgl fy t`g Lbrwjhjbh t`gdry di
gvdautjdh, ndkkdh sghsg bhl t`g rgndrl di t`g pbst. Bs js
jkpajgl fy t`js broukght, ljiigrght idrks di jhtgrprgtbtjdh
dpgrbtg bt ljiigrght tgkpdrba snbags, bhl rgigr td ljiigrght
bssgkfabogs di brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng. Jt js t`g smjaa di t`g
rgsgbrn gr jh t`g rgndhstruntjdh, gvbaubtjdh bhl uhlgrstbhljho
di t`g pbst bt sun` kuatj-ljkghsjdhba agvga, gkpadyjho fdt`
t`g ‐prdngssuba‚ bhl ‐pdst-prdngssuba‚ bpprdbn`gs, t`bt
kbrms, jh dur vjgw, b lgsjrbfag stgp idrwbrl irdk t`g gbrajgr
ghtrghn`gl pdsjtjdhs dh fdt` sjlgs di t`g prdngssuba/pdst-
prdngssuba ljvjlg._`y brg wg sd ndhngrhgl wjt` t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di
brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng bhl wjt` t`g vbajlbtjdh di
batgrhbtjvg vjgws di t`g pbst4 Fgnbusg jt `bs fggh brougl idr
b adho tjkg t`bt jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di sdnjgtjgs
ajvjho jh b rgkdtg pbst js, giigntjvgay, fgydhl t`g rgbn` di
brn`gdadojnba jhqujry (idr gxbkpag, bs jh N. @bwmgs' abllgr
di jhigrghng). Dhg di t`g dutndkgs di t`g pdst-prdngssuba
rgabtjvjst bpprdbn` td brn`gdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh wbs t`bt
jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg fgnbkg bnngssjfag, fgnbusg
tgstjho fy wby di idrkba `ypdt`gsjs bhl prddi wbs rgkdvgl.
Jh rgabtjdhs`jp td t`g sufegnt di t`g fddm, dur ndhngrh
rgkbjhs t`bt jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg di stdhg bog
sdnjgtjgs brg ndkprg`ghlgl bs bnnurbtgay bs pdssjfag,
jh dt`gr wdrls bs nadsg td t`g prg`jstdrjn rgbajty bs nbh fg
bn`jgvgl.
>. Jkpagkghtbtjdh
\`g rdag di jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh sdnjgty jh
oghgrba, bhl jh pbst sdnjgtjgs di t`g stdhg bog kdrg
spgnjijnbaay, js, di ndursg, b vbst sufegnt, t`g sukkbry di
w`jn` js fgydhl t`g rgkjt di t`js jhtrdluntjdh bhl fgydhl
dur nbpbnjty. \`g pgrtjhght p`jadsdp`jnba pdsjtjdhs rbhog
irdk rgobrljho jlgdadoy bs bh baa-jhnausjvg, ghnbpsuabtjho
p`ghdkghdh w`jn` lgtgrkjhgs t`g ndursg di dur ajvgs,
td bttrjfutjho b spgnjijn pabng bhl rdag td jlgdadoy bhlsdnjba strunturg wjt`jh b frdblgr strunturba irbkgwdrm
n`brbntgrjzjho bhy sdnjba drlgr (b.d. Lurm`gjk 2:>0=
Kbrx 2:9?= _`jtg 2:<:). Bh batgrhbtjvg vjgw, w`jn` js
objhjho nurrghny jh brn`bgdadoy , js t`bt ji t`g sdnjba ibfrjn js
uhljiigrghtjbtgl jh sjkpag sdnjgtjgs (Kbuss 2:7<), jt wdual
fg jhbpprdprjbtg td jkpdsg dur kdlgrh Nbrtgsjbh irbkg-
wdrms dh sdnjba ajig di t`g pbst sdnjgtjgs (@dllgr 2:06,
2::3= ^`bhms/\jaagy 2:0?, 2::3= \`dkbs 2::2, 2::9).
Jh prbntjng, `dwgvgr, jt js ljiijnuat hdt td bldpt sdkg idrk di
prgsghtay mhdwh sdnjba dr jlgdadojnba strunturg bs b `gurjstjn
lgvjsg idr ‐rgbljho‚ „ dr jhtgrprgtjho „ t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrl di t`g pbst bhl t`g dpgrbtjdh di pbst sdnjgtjgs bs b
systgk (j.g. @dllgr 2::3= \`dkbs 2::2= Uvgagfja 2::6b, f)
Irdk t`js jt idaadws t`bt t`g usg di bhbadojgs js nghtrba tdgvgry brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Jh dur vjgw ndhnrgtg
bhbadojgs bhl, kdrg oghgrbaay, bhbadojnba rgbsdhjho, js t`g
kdst jkpdrtbht vg`jnag idr ajhmjho brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng
wjt` sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy bhl idr uhlgrstbhljho
jts lyhbkjn rdag jh trbhsidrkjho sdnjgty. Bs t`js vdaukg
s`dws, ljiigrght pgdpag lgba jh ljiigrght wbys jh t`g usg di
bhbadojgs. _`bt js ndkkdh td baa ndhtrjfutdrs js t`bt t`gy
baa usg sdkg sdrt di bhbadoy, w`gt`gr gxpajnjtay (Frblagy,
Ygr`brt bhl _bhsaggfgh, Uvgagfja) dr jkpajnjtay (\`dkbs,
D'^`gb). Gbn` idrk di gxpajnjt bhbadoy `bs jts dwh
eustjijnbtjdh bhl jts dwh kgt`dldadoy, w`jag jkpajnjt bhbadoy
js ditgh prgsghtgl gjt`gr bs bh ghajo`tghkght, dr jt js
jkpdrtgl jhtd t`g broukght bs pbrt di bh bargbly gstbfajs`gljlgb.
\`grg brg ljiigrght typgs di bhbadojgs, sun` bs t`g oghgrba-
ndkpbrbtjvg bhbadoy, ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy dr strunturba
bhbadoy. \`g oghgrba-ndkpbrbtjvg bhbadoy js bntubaay t`g
kdst wjlgay usgl, fut basd kdst strdhoay nrjtjnjzgl. Jt
prdvjlgs t`g agbst ndhvjhnjho ajhm fgtwggh t`g dfsgrvgl
bhl t`g jhigrrgl, fgnbusg t`g dhay eustjijnbtjdh idr t`g
gkpadykght di t`js typg di bhbadoy ndkkdhay js t`g
gxjstghng di sdkg idrkba sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh sdurng bhl
sufegnt. Bh gxbkpag js t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh sjzg di b
lwgaajho bhl hukfgr di jh`bfjtbhts. Kdrg ditgh t`bh hdt
oghgrba bhbadojgs brg usgl jkpajnjtay bhl hdt sufegntgl td b
nrjtjnba bssgsskght jh t`g ajo`t di t`g gxtbht brn`bgdadojnba
lbtb.
\`g ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy js fbsgl dh t`g bssukptjdh
t`bt sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh twd n`rdhdadojnbaay ljstbht sdnjgtjgs
`bvg kdrg vbajljty ji t`gy s`brg t`g sbkg `jstdrjnba trbegntdry
bhl ogdorbp`jnba adnbtjdh. ^un` b idrk di bhbadoy js oghgrbaay
`gal td fg kdrg ndhvjhnjho t`bh t`g oghgrba bhbadoy, fut b
nrunjba bssukptjdh js t`bt di `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty. Jh t`js
vdaukg Uvgagfja's ndhtrjfutjdh dh prg`jstdrjn `uhtgr-obt`grgr
rjtuba abhlsnbpgs usgs ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy jh t`g
jhtgrprgtbtjdh.
\`g fbsjs idr b strunturba bhbadoy ajgs jh t`g fgajgi dr
gxpgntbtjdh t`bt sdnjgtjgs s`brg b ngrtbjh strunturg rgobrlagssdi t`gjr `jstdrjnba sjtubtjdh dr spbtjba adnbtjdh. \`g ndkkdh
hbturg di sun` strunturgs prdvjlgs t`g eustjijnbtjdh idr t`g
usg di bhbadoy. ^d, idr gxbkpag, jh Kbrxjst t`duo`t t`g
uhlgrayjho strunturg di sdnjgtjgs js `gal td fg bawbys t`g
sbkg. ^dnjgtjgs brg drobhjzgl jh tgrks di rgabtjdhs bhl kgbh
di prdluntjdh bhl t`js irbkgwdrm js bppajgl hdt dhay td t`g
nbpjtbajst jhlustrjba sdnjgtjgs idr w`jn` jt wbs drjojhbaay
7 B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ
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lgvgadpgl, fut basd td prg-jhlustrjbajzgl sdnjgtjgs bhl jhlggl
sdnjgtjgs jh t`g pbst dh t`g bssukptjdh t`bt t`g Kbrxjst
strunturg nbh fg usgl td gxpabjh sdnjba rgabtjdhs jh t`gsg
sdnjgtjgs bs wgaa. ^trunturbajsk di Aêvj-^trbuss bhl dt`grs
nbh fg usgl bs bhdt`gr gxbkpag w`grg `ukbhjty js gxpgntgl
td s`brg ngrtbjh ndohjtjvg strunturgs drobhjzgl jh tgrks di
fjhbry dppdsjtjdhs. Bs b t`jrl gxbkpag, jt ndual fg brouglt`bt jlgdadoy bhl, kdrg frdblay, fgajgi systgks s`brg ngrtbjh
strunturgs bhl pbttgrhs w`jn` ndual fg gkpadygl jh ajhmjho
gt`hdorbp`jn bhl prg`jstdrjn gvjlghng idr sun` systgks. ^d,
idr gxbkpag, t`g mjaajho di b fgbr lurjho b rjtuba sykfdajzjho
strunturba rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh pgdpag bhl t`gjr rgsdurngs
wjaa rgsuat jh b ngrtbjh pbttgrhjho w`jn` kby ndrrgspdhl wjt`
prg`jstdrjn ndhijourbtjdhs= sun` prg`jstdrjn pbttgrhs wjaa t`gh
bnt bs sjohbturgs di jlgdadojnba strunturgs mhdwh
gt`hdorbp`jnbaay. \`js abttgr gxbkpag di b strunturba bhbadoy
basd rgsts dh t`g bssukptjdh di `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty bhl,
irdk t`bt pgrspgntjvg, js bmjh td t`g ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba bhbadoy.
\`g idurt` bhbadoy js t`g n`rdhdadojnba, tgkpdrba dhg,
b typg di bhbadoy wg kby fg `brlay bwbrg di bhl w`jn`,ndhsgqughtay, wg tghl td gkpady jkpajnjtay. ^dnjgtjgs dpgrbtg
dh ljiigrght tjkg snbags, fgnbusg t`g pgrngptjdh, ljvjsjdh bhl
kgbsurgkght di tjkg js b nuaturba ndhstrunt. Kdrgdvgr, gvgh
wjt`jh t`g sbkg sdnjgty, ljiigrght tgkpdrba snbags brg dpgrbtjvg
sjkuatbhgdusay bs, idr jhstbhng, sbnrgl vgrsus sgnuabr tjkg
(Fdurljgu 2:??)5 t`g sgnuabr tjkg js ajhmgl td t`g sgbsdhba
rduhl bhl t`g rgnurrght lbjay bntjvjtjgs, t`g sbnrgl tjkg js
rgabtgl td t`g ndskdadoy bhl td rjtuba prbntjngs w`jn` kby
`bvg b tjkg lgpt` ibr gxnggljho dur wgstgrh ndhngptjdhs di
prbntjnba, kgbsurgl tjkg. \`gsg ljiigrght tjkg snbags `bvg b
ljrgnt jkpbnt dh t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl5
b rjtuba bnt, pgr`bps dnnurrjho bt vgry adho jhtgrvbas,
prdlungs b ljiigrght ndhijourbtjdh di kbtgrjba rgkbjhs t`bh
bh bntjvjty w`jn` dnnurs dh b lbjay fbsjs. \d ndkpajnbtg
kbttgrs, dur wgstgrh dhg-ljkghsjdhba ndhngpt di kgbsurgl
tjkg js jkpajnjtay usgl jh dur jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di pbst rgkbjhs
bhl t`g n`rdhdadojnba jkpajnbtjdhs t`grgdi. Irdk t`bt
pgrspgntjvg adho-tgrk n`bhog ndual dhay fg t`g rgsuat di
hbturba, ghvjrdhkghtba (j.g. gxtgrhba) njrnukstbhngs, w`grgbs,
usjho b ljiigrght tgkpdrba bhbadoy, wg nbh hdw bnngpt t`bt
sun` n`bhog nbh fg lug td sdnjba prdngssgs, oujlgl fy adho-
abstjho rjtuba ndhstrunts (Odslgh 2::<). Bh gxbkpag pgrtjhght
td t`g ndhtghts di t`js fddm js t`g uhjljrgntjdhba gvdautjdhbry
ibs`jdh jh w`jn` wg `bvg adho rgobrlgl t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk
t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn (Uvgagfja 2::>).Nagbray, t`g sdurng idr kdst bhbadojgs, w`gt`gr oghgrba-
ndkpbrbtjvg, ljrgnt-`jstdrjnba, strunturba dr tgkpdrba, ajgs jh
gt`hdorbp`jn bhl gt`hd`jstdrjn bnnduhts. Jh t`bt sghsg t`gsg
twd ajhgs di jhqujry prdvjlg kdst di t`g jkbogs wjt` w`jn`
wg try td kbmg t`g pbst ‐ndkg bajvg' sd td spgbm. \`js sggks
gspgnjbaay pgrtjhght td t`g sufegnts bllrgssgl jh t`js fddm5
sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy.
<. G-kgrojho jlgdadojgs5
t`g t`gkgs jh t`g vdaukg.
Bhydhg rgbljho bs ibr bs `grg wjaa hdt t`gh fg surprjsgl td
ijhl t`bt t`g vbrjgty di bpprdbn`gs, vjgwpdjhts bhl ndhngrhs
w`jn` wg `bvg frjgiay jhtrdlungl js kbtn`gl fy b vbrjgty di
vjgws bkdho t`dsg w`d `bvg bllrgssgl t`g brgb di sdnjba
strunturg bhl jlgdadoy bkdho stdhg bog sdnjgtjgs (ndkpbrg,idr gxbkpag, Frblagy 2:0<= Abrssdh 2:0:, 2::3= D'^`gb
2:0<= \`dkbs 2::2= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:= Uvgagfja 2::?).
\`js sjtubtjdh js basd rgiagntgl jh t`js vdaukg. Zgt, t`grg brg
basd brgbs di ndkkdh ndhngrh, jssugs t`bt ndkg td t`g idrg
rgpgbtglay jh ljiigrght pbpgrs, bhl dnnbsjdhba brgbs di
ndhsghsus. Jh b wby, t`gsg t`gkgs rgprgsght, jkpajnjtay, t`g
hgw, gkgrojho boghlb idr iuturg jhvgstjobtjdh.
Vjn`brl Frblagy's pbpgr bllrgssgs t`g gvjlghng idr
pbttgrhgl furjba prbntjngs jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn „ furjba trbljtjdhs
„ bt b pbh-Gurdpgbh snbag, bhl ljsnussgs t`g ljiigrghngs jh
trgbtkght di Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn furjba prbntjngs fy t`g
brn`bgdadojsts. @g hdtgs t`bt w`jag t`g Kgsdajt`jn spgnjbajsts
gkp`bsjzg blbptbtjdh td t`g hbturba ghvjrdhkght, stulghtsdi t`g Hgdajt`jn brg kdrg ditgh ndhngrhgl wjt` jlgdadoy bhl
sdnjba rgabtjdhs. \`js agbls basd td b ljiigrghng di snbag.
_`jag t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl js jhtgrprgtgl t`rduo` nadsg
rgbljho di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty js
ditgh jhtgrprgtgl t`rduo` t`g gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl. \`js kby
fg, pgr`bps, fgnbusg prg`jstdrjn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Gurdpg
brg hdt pgrngjvgl bs bhngstrba td dur dwh, Gurdpgbh sdnjgty=
ndhsgqughtay, t`grg js hd sghsg di `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty dr di
bhbadougs dt`gr t`bh t`dsg jh t`g gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl dutsjlg
Gurdpg.
Frblagy odgs dh td ljsnuss t`g kbedr igbturgs di
Kgsdajt`jn furjba trbljtjdhs w`jn` brg s`brgl bnrdss abrog
brgbs di Gurdpg. \`gsg jhnaulg t`g usg di rgl dn`rg, drobhjn
brtjibnts, bhtagr bhl iddl rgkbjhs jh t`g iuhgrbry rjtgs, di ldo
fdhgs bhl ldo furjbas, di t`g njrnuabtjdh di ljsbrtjnuabtgl
`ukbh fdhgs bhl di vdtjvg diigrjhos. Frblagy hdtgs t`bt
jsdabtgl `ukbh fdhgs brg trgbtgl jh t`g sbkg wby bs jsdabtgl
bhjkba fdhgs bhl t`bt ldos bppgbr td `bvg fggh trgbtgl bs
jhljvjlubas jh t`gjr dwh rjo`t, suoogstjho t`bt t`g jh`bfjtbhts
di ^mbtg`dak kblg hd ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g `ukbh bhl
bhjkba pdpuabtjdhs di t`g sjtg. Jh ibnt, jt wbs dhay ldos,
t`g sdag iuaay ldkgstjn bhjkbas bt t`g tjkg, w`jn` `bvg fggh
trgbtgl jh sun` b wby. \`js kbmgs sghsg jh tgrks di gt`hd-
orbp`jn bhbadojgs irdk bkdho hdrt`grh Gurbsjbh `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs, bs ljsnussgl abtgr fy Uvgagfja (t`js vdaukg).Frblagy basd hdtgs t`g pbunjty di stdhg strunturgs jh t`g
furjba prbntjngs di t`g Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs jh Gurdpg, w`jn`
js jh kbrmgl ndhtrbst wjt` t`g kgobajt`jn trbljtjdhs di t`g
Btabhtjn ^gbfdbrl lurjho t`g ghsujho Hgdajt`jn. \`g jkpajgl
ljsndhtjhujty kby fg kdrg bppbrght, t`bh rgba, `dwgvgr.
\`grg brg jhljnbtjdhs di kdrtubry `dusgs kblg di wddl bt
nbrgiuaay gxnbvbtgl sjtgs sun` bs ^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:00),
9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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bhl sabf-ajhgl njsts wgrg ndhstruntgl hdt dhay fy Kgsdajt`jn
`uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Frjttbhy, fut basd fy t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrs
di t`g Eìmìraì nuaturg jh t`g <t` kjaaghhjuk fn jh Ijhabhl
(Glorgh 2:99). Jh t`js vdaukg, \`dkbs gkp`bsjzgs t`g
brn`jtgnturba bhtgnglghts, gvjlght jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn kdrtubry
brn`jtgnturg, idr t`g abtgr Hgdajt`jn kdhukghts.
Ijhbaay, Frblagy's pbpgr jhtrdlungs twd kbedr t`gkgsw`jn` brg sufsgqughtay ljsnussgl jh kdst dt`gr ndhtrjfu-
tjdhs. Dhg js t`g jkpdrtbhng di igrtjajty bhl rgoghgrbtjdh jh
t`g sykfdajsk di t`g Kgsdajt`jn furjba trbljtjdhs, sykfdajsk
w`jn` js jh ndhndrlbhng wjt` t`g prgvbjajho pgrngptjdh di t`g
hbturba wdral bkdho kdlgrh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs bs b nrgbtjvg
idrng bhl bs ‑ojvjho ghvjrdhkght" (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::3).
\`g sgndhl t`gkg js t`g orbluba hbturg di t`g trbhsjtjdh td
ibrkjho gndhdky bhl t`g kdlgrbtjho rdag jlgdadoy di
`uhtgr-obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs wdual `bvg `bl dh sun` b
n`bhog5 t`js jssug js basd bllrgssgl fy Uvgagfja, Eghhfgrt,
\`dkbs, Vbldvbhdvjn bhl Ydytgm, bhl Glkdhls.
Kbhy di t`gsg t`gkgs brg iurt`gr lgvgadpgl fy Jvbhb
Vbldvbhdvjn bhl Fbrfbrb Ydytgm jh t`gjr trgbtkght di t`gLegrlbp Kgsdajt`jn jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog badho t`g
Lbhufg. \`g but`drs prgsght b kdlga w`jn` ndkfjhgs
sglghtjsk, sufsjstghng bhl sdnjba ndkpagxjty bs b sgt di
jhtgr-bntjho idrngs, agbljho td sdnjba gabfdrbtjdh bhl t`g
lgvgadpkght di sykfdajn ndlgs bssdnjbtgl wjt` jhnrgbsgl
sdnjba ndhtrda, oghlgr rdag/stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdh bhl sykfdajn
kbhjigstbtjdh di ordup nd`gsjdh bt t`g tjkg w`gh t`g jlghtjty
di Jrdh Odrog ndkkuhjtjgs wbs fgjho grdlgl t`rduo` ndhtbnt
wjt` t`g hgjo`fdrjho ibrkgrs.
Vbldvbhdvjn bhl Ydytgm gkp`bsjzg b rgtrgbt irdk
jhljvjlubajzbtjdh, bhl t`g prgvbaghng di t`g ndaagntjvg ordup
jlghtjty dvgr t`g jhljvjluba jh t`g abtgr p`bsgs bt Yabsbn
bhl Agpghsmj Yjr J bhl JJ5 lgvgadpkghts w`jn` ijhl pbrbaagas
jh dt`gr brgbs di Gurdpg jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl w`jn` brg
ljsnussgl fy \`dkbs bhl Glkdhls jh t`js vdaukg bs wgaa
bs gasgw`grg (j.g. N`bpkbh 2::>, 2::<= \`dkbs 2::2).
\`gy od dh td ljsnuss oghlgr rdags bhl oghlgr-fbsgl stbtus
ljiigrghtjbtjdh, suoogstjho t`bt t`g prgigrghng di wdkgh idr
b ljiigrght ajigstyag „ t`bt kbrmgl fy pabht bhl bhjkba
`usfbhlry „ wbs bh jkpdrtbht ibntdr jh t`g gvghtuba bldptjdh
di ibrkjho. \`g agssdh `grg bppgbrs td fg t`bt jlgdadojnba
ndhstrbjhts, bat`duo` nbpbfag di lgabyjho t`g bldptjdh di
ibrkjho, ibjagl td suppdrt t`g `uhtgr-ijs`gr ajigstyag jh t`g
adho ruh, fgnbusg jlgdadoy ndual hdt lgajvgr t`g prbntjnba
fghgijts td wdkgh w`jn` `bl fgndkg bvbjabfag wjt`ibrkjho.
Kbrgm Uvgagfja, jh `js ndhtrjfutjdh dh `uhtgr-obt`grgr
rjtuba abhlsnbpgs, gkpadys b ljrgnt `jstdrjnba bhbadoy di
rgnght `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs jh wgstgrh ^jfgrjb bs b mgy
td ndkprg`ghljho t`g kgbhjho di jlgdadoy bhl di t`g rjtuba
abhlsnbpgs di t`g prg`jstdrjn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Hdrt`grh
Gurdpg. \`g ljiigrght ndhngptjdhs di tjkg (Odslgh 2::<=
Ybsjngm 2::<= Uvgagfja 2::>) bhl t`g ndhngptuba irbkgwdrm
di strunturg bhl boghny (Ojllghs 2:0<) brg bppajgl jh bh
giidrt td jhtgrprgt t`g dpgrbtjdh di sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba
ibntdrs jh b lyhbkjn, `jstdrjnba pgrspgntjvg. Jh t`js
pgrspgntjvg t`g usg bhl kgbhjho di sykfdas n`bhog bs pbrt
di t`g prdngss di hgodtjbtjdh idr ndhtrda fgtwggh ljiigrght
sgokghts di t`g sdnjgty, fy bppgbajho td bh ghlurjhojlgdadojnba ndlg, s`brgl fy kbhy hdrt`grh `uhtgr-obt`grgr
sdnjgtjgs, w`jn` prdvjlgs t`g irbkg di rgigrghng idr n`bhogs
jh jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Hìkidrsgh jh Hdrt`grh ^wglgh bhl Daghjj
Dstrdv jh Mbrgajb brg usgl bs t`g gxbkpags di rjtuba
abhlsnbpgs, t`duo`t td `bvg fggh bt t`g nghtgr di sun`
bntjvjtjgs.
\`g ndhtrjfutjdhs di Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt, Euajbh \`dkbs bhl
Agd Ygr`brt bhl Kjand _bhsaggfgh baa bllrgss t`g sbkg
frdbl t`gkg di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh. Bat`duo`
t`gy bpprdbn` t`g tdpjn irdk ljiigrght pgrspgntjvgs bhl lgba
wjt` ljiigrght brgbs „ Eghhfgrt wjt` ^nbhljhbvjb, Ygr`brt bhl
_bhsaggfgh wjt` t`g Hgt`grabhls bhl \`dkbs wjt` Frjtbjh,
t`gy baa gkp`bsjzg t`g ndhtjhujty di sufsjstghng prbntjngsbnrdss t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh, t`g jkpdrtbhng di
ojit gxn`bhog, bhl di t`g s`jitjho kgbhjho bhl sykfdajsk di
kbtgrjba nuaturg. Jh `gr ndhtrjfutjdh dh kghtbajty bhl t`g
sdnjba wdral, Eghhfgrt basd idnusgs dh oghlgr rdags jh t`g
Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn jh ^nbhljhbvjb, dh t`g
ndhngptuba tyrbhhy di dur tgrkjhdadoy, bhl dh t`g sadw pbng
di sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba n`bhog jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb
lurjho t`g ‐trbhsjtjdhba‚ pgrjdl fgtwggh >633 bhl 6933 fn.
\`us, t`g orbluba hbturg di t`g gndhdkjn trbhsjtjdh
(Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:0<= Uvgagfja jh prgss) js
ndhedjhgl wjt` t`g sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba dhg.
\`dkbs ndhsjlgrs t`g rdag di kbtgrjba nuaturg jh t`g
Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh. @g brougs t`bt
kbtgrjba nuaturg ‑ldgs hdt sd kun` ghndlg kgbhjho t`rduo`
jts ibs`jdhjho bs prdvjlg bh bppbrbtus idr t`g nrgbtjdh di
kgbhjho" (\`dkbs, t`js vdaukg). \`g jhtrdluntjdh di t`g
Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg jhtd Frjtbjh ghbfagl t`g bfdrjojhba
jh`bfjtbhts di Frjtbjh td rglgijhg bhl kbhjpuabtg sdnjba
rgabtjdhs`jps, bhl td ‑trbhsidrk t`g kgbhjhos di t`gjr
abhlsnbpgs t`rduo` t`gjr ghobogkght wjt` kbtgrjba t`jhos",
rgobrlagss di bhy pbrtjnuabr gndhdkjn rgojkg. \`g bldptjdh
di t`g hgw ‐Hgdajt`jn‚ trbjts, sun` bs ngrbkjns, pdajs`gl stdhg
bxgs bhl kgobajt`jn brn`jtgnturg dnnurrgl rbpjlay fgtwggh nb
>633->333 fn, bhl ljl hdt hgngssbrjay ndrrgspdhl td t`g
bldptjdh di ibrkjho prbntjngs.\`js js ndhtrbstgl wjt` t`g ndhtjhujty jh gndhdkjn pbttgrhs
jh t`g Btabhtjn zdhg di Gurdpg w`grg `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho
rgkbjhgl b kbedr sufsjstghng bntjvjty. Jh Frjtbjh jh
pbrtjnuabr, t`grg wgrg w`dag brgbs di t`g nduhtry jh w`jn`
ldkgstjnbtgs `bl dhay t`g kdst kbrojhba di jkpbnts
(Brkjt/Ijhabysdh 2::6= Lghhgaa 2:0>= Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-
Ndhwy 2:09). \`g sbkg pgrtbjhs td t`g Hgt`grabhls (Aduwg
? B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ
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Mddjekbhs 2::>= Ybh Ojeh 2::3). \`js agbls \`dkbs td t`g
jhtgrgstjho ndhnausjdh t`bt t`g bldptjdh di ibrkjho ndual fg
rgobrlgl bs bh ‐dptjdhba gxtrb‚ td Hgdajt`jn jhhdvbtjdhs jh t`g
kbtgrjba nuaturg, sun` bs ngrbkjns, pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs bhl
kgobajt`jn brn`jtgnturg= t`gsg jhhdvbtjdhs rgprgsghtgl b sgt
di sdnjba bhl sykfdajn rgsdurngs w`jn` wbs bldptgl fy t`g
jhljoghdus `uhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl rg-jhvgstgl wjt` kgbhjho tdijt t`g rgojdhba ndhljtjdhs.
_bstg bhl Srgstjog, b ndhtrjfutjdh fy Agd Ygr`brt bhl
Kjand _bhsaggfgh, idnussgs dh t`g njrnuabtjdh di ojits bhl
dt`gr idrks di gxn`bhog bnrdss t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn
irdhtjgr jh t`g gbstgrh Hgt`grabhls. \`g but`drs usg t`g
gt`hdorbp`jn gvjlghng di b rgnght jhtrdluntjdh di kdlgrh
wgstgrh brtjibnts jh Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb td jkpbrt kgbhjho td
t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs di Hgdajt`jn jkpdrts, sun` bs pdttgry
bhl pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs bkdho t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrs di Abtg
Kgsdajt`jn Hgt`grabhls. Lgspjtg t`g kbrmgl ljiigrghngs jh
bpprdbn`, t`gjr ndhnausjdhs ditgh ndrrgspdhl td \`dkbs'5
t`g gndhdkjn prbntjng rgkbjhgl, bt agbst jhjtjbaay, uhbiigntgl
fy t`gsg gxn`bhogs, t`g kgbhjho di t`g dfegnts s`jitgl jhpbssbog irdk dhg sdnjba ndhtgxt td bhdt`gr, t`g sdnjba vbaug
di brtjibnts lgnajhgl bs t`gjr njrnuabtjdh jhnrgbsgl, t`grgfy
nrgbtjho b ndhtjhuba lgkbhl idr dt`gr, kdrg gxdtjn vbaubfags.
\`js jh turh nrgbtgs b hggl idr gndhdkjn jhtghsjijnbtjdh, bhl
gvghtubaay, idr t`g trbhsjtjdh td bhdt`gr gndhdkjn systgk.
Jh t`js snghbrjd, t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss js sggh prjhnjpbaay
bs b prdngss di sdnjba jhtghsjijnbtjdh, jhjtjbtgl fy t`g
gxn`bhog di (Hgdajt`jn) prgstjojdus dfegnts idr rbw
kbtgrjbas jh bh gxn`bhog systgk fbsgl dh mjhs`jp bhl
baajbhngs5 b vjgw t`bt `bs b adho bhl ljstjhoujs`gl trbljtjdh
(sgg idr gxbkpag, Fghlgr 2:?0= @bylgh 2::3= ^b`ajhs
2:?6).
\drstgh Kblsgh gxbkjhgs t`g gvjlghng irdk furjba
prbntjngs, p`ysjnba bht`rdpdadoy, kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl
nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb td dftbjh
jhsjo`t jhtd t`g n`brbntgr di t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Grtgfðaag
td t`g \VF nuaturg. @g js usjho jkpajnjt bhbadojnba rgbsdhjho,
gkpadyjho sun` ndhngpts bs sgokghtgl dr `jgrbrn`jnba
sdnjgtjgs. Kblsgh brougs t`bt jh tgrks di sdnjba strunturg
t`grg ldgs hdt sggk td fg b hdtbfag ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g
abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn. Fdt` pgrjdls brg
n`brbntgrjzgl fy t`g prgsghng di b sgokghtgl sdnjgty,
gxjstjho di kbhy skbaagr, strdhoay tgrrjtdrjba ordups, wjt`
t`gjr dwh spgnjijn kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl t`gjr dwh furjba
orduhls= ndkkuhba rjtubas wgrg vgry jkpdrtbht jh fdt`pgrjdls. \`g rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh ordups sggk td `bvg `bl
b vjdaght uhlgrtdhg, ndhsjlgrjho t`g strdho gvjlghng idr
p`ysjnba lgidrkbtjdhs dh `ukbh smuaas.
\`g sgndhl pbrt di Kblsgh's pbpgr lgbas wjt` jlgdadoy.
@grg `g ldgs dfsgrvg b ljsndhtjhujty fgtwggh t`g Grtgfðaag
bhl \VF nuaturg bhl idr t`bt rgbsdh `g dhay ljsnussgs t`g
gvjlghng irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn (`dwgvgr, pbpgrs fy Frblagy
bhl Uvgagfja ld bllrgss t`g Kgsdajt`jn). \`g \VF pgrjdl
sggs t`g gkgroghng di bh ghdrkdus hukfgr di nbusgwbygl
ghnadsurgs bhl kdhukghtba furjba tdkfs. \`gsg idrkgl t`g
idnus idr b orgbt lgba di ndkkuhba rjtubas, sdkg di w`jn`,
Kblsgh brougs, brg sd bajgh bhl dll td us t`bt jt js vgry
ljiijnuat td ndkprg`ghl t`g uhlgrayjho jlgdadoy5 abrog
qubhtjtjgs di `jo`-qubajty pdttgry wgrg lgstrdygl bhl t`giaddrs di t`g tdkfs wgrg ndvgrgl wjt` `uog bkduht di furht
iajht. Ijrg, fdt` bs lgstruntdr bhl nrgbtdr di ajig, sggks td
`bvg fggh jkpdrtbht jh rjtuba fg`bvjdr.
Kbrm Glkdhls, ajmg kdst but`drs rgprgsghtgl jh t`js
vdaukg, bl`grgs td t`g nurrght pdjht di vjgw t`bt t`g
trbhsjtjdh irdk Kgsdajt`jn td Hgdajt`jn wbs hdt b sullgh
dhg bhl t`bt t`grg js kdrg gvjlghng idr ndhtjhujty. @g
sufstbhtjbtgs t`js pdjht di vjgw fy addmjho bt t`g ‐fjdorbp`y'
di t`dsg pabngs w`jn` paby b nrunjba rdag jh t`g lbjay ajvgs
di prg`jstdrjn pgdpags5 stdhg sdurngs, s`gaa kjllghs, tdkfs
bhl ghnadsurgs. \d gxbkjhg t`gsg pabngs jh t`gjr strunturba
rgabtjdhs`jp, Glkdhls usgs Jhodal's (2::>) ndhngpt di b
‐tbsmsnbpg', jtsgai b ndhstrunt di gt`hdorbp`jn bhbadoy.@g hdtgs b ndhtjhujty jh t`g jkpdrtbhng bnndrlgl td
ngrtbjh pabngs, bnrdss t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh.
Idr gxbkpag, stdhg sdurngs w`jn` wgrg bargbly jkpdrtbht
idr Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs, idrkgl t`g idnus idr t`g
ndhstruntjdh di kgobajt`jn tdkfs bhl ghnadsurgs idr
Hgdajt`jn ordups. Vjtubas, prdnurgkght bhl gxn`bhog di
kbtgrjbas, t`g usg di pdttgry bhl ldkgstjnbtgs baa suppdrtgl
bhl kdljijgl t`g jlghtjty bhl t`g jhtgrhba bhl gxtgrhba
rgabtjdhs`jps di t`g ndkkuhjtjgs. Glkdhls ndhsjlgrs t`bt
t`g brn`gtypba sunngssjdh di vbrjdus p`ghdkghb, ndkkdhay
bl`grgl td fy brn`gdadojsts, ldgs jheustjng td t`g ndkpagxjty
di t`g prdngss di n`bhog.
_jt` t`g pbpgr fy Sjgt vbh lg Ygalg wg `bvg ndkg td
t`g iuaa Hgdajt`jn, t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm nuaturg. Ybh lg Ygalg
bldpts bh gxpajnjtay pdsjtjvjst stbhl bhl, ajmg D'^`gb, usgs
jkpajnjt bhbadoy td bttrjfutg kgbhjho td t`g brn`bgdadojnba
pbttgrhjho `g dfsgrvgs. Dh t`g fbsjs di t`g typg di orbvg
oddls prgsght jh t`g furjba orduhls di Gasadd (^dut`grh
Hgt`grabhls) bhl Hjglgrkgrz (V`jhgabhl jh Ogrkbhy),
`g ndhnaulgs t`bt Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjgty wbs kbtrjajhgba.
\`grg brg hd broukghts jh ibvdr di bh `jgrbrn`jnba drlgrjho
di Fbhlmgrbkjm ndkkuhjtjgs= bh gobajtbrjbh sdnjgty js
kdrg ajmgay. Jh t`g sgndhl pbrt di `js pbpgr `g ljsnussgs
t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm furjba lbtb, broujho
t`bt t`g prgsghng di furjba orduhls js rgba dhay jh t`g twdbfdvg-kghtjdhgl sgttagkghts bhl hdt lug td ndhsgrvbtjdh
dr gxnbvbtjdh njrnukstbhngs. Jt rgkbjhs td fg gxpabjhgl,
`dwgvgr, w`y dhay t`gsg twd sgttagkghts `bvg ngkgtgrjgs.
Jt js prdfbfay hdt jhnjlghtba t`bt t`gy brg basd t`g twd
abrogst wjt`jh t`gjr rgspgntjvg kjnrd-rgojdhs, w`grgbs
t`g lgbl irdk dt`gr vjaabogs wgrg ojvgh b ljiigrght
trgbtkght.
0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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Kbredrjg lg Orddt` bllrgssgs b vgry ljiigrght sufegnt
kbttgr, t`g sdnjba jkpajnbtjdhs di t`g wby iajht wbs
prdnurgl jh ^dut`grh Fbvbrjb, Ogrkbhy. ^`g ndkpbrgs t`g
gxtrbntjdh bhl prdluntjdh kdlg lurjho t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn
(Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm) pgrjdl bhl t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn.
Lurjho t`g ijrst pgrjdl n`grt, kdstay di hdluabr mjhl, wbs
prdnurgl bt ljiigrght pabngs bhl dhay jhjtjbaay tgstgl idr sujtbfjajty fgidrg fgjho frduo`t td t`g sgttagkght= Lg Orddt`
rgigrs td t`js bs t`g ‐ldkgstjn kdlg di prdluntjdh‚.
Orblubaay, tbfuabr n`grt fgnbkg t`g kdst prgigrrgl rbw
kbtgrjba bhl lggp-s`bit kjhjho stbrtgl. Jh bhbadoy wjt` t`g
stdhg-usjho pgdpags di Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb bhl Bustrbajb, Lg
Orddt` brougs t`bt t`g kjhjho wbs hdt bh drobhjzgl
ghtgrprjsg fy t`g prjvjagogl igw `bvjho bnngss td t`g kjhg-
sjtg, fut b sgbsdhba bntjvjty idr t`g pgdpag irdk bfdut >3
mhdwh sgttagkghts adnbtgl jh t`g hgbr vjnjhjty di t`g kjhg.
Lg Orddt`'s pbpgr s`dws t`bt fy b nbrgiua gxbkjhbtjdh di
dhg lbtb sgt, t`g stdhg jkpagkghts, jh rgabtjdh td sgttagkght
adnbtjdh, ljstrjfutjdh di rbw kbtgrjbas, adnbtjdh di
kdhukghts bhl sd idrt`, jt wbs pdssjfag td gxpabjh t`g lggp-s`bit kjhjho jh tgrks di t`g jhtghsjijnbtjdh di fdt` rgojdhba
bhl adho-ljstbhng ndkkuhjnbtjdh bhl jhtgr-ordup jhtgrbntjdh.
Ed`h D'^`gb lgbas wjt` t`g ‐lbwh' di t`g Gbray Frdhzg
Bog dh t`g sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh. Bt t`bt tjkg t`grg wbs b
kdsbjn di rgojdhba nuaturgs, prdfbfay rgiagntjho t`g gxjstghng
di b wgaa-lgijhgl trjfba abhlsnbpg. \`g pbpgr bllrgssgs t`g
furjba prbntjngs di t`g Kbrds-ordup, dhg di t`g rgojdhba
nuaturgs rgprgsghtgl. \`gsg prbntjngs wgrg `jo`ay strunturgl,
wjt` bog bhl oghlgr fgjho t`g prjkbry drobhjzjho prjhnjpags.
\`g furjba ojits bhl t`g pbttgrhjho t`grgjh, ndkfjhgl wjt`
sgttagkght jhidrkbtjdh, ojvg jhljnbtjdhs bfdut t`g
drobhjzbtjdh di t`g Kbrds-ndkkuhjty. \`grg js sdkg
sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh, bt agbst idur `grgljtbry diijngs fgjho
ljiigrghtjbtgl bhl wgbat` fgjho uhgqubaay ljstrjfutgl bnrdss
t`g vbrjdus `dusg`dals. Gbn` ndkkuhjty ndhsjstgl di sjx
td gjo`t `dusg`dals bhl t`g ndkkuhjtjgs wgrg jhtgrrgabtgl bs
b addsg ndhiglgrbny.
Jh mggpjho wjt` t`g prdngssubajst, pdsjtjvjst pbrbljok,
D'^`gb blvdnbtgs bh bht`rdpdadoy di t`g pbst, w`grgfy t`g
pbttgrhs dfsgrvbfag jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl wjaa
rgprgsght t`g ndhsjstght rgpgtjtjdh di t`gsg fg`bvjdrs fy t`g
ajvjho sdnjgty. Idr t`js rgbsdh bhbadojgs td t`g gt`hdorbp`jn
prgsght brg hdt rgqujrgl bs b eustjijnbtjdh, fgnbusg t`g
nd`grghng jh t`g pbttgrhjho s`dual fg sgai-gvjlght. @dwgvgr,
bs D‚^`gb `jksgai strgssgs, t`g furjba prbntjngs di t`g Kbrdsndkkuhjtjgs `bppgh td `jo`ay strunturgl, jh b wby,
kdrgdvgr, w`jn` js rgndohjzbfag jh t`g brn`gdadojnba
rgkbjhs. \`g qugstjdh rgkbjhs, `dwgvgr, w`gt`gr wg nbh
ljspdsg di bhbadojgs w`grg t`g brn`gdadojnba pbttgrhjho js
agss gvjlght.
Jh ndhtrbst td D'^`gb, Ed`h Fbrrgtt rgbn`gs jhtd pdst- pdst-
kdlgrhjsk, t`grgfy agbpjho dvgr sdkg di t`g pbrbljokbtjn
stbtgkghts ndkkdh td pdst-prdngssubajsk. @g stbrts wjt` b
kdvjho bnnduht di b prg`jstdrjn ibkjay gvght bhl bsms ji t`g
rgsdautjdh di t`g brn`gdadojnba rgndrl wjaa gvgr fg oddl
ghduo` td rgvgba ‐bh brn`bgdadoy di tbam‚. \`js js uhajmgay.
Bs Fbrrgtt `jksgai hdtgs, ‑td bssgrt t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg js
kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl js dhg t`jho, td uhlgrstbhl `dw
t`dsg kgbhjhos wgrg nrgbtgl bhl dpgrbtgl `jstdrjnbaay,bhl td gstbfajs` t`g kgbhs fy w`jn` brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs
nbh gxpadrg sun` jssugs, js qujtg bhdt`gr" (t`js vdaukg).
@g odgs dh td bttgkpt td sgpbrbtg kgbhjhos adnbtgl jh t`g
adho tgrk strunturba rgabtjdhs`jps, ljrgntay dfsgrvbfag jh t`g
brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng irdk t`dsg w`jn` wgrg b rgndohjsgl
pbrt di t`g ajvjho gxpgrjghng di t`g pgdpag wg bs
brn`bgdadojsts nabjk td stuly. Jh b nrjtjnba bpprbjsba di t`g
rgnght wdrm fy \jaagy (2::<) bhl \`dkbs bhl \jaagy (2::>)
`g s`dws `dw brn`bgdadojsts tghl td ndhiusg t`g twd
p`ghdkghb.
\`g ibaa-dut irdk Fbrrgtt's pbssbog di brks js t`duo`t-
prdvdmjho. Boghny js rgobrlgl bs t`g dhay-vg`jnag di n`bhog
w`jag strunturgs brg ‑t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn` gxjst bhl w`jn``ukbhs rgndohjzg bs rgsdurngs wjt` w`jn` t`gy nbh wdrm...
^trunturg bhl boghny ld hdt idrk b lubajty fgnbusg gbn`
jhtgrpghgtrbtgs t`g dt`gr t`rduo` t`g ndhsnjdushgss di
boghny... Boghny js t`grgidrg sjtubtgl wjt`jh pbrtjnuabr
strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt ndkprg`ghls bhl t`rduo`
w`jn` jt js bfag td bnt bhl td ndkkuhjnbtg t`g fbsjs di t`bt
ndkprg`ghsjdh" (Fbrrgtt, t`js vdaukg).
Lduoabs Agwjs, bh bht`rdpdadojst w`d bntgl bs b
ljsnussbht bt t`g drjojhba ndhigrghng, `bs wrjttgh bh
gvbaubtjvg pbpgr bfdut t`g rgabtjvg kgrjts di bht`rdpdadoy
bhl brn`gdadoy jh t`gjr bttgkpts td kbmg stbtgkghts bfdut
jlgdadoy. Agwjs hdtgs t`bt t`g dfegnts di stuly di
bht`rdpdadojsts bhl brn`bgdadojsts brg hdt t`bt ljiigrght.
\`grg brg, `dwgvgr, jkpdrtbht ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g twd
ljsnjpajhgs jh kbmjho jhigrghtjba stbtgkghts bfdut sdnjba
strunturg, jlgdadoy bhl nuaturg di t`g sdnjgtjgs jh qugstjdh.
Bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh jhigr sdnjba bntjdh ljrgntay irdk t`g
stbtgkghts di `js jhidrkbhts „ bntjdh idr w`jn` t`g
kdtjvbtjdh, jhnauljho jlgbs bhl fgajgis, brg mhdwh fy
jhtgrvjgwjho t`g jhidrkbhts. Bh brn`bgdadojst `bs td kbmg
twd jhigrghtjba agbps5 irdk kbtgrjba nuaturg td fg`bvjdr,
irdk fg`bvjdr td sdnjba bntjdh (jhnauljho jlgdadoy). Agwjs
odgs dh td ljsnuss t`g kgbhjho bhl sjohjijnbhng di nuaturg,
ndhnauljho ‑.... nuaturg js hdt b t`jho bh brn`bgdadojst jhigrs
(dr bh gt`hdorbp`gr dfsgrvgs). Jt js, rbt`gr, b t`gdry lgvjsgltd gxpabjh w`bt nbh fg dfsgrvgl bhl lgsnrjfgl (brtjibnts, jh
t`g kdst ndkprg`ghsjvg sghsg, idr brn`bgdadojsts, bntjdh
idr gt`hdorbp`grs)‛ (Agwjs, t`js vdaukg). Agwjs‚ rgkbrms
diigr b `gbat`y bkduht di nbutjdh, wjt` w`jn` wg s`dual
trgbt dur jhigrghtjba stbtgkghts bhl dur ndhnausjdhs bfdut t`g
fgajgis, kdtjvbtjdh bhl sdnjba strunturg di prg`jstdrjn
ndkkuhjtjgs.
: B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ
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7. Ndhnausjdh
Baa di t`g pbpgrs jh t`js vdaukg brrjvg bt jhigrghngs bfdut
jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg. Jt sggks t`bt t`g ljn`dtdky
fgtwggh t`g prdngssuba bhl pdst-kdlgrh bpprdbn`gs `bs
fggh kdlgrbtgl fy dur ndkkdh ndhngrh idr t`g sdnjba
strunturg bhl jlgdadoy di stdhg bog sdnjgty. @dwgvgr, wjt`
rgspgnt td t`g dt`gr ljn`dtdky prgvbjajho jh t`js fddm, t`btfgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn, `grg ljstjhntjdhs
rgkbjh. Sgr`bps, wg brg ibr tdd ndhstrbjhgl bhl strunturgl fy
dur dwh tgrkjhdadoy bhl n`rdhdadojnba sn`gkbtb bhl wg
s`dual bfdajs` t`g ljstjhntjdh baatdogt`gr, bs Eghhfgrt (t`js
vdaukg) suoogsts. Fut bs Fbrrgtt `bs s`dwh jh `js dwh
pbpgr, tgrkjhdadojnba bhl jhtgrprgtbtjvg ndhiusjdhs brg
bargbly ghlgkjn bkdho brn`bgdadojsts5 ojvgh t`js sjtubtjdh,
nbh wg ndkkuhjnbtg ji wg orbsp t`g lgorgg di irggldk di
gxprgssjdh `g js blvdnbtjho4 Dur dpjhjdh js t`bt wg nbhhdt
ld sd, fut t`bt dhg sdautjdh dut di t`js ljagkkb js td t`jhm
kdrg jh tgrks di prdngssgs rbt`gr t`bh gvghts, bhl td lgba
wjt` ljbn`rdhjn rgsgbrn` qugstjdhs rbt`gr t`bh ‐gt`hdorbp`jn
jhstbhts‚ jh t`g pbst. Hdt gvgrydhg js ajmgay td borgg wjt` t`jsrgndkkghlbtjdh5 wg jhvjtg ydu, t`g rgblgr, td rgbl t`rduo`
t`g vdaukg bhl kbmg up ydur dwh kjhl.
rgigrghngs
Brkjt, J. & F. Ijhabysdh 2::6. @uhtgr-obt`grgrs trbhsidrkgl5 t`g
trbhsjtjdh td borjnuaturg jh hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh Gurdpg, Bhtjqujty
99, 99<-?9.
Fghlgr, F. 2:?0. @uhtgr-obt`grgr td ibrkgr5 b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg,
_dral Brn`bgdadoy 23, 63<-6>.
Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:0?. Lbtb, rgabtjvjsk bhl brn`bgdadojnba snjghng,
Kbh 66, >:2-<3<.
Fjrl-Lbvjl, H. 2::3. \`g ojvjho ghvjrdhkght5 bhdt`gr pgrspgntjvg
dh t`g gndhdkjn systgk di obt`grgr-`uhtgrs,Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy
>2, 20:-2:9.
Fdurljgu, S. 2:??. Dutajhg di b t`gdry di prbntjng, Nbkfrjlog.
Frblagy, V. 2:0<. \`g sdnjba iduhlbtjdhs di prg`jstdrjn Frjtbjh, Adhldh.
N`bpkbh, E. 2::>. ^dnjba pdwgr jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5
E. N`bpkbh & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdh bhl
jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Balgrs`dt, ?2-266.
N`bpkbh, E. 2::<. \`g drjojhs di ibrkjho jh sdut`-Gbst Gurdpg,
Srê`jstdjrg Gurdpêghhg 9, 2>>-279.
Ndajhowddl, V. 2:<9 (2:7?).\`g jlgb di `jstdry, Dxidrl.
Lghhgaa, V. 2:0>. Gurdpgbh gndhdkjn prg`jstdry, Adhldh.
Lurm`gjk, G. 2:>0. Vuags di sdnjdadojnba kgt`dl , N`jnbod.
Glorgh, \. 2:99. Eìmìraì-Oruppgh. ^udkgh Kujhbjskujstdy`ljs-
tymsgh Bjmbmbusmjreb 9< (kdhdorbp`), @gasjhmj.
Ojllghs, B. 2:0<. \`g ndhstjtutjdh di sdnjgty, Fgrmgagy/Ads Bhogags.
Ojeh, B.A. vbh 2::3. Iuhntjdhba ljiigrghtjbtjdh di Abtg Hgdajt`jn
sgttagkghts jh t`g Lutn` ndbstba brgb. Jh5 F. Orìsauhl (gl.) \`g
jhtgrprgtjvg pdssjfjajtjgs di kjnrdwgbr bhbaysjs, Wppsbab, ??-0?.
Odslgh, N. 2::<. ^dnjba fgjho bhl tjkg, Dxidrl.
@bwmgs, N`. 2:7<. Brn`bgdadojnba t`gdry bhl kgt`dl5 sdkg
suoogstjdhs irdk t`g dal wdral, Bkgrjnbh Bht`rdpdadojst 79,
277-290.
@bylgh, F. 2::3. Hjkrdls, pjsnbtdrs, paunmgrs bhl pabhtgrs5
t`g gkgroghng di iddl prdluntjdh, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba
Brn`bgdadoy :, >2-9:.
@dllgr, J. 2:06. \`g prgsght pbst , Adhldh.
@dllgr, J. 2:09. Vgbljho t`g pbst , Nbkfrjlog.
@dllgr, J. 2:00. Brn`bgdadoy bhl t`gdry5 rgpay td Fjhidrl 2:0?,
Kbh 6>, 2?>-2?<.
@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg5 strunturg bhl
ndhtjhoghny jh Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs, Dxidrl.
Jhodal, \. 2::>. \`g tgkpdrbajty di abhlsnbpg,_dral Brn`bgdadoy
67, 276-?<.
Abrssdh, A. 2:00. B ndhstruntjdh idr ngrgkdhjba bntjvjtjgs irdk t`g
Abtg Kgsdajt`jn, Kgllgabhlgh irçh Auhls uhjvgrjtgts `jstdrjsmb
kusguk 2:0?-0, 7-20.
Abrssdh, A. 2:0:. Abtg Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs bt^mbtg`dak, sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn jh
Gurdpg, Gljhofuro, >9?-?0.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>. \`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn
trbhsidrkbtjdh jh t`g Adwgr V`jhg Fbsjh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg
stuljgs jh Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Fdnb Vbtdh, :7-2<7.
Kbrx, M. 2:9? (2:0?). Nbpjtba 2, gljtgl fy Irjglrjn` Ghogas, Hgw
Zdrm.
Kbus, K. 2:7<. \`g ojit , Adhldh.
D'^`gb, E. 2:0<. Kdrtubry vbrjbfjajty5 bh brn`bgdadojnba jhvgstj-
obtjdh, Drabhld.
Vghigw, N. 2:0:. Ndkkghts dh Brn`bgdadoy jhtd t`g 2::3s,
Hdrwgojbh Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw 66, >>-<2.
^b`ajhs, K. 2:?6. ^tdhg bog gndhdkjns, N`jnbod.
^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:0?. ^dnjba t`gdry bhl brn`bgdadoy,
Nbkfrjlog.
23 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideology-and-social-structure-of-stone-age-communities-in-europe-also-including 19/210
^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:0:. Brn`bgdadoy jhtd t`g 2::3s,
Hdrwgojbh Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw 66, 2-26.
\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg, Dxidrl.
\`dkbs, E. 2::2. Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Nbkfrjlog.
\`dkbs, E. 2::9. \jkg, nuaturg bhl jlghtjty5 bh jhtgrprgtjvg
brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.
\`dkbs, E. & N. \jaagy 2::>. \`g bxg bhl t`g tdrsd5 sykfdajn
strunturgs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Frjttbhy. Jh5 N. \jaagy (gl.)
Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, 667->69.
Ybh lgr Ygalg, S. 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg, Bhbagntb
Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 26.
Ybsj ngm, U 2::<. Dfrbzy kjhuadstj. D fyt j , pdzhbhj b pdl bhj
kjhuaê`d n bsu, Srb`b.
_`jtg, A. 2:<:. \`g snjghng di nuaturg, Hgw Zdrm.
_yajg, B. 2:0:. Kbttgrs di ibnt bhl kbttgrs di jhtgrgst. Jh5^. ^`ghhbh (gl.) Brn`bgdadojnba bpprdbn`gs td nuaturba jlghtjty,
Adhldh, :<-23:.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::6b. Vgvjgw di t`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg fy
J. @dllgr, Bhtjqubrjgs Edurhba ?3, <02-<06.
Uvgagfja K. 2::6f. Igbr di iayjho dr `dw td sbvg ydur dwh
pbrbljok. B rgvjgw di Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn fy Euajbh \`dkbs,
Bhtjqujty 99, 022-02<.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::>. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl ‑Srgsghnjho" t`g
Kgsdajt`jn, Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw irdk Nbkfrjlog, 26(6), 72-?3.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::?. _`bt's jh b hbkg5 \`g Kgsdajt`jn, t`g
Hgdajt`jn bhl sdnjba n`bhog bt t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh.
Jh K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog
jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg, 2->7 Oabsodw.
Uvgagfja, K. & S.B. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:0<. \rbhsjtjdh td ibrkjho
jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg5 b `uhtgr-obt`grgr pgrspgntjvg, Hdrwgojbh
Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw 2?, 23<-60.
Uvgagfja, K. & S.B. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs jh
Btabhtjn Gurdpg. Jh5 K. Uvgagfja (gl.) @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh,
Nbkfrjlog, 9?-:>.
Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh
Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy
Agjlgh WhjvgrsjtySF :727
HA-6>33 VB Agjlgh
Kbrgm Uvgagfja
Lgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy bhl Srg`jstdry
Whjvgrsjty di ^`giijgal
Hdrt`obtg @dusg, _gst ^trggt
WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal
22 B. YBH OJEH BHL K. UYGAGFJA „ ^\DHG BOG, JLGDADOZ
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Srg`jstdrjbhs brg ibsnjhbtgl fy trbhsjtjdhs, fut t`gsg
trbhsjtjdhs brg di twd ljiigrght mjhls. \`grg brg t`g n`bhogs
t`bt uhlduftglay `bppghgl jh t`g pbst, bhl t`gsg sgt t`g
boghlb idr kbhy prdorbks di rgsgbrn`. \`g lgvgadpkght di
bnblgkjn brn`bgdadoy `bs basd fggh puhntubtgl fy bfrupt
n`bhogs di pgrspgntjvg. Jt js w`grg t`g twd ndhvgrog t`bt
t`grg js sd kun` kjsuhlgrstbhljho.
B nabssjn gxbkpag di t`gsg prdfagks js prdvjlgl fy t`g
Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh, idr t`js gpjtdkjzgs fdt` di t`gsg prdngssgs. ^n`dabrs wdrmjho dh gjt`gr sjlg di t`js
t`rgs`dal bldpt qujtg ljiigrght bpprdbn`gs. Kgsdajt`jn
spgnjbajsts gkp`bsjzg blbptbtjdh td t`g hbturba ghvjrdhkght,
w`jast t`dsg w`d stuly t`g Hgdajt`jn brg kdrg ditgh
ndhngrhgl wjt` jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba rgabtjdhs. \`grg js basd b
ljiigrghng di snbag. \`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl js jhtgrprgtgl
t`rduo` b nadsg rgbljho di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, wjt`
t`g rgsuat t`bt kdlgas nbh fg pbrtjnuabrjstjn bhl irustrbtjhoay
ljvgrsg. Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty, dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, js ditgh
jhtgrprgtgl t`rduo` t`g gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl. Jt sggks `brlay
surprjsjho t`bt t`g trbhsjtjdh fgtwggh t`dsg pgrjdls js sd
ljiijnuat td ljsnuss. \`js pbpgr ndhsjlgrs t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh
di Kgsdajt`jn furjbas jh Gurdpg bhl js bh bttgkpt td frgbmldwh sdkg di t`gsg jhtgaagntuba fbrrjgrs. Jt trgbts Kgsdajt`jn
jlgdadoy jh t`g sbkg kbhhgr bs Hgdajt`jn systgks di fgajgi.
Jh tbmjho bh gvgh-`bhlgl bpprdbn` jt kby basd s`gl ajo`t dh
t`g bldptjdh di borjnuaturg.
^dkg di t`g gbrajgst kbhjigstbtjdhs di Hgdajt`jn nuaturg brg
prdvjlgl fy furjba kduhls, fut wg basd ijhl bh jkpdrtbht
sgrjgs di iabt ngkgtgrjgs jh t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl.
_g ljsnuss t`gk jh qujtg ljiigrght wbys. _g igga ghtjtagl td
ndhhgnt t`g Hgdajt`jn kdhukghts wjt` b wjlgr nuaturba
p`ghdkghdh5 gjt`gr wjt` t`g trbljtjdh di adho kduhls t`bt
gxtghls bnrdss hdrt`grh Gurdpg dr wjt` t`g stjaa kdrg
gxtghsjvg ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ijrst kgobajt`jn tdkfs. Jh gjt`gr
nbsg wg kjo`t jhtgrprgt t`dsg strunturgs bs b sykfdajn
trbhsidrkbtjdh di ldkgstjn brn`jtgnturg. Zgt ibngl wjt`
Kgsdajt`jn furjbas „ bhl stjaa kdrg wjt` ghtjrg ngkgtgrjgs
lbtjho irdk t`bt pgrjdl „ wg ghobog jh b ndkpagtgay
ljiigrght mjhl di ljsnussjdh. _g ajhm t`g vgry gxjstghng di
sun` orbvgs wjt` n`bhogs jh t`g pbttgrh di sgttagkght, wjt`
gndhdkjn jhtghsjijnbtjdh dr wjt` ndhtrda dvgr nrjtjnba
rgsdurngs (N`bpkbh 2:02= Nabrm/Hggagy 2:0?). Jh gvgry
nbsg wg ibaa fbnm dh oghgrbajzbtjdhs lrbwh irdk
gt`hdorbp`y. Jh ndhtrbst td t`g Hgdajt`jn furjbas, t`g
sykfdajsk di t`g Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs js abrogay johdrgl.
\`bt sggks strbhog, bhl jt ldgs sd idr twd rgbsdhs, dhg
t`gdrgtjnba bhl t`g dt`gr gkpjrjnba. \`g gkpjrjnba rgbsdh js
t`bt t`g ldkjhbht sykfdas di sun` Kgsdajt`jn furjbas brg
bntubaay s`brgl bnrdss abrog ogdorbp`jnba brgbs (Mbysgr
2::3)5 brgbs t`bt brg eust bs gxtghsjvg bs t`g sprgbl di gbray
kgobajt`s. Zgt wg brg rgauntbht td ndkg td tgrks wjt` sun`sjkjabrjtjgs, bat`duo` wg ld sd wjt` igwgr jh`jfjtjdhs jh
Hgdajt`jn brn`bgdadoy. \`g t`gdrgtjnba rgbsdh idr ky uhgbsg
js t`bt t`js js prgnjsgay t`g mjhl di gvjlghng t`bt kjo`t
prdvjlg us wjt` sdkg jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g bpprdprjbtghgss di
t`g kdlgas t`bt wg `bvg lrbwh irdk gt`hdorbp`y. _bs t`grg
b Kgsdajt`jn wdral vjgw4 @bl jt kdrg jh ndkkdh wjt` t`g
gt`jn di s`brjho iduhl bkdho kdlgrh `uhtgr obt`grgrs4
Bhl ljl t`dsg pgrngptjdhs n`bhog bt t`g fgojhhjho di t`g
Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl4
6. Kgsdajt jn furjba prbntjngs
Kgsdajt`jn furjbas jh hdrt` bhl hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg s`brg b
hukfgr di pgrsjstght igbturgs. ^dkg di t`gsg drjojhbtgl jh t`Wppgr Sbabgdajt`jn, fut js hdtjngbfag `dw igw di t`gk abstgl
jhtd t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl. Hdt baa di t`gsg igbturgs brg prgsgh
dh gvgry sjtg, hdr wgrg t`gy baa usgl sjkuatbhgdusay, fut
fghgbt` t`gsg adnba vbrjbtjdhs b hukfgr di kdrg oghgrba
pbttgrhs stbhl dut. \d gkp`bsjzg t`g ndhtrbst wjt` kdrg
ndhvghtjdhba bnnduhts di t`g pgrjdl, t`js pbpgr lrbws dh t`g
sbkg sbkpag di sjtgs bs Nabrm bhl Hggagy (2:0?) jh t`gjr
stuly di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh. \`gsg brg suppagkghtgl fy b
igw kdrg rgnght ljsndvgrjgs.
Sgr`bps t`g kdst strjmjho igbturg wbs t`g usg di rgl dn`rg
\`js js b vgry wjlgay ljstrjfutgl prbntjng bhl dhg w`jn` `bs
b aghot`y `jstdry. Jt js basd gvjlghngl lurjho t`g Wppgr
Sbabgdajt`jn pgrjdl bhl jt ndhtjhugl td fg idaadwgl lurjho t`g
Hgdajt`jn. Jt js hdt ajkjtgl td furjba sjtgs, bhl rgl dn`rg js
rgndrlgl irdk sjtgs jh Hdrwby w`jn` fgadho td t`g sbkg
pgrjdl bs t`g gstbfajs`kght di ngkgtgrjgs jh brgbs iurt`gr td
t`g sdut` (Fbho-Bhlgrsgh 2:0>). Gvgh bitgr t`g jhtrdluntjdh
di ldkgstjnbtgs td sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb rgl dn`rg ndhtjhugl
td fg lgpdsjtgl jh orbvgs, bat`duo` t`gsg wgrg oghgrbaay
Vjn`brl Frblagy Ldkgstjnbtjdh bs b stbtg di kjhl
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adnbtgl dh dr fgydhl t`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr (_yszdkjrsmb
2:0<). \`g hdrkba jhtgrprgtbtjdh di sun` lgpdsjts js t`bt t`gy
sykfdajzgl ajig-faddl, bat`duo` t`js vjgw `bs fggh nrjtjnjzgl
fy @jaa jh b wjlgr rgvjgw di t`g ajkjtbtjdhs di ndohjtjvg
brn`bgdadoy (2::<, :3).
Bhdt`gr strjmjho igbturg js t`g prgsghng di b sgt di orbvg
oddls kblg bakdst ghtjrgay di drobhjn kbtgrjbas. Jh t`g AbtgKgsdajt`jn orbvg bt Lrbos`dak jh Lghkbrm t`g kdst
gabfdrbtg brtgibnt wbs b lgndrbtgl fdhg lboogr, bhl t`g dhay
tdda jh t`g orbvg wbs basd kblg di fdhg. \`g bssgkfabog
wbs ldkjhbtgl fy b orgbt brrby di fgbls bhl pghlbhts,
idrkgl irdk bhjkba tggt` (Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2:?<). \`g
ndkkdh gagkght bkdho t`gsg ijhls js t`bt t`gy drjojhbtg jh
t`g bhjkba mjholdk. Jh t`bt sghsg t`gy rgigr fdt` td t`g
hbturba wdral bhl td jkpdrtbht ndkpdhghts di t`g iddl
suppay. ^un` b ndhhgntjdh js ditgh gvjlghngl fy fdhg dr
bhtagr brtgibnts irdk Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs, fut t`g ljstrjfutjdh
di t`gsg lgpdsjts dvgrabps wjt` t`bt di rgabtgl brtgibnts, idr
pgridrbtgl s`gaa fgbls basd dnnur jh Gurdpgbh Kgsdajt`jn
ngkgtgrjgs. Bobjh t`gsg dfegnts `bvg b aghot`y `jstdry, bhlajmg t`g usg di rgl dn`rg, t`gy nbh fg trbngl fbnm td t`g
Wppgr Sbabgdajt`jn. Fy ndhtrbst, jh t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl t`grg
wbs b kun` strdhogr gkp`bsjs dh t`g lgpdsjtjdh di stdhg
brtgibnts. \`g ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g twd bssgkfabogs kjo`t
fg t`bt jh t`gsg Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs dfegnts bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g
hbturba wdral wgrg kdljijgl vgry ajttag sd t`bt t`gjr drjojhba
sdurngs wgrg stjaa bppbrght. \`g nrgbtjdh di stdhg brtgibnts
„ orduhl stdhg bxgs jh pbrtjnuabr „ dfsnurgl t`g drojhba idrk
tbmgh fy t`g pbrght kbtgrjba. B usgiua pdjht di ndkpbrjsdh js
prdvjlgl fy t`dsg nbsgs jh w`jn` wg nbh ndkpbrg t`g
iuhgrbry bssgkfabog wjt` t`g kbtgrjba t`bt wbs usgl jh
gvgrylby ajig. Bat`duo` stdhg brtgibnts brg fy hd kgbhs
bfsght irdk Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs, t`gy idrk b kun` `jo`gr
prdpdrtjdh di t`g ldkgstjn bssgkfabog. \`g ndhtrbst js
pgr`bps kdst bppbrght bt Daghjdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm w`grg
w`bt J wdual nbaa ‐drobhjn' brtgibnts brg kdst irgqught jh t`g
wdkgh's orbvgs (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<). \`g sbkg sggks td
fg t`g nbsg bt ^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:0:).
Vgabtgl td t`js js t`g prdvjsjdh di bhtagr jh t`g orbvg. Jt js
b igbturg t`bt ajhms Kgsdajt`jn furjbas jh wjlgay sgpbrbtgl
brgbs di Gurdpg, irdk hdrt`-wgst Irbhng td sdut`grh
^nbhljhbvjb. ^dkg di t`g bhtagrs `bvg fggh s`gl bhl sd t`gy
ld hdt sggk td fg b fy-prdlunt di `uhtjho gxpgljtjdhs.
Dt`grs wgrg ndhvgrtgl jhtd brtgibnts, bhl jh fdt` t`g rgojdhs
t`bt J `bvg kghtjdhgl sdkg di t`gk wgrg lgndrbtgl. \`gjr kbjh iuhntjdh, `dwgvgr, sggks td `bvg fggh td prdvjlg b
mjhl di irbkgwdrm idr t`g fdly jh t`g orbvg, bhl jt kby fg
hd bnnjlght t`bt t`gy nbh fg iduhl tdogt`gr wjt` lgpdsjts di
rgl dn`rg.
Jt wdual fg gbsy td suppdsg t`bt t`gsg ijhls gkp`bsjzg t`g
jkpdrtbhng di lggr td t`g sufsjstghng gndhdky, fut t`bt
wdual hdt gxpabjh t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g s`gl bhtagrs jh
t`gsg furjbas. Hdr ldgs jt prdvjlg b rgbsdh w`y t`g bhtagrs
s`dual fg ibvdrgl rbt`gr t`bh dt`gr pbrts di t`g fdly. Dh t`g
dt`gr `bhl, t`g ibnt t`bt bhtagrs ndual fg s`gl bhl rgpabngl
gvgry ygbr kbmg t`gk b vgry pdtght sdurng di sykfdajsk.
\`g kbturg stbo prdvjlgs b pdwgriua kgtbp`dr idr igrtjajty,
bs wg mhdw irdk abtgr rdnm brt, bhl t`g bhhuba ordwt` di jts
bhtagrs kbmgs t`gk bh jlgba sykfda di rgoghgrbtjdh. \`btkby fg w`y t`gy dnnur jh Kgsdajt`jn orbvgs dvgr sun` b
wjlg brgb.
\`gsg lgpdsjts di bhtagr nbh `brlay fg ndkpbrgl wjt` t`g
dt`gr ijhls di bhjkba fdhg jh t`g furjbas. \`gsg bppgbr td
`bvg fggh pabngl jh t`g orbvgs jhtghtjdhbaay, bhl idr t`g
kdst pbrt t`gy sggk td s`dw t`bt t`g lgbl wgrg bnndkpbhjgl
fy diigrjhos di iddl. \`grg brg basd kdrg sufstbhtjba ojits di
kgbt edjhts, bs wgaa bs ordups di ijs` fdhgs w`jn`
prgsukbfay rgsuat irdk t`g sbkg prdngss (Mbysgr 2::3).
Jt js uhngrtbjh `dw wg s`dual jhtgrprgt t`g ndkpbrbtjvgay
wjlgsprgbl dnnurrghng di ldo fdhgs jh t`gsg orbvgs. \`js js
fgnbusg di t`g ljstjhntjvg wbys jh w`jn` t`gsg bhjkbas wgrg
trgbtgl. ^dkg bppgbr td `bvg fggh sbnrjijngl jh t`g orbvgs di kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty, w`jast dt`grs wgrg furjgl
sgpbrbtgay wjt`jh t`g ngkgtgry bt ^mbtg`dak bhl wgrg gvgh
prdvjlgl wjt` rgl dn`rg bhl wjt` diigrjhos jh t`gjr dwh rjo`t.
Jh dhg di t`g orbvgs bt t`bt sjtg t`gsg jtgks wgrg brrbhogl jh
t`g sbkg ndhijourbtjdh bs t`gy wgrg jh t`g `ukbh furjbas
(Abrssdh 2::3).
Bs @bylgh (2::3) `bs dfsgrvgl, t`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di t`g
ldo js b wjlgsprgbl p`ghdkghdh bkdho abtg `uhtgr
obt`grgrs. Jh sdkg nbsgs t`gy kby `bvg pabygl bh gssghtjbaay
gndhdkjn rdag, usgl jh `uhtjho wjal bhjkbas dr gvgh bs b
suppagkghtbry sdurng di iddl, fut t`g spgnjba trgbtkght pbjl
td t`g ldos bt ^mbtg`dak suoogsts sdkgt`jho gasg bs wgaa.
@grg t`gy hdt dhay bnndkpbhjgl t`gjr dwhgrs td t`g orbvg=
t`gy sggk td `bvg fggh trgbtgl bs jhljvjlubas jh t`gjr dwh
rjo`t bhl wgrg furjgl wjt` bt agbst bs kun` idrkbajty bs t`g
`ukbhs iduhl jh t`g sbkg ngkgtgry. Jt wdual fg qujtg wrdho
td jhvdmg b spgnjijn gt`hdorbp`jn kdlga, fut dhg rgbljho di
t`js dfsgrvbtjdh wdual suoogst t`bt t`g jh`bfjtbhts di
^mbtg`dak kblg hd ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g `ukbh bhl
bhjkba pdpuabtjdhs di t`g sjtg.
\`bt kjo`t basd prdvjlg b rgbsdh w`y jsdabtgl `ukbh
fdhgs ndual fg trgbtgl jh t`g sbkg wbys bs jsdabtgl bhjkba
fdhgs. Dnnbsjdhba fgbls wgrg ibs`jdhgl dut di `ukbh tggt`,
bhl t`grg js basd sdkg gvjlghng idr t`g njrnuabtjdh di `ukbh
fdhgs lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl. \`js gvjlghng js di twdmjhls. Ijrst, t`grg brg sjtgs bt w`jn` dhay pbrts di t`g fdly
wgrg furjgl, kdst prdfbfay bitgr t`gy `bl adst t`gjr
brtjnuabtjdh. Jh dt`gr nbsgs t`g rgkbjhs sggk td `bvg fggh
rgbrrbhogl. \`grg js ndkpbrbfag gvjlghng irdk dt`gr sjtgs
w`grg jsdabtgl `ukbh fdhgs brg iduhl (Abrssdh/ Kgjmgaed`h/
Hgwgaa 2:02). \`grg sggks td fg gvjlghng t`bt ngrtbjh pbrts
di t`g fdly wgrg sgagntgl lgajfgrbtgay, bs t`g rgprgsghtbtjdh
2< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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di ljiigrght fdhgs ldgs hdt sggk td rgsuat irdk ljiigrghtjba
prgsgrvbtjdh. \wd gxbkpags pgr`bps jaaustrbtg t`gsg pdjhts.
\`g ibkdus hgsts di smuaas bt t`g wgst Ogrkbh sjtg di Diihgt
brg hdw mhdwh td fg di Kgsdajt`jn lbtg (Kgjmgaed`h 2:09),
w`jast rgnght gxnbvbtjdhs jh t`g s`gaa kjllghs dh Drdhsby jh
^ndtabhl s`dw t`bt jt wbs kbjhay t`g gxtrgkjtjgs di t`g fdly
t`bt rgkbjhgl jh t`g sgttagkght (Kgaabrs 2:0?, :-29). \`gkdrg sufstbhtjba rgajns wgrg prgsukbfay tbmgh bwby.
\`js js dhg prbntjng t`bt ngrtbjhay survjvgl jhtd t`g
Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl, w`gh jt idrks b kbedr igbturg di t`g
kdrtubry rjtuba bt kgobajt`jn tdkfs bhl dt`gr sjtgs. \`grg js
dhg dt`gr n`brbntgrjstjn di t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl w`jn`
ghlurgs idr bh gvgh adhogr pgrjdl di tjkg. ^dkg ygbrs bod
J ndkkghtgl dh t`g wby jh w`jn` Hgdajt`jn vdtjvg lgpdsjts
sggkgl td fg kdst bppbrght brduhl t`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr
(Frblagy 2::3, <>-?7). J hdw fgajgvg t`bt J wbs hdt rbljnba
ghduo` bhl t`bt t`g prbntjng di kbmjho diigrjhos jh hbturba
adnbtjdhs wbs bntubaay b Kgsdajt`jn lgvgadpkght. \`grg brg b
hukfgr di naugs t`bt pdjht jh t`js ljrgntjdh, bat`duo` hdhg di
t`gk js di pbrtjnuabr sjohjijnbhng w`gh tbmgh jh jsdabtjdh.\`grg brg dnnbsjdhba `dbrl ijhls. Agt kg qudtg twd rgnght
gxbkpags. B rgkbrmbfag ordup di lgndrbtgl fdhg bhl s`gaa
brtgibnts wgrg furjgl tdogt`gr jh t`g Frgtdh sgttagkght sjtg di
Fgo-gr-Yja bhl t`g pdsjtjdh di t`js igbturg wbs kbrmgl fy b
lgpdsjt di bhtagrs (Mbysgr/Fgrhjgr 2:00). Jh t`g sbkg wby, b
`dbrl di orduhl stdhg bxgs wbs iduhl jh bhdt`gr sgttagkght
jh sdut`-wgst Jrgabhl, vgry hgbr td b skbaa ordup di nbttag
fdhgs (_ddlkbh/D'Frjgh 2::>). Jh ^nbhljhbvjb Abrs
Abrssdh `bs bargbly pdjhtgl td pdssjfag `dbrls di Kgsdajt`jn
brtgibnts bhl td w`bt sggk td `bvg fggh lgajfgrbtg lgpdsjts
di bhtagr pabngl jh s`baadw wbtgr (2:0>, ?0-02). \`grg js
gvjlghng t`bt ndkpagtg lggr nbrnbssgs kjo`t fg trgbtgl jh t`g
sbkg wby (Kð`a 2:?0), bhl jt js nagbr t`bt sdkg di t`g stdhg
bxgs jkpdrtgl jhtd hdrt`grh Gurdpg fgidrg t`g bldptjdh di
borjnuaturg brg basd iduhl jh rjvgrs bhl fdos (Mbrstgh 2::<,
n`bptgr 26). \`g sbkg js trug di sdkg jsdabtgl Grtgfðaag pdts
(Fghhjmg/Gffgsgh 2:0?), bhl `grg bobjh wg kby fg sggjho
bh bhtjnjpbtjdh di b prbntjng t`bt wbs bt jts kdst jhtghsg bt
t`g stbrt di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl.
B hgw sjtg jh sdut`-wgst ^nbhjb aghls wgjo`t td t`gsg
suoogstjdhs. \`js ajgs dh t`g idrkgr s`drg di Abmg Zlljhogh
bhl js fgjho gxbnbvbtgl fy Sgr Mbrstgh td w`dk J dwg t`js
jhidrkbtjdh. Jt lbtgs irdk bfdut 9333 FS bhl, bat`duo` jt
wbs uhlduftglay b sgttagkght, jt ldgs `bvg b hukfgr di
igbturgs t`bt stbhl dut irdk t`g hdrkba rbhog di bntjvjtjgs.\`grg brg twd aghot`s di s`baadw ljtn`, dhg di w`jn`
ndhtbjhs bh jkpdrtgl bxg, w`jast t`g dt`gr jhnaulgl bh bxg
w`jn` `bl fggh sgt uprjo`t jh t`g orduhl bhl furht. Jh t`g
glog di t`g abmg twd bhtagr pjnms wgrg ljsndvgrgl tdogt`gr
wjt` b abrog stdhg. Dhg di t`gsg bhtagrs `bl bht`rdpdkdrp`jn
lgndrbtjdh, w`jast irbokghts di `ukbh smuaa, bobjh
bnndkpbhjgl fy b stdhg, wgrg iduhl jh b sjkjabr pdsjtjdh.
Gasgw`grg dh t`g glog di t`g rgiusg abygr bh bhtagr pdjht wbs
iduhl jh ljrgnt bssdnjbtjdh wjt` b kjht ndhljtjdh bxg, w`jast
Mbrstgh `bs dfsgrvgl t`bt t`g kdrg gabfdrbtg iabmg mhjvgs
basd sggk td `bvg fggh ljsnbrlgl tdwbrls t`g ajkjts di t`g
dnnupjgl brgb. ^dkg di t`g sbkg igbturgs dnnur bkdho t`g
orbvgs bt ^mbtg`dak.
^d ibr J `bvg `jo`ajo`tgl sjx rgnurrght igbturgs jh t`gbrn`bgdadoy di Kgsdajt`jn Gurdpg, hdhg di w`jn` js rgabtgl
jh bhy dfvjdus wby td t`g prbntjnbajtjgs di iddl prdluntjdh.
Ijvg di t`gk idrk b rgouabr igbturg di t`g Kgsdajt`jn orbvg
bssgkfabog irdk Mbrgajb td Sdrtuoba, bat`duo` hdt baa hggl
fg prgsght bt t`g sbkg sjtgs dr gvgh jh t`g sbkg rgojdhs.
\`dsg igbturgs brg5 t`g usg di rgl dn`rg= t`g usg di w`bt J
`bvg nbaagl drobhjn orbvg oddls= t`g lgpdsjtjdh di bhtagrs
wjt` t`g lgbl= t`g spgnjba jkpdrtbhng di iddl rgkbjhs jh t`g
iuhgrbry bssgkfabog= t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g ldkgstjn ldos
jh t`g kdrtubry rjtuba= bhl t`g njrnuabtjdh di jsdabtgl `ukbh
fdhgs. \d t`js wg nbh bll jhnrgbsjho gvjlghng idr t`g
nrgbtjdh di vdtjvg lgpdsjts jh hbturba adnbtjdhs. \`g kbtgrjba
lgpdsjtgl jh t`gsg pabngs dvgrabps wjt` t`g ndhtghts di t`gorbvgs. Ojvgh t`g wjlg ljstrjfutjdh di t`gsg gagkghts, jt js
pgr`bps agss surprjsjho t`bt t`gsg ijhls s`brg sd kbhy
igbturgs wjt` Agpghsmj Yjr (^rgedvjn 2:?6). Bobjh wg ijhl
lgpdsjts di `ukbh nrbhjb, tdogt`gr wjt` diigrjhos di ijs` bhl
bhjkba fdhgs. \`grg js gvjlghng idr t`g njrnuabtjdh di `ukbh
fdhgs bhl basd idr t`g usg di rgl dn`rg jh t`g furjba rjtg. ^tja
kdrg strjmjho js t`g gkp`bsjs pabngl dh lgpdsjts di bhtagr.
Di ndursg t`grg brg dt`gr igbturgs t`bt brg hdt s`brgl wjt`
sjtgs jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg, pbrtjnuabray t`g kdhukghtba
snuapturgs bhl t`g nurjdus fujaljhos wjt` w`jn` t`gy brg
bssdnjbtgl. _`gt`gr t`gsg wgrg `dusgs dr batbrs, t`gy stbhl
dut irdk t`g gvjlghng jh dt`gr pbrts di Kgsdajt`jn Gurdpg
w`grg t`grg brg hd strunturgs di t`js mjhl. Jhlggl, t`grg js
ajttag td s`dw fgydhl t`g sabf-ajhgl njsts di Frjttbhy, t`g tjhy
nbjrhs bssdnjbtgl wjt` `ukbh furjbas jh sdut`grh Irbhng
(Vdzdy 2:?0, 2227-69) bhl t`g skbaa rjtuba fujaljho bt
^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:00). \`g vgry rbrjty di sun` rgkbjhs
bitgr oghgrbtjdhs di ijgalwdrm bhl kby fg dhg di t`g kbjh
igbturgs t`bt ljstjhoujs`gs t`g Kgsdajt`jn irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn.
>. Ndhnausjdh
@dw brg wg td uhlgrstbhl t`gsg sjkjabrjtjgs4 Ijrst, jt js nagbr
t`bt Kgsdajt`jn rjtuba pabngl ndhsjlgrbfag gkp`bsjs dh t`g
hbturba wdral. _g sgg t`js t`rduo` t`g jkpdrtbhng bttbn`gl
td drobhjn orbvg oddls, bs ljstjhnt irdk t`g wjlgr rgpgrtdjrgusgl jh t`g ldkgstjn bssgkfabog. Jt js pbrtjnuabray dfvjdus
w`gh wg ndhsjlgr `dw kun` di t`js kbtgrjba wbs fbsgl dh
fdhg bhl bhtagr. \`g sbkg bttjtulgs kby fg gvjlghngl fy t`g
ngkgtgry bt ^mbtg`dak w`grg sdkg di t`g ldos bppgbr td `bvg
fggh furjgl bs ji t`gy wgrg `ukbh fgjhos. \`js gkp`bsjs dh
t`g hbturba wdral js basd ndhsjstght wjt` t`g prdvjsjdh di
vdtjvg lgpdsjts jh adnbtjdhs sun` bs rjvgrs bhl abmgs. Jhstgbl
27 V. FVBLAGZ „ LDKG^\JNB\JDH B^ B ^\B\G DI KJHL
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di t`g bhtbodhjsk fgtwggh nuaturg bhl hbturg suppdsgl fy
Jbh @dllgr (2::3), wg kjo`t t`jhm jh tgrks di b rgnjprdnba
rgabtjdhs`jp, kdrg bmjh td t`g bhjkjstjn fgajgis sd ditgh
rgpdrtgl bkdho `uhtgr obt`grgrs. Ji wg hggl b Gurdpgbh
pbrbaaga wg s`dual turh td t`g ^bbkj (B`afìnm 2:0?).
^gndhlay, t`js kbtgrjba sggks td gkp`bsjzg t`g jkpdrtbhng
di igrtjajty bhl rgoghgrbtjdh. \`grg js t`g pgrvbsjvgsykfdajsk di t`g rgl dn`rg w`jn` sggks td stbhl idr `ukbh
faddl. \`grg js t`g gqubaay pdwgriua sykfdajsk gxprgssgl fy
t`g usg di bhtagrs bt sjtgs bs ibr ljstbht irdk dhg bhdt`gr bs
Yglfbgm, \êvjgn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr, bhl t`grg js b kdrg
tghtbtjvg suoogstjdh di t`g sbkg gkp`bsjs dh igrtjajty jh t`g
bssdnjbtjdh di drobhjn brtgibnts wjt` t`g furjbas di wdkgh.
Bobjh jt sggks bs ji t`g hbturba wdral wbs pgrngjvgl bs b
nrgbtjvg prjhnjpag rbt`gr t`bh b sdurng di lbhogr. \`bt js w`bt
Fjrl-Lbvjl (2::3) kgbhs w`gh s`g rgigrs td t`g ‐ojvjho
ghvjrdhkght'. ^dkg `uhtgr obt`grgrs ld hdt ljstjhoujs`
s`brpay fgtwggh t`gjr dwh idrtuhgs bhl t`g n`brbntgr di t`g
wdral brduhl t`gk, bhl t`gy kby rgigr td t`g ghvjrdhkght jh
w`jn` t`gy ajvg jh tgrks di sun` kgtbp`drs bs prdnrgbtjdhbhl mjhs`jp (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::>). \`bt js b vgry ljiigrght
jhtgrprgtbtjdh irdk Jbh @dllgr's rgbljho di Agpghsmj Yjr,
wjt` jts strjmjho dppdsjtjdh fgtwggh lgbt` bhl ajig, t`g wjal
bhl t`g ldkgstjn (@dllgr 2::3, 62->2).
Ji sd, wg kjo`t ndkg nadsgr td rgndohjzjho t`g prdfagks
pdsgl fy t`g bldptjdh di ibrkjho. Jt js hdt sjkpay b kbttgr
di sufsjstghng bhl hutrjtjdh. Jh ky jhtgrprgtbtjdh t`js idrk
di pbrthgrs`jp wjt` hbturg js jhndhsjstght wjt` t`g ljrgnt
dwhgrs`jp di rgsdurngs, w`jn` js, di ndursg, t`g sdnjba
kgbhjho di ldkgstjnbtjdh. Jt basd sggks ajmgay t`bt jh b
wdral jh w`jn` `ukbh jlghtjty wbs hdt igat td ajg dutsjlg
hbturg „ b wdral jh w`jn` hbturba pabngs ndual tbmg dh b
spgnjba sjohjijnbhng „ kdhukghts wdual `bvg ajttag pbrt td
paby. \`g sbkg bppajgs td t`g nrgbtjdh di b hgw rbhog di
orbvg oddls fbsgl, hd adhogr dh fdhg bhl bhtagr, fut dh t`g
ndkpagtg trbhsidrkbtjdh di t`g rbw kbtgrjbas= t`g dfvjdus
gxbkpags brg pdttgry bhl orduhl stdhg bxgs. Uvgagfja bhl
Vdwagy-Ndhwy (2:09) `bvg ljsnussgl t`g rgauntbhng di
sdkg `uhtgr obt`grgrs td tbmg up ibrkjho gvgh w`gh t`g
tgn`hjqugs bhl kbtgrjbas wgrg bvbjabfag td t`gk, bhl t`gy
suoogst t`bt jh sun` nbsgs gndhdkjn n`bhog kby `bvg fggh
vgry orbluba. Hd lduft sdkg di t`bt rgauntbhng ljl `bvg jts
rddts jh t`g sufsjstghng gndhdky. J wdual bll t`bt sdkg di jt
kby basd `bvg fggh fbsgl dh jlgdadoy. Whtja t`bt fgajgi
systgk adst jts idrng, ldkgstjnbtjdh kby `bvg fggh ajtgrbaayuht`jhmbfag.
@bvjho sbjl t`js, J wjaa kbmg dhg abst suoogstjdh. Fdt` t`g
dwhgrs`jp di rgsdurngs bhl t`g fujaljho di kdhukghts
rgiagnt t`g gvghtuba frgbmldwh di sun` jh`jfjtjdhs, bhl fdt`
jhvdavg t`g lgvgadpkght di ljiigrght bttjtulgs td t`g hbturba
wdral5 t`g bldptjdh di hgw fgajgis bs wgaa bs t`g bldptjdh di
hgw tgn`hjqugs. Ji Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs `bl ghobogl jh b
rgnjprdnba gxn`bhog wjt` hbturg, t`g kgtbp`dr ngrtbjhay
n`bhogl. \`g hgw jljdk wbs ndhngrhgl wjt` pdwgr.
Kdhukghts wgrg ndhstruntgl td ldkjhbtg t`g abhlsnbpg bhl
td wjt`stbhl t`g prdngss di hbturba lgnby. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh
di pabhts bhl bhjkbas wbs bhdt`gr idrk di ndhtrda, bhl t`g
nrgbtjdh di brbfag bhl pbsturg jhvdavgl b stjaa kdrg lrbstjn
kdljijnbtjdh di t`g hbturba tgrrbjh. Jh t`bt sghsg fdt`prdngssgs wgrg rgbaay rbt`gr bajmg bhl dhng trbljtjdhba fgajgis
fgobh td abpsg, bs t`gy ljl t`rduo` ndhtbnts bnrdss t`g
borjnuaturba irdhtjgr, fdt` ndual fg iduhl tdogt`gr.
Jh ibnt t`g prdngss di jlgdadojnba n`bhog wbs bs adho
lrbwh-dut bs t`g prdngss di gndhdkjn n`bhog, bhl t`g twd
rgjhidrngl dhg bhdt`gr. J s`baa ghl fy jaaustrbtjho dhg bspgnt
di t`bt trbhsidrkbtjdh. Bs wg `bvg sggh, lgpdsjts di brtgibnts
bhl bhjkba rgkbjhs sggk td spbh t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn
trbhsjtjdh jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg. \`gy prdfbfay drjojhbtgl
lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl, fut vdtjvg diigrjhos jh fdos
wgrg kun` kdrg ndkkdh lurjho t`g Hgdajt`jn. Fut ji t`g
n`djng di adnbtjdh wbs t`g sbkg, t`g n`brbntgr di t`gsg
lgpdsjts wbs n`bhojho. Drobhjn kbtgrjba wbs stjaa lgpdsjtgl,bhl sd wgrg `ukbh bhl bhjkba rgkbjhs, fut b ordwjho
prdpdrtjdh di t`g ijhls ndhsjstgl di stdhg bxgs bhl pdts, idr
jh sdkg rgspgnts t`gsg wgrg t`g mgy sykfdas di b hgw wby
di ajig. Orblubaay t`g sjtubtjdh wbs trbhsidrkgl. Brtgibnts
wgrg stjaa usgl bs vdtjvg diigrjhos, fut hdw t`g adnbtjdhs di
sdkg di t`gsg lgpdsjts s`jitgl, bhl t`gy wgrg basd iduhl bt
gbrt`wdrm dr stdhg-fujat kdhukghts. Jt js bt t`js tjkg t`bt
t`grg js ghvjrdhkghtba gvjlghng idr jhtghsjijgl iddl
prdluntjdh (Frblagy 2::3, 7?-9<). \`g twd prdngssgs wght
tdogt`gr, fut hdt t`rduo` nbusg bhl giignt. \`gy rbh jh
pbrbaaga fgnbusg t`gy wgrg t`g twd kbjh igbturgs di b hgw
sdnjdgndhdkjn systgk. \`gy wgrg t`g dutndkg di b prdngss
di gndhdkjn n`bhog, fut t`gy wgrg basd t`g rgsuat di hgw
wbys di jkbojhjho t`g wdral.
\`bt js w`y jt js `gapiua td t`jhm di ldkgstjnbtjdh bs b stbtg
di kjhl.
rgigrghngs
B`afìnm. \. (gl.) 2:0?. ^bbkj Vgajojdh, Wppsbab.
Fbho-Bhlgrsgh, ^. 2:0>. Dh t`g usg di dn`rg bkdho prg`jstdrjn
`uhtgr obt`grgr ordups jh sdut`grh Hdrwby, Kgsdajt`jn Kjsngaabhy
<.6, 23-26.
Fghhjmg, S. & M. Gffgsgh 2:0?. \`g fdo ijhl irdk ^jogrslba,
Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy 7, 07-227.
Fjrl-Lbvjl, H. 2::3. \`g ojvjho ghvjrdhkght. Bhdt`gr pgrspgntjvg
dh t`g gndhdkjn systgk di `uhtgr obt`grgrs, Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy
>2, 20>-:9.
29 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Fjrl-Lbvjl, H. 2::>. \rjfba kgtbp`drjzbtjdh di `ukbh-hbturg
rgabtglhgss5 b ndkpbrbtjvg bhbaysjs. Jh5 M. Kjatdh (gl.) Ghvjrdh-
kghtbajsk. \`g vjgw irdk bht`rdpdadoy, Adhldh, 226-67.
Frblagy, V. 2::3. \`g pbssbog di brks, Nbkfrjlog.
Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh, G. 2:?<. Orbvghg vgl Lrbos`dak, Hbtjdhbakusggts
Brfgelskbrm , 226-63.
N`bpkbh, V. 2:02. \`g gkgroghng di idrkba ljspdsba brgbs bhl t`g
‐prdfagk' di kgobajt`jn tdkfs jh prg`jstdrjn Gurdpg. Jh5 V. N`bpkbh,
J. Mjhhgs & M. Vbhlsfdro (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`, Nbk-
frjlog, ?2-02.
Nabrm, O. & K. Hggagy 2:0?. ^dnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh jh Gurdpgbh
Kgsdajt`jn furjba lbtb. Jh5 S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy, K. Uvgagfja &
@.S. Fabhm`dak (gls.) Kgsdajt`jn hdrt` wgst Gurdpg5 rgnght trghls,
^`giijgal, 262-?.
@bylgh, F. 2::3. Hjkrdls, pjsnbtdrs, paunmgrs bhl pabhtgrs5 t`g
gkgroghng di iddl prdluntjdh, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba
Brn`bgdadoy :, >2-9:.
@jaa, E. 2::<. Srg`jstdrjn ndohjtjdh bhl t`g snjghng di brn`bgdadoy. Jh5
N. Vghirgw & G. Uufrdw (gls.) \`g bhnjght kjhl , Nbkfrjlog, 0>-:6.
@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Dxidrl.
Mbrstgh, S. 2::<. Btt mbstb yxbh j seùh, Auhl.
Mbysgr, D. 2::3. ^ur ags rjtgs iuhêrbjrgs lgs lgrhjgrs n`bssgurs-
ndaagntgurs l'Gurdpg lg a'dugst gt lu hdrl-dugst ag ijh lu Kêsd-
ajt`jqug, Vgvug Brn`êdadojqug lg a'Dugst , suppaêkght 6, ?7-03.
Mbysgr, D.& S. Fgrhjgr 2:00. Hduvbux dfegts lêndrês lu
Kêsdajt`jqug brkdrjnbjh, Fuaagtjh lg ab ^dnjêtê Srê`jstdrjqug Irbhïbjsg 07.6, <7-?.
Abrssdh, A. 2:0>. Bogrùl. Bh Btabhtjn sjtg jh nghtrba ^nbhjb, Auhl.
Abrssdh, A. 2:00. B ndhstruntjdh idr ngrgkdhjba bntjvjtjgs irdk t`g
Abtg Kgsdajt`jn, Kgllgabhlgh irbh Auhls uhjvgrsjtgts `jstdrjsmb
kusguk 2:0?-0, 7-20.
Abrssdh, A. 2:0:. Abtg Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs bt
^mbtg`dak, sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn jh
Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, >9?-?0.
Abrssdh, A. 2::3. Ldos jh irbntjdh „ sykfdas jh bntjdh. Jh5
S. Ygrkggrsn` & S. vbh Sggr (gls.) Ndhtrjfutjdhs td t`g Kgsdajt`jn
jh Gurdpg, Aguvgh, 27>-93.
Abrssdh, A., N. Kgjmaged`h & V.V. Hgwgaa 2:02. @ukbh smgagtba
kbtgrjba irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn sjtg di Bogrùl, ^nbhjb, sdut`grh
^wglgh, Idrvìhhgh ?9, 292-?.
Kgjmaged`h, N. 2:09. Dal fdhgs, hgw lbtgs. Vgnght rbljdnbrfdh
rgsuats irdk Kgsdajt`jn smgagtba rgkbjhs, Kgsdajt`jn Kjsngaabhy ?.2,
:-29.
Kgaabrs, S. 2:0?. Gxnbvbtjdhs dh Drdhsby, Gljhfuro`.
Kð`a, W. 2:?0. Gas lyrsmgagttgrhg irb ^mdttgkbrmg do Ibvrfd. ^mjm
do fruo vgl fdrgbatjlghs ebotgr, Bbrfðogr 2:?0, 7->6.
D'^`gb, E.& K. Uvgagfja 2:0<. Daghgdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm5
rgndhstruntjh`o t`g sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn drobhjsbtjdh di prg`jstdrjn
idrbogrs jh hdrt`grh Vussjb, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdado
>, 2-<3.
Vdzdy, E-O. 2:?0. Ags lgrhjgrs n`bssgurs, N`bragvjaag.
^rgedvjn, L. 2:?6. Gurdpg's ijrst kdhukghtba snuapturg5 hgw
ljsndvgrjgs bt Agpghsmj Yjr, Adhldh.
_ddlkbh, S. & K. D'Frjgh 2::>. Gxnbvbtjdhs bt Igrrjtgr's Ndvg,
Nd. Mgrry5 bh jhtgrjk stbtgkght. Jh5 G. ^`gg \wd`jo & K. Vdhbyh
(gls.) Sbst pgrngptjdhs. \`g prg`jstdrjn brn`bgdadoy di sdut`-wgst
Jrgabhl , Ndrm, 67-><.
_yszdkjrsmb, F. 2:0<. Ijourpabstjm dn` orbvsmjnm `ds Hdrl-dn`
Hdrlùstgurdpbs hgdajtjnjsmb ibhostmuaturgr , Fdhh.
Uvgagfja, K.& S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs jhBtabhtjn Gurdpg. Jh5 K. Uvgagfja (gl.) @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh,
Nbkfrjlog, 9?-:>.
Vjn`brl Frblagy
Whjvgrsjty di Vgbljho
_`jtgmhjo`ts
SF 620
WM-VO9 6BB Vgbljho
2? V. FVBLAGZ „ LDKG^\JNB\JDH B^ B ^\B\G DI KJHL
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
\`js pbpgr idnussgs dh t`g rgojdh mhdwh bs t`g Jrdh Obtgs
Odrog (t`g Legrlbp) w`jn` `bs fggh lgsnrjfgl bs b pdst-
pagjstdnghg ‑rgiuog‛ badho t`g Lbhufg Vjvgr. Kdtjvbtgl fy
t`g jkpghljho iaddl wbtgrs di b `ylrdgagntrjn lbk, Zuodsabv
bhl Vdkbhjbh brn`bgdadojsts uhndvgrgl sjtgs dh fdt` fbhms
di t`g rjvgr jh b sgrjgs di ijgal prdegnts fgojhhjho jh t`g
2:93's. \`g rgkbjhs bssjohgl td t`g Kgsdajt`jn jh t`js rgojdh
`bvg fggh lbtgl irdk t`g ghl di t`g gjo`t` td t`g ijrst `bai di
t`g sjxt` kjaaghhjb FN. B rgnght stuly fy dhg di t`g but`drs(Vbldvbhdvjn) `bs prdvjlgl bh jhtghsjvg bhbaysjs di 63 di
t`gsg Kgsdajt`jn sjtgs (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6, 2::<, 2::9b,
2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). \`js pbpgr jhndrpdrbtgs sdkg di t`g
rgsuats di t`bt bhbaysjs jh b stuly di sglghtjsk, sufsjstghng,
sdnjba ndkpagxjty bhl t`g lyhbkjns di jhtgrbntjdh fgtwggh
twd ljiigrght sdnjdgndhdkjn ndkkuhjtjgs. Jt basd gxpadrgs
jhsjo`ts jhtd t`g pdssjfag jlgdadoy di t`g Legrlbp `uhtgr-
obt`grgr-ijs`grs w`jn` wdual `bvg fggh jhtrjnbtgay tjgl td
t`dsg ibntdrs.
6. Lgijhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn
\`g tjtag di t`js pbpgr, td b ngrtbjh gxtght, rgiagnts dhg di t`g
ljiijnuatjgs (bhl dhg di t`g jhtrjougs) di stulyjho sd-nbaaglKgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs „ hbkgay, lgijhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn. Bs js
oghgrbaay t`g nbsg wjt` t`g ljvjsjdhs di prg`jstdry, t`g
Kgsdajt`jn `bs fggh lgijhgl jh tgrks di gndhdky, pgr`bps
kdrg spgnjijnbaay, jh tgrks di ‑ndhtrbsts ndhngrhgl
prjhnjpbaay wjt` kdlgs di bnqujrjho iddl‛ (^`grrbtt 2::7, 9).
Bat`duo` jt js irujtagss td lghy t`g jkpdrtbhng di
sufsjstghng bnqujsjtjdh td t`g hbturg di `ukbh sdnjgtjgs,
sun` b lgijhjho ndhngpt js jhnrgbsjhoay sggh bs ajkjtgl jh
uhrbvgajho t`g ndkpagxjtjgs di prg`jstdrjn `ukbh fg`bvjdr.
Jt nagbray uhlgraby t`g trbljtjdhba vjgw t`bt t`g `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs di t`g Kgsdajt`jn, jh ndhtrbst td t`dsg di t`g
Wppgr Sbabgdajt`jn, `bl fggh jkpdvgrjs`gl fgnbusg di t`g
ghl di fjo-obkg `uhtjho bhl bnndkpbhyjho lgoghgrbtjdh
di stdhg tddamjts (Uvgagfja 2::>, 96) (ijo. 2). Iurt`grkdrg,
jt `bs tghlgl td idnus bttghtjdh dh ndhtrbstjho Kgsdajt`jn
`uhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl Hgdajt`jn ibrkgrs, jkpbrtjho bh
uhlgsgrvgl lgorgg di sdnjdgndhdkjn bhl nuaturba `dkd-
oghgjty td gbn` bhl kbsmjho t`dsg brgbs jh w`jn` t`gy kby
fg sjkjabr.
Bs b rgsuat, bttgkpts td vjgw t`g Kgsdajt`jn bs b ‑pgrjdl
wjt` b sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn ndhtght di jts dwh wjt` `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs t`bt `bvg b lgorgg di sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn
ndkpagxjty brg oghgrbaay hdt bnngptgl‛ (Uvgagfja 2::>, 96).
\`g Kgsdajt`jn js abrogay stjaa lgijhgl jh tgrks di w`bt jt js
hdt. Bht`rdpdadojsts w`d stuly ajvjho `uhtgr-obt`grgr
sdnjgtjgs `bvg basd rgkbrmgl t`bt sun` sdnjgtjgs ‑`bvg
irgqughtay fggh n`brbntgrjzgl fy w`bt t`gy abnm‛
(@uhh/_jaajbks 2:06, 9), hbkgay borjnuaturg bhl bhjkba
`usfbhlry. @dwgvgr, t`g Kgsdajt`jn wbs hdt bs `dkdoghdusbs bh gndhdkjn lgijhjtjdh kjo`t suoogst bhl t`g vbrjbfjajty
di pdst-oabnjba `uhtjho-obt`grjho sdnjgtjgs hggls td fg
bllrgssgl.
Brn`bgdadojsts wjaa prdfbfay ndhtjhug td usg t`g tgrk
‐Kgsdajt`jn‚ td rgigr td t`g tjkg pgrjdl w`jn` idaadwgl t`g
Sagjstdnghg bhl prgnglgl gvjlghng idr bh gndhdky fbsgl dh
iddl-prdluntjdh. _g wdual broug, `dwgvgr, t`bt t`g
n`rdhdadojnba fduhlbrjgs s`dual fg pgrngjvgl bs orbluba
trbhsjtjdhs (Uvgagfja 2::>, 9>). Idr gxbkpag, jt nbh fg brougl
t`bt sdkg pdst-Sagjstdnghg `uhtgr-obt`grgrs s`dual ndhtjhug
td fg sggh bs Gpjpbabgdajt`jn, gspgnjbaay jh pbrts di sdut`grh
Gurdpg w`grg `uhtjho pbttgrhs ljl hdt bpprgnjbfay n`bhog
wjt` t`g ghl di t`g oabnjba pgrjdl bhl t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrsrgkbjhgl kdfjag wjt`jh gxtghsjvg tgrrjtdrjgs (Vbldvbhdvjn
2::9b, 2::9l). Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, rgluntjdh di kdfjajty
agbls td ndhndkjtbht sdnjba n`bhogs w`jn` nbh ljiigrghtjbtg
sdkg Kgsdajt`jn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs irdk t`dsg di t`g Wppgr
Sbabgdajt`jn, bat`duo` t`g n`rdhdadojnba tjkgirbkg wdual
hdt fg bpprgnjbfay ljiigrght. Bs bh gxbkpag, wg mhdw irdk
gt`hdorbp`jn stuljgs t`bt sglghtbry dr sgkj-sglghtbry `uhtgr
obt`grgrs jhndrpdrbtg ljiigrght kgn`bhjsks irdk t`dsg di
kdfjag `uhtgr-obt`grgrs idr ndpjho wjt` rjsm jh t`gjr
sufsjstghng strbtgojgs (@uhh/_jaajbks 2:06). ^un`
kgn`bhjsks nbh, dvgr t`g adho tgrk, fgndkg gkfgllgl
wjt`jh t`g sdnjba bs wgaa bs p`ysjnba rgprdluntjdh di t`g
sdnjgty.
\d sdkg lgorgg, t`g kgn`bhjsks di t`g sglghtbry dr sgkj
sglghtbry `uhtgr-obt`grgrs nbh kdrg nadsgay bpprdxjkbtg
t`dsg di iddl prdlungrs (iddl stdrbog dr ijrg-sgttjho
tgn`hjqugs, idr gxbkpag). @dwgvgr, bat`duo` sun` rgspdhsgs
td rjsm ibntdrs nbh jaaustrbtg sdkg sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh t`g
iddl-prdlungrs bhl t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrs (gspgnjbaay jh tgrks
Jvbhb Vbldvbhdvj© @uhtgrs, ijs`grs dr ibrkgrs5 sglghtjsk, sufsjstghngFbrfbrb Ydytgm bhl sdnjba ndkpagxjty jh t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn
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di tgn`hjqugs), t`grg brg basd nrjtjnba ljiigrghngs. Dhg di
t`gsg js t`g rgabtjvgay adw lghsjty di pdpuabtjdh bkdho t`gabttgr.
Adw pdpuabtjdh lghsjty `bs fggh brougl td fg fdt` b
nbusg bhl b ndhsgqughng di ndhtgkpdrbry `uhtgr-obt`grgr
iddl prdluntjdh bhl bt t`g sbkg tjkg, pabys b rdag wjt`jh
`uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh bhl jlgdadoy
(@uhh/_jaajbks 2:06, ?). Sdpuabtjdh lghsjty wdual `bvg
basd fggh bh jkpdrtbht ibntdr wjt`jh prg`jstdrjn sdnjgtjgs.
Iurt`grkdrg, jt js ljrgntay rgabtgl td sglghtjsk w`jn` nbh
diisgt fbabhngs t`bt `bl fggh gstbfajs`gl fy kdrg kdfjag
ajigstyags (Mgaay 2::2, 2<6). \`bt js, n`bhogs jh pdpuabtjdh
lghsjty kby fg sggh bs b fbrdkgtgr di n`bhog. Bat`duo` adw
pdpuabtjdh lghsjty kby fg b lgijhjho n`brbntgrjstjn di
ndhtgkpdrbry `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty, ibntdrs wjt`jh
prg`jstdrjn `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs bppgbr td `bvg
n`baaghogl t`js igbturg. Bt agbst t`js js dhg prdngss wg sgg
ldnukghtgl lurjho t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn. Bh blljtjdhba
ibntdr di hd skbaa ndhsgqughng wbs t`g prgsghng di bhl
jhtgrbntjdh wjt` iddl-prdlunjho sdnjgtjgs wjt`jh t`g rgojdh
dvgr w`bt bppgbrs td `bvg fggh sgvgrba `uhlrgl ygbrs.
>. Lgijhjho t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn
>.2. DYGVYJG_
Jh t`g 2:93's ndhstruntjdh fgobh di b lbk dh t`g Lbhufg
Vjvgr jh t`g brgb di t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog (t`g Legrlbp)
w`jn` wbs ndkpagtgl jh 2:?2. ^gvgrba sgttagkghts fbsgl dh
`uhtjho, obt`grjho bhl ijs`jho wgrg uhndvgrgl bhl gxnbvbtgl
dh fdt` sjlgs di t`g rjvgr. \`g Legrlbp prgsghts b sjhouabr
gndadoy wjt` b hukfgr di kjnrd-zdhgs w`dsg najkbtjn
ndhljtjdhs vbry bnndrljho td batjtulg bhl adnbtjdh wjt`jh t`g
odrogs. Gxtrgkg ghvjrdhkghtba n`bhogs wjt`jh t`g Legrlbp
`bl hdt bnndkpbhjgl t`g pdst-Sagjstdnghg bhl t`g odrog `bs
fggh lgsnrjfgl fy sdkg bs b ‐rgiuog‚ idr t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrs
w`d wdual `bvg dt`grwjsg suiigrgl irdk pdst-Sagjstdnghg
lgvgadpkghts jh t`g gndadoy (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b). \`g
tdpdorbp`jn rgajgi di t`g odrogs js kbrmgl bhl t`grg brg
ajkjtgl pbtn`gs di brbfag abhl idr borjnuaturg, bat`duo`
bhjkba-`grljho wdual `bvg fggh pdssjfag. Sbayhdadojnba
stuljgs prdvjlg b pjnturg di b wjlg spgntruk di pabhts
bvbjabfag jh t`g odrogs lurjho t`g kgsdajt`jn pgrjdl w`jn`
wdual `bvg ghrjn`gl bhl ljvgrsjijgl t`g ljgt di t`g `ukbh
pdpuabtjdh (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b).
63 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 2. Jkbog di t`g Kgsdajt`jn
(irdk S. Ibhabn 2:97. @gurgusg
Srê`jstdjrg , Sgrjougux, p. 02).
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\`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts lbtg td b pgrjdl
fgtwggh t`g 0t` bhl 9t` kjaaghhjb FN (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::<,
2::9b, 2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). Lurjho t`g ndursg di t`g
0t` kjaaghhjuk FN, t`g kdfjajty di t`g pdpuabtjdh `bl fggh
rglungl idr b hukfgr di rgbsdhs. \`g ghsujho ordwt` bhl
gxpbhsjdh di pdpuabtjdh dfsgrvgl b ajhgbr pbttgrh di sprgbl
badho t`g Lbhufg Vjvgr. B lgtbjagl bhbaysjs di t`g kbtgrjbanuaturg iduhl jh t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts `bs
suoogstgl bt agbst t`rgg ndgxjstjho ordups (ijo. 6)5
„ t`g ijrst ordup jh t`g Wppgr Odrog wjt` sgttagkghts di
Sbljhb, ^tufjnb, Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr=
„ b sgndhl ordup w`jn` bppgbrs td `bvg spajt dii irdk t`g
ijrst bhl kdvgl ldwhstrgbk wjt` sgttagkghts bt Muab bhl
Dstrdvua Kbrg=
„ b t`jrl ordup (dr pgr`bps kdrg ordups) sgttagl jh t`g
Adwgr Odrog bhl t`g brgb di Maeun, jhnauljho Jndbhb,
Vbzvrbtb, @belunmb Ydlghjnb, Dstrdvua Fbhuauj, ^n`gab
Nabldvgj bhl Dstrdvua Ndrfuauj.
Jh 2:0:, Ydytgm bhl \rjho`bk prgsghtgl b snghbrjd idr t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn w`jn` bttgkptgl td `jo`ajo`t t`g
rdag di sglghtjsk jh t`g lgvgadpkght di jhtgr-sdnjba rgabtjdhs
bhl t`g hbturg di sdnjdgndhdkjn n`bhogs biigntjho t`g
pdpuabtjdhs ajvjho t`grg. B frjgi sukkbry di t`bt wdrm js
rgqujrgl `grg. \`g brtjnag `bl prgsghtgl b kdlga w`jn`
ndkfjhgl t`g t`rgg ibntdrs di sglghtjsk, iddl stdrbog, bhl
gxn`bhog. \`g but`drs `bl brougl t`bt t`g brn`bgdadojnba
gvjlghng suoogstgl t`bt t`g jhljoghdus `uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh
t`g Legrlbp `bl fgndkg agss kdfjag bhl t`bt jh ldjho sd,
t`gy `bl jhtghsjijgl t`gjr usg di adnba rgsdurngs idr tddas bhl
iddl. \`gsg nabjks wgrg gvjlghngl fy strunturba rgkbjhs,
stdhg tddas bhl ibnjajtjgs, bhl b qubhtjty di nuaturba lgfrjs
(Srjhz 2:0?= Vbldvbhdvjn 2::<, 2::9b, 2::9f, 2::9n, jh
prgss= Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).
^tdhg rjhos iduhl bt Yabsbn `bvg fggh jhtgrprgtgl bs tght
rjhos (Srjhz 2:0?) bat`duo` t`gy kby `bvg fggh usgl idr
iddl-prdngssjho bntjvjtjgs sun` bs wjal sggl rgkdvba
(Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:, <:>). Sduhlgrs bhl kdrtbrs iduhl
bt Agpghsmj Yjr bhl Sbljhb w`jn` bat`duo` vbrjdusay
jhtgrprgtgl bs s`rjhgs bhl batbrs kby `bvg fggh usgl idr
orjhljho bhl/dr pduhljho di sggls bhl huts w`jn` js
suoogstgl fy t`g wgbr pbttgrhs dh t`g stdhg jkpagkghts
(^rgedvjn 2:9: (2:?6)). Gxpadjtbtjdh di pabht iddls js
basd rgiagntgl jh dt`gr lbtb5 bhtagr tddas iduhl bt Yabsbn
`bvg fggh bssdnjbtgl wjt` wdrmjho t`g sdja (Agtjnb 2:9:).Sdaagh bhbaysjs di ndprdajtgs irdk Yabsbn bhl Jndbhb s`dws
Orbkjhgbg di ngrgba typg (Nbrnjukbru 2:?>). Ijhbaay,
smgagtba stuly di lghtjtjdh s`dws t`bt pabht iddls wgrg bh
jkpdrtbht pbrt di t`g ljgt (Fdrdhgbht 2:03= y'Glyhbm 2:?0=
y'Glyhbm/Iagjsn` 2:0>). Ibuhba lbtb basd suppdrt t`g t`gdry
di ygbr-rduhl dnnupbtjdh. \`gsg rgkbjhs ndkg irdk ijs`,
pjo, lggr, bhl wjal dx.
Jt wbs iurt`gr brougl t`bt t`g pgrkbhght ibnjajtjgs idr
bnqujrjho rgsdurngs bhl pgr`bps stdrjho t`gk ndual `bvg
fgndkg t`g idnj di ndhtrda fy jhljvjlubas bhl t`g fbsgs idr
sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh. Bhjkba-mggpjho wdual `bvg
bnngagrbtgl t`js prdngss, bat`duo` t`grg js blkjttglay hd
gvjlghng idr ldkgstjn bhjkbas bkdho t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr
sjtgs gxngpt idr ldo. \`grg js gvjlghng, `dwgvgr, idr ldkgstjn s`ggp/odbt bhl nbttag bkdho t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn
sjtgs jh t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh (hdrt` Fbambhs), bhl gxn`bhog
jh kgbt `bs fggh pdstuabtgl fy sdkg brn`bgdadojsts
(N`bpkbh 2::<, 2<2= Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:, <:?) (ijo. >).
Gt`hdorbp`jn stuljgs `bvg lgkdhstrbtgl t`g pdtghtjba giignts
di t`g jhtrdluntjdh bhl bldptjdh di ldkgstjn bhjkbas bs b
sdurng di gxn`bhogbfag wgbat` (Fbjagy 2:03, 9?= Jhodal
2:03, <<). ^dnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh irgqughtay js dhg di t`gk,
ditgh bnndkkdlbtjho t`g ibnt t`bt t`g mhdwaglog di
ldkgstjnbtjdh wdual hdt `bvg fggh ljstrjfutgl gvghay bkdho
t`g pdpuabtjdh (Kgbldws 2:0>).
Gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs fgtwggh t`g jhljoghdus `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs bhl ibrkjho ordups dutsjlg t`g odrogs `bvg fgghojvgh ‐b kbedr rdag‚ jh t`g sdnjdgndhdkjn trbhsidrkbtjdh
wjthgssgl jh t`g Legrlbp (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:, <:0).
Gvjlghng idr gxn`bhog ndkgs abrogay jh t`g idrk di ajt`jn
rgsdurngs bhl pdtghtjbaay ngrbkjns. \`g pdssjfjajty di
sufsjstghng rgsdurngs fgjho jhnaulgl wjt`jh gxn`bhog
dpgrbtjdhs `bs bargbly fggh tdun`gl updh jh tgrks di
ldkgstjnbtgl bhjkbas idr kgbt. Ndhngrhjho pabht iddls, dhg
kjo`t spgnuabtg t`bt t`g ngrbkjns w`jn` kjo`t `bvg fggh
pbrt di bh gxn`bhog `bl prjhnjpbaay sgrvgl bs ndhtbjhgrs idr
sun` sufstbhngs w`jn` wgrg t`g rgba jtgks di fbrtgr.
\d ndhnaulg t`js frjgi sukkbry, wg wdual hdtg t`bt t`g
odba di t`g 2:0: brtjnag wbs td uhlgrstbhl gagkghts t`bt
wdual idstgr sdnjdgndhdkjn n`bhog bkdho fdt` t`g `uhtgr-
obt`grgr bhl iddl-prdlungr pdpuabtjdhs „ t`bt js, td gxpadrg
t`g hbturg di trbhsidrkbtjdh rbt`gr t`bh trbhsjtjdh. ^jhng jts
pufajnbtjdh, ndhsjlgrbfag rgsgbrn` `bs fggh ldhg dh t`g
`uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh t`g Legrlbp (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6, 2::9b,
2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). _g hdw `bvg b nagbrgr pjnturg di
t`g gxtght di t`gjr sdnjba ndkpagxjty bhl sjohjijnbhng td t`g
prg`jstdry di t`g Fbambhs bs b w`dag.
>.6. ^GLGH\J^K
Bs kghtjdhgl, dhg di t`g gagkghts w`jn` odgs tdwbrl
lgijhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn di t`g Legrlbp js t`g gvjlghng idr
sglghtjsk. \`g gvjlghng `bs fggh dutajhgl bfdvg. \`grgbsdhs brg pgr`bps agss nagbr. Mgaay (2::6) `bs sukkbrjzgl
sdkg di t`g pdssjfag rgbsdhs, ghnbpsuabtjho t`gk wjt`jh b
ndkpbrjsdh di ‑pus` bhl puaa `ypdt`gsgs‛ (Mgaay 2::6, 72-
7<). Bat`duo` `js stuly prdlungl hd lgijhjtjvg rgbsdh w`y
sdkg `uhtgr-obt`grgrs fgndkg sglghtbry, jt ljl pdjht dut t`g
jkpdrtbhng di lgbajho wjt` rgsdurng iauntubtjdh lurjho t`g
prdngss. \`bt js, jh brgbs wjt` jhirgqught rgsdurng
62 J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN
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iauntubtjdh, t`g hggl td kdvg wdual fg agss bppbrght (Mgaay
2::6, 7>).
Bat`duo` pbttgrhs di rgsdurng iauntubtjdh nbhhdt fg
jhvdmgl bs nbusgs idr jhnrgbsgl sglghtjsk, t`gy nagbray paby
b rdag, gspgnjbaay jh vjgw di t`g ibnt t`bt sglghtjsk tghls td
prdlung jhnrgbsgl pdpuabtjdh lghsjty (@brrjs 2:??b, 2:??f=
Mgaay 2::6, 7:, 2::2, 2<2-2<<= Vbiigrty 2:07, 263, 2>?).
\`bt js, rgobrlagss di t`g nbusgs idr jhnrgbsgl sglghtjsk
(bhl jh ibnt, t`grg nbh fg kbhy, ni. Vbiigrty 2:07), rgsdurng
iauntubtjdh kust fg bllrgssgl jh kgt`dls dt`gr t`bh
kdfjajty. Fy jts vgry lgijhjtjdh, sglghtjsk prgnaulgs kdfjajty
bs b kgn`bhjsk idr rglunjho rjsm (@bastgbl/D'^`gb 2:0:, >).
_`gh rgsjlghtjba bhl/dr adho-tgrk kdfjajty nbh hd adhogr fg
pgrngjvgl bs ‐vjbfag sdautjdhs td adnba rgsdurng ibjaurg‚,
sglghtbry `uhtgr-obt`grgrs kust usg dt`gr kgbhs (Mgaay
2::6, 70= Vbiigrty 2:07, 22:). Jh blljtjdh, sglghtbry `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs ld hdt `bvg kdfjajty bs b kgn`bhjsk td ndhsgrvg
rgsdurngs (@uhh 2:06, 2?). \`bt js, hgw kgbhs di prgsgrvjho
rgsdurngs, gspgnjbaay dvgr t`g adho-tgrk, kust fg lgvgadpgl.
Iddl-stdrbog wdual sgrvg bs dhg pdssjfag lgvgadpkght,
bat`duo` t`g gvjlghng idr iddl-stdrbog jh t`g Legrlbp js hdt
gspgnjbaay nagbr. Dt`gr kgbhs kby jhnaulg hgw baajbhngs dr
kbhjpuabtjdh di kbrrjbog (Mgaay 2::6, 70). Jkpdrtbhtay,
ibntdrs w`jn` ndhtrjfutg td gobajtbrjbhjsk fgtwggh oghlgrs jh
kdfjag sdnjgtjgs nbh fgndkg ndkprdkjsgl bkdho sglghtbry
pdpuabtjdhs. Jh sglghtbry ndkkuhjtjgs idr w`dk iddl
66 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
JHLGP5
KG^DAJ\@JN DV KG^DAJ\@JN /GBVAZ HGDAJ\@JN ^J\G^
Bajfgo Ygtgrbhj tgrbsb
Sbljhb @belunmb Ydlghjnb
^tufjnb JndbhbJajsdvb Vãzvrbtb
Jzabz Dstrdvua Fbhuauj
Agpghsmj Yjr ^n`gab Nabldvgj
Yabsbn Dstrdvua Ndrfuauj
Nujhb \urnuauj Dstrdvua Kbrg
Najkghtg J bhl JJ Muab
GBVAZ HGDAJ\@JN ^J\G^ (*gvjlghng idr ldkgstjn bhjkbas)
Sdegeghb Ldheg Futdrmg
Kbngstj Bekbhb
Kdaldvb Ygn`g Sgsbm^ijhtb Gaghb Ygagshjnb
Odrhgb* Fjaegvjhb
Ajufndvb* Kj`beadvbn sjtgs
^vjhj≬b
Ijourg 6. Kbp di t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog (Legrlbp). Njrnags kbrm oghgrba adnbtjdh di Kgsdajt`jn sjtgs dr sjtgs wjt` Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn=
trjbhoags ; Gbray Hgdajt`jn sjtgs/ijhls (irdk Vbldvbhdvj© 2::6= Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).
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stdrbog `bs fggh t`g prjhnjpba kgbhs di ndpjho wjt` rgsdurng
iauntubtjdhs, igkbags tghl td fg ndhsjlgrgl kdrg vbaubfag bs
b sdurng di abfdr t`bh bs adnj idr pdtghtjba baajbhngs (Mgaay
2::2, 2<7-2<9). \`bt js, kbjhtghbhng di surpaus idr stdrbog
ghtbjas jhnrgbsgl ndsts di rgsdurng-`brvgstjho (di pabhts dr
ijs`) bhl rgsdurng-prdngssjho. Jh t`js wby, sufsjstghng
bntjvjtjgs fgndkg kdrg abfdr jhtghsjvg bhl jhnrgbsjho buhjt's prdluntjdh rgqujrgs jhnrgbsjho b uhjt's sjzg.
Badho t`g sbkg ajhgs, jhnrgbsgl lgpghlghny dh idrbojho,
w`jn` nbh prdvjlg b stbfag iddl suppay, nbh basd agbl td
lgpagtjdh di b rgsdurng brgb (Mgaay 2::2, 273). Idr
sglghtbry/sgkj-sglghtbry ndkkuhjtjgs, t`js ibntdr t`gh
rgjhidrngs t`g hggl idr iddl stdrbog bhl dt`gr rjsm-bvdjlbhng
strbtgojgs w`jn` brg basd abfdr-jhtghsjvg. Jh blljtjdh, jh b
sglghtbry ndhtgxt, tbsms fgndkg ljiigrghtjbtgl bs abfdr tjkg
jhnrgbsgs bhl n`jalrgh brg frduo`t jhtd t`g abfdr idrng
(@jtn`ndnm 2:06, 673). ^dnjba rgabtjdhs`jps brg dfvjdusay
biigntgl.
\`gsg jhtgrrgabtgl gagkghts di sglghtjsk suoogst t`bt
oghlgr rdags brg basd jhiaughngl w`gh b ordup ‐sgttags ldwh‚,b prdngss t`bt ghtbjas hgw gndhdkjn bhl pdajtjnba ndhljtjdhs.
Ljvjsjdh di abfdr wjt`jh skbaa-snbag sdnjgtjgs js abrogay
lgijhgl bnndrljho td sgx. _`jag igkbags ndkg td jh`bfjt b
kdrg rgstrjntgl spbng (bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g `dusg dr ‐ldkus‚
di @dllgr (2::3, 9?-?0)), kbags tghl td fgndkg kdrg
jhvdavgl jh gxtrb-ordup biibjrs (Lrbpgr 2:?7, ?0, 233-23<).
^dkg `bvg brougl t`bt bs t`g stbtus di wdkgh fgnbkg
ldkgstjnbtgl, jt basd lgnrgbsgl (Fabhl gt ba. 2:?0, 279=
@bylgh gt ba. 2:09= Mgaay 2::2= ^bnms 2:?<, 623). _`gt`gr
sun` b ndrrgabtjdh nbh fg prdvgh dr hdt, jt js rgbsdhbfag td
prdpdsg t`bt wjt` jhnrgbsgl sglghtjsk, t`g lyhbkjns di
n`bhojho oghlgr rdags wjt`jh t`g sdnjgty wdual `bvg fggh
dpgrbtjvg. Iurt`grkdrg, t`g giignts di t`gsg lyhbkjns wdual
`bvg jkpbntgl dt`gr oghlgr-fbsgl lgvgadpkghts „ idr
gxbkpag, jh t`g brgb di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh bhl t`g
jhnrgbsgl sjohjijnbhng di abfdr. _g s`baa rgturh td t`js pdjht
iurt`gr dh jh t`g pbpgr.
>.>. IJ^@ BHL VJ M VGLWN\JDH
Fgidrg ljsnussjho t`gsg lgvgadpkghts jh t`g Legrlbp jh kdrg
lgtbja, wg s`dual pgr`bps rgturh td t`g sufsjstghng fbsg. \`g
`uhtgr-obt`grgrs di t`g Legrlbp `bl gxpadjtgl b wjlg
spgntruk di wjal bhjkbas bhl ijs`. \`g rgsgbrn` fy
Vbldvbhdvjn jhtd ibuhba rgkbjhs bhbayzgl irdk t`gsg sjtgs
suoogsts t`bt ijs` `bl fggh bh jkpdrtbht iddl rgsdurng, futhdt hgngssbrjay b stbpag. Jh t`g Gpjpbagdajt`jn bhl gbray
Kgsdajt`jn dnnupbtjdhs, t`grg js gvjlghng t`bt baa spgnjgs di
ijs` `bl fggh gxpadjtgl, w`jag lurjho t`g abtg Kgsdajt`jn,
ijs`jho idnussgl kdrg dh nyprjhjlbg bhl t`grg js b abnm di
t`g abrogr bhblrdkdus ijs` (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, 2::9n=
`dwgvgr, sgg Frjhm`ujzgh 2:09 idr ljsnussjdh di sturogdh
rgkbjhs irdk Sbljhb). \`g abnm ndual fg lug td prgsgrvbtjdh,
gxnbvbtjdh, prg`jstdrjn n`djng, dr pgr`bps gndadojnba n`bhogs
w`jn` biigntgl t`g sgbsdhba ruh di t`g ijs`. Bat`duo` t`g
gvjlghng kbmgs jt ljiijnuat td bhswgr kbhy qugstjdhs bfdut
t`g gxpadjtbtjdh di ijs` jh t`g Legrlbp, t`g jkpdrtbhng di t`js
rgsdurng s`dual fg gxbkjhgl jh b frdblgr sghsg t`bh jts
qubhtjtbtjvg sjohjijnbhng.
Bs kghtjdhgl, ijs` ljl hdt bppgbr td `bvg fggh b stbpagrgsdurng, fut jt js bh jkpdrtbht dhg jh tgrks di sgbsdhba
bfuhlbhng bhl jts pdtghtjba bs stdrgl iddl dr ‐iddl rgsgrvg‚
(@uhh 2:06, >2->6= Vdwagy-Ndhwy/Uvgagfja 2:0:, 76-7>).
Jt js basd rgspdhsjvg td n`bhogs jh pdpuabtjdh lghsjty.
Ndhtgkpdrbry `uhtgr-obt`grgrs `bvg fggh mhdwh td bldpt b
‐spgnjbajzgl rjvgrjhg drjghtbtjdh‚ td suppdrt jhnrgbsgs jh
pdpuabtjdh lghsjty. \`g spgnjbajzbtjdh nbh jhndrpdrbtg
prbntjngs sun` bs rjtuba bhl kyt`dadojnba ‐kbrmjho‚ di
sgbsdhba rgsdurng brgbs sd t`bt dhay ngrtbjh ordups s`dual
gxpadjt t`gk bhl dhay bt spgnjijn pgrjdls (@uhh 2:06, >2).
Dppdrtuhjtjgs idr pdpuabtjdh booadkgrbtjdh bhl sglghtbrjhgs
brg diigrgl fy ndhnghtrbtjdhs di kjorbtdry ijs` w`jn` nbh
sustbjh b ndhnghtrbtgl pdpuabtjdh, bs suoogstgl idr t`gpdpuabtjdh di Daghjj Dstrdv (Uvgagfja 2::>, 7?). @brvgstjho
bhblrdkdus ijs` `bs fggh ndkpbrgl td obt`grjho kdrg t`bh
`uhtjho, suoogstjho jts jkpdrtbhng jh tgrks di sn`gluajho bhl
kbjhtbjhjho b sglghtbry dr gvgh sgkj-sglghtbry ajigstyag
(Mght 2:0:, 7).
Jh giignt, ijs` nbh fgndkg t`g adnbajzgl rgsdurng w`jn`
baadws b sglghtbry/sgkj-sglghtbry ordup td rgkbjh jh pabng
(Vdwagy-Ndhwy/Uvgagfja 2:0:, 72). \`g rgabtjdhs`jp di t`js
iddl sdurng td dt`gr typgs s`dws jhtgrgstjho pbttgrhs. Jh `gr
gndadojnba kdlga di Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn jhtgrbntjdh
pdstuabtgl idr ^dut`wgst Ogrkbhy, Orgoo `bs brougl t`bt ji
t`g suppay di rgl lggr lgnrgbsgs lug td ndkpgtjtjdh wjt`
nbttag bhl s`ggp, t`g jhtgrgst jh ijs` jhnrgbsgs. Bt t`g sbkg
tjkg, t`g blljtjdh di ldkgstjn rgsdurngs rglungs t`g hggl idr
ijs` jh t`g ljgt bhl rglungs t`g lgpghlghng dh t`g sgbsdhba
oadut bssdnjbtgl wjt` kjorbtdry ijs` (Orgoo 2:00, 2?2, 63>,
660, 6>?). Jh b rgojdh t`bt `bs hd bhblrdkdus ijs` ruhs,
hdh-kjorbtdry ijs` wdual `bvg fggh t`g ajkjtjho ibntdr jh
tgrrjtdry sjzg. \grrjtdrjgs wdual `bvg `bl td jhnrgbsg fy ?%
td baadw idr suiijnjght ijs`. Dhg batgrhbtjvg td jhnrgbsjho t`g
tgrrjtdry sjzg js b rgstrunturjho di wjal rgsdurng gxpadjtbtjdh
td lgnrgbsg t`g sjohjijnbhng di ijs` jh t`g ljgt (Orgoo 2:00,
63>). Bobjh, t`g blljtjdh di ldkgstjn rgsdurngs bnndkpajs`g
t`js odba bs wgaa. Jh frjgi, bat`duo` t`g jkpdrtbhng di ijs`
jh b pdpuabtjdh's ljgt js ditgh ljiijnuat td prdvg dr gvghkgbsurg, jts sjohjijnbhng jh tgrks di ordup lyhbkjns,
ghbfajho dr ibnjajtbtjho sglghtjsk bhl jhnrgbsjho pdpuabtjdh
lghsjtjgs, js hdtbfag.
>.<. ^DNJBA NDKSAGPJ\Z
\`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn ghlurgl sgvgrba `uhlrgl ygbrs bitgr
t`g bppgbrbhng di t`g adnba Gbray Hgdajt`jn bhl kby `bvg
6> J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN
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pgrsjstgl uhtja t`g fgojhhjho di t`g gbray Yjhnb pgrjdl jh t`g
rgojdh. Jt ndhtjhugl b rgabtjvgay adho `jstdrjnba trbegntdry jh
t`bt ngrtbjh gagkghts di t`g Kgsdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg `bvg
fggh rgabtgl td t`g prgngljho Gpjpbagdajt`jn pgrjdl w`jn` js
fgttgr ldnukghtgl dh t`g agit fbhm di t`g rjvgr bhl rgabtgl td
t`g sd-nbaagl Nujhb \urnuauj/^`bh-Mdfb/Fgadagsyg ndkpagx
(Vbldvbhdvjn
2::9b, 2::9l). \`js `jstdrjnba ndhtgxt jsjkpdrtbht td uhlgrstbhljho t`g ndkpagxjty di t`g Legrlbp
Kgsdajt`jn bhl jts jlgdadojnba kbhjigstbtjdhs (Vbldvbhdvjn
2::9l= Uvgagfja 2::9b, >6>).
Bs kghtjdhgl bfdvg, t`rduo` tjkg, t`rgg sgpbrbtg fut
rgabtgl ordups lgvgadpgl. Jh ndkkdh t`gy s`brgl
brn`jtgnturba gagkghts sun` bs sjkjabr typgs di lwgaajhos, bhl
gagkghts di furjba prdnglurg. @uhtjho, obt`grjho bhl ijs`jho
wgrg t`g ldkjhbht sufsjstghng strbtgojgs wjt`jh t`g Legrlbp
bhl t`g fdhg, bhtagr, bhl fdbr tusm jhlustrjgs wgrg bakdst
jlghtjnba t`rduo`dut t`g rgojdh. Ljiigrghngs bkdho t`g t`rgg
ordups jhnaulgl lgtbjas di brn`jtgnturba gagkghts, pbrtjnuabray
bssdnjbtgl wjt` `gbrt`s. \`g bppgbrbhng di ‐batbrs‚ bhl
snuapturgs jh t`g Wppgr Odrog, w`jn` brg gspgnjbaay hukgrdusjh t`g Agpghsmj Yjr sgttagkghts ndhtrbsts wjt` bhdt`gr vbrjgty
di rbrg snuapturg jh t`g Adwgr Odrog (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b,
2::9l).
Ljiigrghngs `bvg basd fggh hdtgl jh sdkg bspgnts di t`g
n`jppgl stdhg jhlustry, prjhnjpbaay jh t`g rbw kbtgrjbas usgl.
Ndhngrhjho sufsjstghng strbtgojgs, ibuhba bhbaysgs `bvg s`dwh
b kdrg prdkjhght drjghtbtjdh tdwbrl `uhtjho rgl lggr bhl wjal
pjo jh t`g Adwgr Odrog, w`jag rgl lggr bhl burdn`s wgrg t`g
kbjh spgnjgs gvjlghngl jh t`g Wppgr Odrog. Jt basd sggks
t`bt ijs`jho pabygl b kdrg jkpdrtbht rdag jh t`g Wppgr Odrog
prdfbfay fgnbusg di t`g prdluntjvg w`jrapddas sun` bs t`g
Odspdljh Yjr bhl Agpghsmj Yjr (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, 2::9l).
B abrog hukfgr di furjbas `bvg fggh rgojstgrgl bt gjo`t
sjtgs di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn. \`g vbrjbtjdhs bhl idrkba
ljspdsba brgbs suoogst b ndkpagx `drjzdhtba bhl prdfbfay
basd vgrtjnba sdnjba strbtjijnbtjdh wjt`jh t`g Legrlbp
Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjty. Lgtbjas nbh fg iduhl jh Vbldvbhdvjn
2::6, 2::<, 2::9b, 2::9f, 2::9n, jh prgss). Yabsbn prdvjlgs
t`g kdst gxtghsjvgay pufajs`gl lbtb ndhngrhjho brn`bgdadojnba
bhl fjd-bht`rdpdadojnba bspgnts di t`g furjbas. Jh t`g dt`gr
nbsgs, t`g brn`bgdadojnba lbtb brg pbrtjbaay pufajs`gl. Bpbrt
irdk Sbljhb B6, t`g dalgst typg di furjba prdnglurg js iduhl
jh t`g gbrajgr furjbas bt Yabsbn jh t`g Wppgr Odrog, bhl bt
^n`gab Nabldvgj jh t`g Adwgr Odrog. \`g lgngbsgl wgrg
furjgl jh ordups bt pbrtjnuabr adnbtjdhs, ditgh brduhl `gbrt`sbhl `bfjtbtjdhs.
Vgsgbrn` fy Vbldvbhdvjn jhtd sgx bhl bog strunturg di t`g
smgagtdhs rgvgbagl t`bt t`gy jhnaulgl kbags, igkbags bhl
sufbluats bat`duo` hdt jh uhjidrk prdpdrtjdhs bkdho t`g
sgttagkghts (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, 2::9n). \`g sbkpag irdk
Sbljhb dftbjhgl irdk ijgal ldnukghtbtjdh js kbrmgl fy b
ldkjhbhng di kbags (<0%), idaadwgl fy igkbags (>9%) bhl
b skbaa sbkpag di n`jalrgh (29%). \`g lbtb irdk Agpghsmj
Yjr lgrjvg irdk ^rgedvjn (2:9: (2:?6)), bh bhbaysjs di
smgagtba rgkbjhs fy Udiikbhh (2:0>) bhl t`g uhpufajs`gl
ijgal ldnukghtbtjdh. \`g prdpdrtjdh di n`jalrgh bt Agpghsmj
Yjr js hdtbfag bt ?3% di jlghtjijbfag furjbas, w`jag kbag
furjbas brg 20.7% bhl igkbags 22.<%. \`g igkbag furjbas brg
bntubaay rbrgr sjhng t`js prdpdrtjdh jhnaulgs igkbag smgagtbargkbjhs (kbhljfags) w`jn` `bl fggh jhndrpdrbtgl jh `gbrt`
ndhstruntjdh bt AY J. Idr AYJJ, igkbag furjbas ldkjhbtg,
bat`duo` t`g sbkpag js rgabtjvgay skbaa (0 igkbags dut di 2>=
> kbag= bhl 6 sgx uhlgtgrkjhgl). Bhbaysjs di t`g pufajs`gl
lbtb fy ^rgedvjn bhl Agtjnb (2:?0) dh Yabsbn prdvjlgs b
sbkpag abrogr t`bh Sbljhb, fut t`g oghgrba frgbmldwh di sgx
bhl bog strunturgs js sjkjabr. Kbag furjbas ldkjhbtg (<9.2%
jh Gbray Yabsbn p`bsg= <7.7% jh abtgr) idaadwgl fy igkbags
(67% jh gbray p`bsg, >6.?% jh abtgr) bhl sufbluats (60.0% jh
gbray p`bsg, 62.>% jh abtgr). \`g sgx bhl bog strunturg bt
@belunmb Ydlghjnb rgsgkfags t`g pbttgrh di Sbljhb bhl
Yabsbn wjt` prjhnjpbaay kbag furjbas (7<.7%) idaadwgl fy
igkbags (66.?%) bhl n`jalrgh (66.?%). \`g lbtb irdk dt`gr Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkghts prdvjlg rbt`gr skbaa sbkpags.
^n`gab Nabldvgj js bh gxngptjdh td t`js pbttgrh wjt` bt agbst
>> furjbas, fut jt nbhhdt fg jhnaulgl lug td b abnm di
pufajs`gl lbtb.
Jh suk, t`g abrog idrkba furjba brgbs jh t`g Legrlbp
Kgsdajt`jn, w`jn` nbh fg rgpdrtgl, ndhtbjhgl b kbedrjty di
kbag furjbas <7-7<%, igkbags 66->9%, bhl n`jalrgh 29-6:%.
Jh t`js pjnturg t`g Agpghsmj Yjr J furjba pbttgrh js bh
gxngptjdh, ndhtbjhjho ?3% n`jalrgh wjt` rbrg igkbag furjbas
bpbrt irdk kbhljfags wjt`jh `gbrt` ndhstruntjdhs.
B stuly di t`g orbvg oddls bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g furjbas `bs
fggh ldhg bs wgaa bhl nbh dhay fg sukkbrjzgl `grg
(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, jh prgss). \`js stuly suoogstgl t`bt
ngrtbjh trbjts wgrg sjohjijnbht n`rdhdadojnbaay bs wgaa bs
spbtjbaay. B orgbt vbrjgty di orbvg oddl idrks wbs dfsgrvgl
bt Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr J, Sbljhb bhl Agpghsmj Yjr JJ.
Baa t`gsg sjtgs brg adnbtgl jh t`g Wppgr Odrog. \`g sjtgs di
t`g Adwgr Odrog bhl ldwhstrgbk sjtgs ndhtbjhgl igw orbvg
oddls. Ngrtbjh idrks di orbvg oddls sggk td fg gxnausjvg td
Yabsbn (orbp`jtg, dn`rg) bhl Yabsbn bhl Muab (nyprjhjlbg
tggt`). \`g abttgr bppgbr td `bvg fggh ijxgl td obrkghts,
w`jn` `bl igbsjfay fggh kbrmgrs di stbtus.
Dn`rg wbs iduhl rgouabray bt Yabsbn bhl ^n`gab Nabldvgj J.
\`g gbray typg di furjbas bt Yabsbn ndhtbjhgl dn`rg
rgobrlagss di sgx bhl bog di t`g smgagtdhs. \`g bluats `blfggh sprjhmagl dr pbjhtgl wjt` dn`rg bt vbrjdus spdts, w`jag
t`g sufbluats bhl sdkgtjkgs igkbags brg ndkpagtgay
sprjhmagl wjt` dn`rg. Abtgr furjbas wjthgssgl b sjohjijnbht
n`bhog jh t`bt kbags wgrg gxnaulgl irdk t`js bspgnt di t`g
furjba prdnglurg. Igkbags wgrg sprjhmagl wjt` dn`rg
gxnausjvgay dvgr t`g pgavjn brgb w`jn` kby fg rgabtgl td
lgbt` jh t`g prdngss di ojvjho fjrt`.
6< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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\`g Yabsbn furjbas wjt` t`js dn`rg pbttgrh lbtg td t`g ?t`
kjaaghhjuk FN. \`g Agpghsmj Yjr J furjbas brg lbtgl td t`g
?t` bhl pgr`bps t`g fgojhhjho di t`g 9t` kjaaghhjuk FN.
\`gy ndhtbjh bhjkba fdhgs, smuaas (fdvjl, lggr, `ukbh) bhl
kbhljfags (`grfjvdrg, ldo, `ukbh). Hdhg di t`gsg orbvg
oddl idrks sykfdajzg t`g bnt di fjrt` sun` bs sggh jh t`g
abtgr Yabsbn igkbag furjbas. \`g sbkg js trug idr Sbljhb bhl
Muab. @dwgvgr, jkbogry ndhhgntgl wjt` t`g bnt di fjrt`, dr
kdrg oghgrbaay sgxuba rgprdluntjdh, wbs nagbray sykfdajzgl
bt Agpghsmj Yjr J bhl JJ fut jh bspgnts dt`gr t`bh dn`rg. Idr
gxbkpag, vuavb snuapturgs `bl fggh jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd `gbrt`
ndhstruntjdhs dr bssdnjbtgl wjt` `gbrt`s (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b
jh prgss= ^rgedvjn 2:9: (2:?6), ijo. 67, ijo <0).
\`g ndhtrbst fgtwggh Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr J bhl JJ
`bs fggh ljsnussgl bs jhljnbtjdh di rgkdvjho t`g fjrt`
sykfda irdk bh jhljvjluba agvga bhl jhtgrwgbvjho jt jhtd b
ndkpagx sgt di dt`gr sykfdas fgadhojho td t`g ndaagntjvg
(Vbldvbhdvjn jh prgss= ^rgedvjn 2:9: (2:?6)). Srgvbaghng di
t`g ndaagntjvg dvgr t`g jhljvjluba `bs fggh hdtgl bt dt`gr Jrdh
Obtgs sgttagkghts jh tgrks di t`g furjba prdnglurgs. Gbray
67 J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN
Ijourg >. Kbp di Fbambhs, jhljnbtjho
oghgrba adnbtjdh di Gbray Hgdajt`jn
sjtgs/ijhlspdts (^tbrngvd-Mdrds,
^tbrngvd-Nrjs dr gbray Yjhnb B
brn`bgdadojnba nuaturgs) (irdk Ojrj©
2:?<= Ndrhgajb-Kbolb 2::2=
Abzbrdvjnj 2:?:= ^rgedvj© 2:00=
Yabssb 2:?9= Ydytgm 2:07, ><).
JHLGP5
(* jhljnbtgs prgsghng di ldkgstjn
s`ggp/odbt bhl/dr nbttag)5
2. Fbatb ^brbtb
6. \urlbs*
>. Njrngb*
<. Irbtgajb
7. Mdzaum
9. Yrsbn sjtgs5 Fgagtjhnj bhl
Sbvajs= Sdtpdrbhe sjtgs5
Mrgkghebm bhl Wtrjhg
?. ^tbrngvd*
0. Odadmut - Yjzjnj*
:. Yjhnb*
23. Fjsgrhb Dfbab-Hdsb*= Fulzbm-
Aulds*, bhl Nurob-Aulds
22. Ourb Fbnjuauj*
26. Kdalbvjbh sjtgs, g.o., Sdjghg≧tj,
Orukãzg≧tj, Ygrkg≧tj, Fbj≧,
\rgstjbhb
2>. Hdrt Fbhbt sjtgs, g.o., hgbr
Hdvd Kjadsgvd, Fdnbr, Ndmb,
Kdmrjh, Jlds= sjtg di ‐Ldkfds‚
hgbr ^bebh*
2<. Orjvbn, Ljvdstjh*
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typgs di furjbas brg jhljvjlubajzgl bhl vbrjdusay drjghtgl,
bat`duo` jh t`g abtgr furjbas t`grg js bh drjghtbtjdh t`bt
idaadws t`g Lbhufg rjvgr ndursg. \`g `gbl di t`g lgngbsgl js
bawbys ljrgntgl ldwhstrgbk. Ybrjgty js tdagrbtgl dhay jh t`g
ldkbjh di vgrtjnba rbhmjho wjt`jh t`g ndkkuhjty
(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b, jh prgss).
>.7. JLGDADOZ
Bs kghtjdhgl, sdkg gagkghts di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn
kbtgrjba nuaturg rgabtg td t`g prgngljho Gpjpbagdajt`jn pgrjdl.
Lurjho t`g 0t` kjaaghhjuk FN, t`g kdfjajty di t`g `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs wbs rglungl bhl agl td b kdrg pgrkbhght
sgttagkght di t`g kdst ibvdrbfag zdhgs di t`g rgojdh. Fbsgl
updh stuljgs fy Vbldvbhdvjn, rgigrghngl bfdvg, bs wgaa
bs b sgrjgs di nbajfrbtgl rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs, b n`rdhdadojnba
sn`gkg wjt` sgvgrba p`bsgs `bs fggh prdpdsgl (ijo. <=
Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9l).
\`g p`bsgs brg uhgqubaay rgprgsghtgl jh t`g rgojdh,
pdssjfay lug td b prdngss di tgrrjtdrjba gxpbhsjdh bhl/dr
rgstrjntjdh. \`bt js, w`jag pdpuabtjdhs wjt`jh ngrtbjh zdhgs di t`g Legrlbp kbjhtbjhgl trbjts di t`g adnba Kgsdajt`jn, dt`grs
abnmgl t`gk dr ndkfjhgl hgw trbjts, jhnauljho lgtbjas di
`gbrt` ndhstruntjdh. Hgglagss td sby, t`js vbrjbtjdh kby
rgiagnt t`g nuaturba jlghtjty di t`g ordups wjt`jh t`g Odrog.
\`g qugstjdh di nuaturba jlghtjty nbhhdt fg ljsnussgl bpbrt
irdk t`g brn`bgdadojnbaay vjsjfag sjohs rgiagntjho jlgdadojnba
jhtgorbtjdh di t`g ndkkuhjty. Gagkghts di jlgdadojnba
jhtgorbtjdh brg rgiagntgl jh sgttagkght brn`jtgnturg, fut t`gsg
gagkghts brg gspgnjbaay wgaa-rgprgsghtgl bhl rgpgbtgl jh
kbhjidal bspgnts di t`g Wppgr Odrog sgttagkght igbturgs,
hdtbfay bt Yabsbn bhl Agpghsmj Yjr. \`gsg igbturgs jhnaulg
t`g pbrtjnuabr sgttagkght pbttgrh, sdp`jstjnbtgl fujaljho
tgn`hjqugs, abrog idrkba furjba brgbs, ndkpagx furjba
prdnglurgs, qubhtjty di ‐sykfdajn‚ brtjibnts, bhl snuapturgs.
\`us, t`g Wppgr Odrog sgttagkghts, bhl Agpghsmj Yjr bfdvg
baa, kbhjigst b idnus di sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba idrngs wjt`jh
t`g ghtjrg ndkkuhjty.
\`g adho ajigspbh di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn prdvjlgs bh
dppdrtuhjty td pdstuabtg twd rgabtgl fut sgpbrbtg ‐stgps‚ jh
t`g prdngss di jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh (ijo. <). Jh p`bsgs 2
t`rduo` > (t`g 0t` td ijrst `bai di t`g ?t` kjaaghhjb FN), t`g
ijrst ‐stgp‚ wbs rgabtgl td t`g sgt di n`bhogs rgabtgl td t`g
rgstrjntjdh di `uhtgr-obt`grgr kdfjajty, sufsjstghng strbtgojgs
td lgba wjt` rgsdurng iauntubtjdhs, bhl gabfdrbtjdh di sdnjba
rgabtjdhs, suoogstjho stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdh dh t`g fbsjs di sgx.Jh blljtjdh, ljsnrjkjhbtg dn`rg usg bkdho igkbag furjbas bt
Yabsbn lbtgs td t`js pgrjdl. Bs wg tghtbtjvgay suoogstgl, t`g
sprjhmajho di dn`rg dh t`g pgavjn rgojdh kby rgiagnt b ndhngrh
wjt` fjrt` bhl rgprdluntjdh, pgr`bps rgabtgl td t`g rgstrjntjdh
di frggljho hgtwdrms bssdnjbtgl wjt` rglungl kdfjajty.
Bhdt`gr ‐stgp‚ js kbrmgl jh p`bsgs <-9 (t`g sgndhl `bai di
t`g ?t` kjaaghhjuk FN uhtja nb. kjl-9t` kjaaghhhjuk FN)
w`jn` us`grs jh hgw gagkghts, iduhl jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrl. \`gsg hgw gagkghts brg rgabtgl td t`g ‐pdrtbfag
jhvghtdry‚ bhl jhnaulg t`g idaadwjho5
2. Iajht irdk Srgfbambh Sabtidrk sdurngs (sd-nbaagl Fbambh
`dhgy iajht) bppgbrs jh t`g n`jppgl stdhg jhlustry,
pbrtjnuabray bt Sbljhb F, Agpghsmj Yjr, bhl Yabsbn.
Gbrajgr bssgkfabogs wgrg ndkprjsgl dhay di adnba iajhtsbhl qubrtz/qubrtzjtg. Fbambh `dhgy iajht js ndkkdh jh
Gbray Hgdajt`jn ^tbr ngvd nuaturg ndhtgxts, usubaay jh t`g
idrk di ndkpagtg fablgs (Ydytgm 2:07, 673-677). Jt
ndhtrbsts wjt` t`g oghgrbaay pddr qubajty di dt`gr Gbray
Hgdajt`jn n`jppgl stdhg kbtgrjbas jh t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh.
Iurt`grkdrg, iabmgs bhl fablgs di Fbambh `dhgy iajht `bvg
fggh iduhl jh Gbray Hgdajt`jn ndhtgxts jh pdts, bs t`duo`
`bvjho fggh stdrgl (Ydytgm 2:07, 673). Dfsjljbh js
bhdt`gr rbw kbtgrjba w`jn` bppgbrs td fg ghtgrjho t`g
Legrlbp t`rduo` gxn`bhog bitgr t`g sgndhl `bai di t`g
?t` kjaaghhjuk FN.
6. Bt Yabsbn, Agpghsmj Yjr, bhl Muab, n`jppgl stdhg fablgs
di t`g sd-nbaagl ‐Kdhtfbhj typg‚ bppgbr jh t`g bssgkfabog
badho wjt` ogdkgtrjn kjnrdajt`s (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6).
\`gsg gagkghts ndhtrbst wjt` t`g iabmg-fbsgl tgn`hdadojgs
di gbrajgr agvgas.
>. ^`dg-abst bxgs di bhlgsjtg brg iduhl jh t g agvgas di
Agpghsmj Yjr JJJb, w`jag skbaa trbpgzg bxgs di sgrpghtjhjtg
brg iduhl wjt`jh b naby pdt irdk Agpghsmj Yjr JJJf. Irdk
Agpghsmj Yjr JJJb, fgbls di bzurjtg bhl kbabn`jtg wgrg
basd uhndvgrgl (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).
<. N`bhogs jh t`g tgn`hdadoy di kbhuibnturjho tddas kblg
di bhtagr bhl tusm `bvg fggh hdtgl idr Sbljhb F
(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6).
7. Sdttgry bppgbrs bt sdkg sjtgs wjt`jh t g sgndhl bai di t`g?t` kjaaghhjuk FN. Jh oghgrba, t`g kbhuibnturg, s`bpgs,
bhl lgndrbtjdh di t`g pdttgry jh t`g Legrlbp ijt wjt`jh t`g
abrogr rgojdhba ndhtgxt di t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh. @dwgvgr,
t`g pgrjdljzbtjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di Gbray Hgdajt`jn
pdttgry (di t`g sd-nbaagl ^tbr ngvd-Mùrùs-Nrj≧ brn`bgdadoj-
nba nuaturgs) rgqujrg sgrjdus wdrm fgidrg t`g ngrbkjns di
t`g Legrlbp nbh fg fgttgr rgabtgl td t`g rgojdhba
lgvgadpkght di t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs.
Dhg nbh broug t`bt t`g prgsghng di t`g kbtgrjbas sjohbas kdrg
jhtghsjvg pbrtjnjpbtjdh di t`g Legrlbp sjtgs wjt`jh b abrog
rgojdhba gxn`bhog hgtwdrm. \`g jhtrdluntjdh di t`gsg hgw
gagkghts js kdrg dr agss ndhndkjtbht wjt` vbrjbtjdhs jhbrn`jtgnturg bhl furjba prdnglurg, jhnauljho t`g n`bhog di
drjghtbtjdh di furjbas tdwbrl t`g rjvgr. Bs kghtjdhgl, t`g
strunturg di furjba drjghtbtjdh, badho wjt` dt`gr gagkghts di
furjba prdnglurg, nbh rgabtg td t`g jhnrgbsjho prgvbaghng di b
ndaagntjvg kghtbajty wjt`jh t`g nuaturg „ t`bt js, t`g sghsg di
jhljvjluba jlghtjty `bl fggh sufsukgl wjt`jh b ndaagntjvg
(Vbldvbhdvjn 2::6, 2::9l= N`bpkbh 2::>, 03-0<). Bt t`g
69 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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6? J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN
\bfag 2. N`rdhdadojnba n`brt - Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn (tbmgh irdk Vbldvbhdvj© 2::9b= Ydytgm/ \rjho`bk 2:0:
Gbray Hgdajt`jn5 Yabsbn JY, Agpghsmj Yjr JJJ, Nujhb \urnuauj JJJ, ^n`gab Nabldvgj JJJ, Jndbhb JJJ, Dstrdvua
Fbhuauj JY (bhl dt`grs s`dwh dh ijo. 6).
S`bsg Wppgr Odrog jtgs Adwgr Odrog jtgs Ldwhstrgbk jtgs
KJL 9\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN
9 Sbljhb F (JJJ) @belunmb Y, JF
Agpghsmj Yjr JJ/JJJb Vbzvrbtb JJ
D. Ndrfuauj JJ
D. Kbrg mk. 0?>/0?
?\@ /9\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN
(ajt`jn n`bhogs)
7 Bajfgo JJ @belunmb Y. Jb Muab J-JJ
Sbljhb F (JJ) D. Fbhuauj JJJf D. Kbrg mk.0?7
Agpghsmj Yjr J (>)
(bppgbrbhng di ngrbkjns)
^GNDHL @BAI DI ?\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN
< Sbljhb F (J)
Agpghsmj Yjr J (6)
Yabsbn JJJ Jndbhb JJ Muab J
@belunmb Y, Jb
D. Fbhuauj JJJb-f
^n`gab Nabldvgj JJ
D. Ndrfuauj JJ (`. Y-YJ)
IJV^\ @BAI DI ?\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN
> Sbljhb B-F
Agpghsmj Yjr, J (2)
Yabsbn Jf-JJ
0\@ /?\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN
6 Sbljhb B/B-F @belunmb Y, 2b
Yabsbn Jb-f D. Fbhuauj JJJb
Srdtd-Agpghsmj Yjr ^n`gab Nabldvgj J
D. Ndrfuauj J (`. JJJ-JY)
0\@ KJAAGHHJWK FN
2 Sbljhb B Ygtgrbhj-tgrbsb
Bajfgo J Jndbhb Jb-f
Yabsbn Jb Vbzvrbtb J
^n`gab Nabldvgj J
D. Ndrfuauj J (`. JJ)
SD^\ SAGJ^\DNGHG
Nujhb \urnuauj JJ
Fbjag @grnuabhg JJ
D. Fbhuauj JJ
\GVKJHBA SAGJ^\DNGHG
Najkghtg JJ
D. Fbhuauj J
Nujhb \urnuauj J
Najkghtg J
Fbjag @grnuabhg J
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sbkg tjkg, `dwgvgr, t`g gxn`bhog trbhsbntjdhs bhl
jhtrdluntjdh di hgw rgsdurngs, dnnbsjdhgl fy ndhtbnt wjt`
t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn ordups mhdwh irdk t`g Lbhufg Fbsjh
(ijo. >), wdual `bvg drn`gstrbtgl hgw jhstjtutjdhba rgspdhsgs
di ndhtrda dvgr t`bt ndaagntjvg (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:).
Sgr`bps bakdst pbrbldxjnbaay, bat`duo` b ndaagntjvg
ndhsnjghng kby `bvg fggh idrkjho, dhay b igw pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas wdual `bvg `bl sdnjba bnngss td t`g ‐dutsjlg‚
ordup, t`rduo` w`jn` bnngss td rgsdurngs di t`bt ordup
wdual fg iuhhgagl (Mgaay 2::2, 2<>).
Sgr`bps hdt surprjsjhoay, bh jlgdadojnba sykfda di t`g
Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn js ijs`, bs sggh jh t`g ijs`-ajmg snuapturgs,
‐batbrs‚, bhl sykfdajn brtjibnts drhbkghtgl fy kdtjvgs t`bt
pgr`bps rgprgsght sykfdas di wbtgr. Bs kghtjdhgl, bat`duo`
ijs` wgrg hdt b vjtba rgsdurng jh t`g ljgt, t`gjr gxpadjtbtjdh
nbh fg tjgl td t`g spbtjba tgrrjtdry bhl jts kbjhtghbhng bs b
`bfjtbtjdh. \`g ibnt t`bt sdkg spgnjgs `bl pdssjfay hdt fggh
gxpadjtgl bs b iddl rgsdurng bkdho t`g Kgsdajt`jn Legrlbp
ndkkuhjty ldgs hdt hgobtg t`g ibnt t`bt ijs` bhl t`g rjvgr
jtsgai `bl ndkg td sgrvg bs b sykfda di t`g jhtgorjty di t`gndkkuhjty. \`bt js, `bl ijs` `jstdrjnbaay fggh b ibntdr jh t`g
prdngss di sglghtjsk, gajkjhbtjho dr kjtjobtjho t`g rjsm
ibntdrs kghtjdhgl bfdvg, jts jlgdadojnba vbaug wdual `bvg
fggh sgnurgl „ gspgnjbaay ojvgh t`g bpprdprjbtg sdnjba idrngs
td prdkdtg jts kgbhjho wjt`jh t`g ndkkuhjty. Bs kghtjdhgl
bfdvg, gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs wjt` ‐dutsjlg‚ ordups wdual `bvg
idstgrgl t`g blvbhng di pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas t`rduo` w`dk
sun` gxn`bhog wdual `bvg fggh n`bhhgagl, pdssjfay t`rduo`
hgw jhstjtutjdhs sun` bs trblg pbrthgrs`jps (Mgaay 2::2=
Ydytgm/\rjho`bk 2:0:). \`g ibnt t`bt ngrtbjh ndkkdljtjgs
bhl sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps wdual `bvg fggh bnngssjfag dhay td
pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas wdual `bvg wgbmghgl t`g gobajtbrjbh
ljstrjfutjdh systgk wjt`jh t`g sdnjgty bhl sgt t`g ndhljtjdhs
idr ndhtrda.
<. Ljsnussjdh bhl ndhnausjdhs
(‑^d adho, bhl t`bhms idr baa t`g ijs`...‛ ]Blbks 2:095<?2[)
_g `bvg pbjhtgl b pjnturg di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn bs t`g
sgttjho di b sglghtbry `uhtgr-obt`grgr pdpuabtjdh ghobogl jh
gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs wjt` hgjo`fdrjho pdpuabtjdhs w`d
‐jhtrdlungl‚ hgw rgsdurngs „ fdt` jh tgrks di sufsjstghng
bhl hdh-sufsjstghng oddls. Bat`duo` t`g pjnturg js dhg di
bppbrght stbfjajty, t`g sggls di n`bhog `bvg fggh hdtgl.
^dkg rgnght stuljgs di kgsdajt`jn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs `bvgstrgssgl t`g jlgdadojnba ndkpdhght di t`g sdnjgtjgs w`jn`
dnnupjgl ngrtbjh rgojdhs bhl ngrtbjh tjkgs. Srdngssuba
bhbaysgs di gndhdkjn strgss bhl blbptbtjdh `bvg fggh
supgrsglgl fy ljsnussjdhs di pdwgr bhl sdnjba ndhtrda
(N`bpkbh/Ldaum`bhdv 2::>= \jaagy 2::<). \`gsg
ljsnussjdhs prdvjlg ghobojho lgsnrjptjdhs di sdnjba pdwgr bs
fgjho kbhjigst jh ndhtrda dvgr pabng. \`g lgsnrjptjdhs brg
hbrrbtjvgs w`jn` bttgkpt td rgprdlung prg`jstdry= bt t`g sbkg
tjkg, hbrrbtjvgs brg stdrjgs di `ukbh gxpgrjghng bhl `ukbh
rgabtjdhs`jps. Jh t`js sghsg, sdnjba ndhtrda hggls fg gxbkjhgl
bs w`bt jt rgbaay js „ ndhtrda dvgr `ukbh rgabtjdhs`jps
(N`bpkbh 2::>, ?2). Bh jlgdadoy w`jn` prdkdtgs pdwgr
dvgr b abhlsnbpg kbsms ndhtrda dvgr pgdpag fy pabnjho jt jh
rgbaks t`bt brg iurt`gr rgkdvgl irdk t`g `ukbh bntdrs.Vdkbhtjn vjgws bfdut t`g bhnjghts' ndhngrh idr t`g spjrjts,
‑t`g rjtuba jkbogry di t`g wddls bhl t`g rjvgr‛ (N`bpkbh
2::<, 2<2) brg hdt hgngssbrjay ibasg, fut jt js basd jkpdrtbht
td lgavg fghgbt` t`g kystjijnbtjdh w`jn` js t`g prdngss di
jlgdadoy (Fbrrgtt 2::2, 29?).
Hdhgt`gagss, wg wdual hdt broug t`bt jlgdadoy js
sufsjstghng fbsgl. \`grg brg `jstdrjnba bhl adnbtjdhba ibntdrs
jhvdavgl jh jts ndhngptjdh (Fbrrgtt 2::2, 20-><= N`bpkbh
2::>). Badho t`gsg ajhgs, wg `bvg brougl t`bt ijs`jho
bat`duo` bppbrghtay hdt vjtba bs b sufsjstghng rgsdurng, `bl
ndkg td fg b kbedr ibntdr tyjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjty td
spbtjbaay ajkjtgl tgrrjtdrjgs badho t`g rjvgr. \`g sjohjijnbhng
di ijs`jho, sggh jh t`js ajo`t, wdual `bvg ndkg td `dalorgbtgr jhiaughng jh t`g jlgdadojnba t`bh jh t`g gndhdkjn
sp`grg di t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9b=
@bastgbl/D'^`gb 2:0:, 7).
\`g lgorgg di jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh sggks td `bvg fggh
orgbtgr jh t`g Wppgr Odrog t`bh jh t`g Adwgr Odrog bhl
ldwhstrgbk sgttagkghts, ajmgay lug td t`g gbrajgr bppgbrbhng
di b ndkpagx bhl gabfdrbtg sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba systgk
w`jn` `bl fggh jhtghsjijgl lurjho t`g ndursg di ndhtbnts
fgtwggh t`gsg sgttagkghts bhl t`g pdpuabtjdhs bssjohgl td
t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn di t`g rgojdh. \d b ngrtbjh gxtght t`js
systgk wdual `bvg baadwgl t`g Wppgr Odrog ordup td rgsjst
bssjkjabtjdh fy t`g hgw pdpuabtjdh adhogr t`bh jh t`g nbsg di
t`g Adwgr Odrog bhl ldwhstrgbk ordups (Lghhgaa 2:0<,
222). Fbsgl dh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, t`js ldgs sggk td
`bvg fggh t`g nbsg (Vbldvbhdvjn 2::9l).
Kdlgajho t`g giignts di t`g ndhtbnt fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn
bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g Legrlbp tbmgs us
sdkgw`bt fgydhl t`g sndpg di t`js pbpgr. ^un` jhtgrbntjdh
nagbray pabygl b rdag jh t`g trbhsidrkbtjdh di fdt`. \`g
jhhdvbtjdhs jhtrdlungl fy t`g gbray iddl-prdlungrs brg dhay
dhg pbrt di t`g puzzag. Bs gagobhtay ljsnussgl gasgw`grg, t`g
sdnjba ndhtgxt di sun` jhhdvbtjdhs kust fg ndhsjlgrgl
(Uvgagfja 2::9f, 27?). \`g giignts di jhtgr-ordup gxn`bhog
dh t`g lgvgadpkght di hgw jhtrb-ordup rgabtjdhs `bvg fggh
suoogstgl bhl rgabtgl td t`g dppdrtuhjtjgs idr ndhtrda wjt`jhbh jhnrgbsjhoay ndaagntjvjzgl sdnjgty (Ydytgm/\rjho`bk
2:0:). Bs kghtjdhgl bfdvg, t`gsg dppdrtuhjtjgs wdual `bvg
upsgt bh gobajtbrjbh strunturg fy biidrljho ngrtbjh jhljvjlubas
bnngss td dutsjlg ndkkdljtjgs bhl sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps.
Iurt`grkdrg, bs ljsnussgl gbrajgr, jh b sglghtbry sdnjgty,
sun` jhljvjlubas wdual `bvg ajmgay fggh kbag. Idr t`g
Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn t`gsg giignts `bl fggh dpgrbtjvg lurjho b
60 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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pgrjdl di jhtghsjvg jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh, jhndrpdrbtjho
sykfdas t`bt rgiagnt bh `jstdrjnbaay jkpdrtbht rgsdurng bhl
t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g rjvgrjhg adnbtjdh. \`g strghot` di t`g
jlgdadoy kby `bvg idrgstbaagl bssjkjabtjdh fy ‐dutsjlgrs‚,
fut bt t`g sbkg tjkg, jt lgvgadpgl jh rgspdhsg td t`g t`rgbt di
t`gjr prgsghng (N`bpkbh 2::>, 237).
\`bt js, t`g prdngss di jlgdadojnba jhtgorbtjdh trjgs tdkbjhtbjh fdt` t`g fjdadojnba bhl t`g sdnjba rgprdluntjdh di
t`g ndkkuhjty. Idr t`g Legrlbp Kgsdajt`jn bh gxpbhlgl
gxdobkdus frggljho hgtwdrm kby `bvg fggh jhjtjbaay `gapiua
jh t`g brgb di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh. _g `bvg tghtbtjvgay
pdstuabtgl t`bt t`g dn`rg furjbas bt Yabsbn bhl t`g abtgr
sykfdas bt Agpghsmj Yjr kjo`t `bvg fggh rgabtgl td ndhngrh
wjt` igrtjajty bhl n`jalfjrt`. @dwgvgr, bh gxpbhlgl frggljho
hgtwdrm wdual `bvg ndkg td paby b lgtrjkghtba rdag jh tgrks
di sdnjba rgprdluntjdh di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty. Dh dhg
agvga, jt wdual `bvg ndhtrjfutgl td jhnrgbsgl pdpuabtjdh
lghsjty, b ibntdr w`jn` wdual `bvg put strbjh dh rgsdurng
rgqujrgkghts bhl agl td jhtghsjijgl sufsjstghng giidrts.
Watjkbtgay, t`gsg wdual `bvg jhnaulgl gkp`bsjs dh ldkgstjnrgsdurngs. Badho t`gsg ajhgs, b lgpghlghny dh ijs` bhl jts
usg bs b iddl rgsgrvg kby `bvg orblubaay fggh rgpabngl dr bt
agbst rglungl fy t`g bvbjabfjajty di ldkgstjn rgsdurngs.
Dh bhdt`gr agvga, t`g bfstrbnt tgrk, ‐frggljho hgtwdrm‚,
fbsjnbaay rgigrs td `ukbh jhtgrbntjdhs bhl td sdkg gxtght,
`ukbh n`djng. Hgglagss td sby, t`js agvga di bhbaysjs js kdrg
ljiijnuat td ldnukght idr prg`jstdrjbhs. Jt `bs fggh brougl
t`bt dftbjhjho kbtgs irdk `uhtgr-obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs kby
`bvg fggh bttrbntjvg td kbag iddl-prdlungrs bhl jh t`g ghl,
frduo`t bfdut t`g bppbrght ljsbppgbrbhng di t`g idrkgr
(Lghhgaa 2:0<, 223-222= N`bpkbh 2::<, 229). Dhg kjo`t
basd bsm w`gt`gr t`js sjtubtjdh wdual `bvg fggh bttrbntjvg td
igkbag `uhtgr-obt`grgrs.
Jt ndual fg brougl t`bt t`g ndhtrdas di t`g Legrlbp
Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty, kbsmgl jh bh jlgdadoy t`bt diigrgl ajttag
rgba blvbhtbog td igkbag bntdrs, ndual hdt jh t`g ghl idrgstbaa
t`g prdngss di bssjkjabtjdh fgnbusg di jts ajkjtgl oghlgr bppgba.
Ji, bs suoogstgl bfdvg, t`g oghlgr rgabtjdhs di t`bt sdnjgty
`bl kdvgl jh t`g ljrgntjdh di jhnrgbsgl jhgqubajtjgs fgtwggh
t`g sgxgs, t`g bldptjdh di b ljiigrght ajigstyag bhl/dr sdnjba
rdag kjo`t `bvg sggkgl prgigrbfag. _jt` abfdr bssukjho rgba
vbaug, t`g jkpdrtbhng di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh wdual `bvg
`bl hgw sjohjijnbhng idr t`g uhjt di prdluntjdh. \`g
ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh igrtjajty sykfdas bhl t`g jkpdrtbhng di
fjrt` td t`g ndaagntjvg wbs lrbwh bfdvg. Ji t`g ndhtrdas di t`gndaagntjvg wgrg jhnrgbsjhoay uhibvdrbfag td igkbags, pgr`bps
fy bttgkptjho td ndhtrda bspgnts di fjdadojnba rgprdluntjdh,
t`g blvbhtbogs di n`bhojho t`g uhjt di prdluntjdh „ irdk t`g
ndaagntjvg td t`g `dusg`dal „ kby jh ibnt ‐`bvg addmgl
bttrbntjvg‚. ^un` n`bhogs wdual `bvg dfvjdusay prdkdtgl t`g
ordwt` bhl sprgbl di t`dsg prbntjnjho iddl-prdluntjdh bhl
ndhtrjfutgl td t`g lgkjsg di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrs.
Bobjh, t`gsg broukghts brg ljiijnuat td prdvg. \`g furjbas
irdk Agpghsmj Yjr J, wjt` bh jhdrljhbtgay `jo` prdpdrtjdh di
n`jalrgh bhl abnm di igkbags, kjo`t fg rgagvbht `grg. Sgr`bps
iurt`gr bht`rdpdadojnba stuly di t`g Legrlbp smgagtdhs kjo`t
`gap s`gl ajo`t dh t`gsg qugstjdhs. Srgvjdus bhbaysgs sggk td
suoogst t`g kggtjho bhl kjxjho di twd sgpbrbtg pdpuabtjdhs
(Kjmjn
2:00, 6>).B rgojdhba Gbray Hgdajt jn jh t`g Nghtrba Fbambhs bhl
\rbhsyavbhjb lbtgs td t`g abst nghtury di t`g ?t` kjaagh-
hjuk FN. Jts snbhty rgkbjhs tdogt`gr wjt` prdfagks di
pgrjdljzbtjdh oghgrbtg prdfagks idr b prgnjsg jhtgrprgtbtjdh
di t`g ijhls. \`g Legrlbp prdvjlgs b oddl dppdrtuhjty td
stuly t`g jhtgrbntjdh di ordups bssjohgl td t`g Hgdajt`jn wjt`
t`dsg ndhsjlgrgl Kgsdajt`jn, bhl kbhy sun` stuljgs `bvg
fggh ldhg. Whidrtuhbtgay, t`js rgojdh rgkbjhs b rgabtjvgay
jsdabtgl p`ghdkghdh „ sjohjijnbht fut bakdst uhjqug.
^ystgkbtjn rgsgbrn` di t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbray
Hgdajt`jn di t`g Nghtrba Fbambhs js stjaa rgqujrgl, tdogt`gr
wjt` b rgjhtgrprgtbtjdh di ‐dal‚ sjtgs bhl t`gjr ndhtgxt. ^un`
stuljgs wjaa surgay fg ldhg bhl `dpgiuaay ldhg wjt` t`g sbkgbttghtjdh td sdnjba ndhtgxt w`jn` wg `bvg trjgl td broug idr
`grg.
rgigrghngs
Blbks, Lduoabs 2:09. \`g kdrg t`bh ndkpagtg `jtn``jmgr's oujlg,
Hgw Zdrm.
Fbjagy, a. V. 2:03. Ji ydu tbmg ky s`ggp, Sbsblghb.
Fbrrgtt, K. 2::2. \`g pdajtjns di trut`5 irdk Kbrx td Idunbuat ,
^tbhidrl.
Fabhl, A. gt ba. 2:?0. Vgabtjdhs di rgprdluntjdh5 bpprdbn`gs t`rduo
bht`rdpdadoy. Jh5 _dkgh tbmg jssug5 bspgnts di wdkgh's sufdr-
ljhbtjdh, Whjvgrsjty di Fjrkjho`bk, _dkgh's ^tuljgs Ordup,
Nghtrg idr Ndhtgkpdrbry Nuaturba ^tuljgs, Adhldh, 277-2?7.
Fdrdhgbh†, Y. 2:03. Srdfagkg bag nuaturjj ^n`gab Nabldvgj-Agpghsm
Yjr jh aukjhb hdjadr ngrngtbrj, Lrdfgtb <, 6?-<6.
Frjhm`ujzgh, L. N. 2:09. Igbturgs dfsgrvgl dh t`g smgagtdhs di
sdkg rgnght Gurdpgbh Bnjpghsgrjlbg5 t`gjr jkpdrtbhng idr t`g stuly
di gxnbvbtgl rgkbjhs di sturogdh. Jh5 L.N. Frjhm`ujzgh & B.\.
Nabsdh (gls.) Ijs` bhl brn`bgdadoy5 stuljgs jh dstgdkgtry,
tbp`dhdky, sgbsdhbajty bhl ijs`jho kgt`dls, Dxidrl, Frjtjs`
Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 6:<, 20->>.
Nbrnjukbru, K. 2:?>. Bhbaysg pdaajhjqug lgs ndprdajt`gs ajvrêg pbr
qugaqugs stbtjdhs brn`gdadojqugs lgs lgux fdrls lu Lbhufg lbhs a
zdhg lgs ‑Sdrtgs lg Igr‛, Lbnjb 2?, 7>-93.
N`bpkbh, E. 2::<. \`g drjojhs di ibrkjho jh ^dut` Gbst Gurdpg,
Srê`jstdjrg Gurdpêghhg 9, 2>>-279.
6: J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN
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N`bpkbh, E. 2::>. ^dnjba pdwgr jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5
E. N`bpkbh & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdhs bhl
jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Bvgfury, ?2-262.
N`bpkbh, E. & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) 2::>.Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdhs
bhl jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Bvgfury.
Ndrhgajb-Kbolb, K. 2::2. \`g ^tbr ngvd-Nrj≧ sgttagkght irdkSdjghgstj (Ybsauj Nduhty), Fbhbtjnb 22, 2?>-20>.
Lghhgaa, V. 2:0<. \`g gxpbhsjdh di gxdoghdus-fbsgl gndhdkjgs
bnrdss Gurdpg5 t`g Fbambhs bhl Nghtrba Gurdpg. Jh5 ^.S. LgBtagy &
I.^. Ijhladw (gls.) Gxpadrjho t`g ajkjts5 irdhtjgrs bhl fduhlbrjgs jh
prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba
^grjgs 66>, :>-229.
Lrbpgr, S. 2:?7. !Muho wdkgh5 ndhtrbsts jh sgxuba gobajtbrjbhjsk
jh idrbojho bhl sglghtbry ndhtgxts. Jh5V.V. Vgjtgr (gl.) \dwbrl bh
bht`rdpdadoy di wdkgh, Hgw Zdrm/Adhldh, ??-23:.
y'Glyhbm, O.E. 2:?0. Nuaturg, ljgt bhl lghtba rgluntjdh jh kgsdajt`jn
idrbogr-ijs`grs di Zuodsabvjb, Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy 2:, 929-920.
y'Glyhbm, O.E. & ^. Iagjsn` 2:0>. Kjnrdgvdautjdh bhl fjdadojnba
blbptbfjajty jh t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk iddl-ndaagntjho td iddl-prdlunjho
jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs di Zuodsabvjb, Edurhba di @ukbh Gvdautjdh 26,
6?:-6:9.
Ibhabn, S. 2:97. @gurgusg prê`jstdjrg, Sgrjougux.
Ojrjn, K. 2:?<. Mùrùs-^tbr ngvd hbabzjstb u ^gvgrhdk Fbhbtu.
Jh5 Sdn gnj Vbhj` Ugkaedrblhjnmj` Muaturb u Ydevdljhj j ^rpsmdk
Sdluhbvaeu. Kbtgrjebaj P. Fgdorbl, 206-200.
Orgoo, ^. B. 2:00. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs5 pdpuabtjdh jhtgrbntjdh
bhl borjnuaturba gxpbhsjdh jh prg`jstdrjn Gurdpg, N`jnbod.
@bastgbl, S. & E. D'^`gb 2:0:. Jhtrdluntjdh5 nuaturba rgspdhsgs td
rjsm bhl uhngrtbjhty. Jh5 S. @bastgbl & E. D'^`gb (gls.) Fbl ygbr
gndhdkjns5 nuaturba rgspdhsgs td rjsm bhl uhngrtbjhty , Nbkfrjlog,
2-?.
@brrjs, L. 2:??b. Batgrhbtjvg pbt`wbys tdwbrl borjnuaturg. Jh5
N. Vggl (gl.) \`g drjojhs di borjnuaturg, \`g @boug, 2?:-6<>.
@brrjs, L. 2:??f. ^gttajho ldwh5 bh gvdautjdhbry kdlga di t`g
trbhsidrkbtjdh di kdfjag fbhls jhtd sglghtbry ndkkuhjtjgs. Jh5
E. Irjglkbh & K. Vdwabhls (gls.) \`g gvdautjdh di sdnjba systgks,
Adhldh, <32-<2?.
@bylgh, F., gt ba. 2:09. Gndadojnba lgtgrkjhbtjdh di wdkgh's stbtus
bkdho `uhtgr-obt`grgrs, @ukbh Gvdautjdh 2(7), <<:-<?<.
@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Adhldh.
@jtn`ndnm, V.M. 2:06. Sbttgrhs di sglghtjsk bkdho t`g Fbsbrwb di
gbstgrh Fdtswbhb. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns bhl
`jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 66>- 69:.
@uhh, G.^. 2:06. Kdfjajty bs b ibntdr ajkjtjho rgsdurng usg jh
t`g Ndaukfjb Sabtgbu di Hdrt` Bkgrjnb. Jh5 H.K. _jaajbks &
G.^. @uhh (gls.) Vgsdurng kbhbogrs5 Hdrt` Bkgrjnbh bhl
Bustrbajbh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs, Fdualgr, 2?-<<.
@uhh, G.^., & H.K. _jaajbks 2:06. Jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5
H.K. _jaajbks & G.^. @uhh (gls.) Vgsdurng kbhbogrs5 Hdrt`
Bkgrjnbh bhl Bustrbajbh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs, Fdualgr, 2-29.
Jhodal, \. 2:03. @uhtgrs, pbstdrbajsts bhl rbhn`grs, Nbkfrjlog.
Mgaay, V.A. 2::6. Kdfjajty/sglghtjsk5 ndhngpts, brn`bgdadojnba
kgbsurgs, bhl giignts, Bhhuba Vgvjgw di Bht`rdpdadoy 62, <>-99.
Mgaay, V.A. 2::2. ^glghtjsk, sdnjdpdajtjnba jhgqubajty, bhl rgsdurng
iauntubtjdhs. Jh5 ^.B. Orgoo (gl.) Fgtwggh fbhls bhl stbtgs,
Nbrfdhlbag, Nghtgr idr Brn`bgdadojnba Jhvgstjobtjdhs Dnnbsjdhba
Sbpgr Hd. :, 2>7-270.
Mght, ^., gl. 2:0:. Ibrkgrs bs `uhtgrs5 t`g jkpajnbtjdhs di sglghtjsk,
Nbkfrjlog.
Abzbrdvjnj, O. 2:?:. Hgdajtjnua Fbhbtuauj, Naue Hbpdnb, Kuzuga lg
Jstdrjg ba \rbhsjavbhjgj.
Agtjnb, U. 2:9:. Yabsbn „ hduvga `bfjtbt lg ab nuaturg lg Agpghsmj
Yjr, Brn`bgdadojb Juodsabvjb 23, ?-22.
Kgbldws, V. 2:0>. Bhjkba ldkgstjnbtjdh jh t`g Kjllag Gbst5
b vjgw irdk t`g Gbstgrh Kbrojh. Sbpgr prgsghtgl bt t`g
<t` Jhtgrhbtjdhba Ndhigrghng dh Brn`bgdzddadoy, Dxidrl.
Kjmjn, U. 2:00. Bht`rdpdadojnba rgkbjhs irdk t`g hgdajt`jn sjtgs jh
^grfjb. Jh5 ^. ^rgedvjn (gl.) \`g Hgdajt`jn di ^grfjb5 brn`bgdadojnba
rgsgbrn` 2:<0-2:00, Fgaorblg, 63-6>.
Srjhz, F. 2:0?. Kgsdajt`jn blbptbtjdhs dh t`g Adwgr Lbhufg5Yabsbn bhl t`g Jrdh Obtgs Odrog, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba
Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs >>3.
Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::6. Kgzdajt Legrlbpb. S`.L. ljssgrtbtjdh,
Ijadzdismj Ibmuatgt, Whjvgrsjtgt u Fgdorblu.
Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::<. B rgvjgw di idrkba ljspdsba brgbs jh t`g
kgsdajt`jn di Gurdpg, ^tbrjhbr PAJJJ-PAJY, 2::6-:>, :>-236.
Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9b. \`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn, Jhtgrhbtjdhba
Kdhdorbp`s jh Srg`jstdry 22, Bhh Brfdr.
Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9f. Muaturhj jlghtjtgt Lgrlbpsmdo kgzdajtb,
Ufdrhjm Vbldvb Hbrdlhdo Kuzgeb PYJ(2), >:-<9.
Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9n. ^dkg bspgnts di furjba prdnglurg jh t`g
Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn bhl jkpajnbtjdhs di t`gjr kgbhjho,^tbrjhbr
<?, :-63.
Vbldvbhdvjn, J. 2::9l. Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn ndhtbnts5 b nbsg di t`g
Jrdh Obtgs Vgojdh. Sdrdn jad d Vbzjsmdvbhju Sbagdajtjmb, Hgdajtjmb jh
Ghgdajtjmb v ^advghjj, Aeufaebhb, >:-<0.
>3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Vbldvbhdvjn, J. Jh prgss. \`g Agpghsmj Yjr Nuaturg5 b ndhtrjfutjdh
td jhtgrprgtbtjdh di jts jlgdadojnba bspgnts, Ufdrhjm Vbldvb
Sdsvgnghj` L. ^rgedvjnu, Nghtbr zb Br`gdadsmb Jstrbzjvbheb Ijad-
zdismdo Ibmuatgtb u Fgdorblu.
Vbiigrty, E.G. 2:07. \`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl dh sglghtbrjhgss5
rgndohjtjdh, lgvgadpkght bhl jkpajnbtjdhs, Blvbhngs jh
Brn`bgdadojnba Kgt`dl bhl \`gdry 0, Hgw Zdrm, 22>-279.
Vdwagy-Ndhwy, S. & K. Uvgagfja 2:0:. ^bvjho jt idr abtgr5 stdrbog
fy prg`jstdrjn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh Gurdpg. Jh5 S. @bastgbl &
E. D'^`gb (gls.) Fbl ygbr gndhdkjns5 nuaturba rgspdhsgs td rjsm
bhl uhngrtbjhty, Nbkfrjlog, <3-79.
^bnms, M. 2:?<. Ghogas rgvjsjtgl5 wdkgh, t`g drobhjzbtjdh di
prdluntjdh, bhl prjvbtg prdpgrty. Jh5 K.U. Vdsbald & A. Abkp`grg
(gls.) _dkgh, nuaturg bhl sdnjgty, ^tbhidrl, 63?-666.
^`grrbtt, B. 2::7. Vgvjvjho t`g orbhl hbrrbtjvg5 brn`bgdadoy bhl
adho-tgrk n`bhog, Edurhba di Gurdpgbh Brn`bgdadoy >(2), 2->6.
^rgedvjn, L. 2:9: (2:?6). Agpghsmj Yjr , Fgaorblg/Adhldh.
^rgedvjn, L., gl. 2:00. \`g Hgdajt`jn di ^grfjb5 brn`bgdadojnba
rgsgbrn` 2:<0-2:00, Fgaorblg.
^rgedvjn, L. & U. Agtjnb 2:?0. Yabsbn, b Kgsdajt`jn ^gttagkght jh
t`g Jrdh Obtgs, Fgaorblg.
\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pabngs, pbt`s bhl
kdhukghts, Dxidrl/Srdvjlghng VJ.
Yabssb, H. 2:?9. ^dhlbeua lg sbavbrg lg ab Ourb Fbnjuauj, ndk.
Fbnju, dr. Naue. Jh5 Hgdajtjnua \rbhsjavbhjgj, Naue-Hbpdnb5 Kuzgua
lg Jstdrjg ba \rbhsjavbhjgj, ?6-06.
Ydytgm, F. B. 2:07. \`g Gxpadjtbtjdh di Ajt`jn Vgsdurngs jh
Hgdajt`jn ^dut`gbst Gurdpg. S`.L. ljssgrtbtjdh, Lgpbrtkght di
Bht`rdpdadoy, Whjvgrsjty di Nbajidrhjb bt Fgrmgagy.
Ydytgm, F.B. & V. G. \rjho`bk 2:0:. Vgt`jhmjho t`g kgsdajt`jn5
t`g nbsg di ^dut`-Gbst Gurdpg. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn
jh Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, <:6-<::.
Udiikbhh, M.U. 2:0>. Srg`jstdrjn smgagtba rgkbjhs irdk Agpghsmj
Yjr (Jrdh Obtgs, Zuodsabvjb), @dkd ><, 26:-2<0.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::9b. \`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr bhl t`g trbhsjtjdh tdibrkjho jh t`g njrnuk-Fbatjn rgojdh. Jh5 L.V. @brrjs (gl.) \`g
drjojhs bhl sprgbl di borjnuaturg bhl pbstdrbajsk jh Gurbsjb,
Adhldh, >6>-><7.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::9f. Ibrkgrs, dur bhngstdrs bhl t`g jlghtjty di
Gurdpg. Jh5 S. Orbvgs-Frdwh, ^. Edhgs & N. Obkfag (gls.) Nuaturb
jlghtjty bhl brn`bgdadoy5 t`g ndhstruntjdh di Gurdpgbh
ndkkuhjtjgs, Adhldh/Hgw Zdrm, 2<7-299.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::>. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl ‑prgsghnjho‛ t`g
kgsdajt`jn, Brn`bgdadojnba Vgvjgw irdk Nbkfrjlog 26(6), 72-?3.
Jvbhb Vbldvbhdvjn
Ibnuaty di S`jadsdp`y
Whjvgrsjty di Fgaorblg
Njmb Aeufjhb 2063
22333 Fgaorblg
^grfjb/Zuodsabvjb
Fbrfbrb Ydytgm
Nghtgr idr ^abvjn bhl Gbst Gurdpgbh ^tuljgs
Whjvgrsjty di Nbajidrhjb
Fgrmgagy, NB :<?63-6>3<
W^B
>2 J. VBLDYBHDYJN BHL F. YDZ\GM „ \@G LEGVLBS KG^DAJ\@JN
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Jh ky ndhtrjfutjdh, J wdual ajmg td bllrgss t`g prdfagk di jhtgrprgtbtjdh, dr uhlgrstbhljho, di sdnjba strunturg bhljlgdadoy di `uhtgr-obt`grgr stdhg bog ndkkuhjtjgs jhGurdpg, bhl jaaustrbtg, dh t`g nbsg stuljgs irdk Hdrt`grhGurdpg bhl _gstgrh ^jfgrjb, t`g prdfagks bhl pdssjfjajtjgsjhvdavgl jh sun` bh uhlgrtbmjho. J wdual ajmg td bpprdbn`t`js t`gkg irdk t`g pdjht di vjgw di abhlsnbpg. Jh kydpjhjdh, spbtjbaay rgigrghngl `ukbh bntjvjty „ bhl t`g
nuaturba sjohbturgs sun` bntjvjty agbvgs dh t`g p`ysjnbaabhlsnbpg „ prdvjlg b irbkg di rgigrghng w`jn` ndkfjhgst`g prbntjnba ndhngrhs bhl t`g kdrg bfstrbnt bspgnts di jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh. Jt kby fg pdssjfag td‐rgbl‚, jh dt`gr wdrls, td uhlgrstbhl bhl jhtgrprgt sun`nuaturba igbturgs jh t`g abhlsnbpg wjt`jh jts spbtjba-tgkpdrbairbkg di rgigrghng bhl wjt` t`g bjl di t`g bpprdprjbtgndhngptuba irbkgwdrms. Ky bjk, t`gh, js td lgvgadp t`gndhngpt di abhlsnbpg, w`jn` ndkfjhgs t`g prbntjnba bhl t`grjtuba bspgnts di abhlsnbpg usg, bhl td usg t`js bs birbkgwdrm idr uhlgrstbhljho t`g sdnjba strunturg bhljlgdadoy di `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho ndkkuhjtjgs jh Gurdpg,bhl jh pbrtjnuabr, Hdrt`grh Gurdpg.
Abhlsnbpgs rgiagnt t`g usg di ogdorbp`jnba spbng fyjhljvjlubas bhl ndkkuhjtjgs dvgr gxtghlgl pgrjdls di tjkg, w`jn` jhnaulgs t`g drobhjsbtjdh di sgttagkght jh tgrksdi sgbsdhbajty, `jgrbrn`y bhl iuhntjdh, t`g prdsgnutjdh di rgsdurng usg strbtgojgs bhl t`g ghbntkght di rjtuba bntjvjtjgs.Abhlsnbpg js kdljijgl bhl ghnuaturbtgl t`duo` sun`bntjvjtjgs. Bs abhlsnbpg bhtgnglghts bhl abhlsnbpgsunngssdrs, igbturgs di t`g abhlsnbpg nbh jkpdsg ndhstrbjhtsbhl dppdrtuhjtjgs dh t`g ndkkuhjtjgs jhvdavgl (Vdfgrts2:0?).
@dw ibr nbh wg od jh dur bttgkpts bt strunturjho sun``uhtgr-obt`grgr usg di abhlsnbpgs jh t`g pbst4 Bitgr ijrstljsnussjho sdkg oghgrba igbturgs ndhngrhjho abhlsnbpgs,J bllrgss t`js qugstjdh usjho t`rgg nbsg stuljgs irdk t`ghdrt`grh idrgst zdhg di Gurdpg bhl wgstgrh ^jfgrjb.
6. \`g strunturg di pbst abhlsnbpgs
\`grg js hdt kun` pdjht jh odjho t`rduo` t`g kbhy, ditghndhtrbljntdry, kgbhjhos di t`g hdtjdh abhlsnbpg. \dbpprgnjbtg t`g rbhog di kgbhjhos, dhg dhay hggls td addm bt
\jaagy's baa jhnausjvg lgijhjtjdh di t`g p`ghdkghdh (\jaagy2::<, 67, ><). \d kg, abhlsnbpg js sunnjhntay lgijhgl bs b sgdi rgba-wdral igbturgs, hbturba bhl nuaturba, w`jn` ojvgn`brbntgr bhl ljvgrsjty td Gbrt`'s suribng (Vdfgrts 2:0?).Brn`bgdadojnba abhlsnbpgs, t`gh, nbh fg lgijhgl bs b abhlsuribng wjt`jh b spgnjijgl spbh di tjkg, w`jn` brg kdljijglfy t`gjr dwh `jstdry. Jh sukkbry, abhlsnbpgs brg hdt pbssjvgrgnjpjghts di `ukbh bntjvjtjgs, fut lyhbkjn bhl jhtgrbntjvggagkghts jh t`g gvdautjdh di pbst sdnjgtjgs.
_jt`jh t`js irbkgwdrm, wg nbh bssukg t`bt abhlsnbpgs brgstrunturgl fy t`gjr usgrs, bhl rgiagnt t`g prbntjnba bhl rjtubabntjvjtjgs jh t`g abhlsnbpg. \`js js trug rgobrlagss di t`ggxtght td w`jn` dur uhlgrstbhljho di sun` pbst usg jskgljbtgl fy dur dwh kdlgrh pgrngptjdh bhl ndhngrhs,bat`duo` wg ld hggl td mggp jh kjhl t`bt t`g vgryljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g prbntjnba bhl rjtuba usg js b kdlgrh,`gurjstjn lgvjng.
Abhlsnbpgs brg strunturgl jh tjkg bhl spbng. Fdt` di t`gsgljkghsjdhs brg rgba, bhl bt t`g sbkg tjkg pgrngptuba, ghtjtjgssdnjba ndhstrunts kdljijgl fy t`g ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms di t`g usgrs. Fdt` ljkghsjdhs, jh t`gjr kdljijgl, `jstdrjnbaaybhl sdnjbaay sjtubtgl idrk, jhiaughng jh b iuhlbkghtba wby
t`g strunturjho di abhlsnbpgs5 agt us ijrst frjgiay addm bt tjkg.\jkg js b ndhtjhudus p`ghdkghdh, pbnmbogl jhtd ljiigrgh
ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms idr t`g fghgijt di sgai-drjghtbtjdh,ndkkuhjnbtjdh bhl ndkprg`ghsjdh (b.d. Nabrm 2::6= Odslgh2::<= Jhodal 2::>= Uvgagfja 2::>). Bs Glkuhl Agbn`dfsgrvgl5
‑\jkg, bs wg gxpgrjghng jt, js ndhtjhudus= jt ndhtbjhs hd ljsnrgtg‐gvghts‚. \`g gvghts brg put t`grg fy rgiagntjdh dh t`g pbst‛(2::3, 66?).
^d, ndhngpts di tjkg brg nuaturba ndhstrunts, bhl ljiigrghtndhngpts di tjkg `bvg bntgl t`rduo` `ukbh fg`bvjdur dh t`gstrunturg di t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl (Nabrm 2::6= Odslgh2::<= Uvgagfja 2::>). \jkg js basd t`g ndhljtjdh di sdnjbaprbntjng bhl di `jstdry. Jt idaadws, t`gh, t`bt fdt` t`g pbst
bhl prgsght tgkpdrba irbkgwdrms brg rgiagntgl jh t`gbrn`bgdadojnba rgndrl5 t`g ijrst jh t`g nrgbtjdh di jts strunturgt`g sgndhl jh jts jhtgrprgtbtjdh (ijo. 2). Jh tgrks di pbst abhlusg, b ljstjhntjdh nbh fg kblg fgtwggh rgouabr, bfstrbnt tjkgbhl pgrsdhba, sufstbhtjba tjkg, t`g abttgr kgljbtgl kdrg
Kbrgm Uvgagfja @uhtgr-obt`grgr rjtuba abhlsnbpgs5 spbtjba drobhjsbtjdh,sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy bkdho `uhtgr-obt`grgrsdi hdrt`grh Gurdpg bhl wgstgrh ^jfgrjb
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ljrgntay fy `ukbh gxpgrjghng. ^ufstbhtjba tjkg nbh fg iurt`gr sufljvjlgl jhtd sgnuabr bhl rjtuba= t`g idrkgr, bnndrljho tdFadn` (2:??) js bssdnjbtgl wjt` ‑t`g systgks fy w`jn` wgmhdw t`g wdral‛, t`g abttgr, rjtuba bhl kyt`dadojnba, wjt` t`gsystgks fy w`jn` wg `jlg jt‛ (2:??, 6:3).
Jt nbh fg brougl t`bt t`g drobhjsbtjdh di `uhtgr-obt`grgr bntjvjtjgs jh spbng rgiagnts t`g ljiigrght tgkpdrba irbkgwdrmsbt t`gjr ljspdsba, jh pbrtjnuabr t`g dpgrbtjdh di sgnuabr bhl
sbnrgl tjkg ljkghsjdhs. Bt t`g prbntjnba agvga, `uhtgr-obt`grgr abhl usg js oujlgl fy prbntjnba ndhsjlgrbtjdhs sun`bs t`g gndadojnba strunturg bhl prdluntjvjty di t`gjr rgsdurngs, sgbsdhbajty, t`g fbabhng fgtwggh t`g pdpuabtjdhbhl t`gjr rgsdurngs, tgn`hdadoy, bhl kdtjvbtjdh oujljhorgsdurng usg strbtgojgs5 j.g. blgqubtg prdvjsjdh di iddl, adho-tgrk rjsm kjhjkjsbtjdh, prdnurgkght idr kbrmgt bhlgxn`bhog, dr sdnjba ndkpgtjtjdh.
>< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
NDHNGS\^ DI \JKG
KbrmglSgrsdhga^ufstbhtjba
BfstrbntKgbsurgl
^gnuabrSrdibhg
Vjtuba^bnrgl
VgouabrN`rdhdadojnbaJhlgx sgntjdhgljhtd gvghts,gpjsdlgs,
`jstdrjnbahbrrbtjvgs
@ukbhBntjvjty
SgrngjvglVgkgkfgrgl^ykfdajsgl
Lgpdsjtgl bs‑gt`hdorbp`jnjhstbht‛
@jstdrjnbaay sjtubtgl bhl jhtgrprgtgl jh _gstgrh sdnjgty
Jhljvjluba ^dnjba AdhougLurgê
\bp`dhdkjn Frbulgajbh
Kuhlbhg \ypdadojnba
^dnjbaGvdautjdhbry
Srdngssuba
Ijourg 2. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl
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Jh tgkpgrbtg bhl fdrgba rgojdhs, `uhtgr-obt`grgr n`djngdi rgsdurng-usg strbtgojgs js ndhstrbjhgl fy t`g kbrmglsgbsdhbajty di t`g ghvjrdhkght bhl fy uhgvgh ljstrjfutjdh di rgsdurngs dvgr t`g abhlsnbpg. Abtg wjhtgr/gbray sprjho tghl tdfg agbhgst tjkgs di t`g ygbr, bhl, t`rduo`dut t`g ygbr, iddlrgsdurngs tghl td ndhnghtrbtg jh wbtgr glog adnbtjdhs badhorjvgrs, abmg s`drgs bhl ndbstba zdhgs. Jh kbhy brgbs, t`gndhnghtrbtjdh di wbtgr glog rgsdurngs js rbjsgl jh t`gsukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr fy sgbsdhba kjorbtjdhs di
bhblrdkdus ijs`, wbtgridwa, bhl sgb kbkkbas. \ypjnbaay,`uhtgr-obt`grgrs rgspdhl td t`js sjtubtjdh fy rgsjlghtjbakdfjajty, adojstjnba kdfjajty, stdrjho di iddl, bhl sdnjbastdrbog5 rgnjprdnjty bhl stdrjho di sdnjba dfajobtjdhs wjt`dt`gr ordups (ijo. 6) Jh prbntjng, igw `uhtgr-obt`grgrs idaadwb sjhoag strbtgoy, fut gkpady b ndkfjhbtjdh di t`gsg. \`grgluntjdh jh rgsjlghtjba kdfjajty bhl jhnrgbsg jh adojstjnbakdfjajty, bnndkpajs`gl fy kgbhs di sghljho dut tbsm ordupsrbt`gr t`bh kdvjho bs b ordup, ghtbjas bh jhnrgbsg jh
>7 K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
Ijourg 6. Srbntjnba drobhjsbtjdh di `uhtgr-obt`grgr kdfjajty jh t`g abhlsnbpg. ^ystgks B, N bhl L jh t`js
ijourg ndrrgspdhl td t`g rgndhstruntgl drobhjsbtjdhba brrbhogkghts B, F bhl N rgspgntjvgay jh hdrt`grh
Gurdpg jh ijourg 9. Bitgr Vdwagy-Ndhwvy bhl Uvgagfja 2:0:.
fbsg nbkp rgsdurng pdjht rgsjlghtjba kdfjajty adojstjnba kdfjajt
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sglghtjsk, lgvgadpkght di tgrrjtdrjbajty, bhl orgbtgr jhtgrigrghng jh „ dr ghnuaturbatjdh di „ t`g abhlsnbpg. \`gsgbrg prbntjnba abhlsnbpgs, oghgrbtgl jh mggpjho wjt` t`gsgbsdhba bhl jhtgr-bhhuba r`yt`ks di sgnuabr tjkg.
Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, prbntjnba abhlsnbpgs brg basd rjtubaabhlsnbpgs. Srbntjnba bntjvjtjgs brg gkfgllgl jh b frdblgr irbkgwdrm di jlgdadoy bhl rjtuba= prdibhg tjkg js ajhmgl tdrjtuba tjkg. Ndskdadoy bhl rjtuba jkpdsg b wgf di kgbhjhodh t`g abhlsnbpg, bhl jh jts turh, abhlsnbpg ghnuaturbtglt`rduo` sykfdajsk bhl rjtuba pabys b rdag jh t`g prdngssgs di sdnjba prdluntjdh bhl rgprdluntjdh (Ojllghs 2:0<= \jaagy2::<). \`grg js hdw bh gxtghsjvg gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl di `uhtgr-obt`grgrs usjho igbturgs di b abhlsnbpg bs b kgbhs di ndkkuhjnbtjdh, bs nabjks td dwhgrs`jp, bs strunturgs di kgbhjho bhl bs strunturgs di pdwgr (Jhodal 2::>= Kdrp`y2::>= \jaagy 2::<). ^un` sdnjba strbtgojgs brg usubaayagojtjkjsgl t`rduo` rjtuba bhl fy rgigrghng td ndskdadoy bhlkyt`dadoy, w`grg bhngstdrs paby b kbedr rdag. Vjtubaabhlsnbpgs t`gh, pdssgss sykfdajn, bhngstrba bhl tgkpdrba
sjohjijnbhng, w`jn` js ndkpagkghtbry td, bhl ljbagntjnbaayjhtgrbntjvg wjt`, t`g prbntjnba, gndhdkjn abhlsnbpgs (ndhtrb
\jaagy 2::<, 9?).
>. Bh gt`hdorbp`jn nbsg stuly5 t`g Mgts di
Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb
\d lgvgadp t`js broukght jh b kdrg ndhnrgtg idrk, J wdualijrst ajmg td turh td bh gt`hdorbp`jn nbsg stuly irdk wgstgrh^jfgrjb. \`g Mgts di Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb (ijo. >) brgdhg di t`g trbljtjdhbaay `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho ordups sgttagljh t`g fbsjh di Zghjsgj bhl Df rjvgrs jh wgstgrh ^jfgrjb(dt`grs brg ^gamups, Hghtsy, Kbhtsy bhl M`bhtsy). Bkdhot`g Mgts, t`dsg sgttagl badho t`g rjvgr Sdmbkghhbyb\uhouzmb (nb. 293 pgdpag jh t`g ijrst nghsus nb. 2933) brgsbjl td `bvg rgkbjhgl purg `uhtgr-obt`grgr pgdpag wjt`dutrgjhlggr `grljho dr rgjhlggr trbhspdrt uhtja t`g ghl di t`g2:t` nghtury (Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Vgsmgtdv 2:?6).
\`g nbaghlbr ygbr di t`g Mgts „ t`gjr sgnuabr tjkg „ wbsljvjlgl jhtd 26 kdht`s bhl rgiagntgl t`g sufsjstghng
>9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg >. Kbp s`dwjho t`g adnbtjdh di tgrrjtdrjgs di hdh-Vussjbh jh bfjtbhts di ^jfgrjb. Mgts di Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb brg kbrmgl fy b fabnm
rgntbhoag hukfgr 23 hgbr t`g ndhiaughng di Zghjsgy bhl Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouhzmb.
Fabnm njrnags 5 wjhtgr fbsgnbkps di rgjhlggr `grljho ordups= dpgh njrnags 5 sukkgr fbsgnbkps di rgjhlggr `grljho ordups= squbrgs 5 adojstjnbaay
drobhjsgl, pbrtay sglghtbry ndbstba bhl rjvgrjhg `uhtgr-ijs`gr-obt`grgrs= rgntbhoags 5 rgjhlggr-mggpjho `uhtgr-obt`grgrs di t`g ^jfgrjbh jhtgrjdr=
ldttgl spbng 5 ndhjigrdus tbjob idrgst= ajhgl spbng 5 upabhl orbssabhl bhl pbrmabhl= lbs`gl spbng 5 upabhl tuhlrb. Adwabhl pdabr tuhlrb brduhl
t`g s`drgs di t`g Sdabr Dngbh js lghdtgl fy w`jtg spbng.
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Ijourg <. \`g bhhuba tgrrjtdry di t`g Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzsmb Mgts.
^qubrg 5 kbjh (wjhtgr) fbsg nbkp= trjbhoag 5 trbljho sjtg dh Zghjsgy
(Vussjbh sgttagkght)= ldttgl squbrgs 5 tgkpdrbry sgbsdhba fbsg
nbkps= fabnm ldts 5 tgkpdrbry prdnurgkght nbkps di b igw lbys'
lurbtjdh (Bitgr Bagmsghmd 2:9?, Vgsmgtdv 2:?6).
bntjvjtjgs bhl kdfjajty pbttgrhs di t`g ordup (ijo. <). \`gbutukh wbs spght jh tghts badho Zghjsgj, \uhouzmb bhltrjfutbrjgs ijs`jho, idwajho bhl obt`grjho fgrrjgs. _jt` ijrstirdsts pgdpag kdvgl td t`gjr wjhtgr sgttagkght uprjvgr. \`ggbray pbrt di t`g wjhtgr wbs spght `uhtjho fgbr bhl iur obkgjh b adojstjnba pbttgrh di rgsdurng usg5 `uhtjho pbrtjgs di
>-< kgh wdual agbvg t`g sgttagkght idr <-7 lbys jh sgbrn` di prgy, idaadwjho b systgk di pbt`s mhdwh bs ‐skbaa rdbls‚.\`js wbs idaadwgl fy b igstjvg sgbsdh, t`g kdht` di ‐s`drtlbys‚, kbrmgl fy boorgobtjdh, kjl-wjhtgr igstjvbas bhl sdnjbabntjvjtjgs. Irdk t`g kjl-Ebhubry, t`g ghtjrg ordup frdmg jhtdskbaagr uhjts bhl sgt dut dh t`g ‐orgbt rdbl‚ jh t`g kbedr rgsjlghtjba kdvg di t`g ygbr. \`g ghtjrg kdvg abstgl bfdut> kdht`s bhl jhvdavgl kdvgkght irdk dhg tgkpdrbry nbkptd bhdt`gr. Gam, rgjhlggr bhl iur bhjkbas wgrg t`g kbjhobkg. Bt t`g ghl di t`js pgrjdl pgdpag rgturhgl td t`g kbjhsgttagkght, w`grg t`gy rgkbjhgl lurjho t`g shdw-kgat bhlt`g frgbm-up di jng. \`g kdht` di t`g pjmg „ Kby „ wbskbrmgl fy b ljspgrsba td t`g trbljtjdhba ijs`jho orduhls,
dwhgl fy gbn` `dusg`dal. \`grg pgdpag fujat ijs` bhlwbtgridwa lbks, ijs` wgjrs, ijs` trbps, bs wgaa bs ijs`jho fy`ddm bhl hgt. \`g kbjh sukkgr bntjvjtjgs wgrg ijs`jho,idwajho bhl obt`grjho di pabht iddl. Kjlsukkgr basdkbrmgl t`g sgndhl sdnjba sgbsdh, kbrmgl fy t`g drobhjsbtjdhdi ibjrs badho t`g kbjh rjvgr „ Zghjsgj. Ibjrs sgrvgl bs bidnus idr t`g gxn`bhog di oddls, adho-ljstbhng trblg,jhtgrbntjdh wjt` dt`gr ordups, t`g kbmjho di kbrrjbogs bhlngrgkdhjba bntjvjtjgs kbrmjho rjtgs di pbssbog.
\d sukkbrjsg, jh tgrks di rgsjlghng bhl kdfjajty, wg`bvg idur drobhjsbtjdhba strunturgs5 rgsjlghtjba boorgobtjdh btt`g kbjh sgttagkght (gbray wjhtgr, gbray sprjho), adojstjnbakdfjajty (gbray wjhtgr `uhtjho pbrtjgs), ordup rgsjlghtjba
kdfjajty dh t`g ‐orgbt rdbl‚, bhl `dusg`dal fbsgl ljspgrsbajh t`g sukkgr. Gbn` ordup `bl bt jts ljspdsba sgvgrba`uhtjho ljstrjnts kbrmgl dut fy t`g skbaa bhl orgbt rdbls, sdljiigrght edurhgys wgrg tbmgh jh ljiigrght ygbrs. @dw ldgst`g prbntjnba usg di spbng bkdho t`g Mgts rgabtg td t`goghgrbtjdh di sdnjbaay ndhstruntgl abhlsnbpgs4
\`g ndskdadoy di t`g Mgts js b pbrt di b frdblgr idrbogrs'fgajgi systgk, w`jn`, jh sukkbry, sggks td idnus dh twdfbsjn strunturgs (Bagsmghmd 2:9?= Fbazgr 2:03= Jhodal 2:09)5
2. \`g ljvjsjdh di t`g uhjvgrsg jhtd t`rgg `drjzdhtba abygrs5smy, gbrt`, bhl t`g uhlgrwdral, w`jn` ndrrgspdhl td bjr,abhl bhl wbtgr rgspgntjvgay. \`gsg abygrs brg ajhmgl fy b
‐ndskjn pjaabr‚, dr ‐ndskjn rjvgr‚, sykfdajsgl jh t`gs`bkbh's turu, dr b trgg ditgh pabngl jh t`g nghtrg di t`gs`bkbh's tght (ijo. 7).
6. \`g ljvjsjdh di ukbhs bhl bhjkbas jhtd t`g p`ysjnbasgai, t`g fdly-sdua bhl t`g irgg-sdua. @ukbh fgjhos bhlt`dsg bhjkbas w`d brg kbstgrs di t`gjr bhjkba n`brogs,sun` bs t`g fgbr, pdssgss baa t`rgg sufstbhngs= wjal
>? K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
bhjkbas hdrkbaay pdssgss p`ysjnba sgai bhl t`g fdly sdua(t`gjr ndaagntjvg ‐irgg sdua‚ rgsjljho jh t`g bhjkba kbstgr)w`jag bkdho ldkgstjn bhjkbas ‑t`g spjrjt di t`g ldkgstjnbhjkba js t`g sdua di kbh, ndhtrdaajho t`g bhjkba irdkwjt`dut‛ (Jhodal 2:09, 677)= ldkgstjn bhjkbas `bvg hd sdua
_jt`jh t`js ndohjtjvg irbkgwdrm, gam, fgbr bhl wbtgr fjrlspaby nagbray lgijhgl rdags bs oubrljbhs di dt`gr bhjkbas bhlbs n`bhhgas di ndkkuhjnbtjdh wjt` t`g dt`gr, hdh-tgrrgstrjbawdrals. \`g ‐`gbvghay gam‚ idr gxbkpag, js bh jh`bfjtbht di t`g `gbvghs, bhl b nghtrba bntdr jh t`g kyt`s di rgvjvba bhlrgoghgrbtjdh, bs wgaa bs jh t`g kgljbtjdh fgtwggh t`g wdraldi t`g spjrjts bhl di `ukbhs. \`g fgbr pabys bh bhbadodusfut sdkgw`bt ljiigrght rdag bs t`g n`jgi oubrljbh di wjal
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bhjkbas bhl b kgljbtdr fgtwggh bhjkba fgjhos bhl `ukbhfgjhos. _btgr fjrls brg pgrngjvgl bs kgssghogrs fgtwggh t`gdt`gr-wdral bhl t`g gbrt`, oubrljho t`g ghtrbhng td t`g adwgr wdral, bhl bntjho bs oujlgs td t`g ‐sgb di t`g lgngbsgl‚ jhsdkg kyt`s, td t`g ‐furjba fgydhl t`g wbtgr‚ jh dt`grs(Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Fbazgr 2:03= Jhodal 2:09).
_jt` t`js fbnmorduhl jhidrkbtjdh jh kjhl, wg nbhrgndohjsg bspgnts di abhlsnbpg bs b sdnjba bhl rjtuba ndhstruntbkdho t`g Mgts5
„ \`g Mgt ‐skbaa rdbls‚ bhl ‐orgbt rdbls‚ wgrg kdrg t`bh eust kjorbtjdh rdutgs. \`gy jkpdsgl b hgtwdrm di pbt`st`rduo` w`jn` t`g abhlsnbpg wbs ghnuaturbtgl= t`gyrgprgsghtgl b pbttgrh di bntjvjty, sgbsdhba strbtgojgs fyw`jn` b pbrtjnuabr tjkg di t`g ygbr wbs lgijhgl (sgg basd\jaagy 2::<, 6:->2).
„ S`ysjnba kbrms di ghnuaturbtjdh wgrg prgsght badho t`gsgpbt`s. \`gy jhnaulgl sjtg adnbtjdhs t`gksgavgs wjt`tgkpdrbry strunturgs sun` bs tghts bhl kdrg pgrkbhghtdhgs sun` bs t`g gbrt`-`dusgs di t`g kbjh sgttagkght.\`gy jhnaulgl ijxgl ibnjajtjgs, sun` bs ijs` wgjrs, trbps bhllbks, pjts bhl trbps idr iur bhjkbas. \`gy basd jhnaulglkbrms kblg dh trggs, dr smj bhl saglog rgkbjhs pabngl tdndkkuhjnbtg spgnjijn nabjks di dwhgrs`jp dr gxnausjvgrjo`ts di usg (Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Vgsmgtdv 2:?6). ^d sun`igbturgs sykfdajsgl ndaagntjvg dwhgrs`jp di t`g abhlsnbpgfy t`g Mgts bs b ordup, bhl t`g dwhgrs`jp di adnbtjdhs jht`g abhlsnbpg fy jhljvjluba `dusg`dals. \`gy sykfdajsglsdnjba drlgr jh t`g abhlsnbpg bhl rgabtjdhs fgtwggh`dusg`dals, ordups bhl pdajtjnba uhjts.
„ ^un` sykfdas di ghnuaturbtjdh wgrg agojtjkjsgl fy rgigrghngtd bhngstdrs bhl ajhmgl td t`g dvgrbrn`jho ndskdadoy di
t`g Mgts. Bt t`g ijrst nbkp di t`g ‐orgbt rdbl‚, bt t`gfgojhhjho di t`g edurhgy, ngrgkdhjgs wgrg pgridrkgl tdndkkuhjnbtg wjt` b igkbag bhngstrba fgjho (t`g ‐dalwdkbh di t`g rdbl‚ (Vgsmgtdv 2:?6)). ^jkjabr ngrgkdhjgswgrg pgridrkgl dh rgturh. Vjtubas ajhmgl td lgbt` bhlrgoghgrbtjdh wgrg basd pgridrkgl bt sukkgr ibjrs.
Vjtubas ajhmjho ndskdadoy bhl abhlsnbpg wgrg basdgkfgllgl jh t`g ndursg di rgouabr sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs.Idr gxbkpag, bitgr t`g ijrst mjaajho di bhjkbas sgrvjho bsoubrljbhs dr kgssghogrs jh Mgt ndskdadoy, t`g sduprgkbjhjho bitgr nddmjho sun` bhjkbas (fgbr, gam, rgjhlggr,wbtgridwa dr ijs`) wbs rgturhgl td t`g rjvgr bt spgnjijn `day
pabngs jh bh bnt di sykfdajn rgoghgrbtjdh (j.g. t`g gssghng di kgssghogr bhjkbas rgturhgl td t`g ‐ndskjn rjvgr‚).Ngrgkdhjgs bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g fgbr `uht lgijhgl sbnrgl,rjtuba pabngs jh t`g abhlsnbpg fy rgigrghng td fgbr bs t`goubrljbh di dt`gr bhjkbas bhl b nrgbturg rgspdhsjfag idr ghsurjho `uhtjho sunngss5 t`js wbs idr jhstbhng sykfdajsglfy spgnjijn fgbr fdhgs (ebws, snbpuabs) fgjho `uho irdk trggs(Bagmsghmd 2:9?= Vgsmgtdv 2:?6).
>0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
B5
dhbho
wgstghtrbhng tdadwgr wdral
lbrpg
gbstghtrbhng tduppgr wdral
ijs`
rjvgrjhgkgljtbtjdh
(turu )
trbhsidrkbtjdh
F5
`ukbh pgrsdhs ^@BKBH bhjkba kbstgrs
`grl 2, `grl 6,.. gtn. spgnjgs 2, spgnjgs 6,.. gtn.
LDKG^\JN BHJKBA^ _JAL BHJKBA^
^WSVGKG FGJHO(kbstgr di fgbr)
Ijourg 7. B sukkbry ljborbk lgpjntjho sdkg bspgnts di t`g
ndskdadoy di t`g pgdpags di _gstgrh ^jfgrjb (idr gxpabhbtjdh, sgg
tgxt. 7B5 bitgr Bhjsjkdv 2:9>, \jaagy 2::2= 7F5 bitgr Jhodal 2:09).
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<. Brn`bgdadojnba nbsg stuly 25 Hìkidrsgh jh
Hdrt`grh wglgh
@dw ibr nbh wg od jh rgndohjsjho sun` abhlsnbpgs jh t`gbrn`bgdadojnba rgndrl4 Vdnm nbrvjho bhl rdnm pbjhtjho sjtgsrgprgsght dhg kbedr typg di adnbtjdh, w`jn`, wjt` jtssurrduhljho abhlsnbpg, ndhstjtutgs b abhlsnbpg uhjt jhvgstgl
wjt` sykfdajn kgbhjho w`jn` kust `bvg sgrvgl bs b idnusdi rjtuba bntjvjtjgs. \`js js fdrhg dut fy gt`hdorbp`jn nbsgstuljgs di rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs bkdho, idr gxbkpag, t`gBustrbajbh Bfdrjojhbas (Fb`h/Vdsghigal 2::2= Iaddl 2:0?=Abytdh 2:07= Kdrp`y 2:?0), `uhtgr-obt`grgrs jh ^dut`Birjnb (Agwjs-_jaajbks 2:02, 2:0>) bs wgaa bs fy t`gpjntdorbp`jn bhl lgpdsjtjdhba gvjlghng bssdnjbtgl wjt`prg`jstdrjn rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs jh Gurdpg (b.d. Frblagy gt ba.
2::>, 2::7= @baastrdk 2:93= Mu`h 2:79) bhl gasgw`grg(idr gxbkpag, Agg 2::6).
Agt us turh td Hdrt`grh Gurdpg, bhl sukkbrjsg frjgiay t`gsgttagkght-sufsjstghng pbttgrhs rgndhstruntgl idr t`js brgbirdk pbabgdgndhdkjn bhl sgttagkght gvjlghng. \`g pgrjdl jh
qugstjdh ndvgrs t`g abtgr pbrt di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr ^tdhgBog, eust prjdr td t`g orbluba bldptjdh di ibrkjho, nb. 7733-2733 fn. Srbntjnba abhlsnbpgs brg strunturgl brduhl kbedr sgttagkghts bhl t`g sgbsdhba kdfjajty sn`gluags w`grg t`gsgsjtgs paby b kbedr rdag (ijo. 9). Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, rjtubaadnbtjdhs brg kbrmgl dut fy bt agbst twd typgs di sjtgs5 furjbaorduhls bhl rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs (s`dwh bs rgntbhoags bhlsqubrgs rgspgntjvgay dh t`g kbp jh ijo. 9).
Agt us hdw idnus dur bttghtjdh dh Hìkidrsgh. Hìkidrsghjs b adnbtjdh di kbedr rbpjls dh t`g rjvgr Bhogrkbh bhl bkbedr rdnm nbrvjho sjtg, lbtgl vgry frdblay td fgtwggh >333-2733 fn. Jt js t`g abst rbpjls fgidrg t`g rjvgr ghtgrs t`g sgb,sjtubtgl bt t`g euhntjdh di t`g jhtgrjdr upabhls bhl t`g ndbstba
pabjh. Bfdut 2?73, pgtrdoayp`s wgrg nbrvgl jhtd t`g skddt`rdnmy suribng di t`rgg jsabhls jh t`g nghtrg di t`g rjvgr (@baastrùk 2:93= Kbakgr 2:?7= \jaagy 2::2). Hìkidrsgh jsnghtrba td sdkg 933 stdhg bog sjtgs wjt`jh t`g Bhogrkbhrjvgr systgk, bhl bfdut 93 td ?3 mk irdk t`g hgxt rdnmnbrvjho/pbjhtjho sjtgs. @uhtjho gam bhl fgbvgr, ijs`jho bhlfjrl `uhtjho bppgbr td `bvg fggh t`g kbjh sufsjstghngdnnupbtjdhs, jh b ndkfjhbtjdh di rgsjlghtjba bhl adojstjnkdfjajty pbttgrh, wjt` sjtgs hgbr Hìkidrsgh, adnbtgl bt t`g euhnturg di t`g kduhtbjhs bhl t`g pabjh, bs t`g kbjh sprjhobhl sukkgr sgttagkghts. \`g sgbsdhba dnnupbtjdh lurjho t`gsukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr bt Hìkidrsgh js suoogstgl fy t`g
prgsghng di fdhgs di pjmg, sbakdh, sgba, wbtgrfjrls bhlfgbvgr „ typjnbaay b sprjho/sukkgr prgy „ w`jag t`g gam,usubaay `uhtgl lurjho t`g wjhtgr, js bfsght (Idrsfgro 2:07=Uvgagfja 2:02). Bs b adnbtjdh jh t`g prbntjnba abhlsnbpg, t`gh,Hìkidrsgh kby `bvg fggh bhbadodus td t`g sukkgr ijs`jho,idwajho bhl boorgobtjdh sjtgs di t`g Mgts (sgg bfdvg). Dhg di t`g abrogst mhdwh sgttagkghts js adnbtgl fy t`g Hìkidrsghrbpjls, bhl wbs ljsndhtjhudusay dnnupjgl irdk >333 fn. td
t`g Jrdh Bog, wjt` t`g kdst jhtghsjvg dnnupbtjdh lbtjho tdt`g abtg stdhg bog (nb. 6733-6333 fn), kbrmgl fy t`gprgsghng di bsfgstds-tgkpgrgl pdttgry (Kbakgr 2:?7, 2:02).
\`g rdnm nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh lgpjnt gams, fdbts, pgdpagijs`, fjrls, s`dg/iddt jkprjhts, bhl tddas, brrbhogl jhtdndkpdsjtjdhs w`jn` brg rgkbrmbfay abnmjho jh `jgrbrn`jnba
strunturg (ijo. ?). \`g kgbhjho di t`g rdnm nbrvjhos jhoghgrba, bhl di nbrvjhos di gam „ t`g kdst ndkkdh kdtji „ jh pbrtjnuabr bt Hìkidrsgh wbs jhtgrprgtgl jh sgvgrba wbys5bs b nbsg di sykpbt`gtjn kbojn lgsjohgl td ghsurg `uhtjhosunngss, bs tdtgkjn rgprgsghtbtjdhs, bs b ‐trjfba ghnynadpbg-ljb‚ „ b rgndrl di sdnjba mhdwaglog, b ‑vjsuba stbtgkght di kyt`s, ndskjn nbtgodrjgs bhl bssdnjbtjdhs `gal td strunturgfdt` t`g supgrhbturba wdral bhl `ukbh gxjstghng‛ (\jaagy2::2), bs b rjtuba ndhirdhtbtjdh fgtwggh ljiigrght jhtgrgstordups wjt`jh t`g ndkkuhjty, bhl bs b sykfda di pdwgr bhlndhtrda fy kbag galgrs dvgr t`g dt`grs. \`g iuhntjdh di t`gsjtg wbs jlghtjijgl bs b kbedr rjtuba nghtrg (Fbldu 2:??),b sgbsdhba boorgobtjdh nghtrg bhl b nghtrg idr gxn`bhog wjt`
t`g ibrkgr trblgrs irdk t`g sdut` (@baastrùk 2:93= Kbakgr 2:?7= \jaagy 2::2). _jt`dut odjho jhtd t`g lgtbja di vbrjdusbroukghts, jt js nagbr t`bt Hìkidrsgh wbs hdt dhay bhjkpdrtbht ijs`jho adnbtjdh, dnnupjgl lurjho t`g sukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr, fut basd b kbedr rjtuba nghtrg, igbturjho jh bhgxtghsjvg gxn`bhog hgtwdrm fgtwggh sdut`grh bhl hdrt`grh^wglgh.
Jh `js bhbaysjs di Hìkidrsgh, N`rjstdp`gr \jaagy (2::2)iduhl pbrbaagas fgtwggh t`g ndskdadojnba systgk di hdrt`grh`uhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl t`g abhlsnbpg igbturgs di Hìkidrsgh.\`gsg nbh fg sukkbrjsgl bs idaadws5
„ \`g jkpdrtbhng di rjvgrs jh t`g ndskdadojnba systgk bhl
t`gjr ajhms wjt` spgnjijn nabhs „ bs wbs, jhlggl, t`g nbsgwjt` Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb Mgts, fgnbusg t`js ordup dMgts js spgnjijgl fy t`g rjvgr w`jn` js nghtrba td t`gjr tgrrjtdry, t`g Sdlmbkghhbyb \uhouzmb.
„ \`g hdtjdh di b ndskjn rjvgr iadwjho irdk gbst td wgstbhl kgljbtjho fgtwggh t`g ljiigrght wdrals di ndskds=bhl t`g sykfdajsk di t`g rbpjls bs dpghjhos td t`g dt`gr wdrals5 Hìkidrsgh js adnbtgl fy t`g rbpjls.
„ \`g ajkjhba sykfdajsk bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g s`bkbh'sjsabhl jh t`g ndskjn rjvgr5 t`g rdnm nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsghbrg adnbtgl dh t`rgg jsabhls jh t`g rjvgr.
„ \`g jlgb t`bt t`g pdjht bt w`jn` t`g ndskjn rjvgr iadws
jhtd t`g sgb js kbrmgl fy t`g kdst vjdaght rbpjls kbrmjhot`g ghtrbhng td t`g uhlgrwdral5 Hìkidrsgh js adnbtgl fyt`g abst rbpjls fgidrg t`g sgb.
„ \`g ajhm fgtwggh t`g s`bkbh's turu bhl t`g gam, sykfdajsglfy t`g ijourgs bt Hìkidrsgh `daljho gam giijojgs.
„ Wsg di fjrls bhl ijs` bs b pbrt di dppdsjtjdhba kgbhjhostrunturg jh t`g s`bkbh's rjtuba tght. ^un` b strunturbadppdsjtjdh wbs jlghtjijgl bt Hìkidrsgh.
>: K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
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<3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 9. @uhtgr-obt`grgrsgttagkght-sufsjstghng pbttgrhs bhl
t`g adnbtjdh di kbedr furjba bhl rdnm
nbrvjho sjtgs jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg,
9 333-2 733 fn.
B ; Kdfjag pbttgrh di abhl-usg5
Irgqught rg-adnbtjdh di t`g fbsg
nbkp bs pgdpag kdvg bs b ordup
irdk dhg rgsdurng td bhdt`gr jh b
idrbojho pbttgrh di rgsdurng usg.
F ; ^gkj-sglghtbry pbttgrh5 Sgdpag
kdvg bs b ordup fgtwggh twd
sgbsdhba fbsg nbkps, kdst
rgsdurngs brg dftbjhgl fy tbsm
ordups sght dut di t`g fbsg nbkps
td prdnurg t`gsg jh b adojstjnbapbttgrh di rgsdurng usg.
N ; ^glghtbry pbttgrh5 rgsdurngs
dftbjhgl fy tbsm ordups irdk b
fbsg nbkp dnnupjgl pgrkbhghtay
fy bt agbst sdkg kgkfgrs di t`g
ndkkuhjty.
^ykfdas5 dpgh njrnag5 trjbhoag5
spgnjbajsgl uhtjho-ijs`jho-
obt`grjho sjtg, tgkpdrbry fbsg
nbkp, `bai-nadsgl njrnag5 sgbsdhba
fbsg-nbkp, fabnm njrnag5 pgrkbhght
fbsg nbkp, sabs`gl squbrg5 rdnm
nbrvjho sjtg, futtgriay sykfda5
ngkgtgry.
Agttgrs5 lghdtg prjhnjpba iddl
rgsdurngs iduhl dh sjtgs, w`jn``bvg basd prdvjlgl jhidrkbtjdh
bfdut t`g sgbsdh bhl pgrkbhghng
di dnnupbtjdh. Iu ; Iur bhjkbas,
N ; _jal nbttag (Burdn sgh),
L ; Lggr, S ; Sjo, I ; Ijs`,
^I ; ^`gaaijs`, ^ ; ^gba, _I ;
_jalidwa, Sa ; Sabht iddl (ndaabtjdh
di b wjlg rbhog di sdurngs).
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„ \`g ndskdadojnba sjohjijnbhng bnndrlgl td t`g gamndhngjvgl bs b igkbag gam. Kdst gam bt Hìkidrsgh brglgpjntgl wjt`dut bhtagrs.
Jh sukkbry, Hìkidrsgh pabygl b rdag di b nghtrba rjtuba,boorgobtjdh bhl gxn`bhog sjtg di b `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjbaordup, gbn` bssdnjbtgl wjt` bhl sykfdajnbaay rgabtjho td bkbedr rjvgr systgk (Idrsfgro 2:07). \`g sykfdajsk btHìkidrsgh nbh fg ndkprg`ghlgl fy rgigrghng td t`ghdrt`grh `uhtgr-obt`grgr ndskdadoy. \`g abhlsnbpg bhbadojgstd t`g gt`hdorbp`jn sjtubtjdh di t`g Mgts brg basd nagbr, bhl b
sjkjabr pbttgrh `bs fggh basd `jstdrjnbaay ldnukghtgl idr ^bbkj ordups (Ydrrgh 2:03).
Jh b ljbn`rdhjn pgrspgntjvg, Hìkidrsgh kby `bvg fgobh bsb skbaa rdnm nbrvjho sjtg bhl b sukkgr ijs`jho adnbtjdh,w`jn` lgvgadpgl abtgr jhtd b kbedr rgojdhba boorgobtjdhnghtrg, jh w`jn` gam `jlgs bhl iurs wgrg gxn`bhogl idr prgstjog oddls bhl jkpdrts irdk t`g sdut`. Ndhtbnt wjt` t`gtrblgrs irdk t`g sdut` bhl t`g jhndrpdrbtjdh di Hìkidrsghjhtd bh gxn`bhog systgk ajhmjho hdrt`grh bhl sdut`grh^wglgh kust `bvg jhgvjtbfay nbusgl strbjh wjt`jh t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty, nrgbtjho strunturba ndhljtjdhs idr jhnrgbsglsdnjba ndkpgtjtjdh bhl sdnjba lgpghlghny (\jaagy 2::2).
\`g nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh brg hdtbfag idr t`gjr bfsghng di stbtus, rbhm, dr `jgrbrn`jnba drlgrjho di kdtjvgs, rgiagntjho,pgr`bps, t`g jlgbajsgl sdnjba drlgr di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgty, jh ndhtrbst td t`g gvjlghng idr sdnjba rbhmjho gvjlghtjh t`g furjbas (Frblagy t`js vdaukg= Nabrm/Hggagy 2:0?=Kgjmaged`h/Uvgagfja 2::2= D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<). Fysykfdajn rgprgsghtbtjdh, pgdpag kby `bvg kbsmgl t`ggxjstghng di sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs, bnmhdwaglogl jh sdnjba
prbntjng bhl jh jhljvjluba furjbas, fut lghjgl fy t`g hdkjhbabl`grghng td t`g gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy. Vjtuba tjkg wbsgkpadygl td dfsnurg t`g sdnjba rgbajty. \jaagy (2::2) brougst`bt ndhtbnts wjt` trblgrs- dutsjlgrs rgqujrgl t`g jhndrpdrb-tjdh di b hgw sgt di sykfdas jhtd t`g gxjstjho rgpgrtdjrg btHìkidrsgh, sun` bs t`g hgw fdbt typgs bhl t`g njrnag nrdss,rgsuatjho jh b strunturba n`bhog5
‑Hdt dhay ljl t`g `uhtgr-ijs`gr-obt`grgrs bt Hìkidrsgh bnndkkdlbtgt`gjr gndhdkjn systgk td t`g lgkbhls di bh gxn`bhog systgk idr w`jn` t`gy rgngjvgl vgry ajttag jh rgturh, fut t`gy gvgh rgstrunturgl
t`gjr ndskdadojnba bhl sykfdajn systgk‛ (\jaagy 2::2, 29<).
Fut t`g mgy pdjht, surgay, js t`bt lgspjtg, dr pgr`bpsfgnbusg di t`js bnndkkdlbtjdh, t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtyndhtjhugl td iadurjs`. \`g ibrkjho wby di ajig `bl fgghrgegntgl fdt` sykfdajnbaay bhl jh prbntjng idr bhdt`gr 733 ygbrs dr kdrg uhtja t`g bfbhldhkght di Hìkidrsgh bhlt`g sufsgqught lgkjsg di `uhtjho-obt`grjho sdnjgtjgsfgtwggh 2733 bhl 733 fn (Bhlgrsdh 2:?9= Fbldu 2:?>=N`rjstjbhssdh/Frdblfght 2:?7= Hyobbrl 2:0:). Js jt pdssjfagtd broug, t`gh, t`bt t`g sykfdajn bhl jlgdadojnba irbkgwdrm „ jh ndkfjhbtjdh wjt` gndadojnba ibntdrs, td fg surg „ prgvghtgl dr prdsnrjfgl t`g bldptjdh di ibrkjho4
7. Brn`bgdadojnba nbsg stuly 65 Daghjj Dstrdv,
Mbrgajb
Daghjj Dstrdv (dr Daghgdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm, Lggr JsabhlNgkgtgry) js t`g abrogst sjhoag Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry mhdwh jhGurdpg, bhl, bt nb. 7733 fn, fy ibr t`g dalgst di t`g sgvgrbaKgsdajt`jn ngkgtgrjgs ljsndvgrgl sd ibr jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg
<2 K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
Ijourg ?. Vdnm nbrvjhos bt
Hìkidrsgh. \`js jaaustrbtjdh lgpjnts
dhay dhg di t`g nbrvgl suribngs.
Bitgr @baastrùk 2:93.
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(Srjng/Ebndfs 2::3). Adnbtgl dh b skbaa jsabhl jh t`ghdrt`grh pbrt di Abmg Dhgob (ijo. 0), t`g ngkgtgry wbsgxnbvbtgl fy Ourjhb bhl pufajs`gl jh 2:79. ^ufsgqughtbhbaysgs fy M`adfjstjhb (2:?0), D'^`gb bhl Uvgagfja (2:0<)bhl Ebndfs (2::7) ghl jh ljvgroght jhtgrprgtbtjdhs.
Dur rgndhstruntjdh di t`g Daghjj Dstrdv ngkgtgry bhl jts
sdnjgty suoogsts t`bt b ndkkuhjty di bfdut <33-733 pgdpagwbs usjho t`g ngkgtgry, bhl t`bt t`js ordup wbs sufljvjlgljhtd sgvgrba ordups, gbn` hukfgrjho :3-233 pgrsdhs (Ijo. :).\`g lurbtjdh di usg wbs rgabtjvgay frjgi, prdfbfay 03-263 ygbrs, j.g. <-9 oghgrbtjdhs (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<).\`g gstjkbtgs brg di ndursg vgry bpprdxjkbtg, fut jh ajhgwjt` dt`gr jhljnbtjdhs di s`drt-tgrk dr jhtgrkjttght furjbaprbntjngs, sun` bs bt ^mbtg`dak (Abrssdh 2:0:, 2::>) dr Uvgjhjgmj (Ubodrmjs 2:0?), gvgh t`duo` t`g usg di t`g sbkgadnbtjdh kby `bvg gxtghlgl dvgr sgvgrba kjaaghhjb.
\`g sykfdajsk gvjlght jh t`g furjba rjtg bt Daghjj Dstrdvajhms t`g ngkgtgry td b frdblgr ndrpus di rjtuba bhlndskdadoy di t`g hdrt`grh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs. Kbtgrjbargprgsghtbtjdhs jh t`g furjbas jhnaulg zddkdrp`jn ijourjhgs,bxgs bhl kbng`gbls, bhl gam-`gblgl tgrkjhbas di t`g mjhllgpjntgl bt t`g rdnm-nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh (gvgh t`duo`Daghjj Dstrdv js >333 ygbrs dalgr, bhl 2333 mk bwby irdkHìkidrsgh). Gam, fgbr bhl wbtgrfjrls brg t`g kdst ndkkdhlgsjohs (ijo. 23). \`g s`drgs di Abmg Dhgob, w`grg DaghjjDstrdv js adnbtgl, basd ndhtbjhgl rdnm nbrvjhos wjt` t`g sbkg
rbhog di lgsjohs bs t`dsg iduhl bt Hìkidrsgh, usjho t`g sbkgsykfdas bs t`dsg iduhl jh t`g furjbas bt Daghjj Dstrdv. Bobjh,gam, lggr (rgjhlggr4), ijs` bhl wbtgrfjrls, bhl swbh jh pbrtjnuabr
brg t`g kdst ndkkdh lgsjohs. @ukbhs brg rgprgsghtgl bsghobogl jh `uhtjho, `brpddhjho, smjjho bhl ndpuabtjho wjt`lggr (Ourjhb 2:79= Kbuab 2::3= ^bvvbtgygv 2:?>).
_jt`jh t`js sykfdajn ndhtgxt, t`g kgbhjho di rjtuba sjtgssun` bs Daghjj Dstrdv bhl t`g rdnm nbrvjho sjtgs bt Ubabvruobbhl Fgsdv Hds dh abmg Dhgob nbh fg bobjh ndkprg`ghlglfy rgigrghng td t`g hdrt`grh `uhtgr-obt`grgr ndskdadoy.Idr gxbkpag, t`g gam-`gblgl tgrkjhbas, idur di w`jn` wgrgiduhl bt Daghjj Dstrdv, bhl w`jn` brg lgpjntgl bs fgjhonbrrjgl brduhl dh stjnms bhl pdags dh pgtrdoayp`s di fdt`Dhgob bhl Hìkidrsgh, ijhl b ljrgnt pbrbaaga jh t`g s`bkbh'sturu, b rjtuba rdl usgl td kgljbtg fgtwggh t`g hbturba bhlsupgrhbturba wdrals.
^nghgs di ndpuabtjdh fgtwggh `uhtgrs bhl lggr/gam kbyrgigr td t`g rdag `uhtgrs paby jh t`g rgprdluntjdh di wjalbhjkbas w`jn` jhvdavgs sykfdajn ndpuabtjdh fgtwggh `uhtgrsbhl t`gjr prgy5 t`rduo` t`g bnt di ndpuabtjdh, `uhtgrs rgturht`g bhjkba sdua di t`g mjaagl bhjkba td t`g bhjkba kbstgr,t`grgfy ghsurjho jts p`ysjnba rgprdluntjdh jh t`g hgbr iuturg(Jhodal 2:09)
\`rduo` sjkjabr rgigrghtjba rgbsdhjho, spgnjba s`bit orbvgsbt Daghjj Dstrdv fgndkg kdrg gxpajnbfag bs t`g orbvgs di s`bkbh, dr rjtuba spgnjbajsts5 ijrst, t`gjr wgstgrh drjghtbtjdh
<6 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 0. Adnbtjdh di Daghjj Dstrdv
ngkgtgry.
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<> K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
Ijourg :. Abydut di Daghjj Dstrdv ngkgtgry. Bitgr Ourjhb 2:79.
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(w`jag gvgrydhg gasg wbs ibnjho gbst) nbh fg gxpabjhgl bsibnjho t`g ghtrbhng td t`g adwgr wdral, t`g ldkbjh di spjrjtbhngstdrs di t`g s`bkbh bhl di t`g ruagrs di t`g uhlgrwdral.\`g sduas di t`g rgst di t`g ordup jh`bfjtgl t`g uppgr wdral,
bssdnjbtgl wjt` ijs` sykfdajsk bhl ghtgrgl irdk t`g gbst.\`g prgsghng di fgbvgr jhnjsdrs, b nbtgodry di pghlbhtshdrkbaay bssdnjbtgl wjt` igkbags bt Daghjj Dstrdv, jh t`gs`bit orbvgs jrrgspgntjvg di sgx, nbh basd fg gxpabjhgl, sjhng
<< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 23. ^nuaptgl brtgibnts irdk
Daghjj Dstrdv bhl dt`gr brgbs.
2 ; Daghjj Dstrdv, Mbrgajb= aghot`
7< nk= 6 ; ^vghtdej, Ajt`ubhjb,
aghot`5 <> nk= > ; ^vghtdej,
Ajt`ubhjb, hd snbag= < ; Daghjj
Dstrdv, Mbrgajb, aghot` 73 nk=
7 ; \uaoufb, Mbrgajb, hd snbag=
9 ; Vbvj, ^ìmmjeìrvj, Mbrgajb, aghot`
2> nk (irbokght). Bitgr Nbrpgabh2:?7, Mjvjmdsmj 2:9?, Kbnjghg 2::3.
2
6
>
<
7
9
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t`g s`bkbh's rdag bs b spjrjtuba kgljbtdr wjt` t`g uhlgrwdralrgprgsghtgl fdt` kgh bhl wdkgh= ndhsgqughtay, `js dr `gr rdfg rgtbjhgl sykfdas di fdt` oghlgrs (Bhjsjkdv 2:9>=Nzbpajnmb 2:2<).
\`g ghnadsurg fy wbtgr di t`g Daghgdstrdvsmj jsabhladnbtjdh jtsgai js typjnba idr furjba adnbtjdh jh hdrt`grh
Gurdpg, bhl `bs pgrsjstgl jhtd t`g N`rjstjbh pgrjdl jh sdkgbrgbs sun` bs Ijhabhl, w`grg t`g tgrk mjrmmdsbbrj „ dr n`urn` jsabhl „ lghdtgs bhnjght furjba adnbtjdhs nabjkgl fyN`rjstjbhjty. Jt rgiagnts t`g rjtuba ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh abhlbhl wbtgr, wjt` furjba di t`g lgbl tbmjho pabng ‑fgydhl t`gwbtgr‛ bs hdtgl jh t`g Mbagvbab, t`g Ijhhjs` hbtjdhba gpds(Aùhhrdt 2:9>. ^gg basd Ebndfs 2::>). \`g bssdnjbtjdh di wbtgrfjrls wjt` t`g lgbl, bhl t`g irgqught dnnurrghng di wbtgrfjrl lgsjohs dh abmgsjlg pgtrdoayp`s bhl dh ndhtbjhgrsrgigr td t`g sbkg sgt di bssdnjbtjdhs (j.g. Kbuab 2::3)._btgrfjrls brg ditgh t`g sdag fjrl rgkbjhs iduhl jh furjbas=t`g jhtgrkght di b n`jal dh b swbh's wjho bt Yglfbgm jspbrtjnuabray prgohbht wjt` sykfdajsk (Hjgasgh/Frjhn`
Sgtgrsgh 2::>).Bs wjt` Hìkidrsgh, t`g furjba orduhl bt Daghjj Dstrdv
bppgbrs td `bvg fggh b nghtrba rjtuba bhl boorgobtjdh sjtg idr b ordup di `uhtgr-obt`grgrs, ljvjlgl jhtd twd nabhs, gbn`lgijhgl fy b tdtgkjn sykfda „ bh gam bhl b shbmg. \`gtgrrjtdry di t`js ordup nbh fg lgijhgl fy pbrtjnuabr igbturgs di jts ajt`jn bssgkfabog, bhl fy t`g rgouabr usg di t`rgg ajt`jnkbtgrjbas5 orggh sabtg, qubrtz bhl iajht. \`g rjtuba bhl t`gsgnuabr bntjvjtjgs wgrg jhtgrajhmgl, bhl t`g rjtuba, uhn`bhojhotjkg di `uhtgr-obt`grgrs sun` bs t`g Daghgdstrdvsmj ordupwbs gkfgllgl jh `uhtgr-obt`grgr prbntjng= fdt` wgrgrbtjdhbajsgl fy t`g dvgrbrn`jho fgajgi systgk. Hgjt`gr t`gfgajgi systgk hdr t`g prbntjng rgqujrgl n`bhog= dh t`g
ndhtrbry, t`gy gkp`bsjsgl t`g pgrpgtubtjdh bhl rgpaghjs`-kght di rgsdurngs t`rduo` t`g pgrngptjdh di hbturg bs bojvjho ghvjrdhkght (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::3).
\ghtbtjvgay, wg `bvg rgndhstruntgl t`g sufsjstghng-sgttagkght pbttgrh bs b ljspgrsgl bhl kdfjag dhg lurjho t`gabtgr butukh bhl wjhtgr, bhl bh booadkgrbtgl bhl kdrgsglghtbry dhg lurjho t`g sukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr. Jhsukkgr, ndhnghtrbtjdhs di wbtgridwa bhl kjorbtdry ijs`diigrgl bh boorgobtjdh di rgsdurngs w`jn` wdual sustbjh bndhnghtrbtgl pdpuabtjdh. Daghjj Dstrdv wbs prdfbfay usgldhay lurjho t`js tjkg di t`g ygbr, bhl hdt jh wjhtgr, w`ghpgdpag frdmg up jhtd skbaa ordups idr uhouabtg `uhtjho bhl
trbppjho. \`g sgnuabr tjkg di t`g Daghgdstrdvmj orduprgvdavgl brduhl t`g sgbsdhba prbntjng di t`gsg tbsms, bhl t`gprbntjnba abhlsnbpg wbs strunturgl fy t`gk.
Bat`duo` jhtgr-ajhmgl, t`g gssghtjba tjkgagsshgss di t`grjtuba tjkg bntgl jh ndhtrbljstjhntjdh td t`g prbntjnbandhtjhoghnjgs di sgnuabr tjkg. Idr gxbkpag, Ebndfs hdtglt`g abrog hukfgr di truhnbtgl smgagtdhs bt Daghjj Dstrdv,bttrjfutjho t`js td pddr prgsgrvbtjdh bhl sgndhlbry
ljsturfbhng di furjbas. Bh batgrhbtjvg gxpabhbtjdh js t`btt`gsg jhljvjlubas ljgl bwby irdk t`g ngkgtgry bhl wgrgfrduo`t td t`g ngkgtgry idr furjba jh bh jhndkpagtg stbtg.Gt`hdorbp`jn bhbadougs idr sun` prbntjngs gxjst jh ^jfgrjb,w`grg t`dsg lyjho lurjho t`g wjhtgr wgrg agit gxpdsgl, ditghdh wddlgh pabtidrks jh trggs, fgidrg furjba jh t`g sprjho
(Nzbpajnmb 2:2<). Ji t`js wbs t`g nbsg, sun` prbntjng rgiagntglbnndkkdlbtjdh fgtwggh t`g rgqujrgkghts di prbntjnba tjkgw`jn` ljntbtgl b kdfjag, ljspgrsgl ajigstyag jh wjhtgr bhl di rjtuba tjkg, w`jn` rgqujrgl furjba di t`g lgbl bt t`g bhngstrbaadnbtjdh bs b wby di kgrojho t`g pbst wjt` t`g prgsght bhl bsbh biijrkbtjdh di t`g ajhm wjt` bhngstdrs.
\`g n`djng di bhjkba tggt` bs pgridrbtgl pghlbhts nbhprdvjlg bhdt`gr gxbkpag. Bat`duo` tggt` wgrg bvbjabfag irdkb abrog hukfgr di fdt` tgrrgstrjba bhl bqubtjn spgnjgs,prdnurgl lurjho prbntjnba tjkg jh t`g ndursg di `uhtjho,trbppjho bhl ijs`jho, dhay t`rgg spgnjgs wgrg utjajsgl td kbmgpgridrbtgl tddt` pghlbhts, w`jn` wgrg gjt`gr kblg jhtdhgnmabngs dr suspghlgl irdk fgats abjl bnrdss t`g fdly di t`g
lgngbsgl5 fgbr tusms, gam jhnjsdrs bhl fgbvgr jhnjsdrs. Baat`rgg bhjkbas paby bh jkpdrtbht pbrt jh t`g rjtuba sykfdajskdi kdlgrh ^jfgrjbh ordups5 t`dsg di gam bhl fgbr wgrg hdtglbfdvg, w`jag fgbvgr wbs `gal td `bvg kgljnjhba prdpgrtjgsbkdho kbhy fdrgba pgdpag (Gjlajtz 2:9:). Fgbvgr kbhljfagsidrkgl b pbrt di s`bkbh's dutijt bkdho sdkg ^jfgrjbhordups (Ourjhb 2:79). ^jkjabr sgagntjdh wbs gxgrnjsgl jhnbrvjho dfegnts irdk stdhg, wddl dr fdhg w`jn` igbturgprjhnjpbaay gam, fgbr, fgbvgr bhl wbtgrfjrls. @grg bobjh, t`gjlgdadoy `bs bntgl dh t`g rgsdurngs prdnurgl jh prbntjnbatjkg td kbmg t`gh jhtd sykfdas di t`g rjtuba, sbnrgl tjkg.
\`g adnbtjdh bhl t`g r`yt`k di usg di t`g furjba orduhljtsgai kby fg usgl bs bhdt`gr gxbkpag. \`g ajkjtgl pgrjdl di
bhy dhg gpjsdlg di usg nbh fg ndhtrbstgl wjt` rgpgbtgl usgdi t`g sbkg adnbtjdhs. Bat`duo` bt Daghjj Dstrdv wg `bvggvjlghng di dhay sjhoag gpjsdlg di usg, kdrg gxtghsjvgayjhvgstjobtgl adnbtjdhs sun` bs ^mbtg`dak dr Uvgjhjgmj s`dwsgvgrba gpjsdlgs di usg. Bt Uvgjhjgmj, idr gxbkpag, t`g furjbaorduhl wbs usgl jhtgrkjttghtay dvgr > 333 ygbrs, fgtwgghnb. <033 bhl 2033 fn (Ubodrsmjs 2:0?). _`jag t`g gpjsdlgsdi bntuba usg kby `bvg fggh ljntbtgl fy t`g `jstdry di gvghtsbhl fy t`g prbntjnba, sgnuabr tjkg di `uhtjho bhl obt`grjhondkkuhjtjgs, t`g adhoug lurêg jh t`g usg di t`g sbkg adnbtjdhsrgiagnts t`g rjtuba tjkg snbag bhl t`g pgrsjstghng di lgkbrnbtglrjtuba zdhgs wjt`jh t`g abhlsnbpg (sgg basd Frblagy 2::2, 623)
Ijhbaay, t`g dpgrbtjdh di t`g twd ljiigrght tjkg snbags nbhfg sggh jh t`g ndhtrbst fgtwggh t`g gvjlghng idr sdnjbastrunturg jhigrrgl irdk t`g kdrtubry bhbaysjs bhl t`gsykfdajsk di Daghgdstrdvsmjj sdnjgty. Kdrtubry bhbaysjs `bsrgvgbagl t`g gxjstghng di bt agbst sgvgh sdnjba ljkghsjdhs,gxprgssjho fbhl kgkfgrs`jp, bog, sgx, pgrsdhba wgbat` bhlt`rgg spgnjbajsgl rbhms (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<), suoogstjho blgsnght-fbsgl sdnjgty drobhjsgl jhtd b sgqughtjba `jgrbrn`y
<7 K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
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(Balghigalgr 2::>= Ed`hsdh 2:06), w`jn` wbs ajhmgl tdrjtuba, fut w`jn` dpgrbtgl jhlgpghlghtay irdk dhg bhdt`gr.Bat`duo` rjtuba rdags bppgbr td `bvg fggh jh`grjtgl, wgbat`wbs hdt5 jt tghlgl td lgnajhg wjt` bog (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja2:0<). Ljiigrghngs jh kdrtubry wgbat` bhl `drjzdhtba sdnjbaljiigrghtjbtjdh wgrg jlghtjijgl jh dt`gr kdrtubry ndhtgxts jh
tgkpgrbtg Hdrt`grh Gurdpg (Nabrm/Hggagy 2:0?= Abrssdh2:0:= Kgjmaged`h/Uvgagfja 2::2= Ubodrsmjs 2:0?). Bat`duo`t`gsg jlghtjijnbtjdhs rgkbjh td sdkg gxtght bkfjoudus,t`g gabfdrbtjdh bhl ljiigrghtjbtjdh di furjba prbntjng jh t`gabtg Kgsdajt`jn bppgbrs td fg kun` orgbtgr t`bh bkdho t`ggt`hdorbp`jnbaay mhdwh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs di ^jfgrjb,suoogstjho t`bt sdnjba strunturg wbs kdrg `jgrbrn`jnbaayrbhmgl t`bh wbs t`g nbsg bkdho t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgrs di t`ggt`hdorbp`jn rgndrl. Bs sun`, sdnjba prbntjng, kbrmgl fyrbhmjho, ndhiajnts wjt` t`g gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr kdlg di prdluntjdh, gkfgllgl jh t`g wdral-vjgw di t`g fdrgba `uhtgr-obt`grgrs (Jhodal 2:09, 2:00), bhl ajhmglsykfdajnbaay wjt` Daghjj Dstrdv bhl dt`gr Kgsdajt`jn
ngkgtgrjgs t`rduo` t`g usg di t`g sbkg sykfdas bhl furjbarjtgs.
Frblagy rgkbrmgl t`bt ‑fy lghyjho t`g pbssbog di tjkg,pgdpag nbh kbsm t`g giignt di rgvdautjdhbry lgvgadpkghts‛(2::2, 62?). Bs bt Hìkidrsgh, pgdpag bt Daghjj Dstrdv kby`bvg kbsmgl t`g gxjstghng di sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs, bnmhdwaglogljh sdnjba prbntjng bhl jh jhljvjluba furjbas, fut dfsnurgl fybl`grghng td t`g sykfdas di gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy rgqujrgl fyt`g wdral-vjgw di hdrt`grh `uhtgr-obt`grgrs.
9. Ljsnussjdh bhl ndhnausjdhs
@dw nbh J eustjiy sun` ajtgrbry usg di ljrgnt `jstdrjnba, dr
rgabtjdhba, bhbadoy spbhhjho ?333 ygbrs4 \d fgojh wjt`, t`gusg di t`g bhbadoy jh t`js nbsg sggks vbajl fgnbusg t`gsdnjgtjgs jh qugstjdh brg `jstdrjnbaay ajhmgl bhl fgnbusgt`gy dpgrbtgl jh sjkjabr gndadojnba bhl gndhdkjn ndhljtjdhs(sgg basd \jaagy 2::2). \`js broukght js ndhsjlgrbfaystrghot`ghgl ji wg trbng t`g `jstdrjnba ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhogfgtwggh t`gsg sdnjgtjgs frdblay jh tgrks di strunturg bhlboghny (Fdurljgu 2:??= Ojllghs 2:0<= Abytdh 2:07, 2::2).Jh ky vjgw, prg`jstdrjn bhl rgnght gt`hdorbp`jn sdnjgtjgss`brg t`g sbkg spbtjba bhl drobhjsbtjdhba strunturgs. \wd sgtsdi strunturgs brg bppbrght5
2. Srbntjnba strunturg ndhljtjdhgl fy t g gndadoy di t`g
rgsdurngs, najkbtg, ogdkdrp`dadoy di t`g hbturbaghvjrdhkght. ^gbsdhba rgojkgs di rgsdurng usg, t`gdrobhjsbtjdh di t`g prbntjnba tjkg, tgn`hdadojnba trbljtjdhsjh t`gjr rgabtjdhs td t`g ljvjsjdh di abfdur bhl sdnjbadrobhjsbtjdh fgadho td t`js nbtgodry di strunturgs.
6. Jlgdadojnba „ ndskdadojnba strunturg brjsjho irdk t g`uhtgr-obt`grgr jlgdadoy bhl bs b ndhsgqughng di fdrgba`uhtgr-obt`grgr ndskdadoy.
Jh dt`gr wdrls, t`g rgkbrmbfag sykfdajn ndhtjhujty js bhgxprgssjdh di t`g uhlgrayjho ndhngptuba strunturg= jt js biuhntjdh di bh jlgdadojnba systgk w`jn` gkp`bsjsgstjkgagsshgss bhl njrnuabtjdh di bhjkba rgsdurngs jhrgoghgrbtjdh nynags fy kgbhs di `bvjho t`rgg sufstbhngs „ p`ysjnba sgai, fdly sdua bhl irgg sdua, kbhbogl fy `ukbh
bhl bhjkba kbstgrs jh bh bnt di ndaagntjvg bpprdprjbtjdh(Jhodal 2:09)= fy t`g pgrngptjdh di hbturg bs b ojvjhoghvjrdhkght, bhl fy t`g prdsgnutjdh di t`g gobajtbrjbhjlgdadoy di s`brjho (Fjrl-Lbvjl 2::3). Fgbrjho t`js jh kjhl,wg nbh fgojh td uhlgrstbhl t`g adhoug lurêg di sun` jlgdadoy.
\`g sdnjba (bhl gndhdkjn) drobhjsbtjdh di t`g sdnjgtjgs jhqugstjdh, gkfgllgl wjt`jh t`gsg strunturgs, n`bhogs t`rduo`t`g dpgrbtjdh di lyhbkjn ibntdrs5 boghny „ fy w`jn` J kgbh`jstdrjnbaay sjtubtgl hgodtjbtjdh idr pdwgr, ndhtrda bhlbttbjhkght di odbas fgtwggh ljiigrght sgokghts di t`g sdnjgty.\`js ljsndursg tbmgs pabng bt ljiigrght snbags di drobhjsbtjdh,stbrtjho wjt` jhljvjlubas, kdvjho dhtd `dusg`dals, ordupsfduhl fy mjhs`jp tjgs, ndkkuhjtjgs bhl abrogr uhjts. \`g usg
bhl kgbhjho di sykfdas wjaa n`bhog bs b pbrt di t`js prdngssdi hgodtjbtjdh „ wjt`jh t`g jlgdadojnba strunturg w`jn`prdvjlgs t`g irbkg di rgigrghng idr n`bhogs jh jhtgrprgtbtjdh.Jh ky dpjhjdh, bat`duo` t`g boghny kdljijgl t`g usg di sykfdas, t`g jlgdadojnba strunturg jtsgai ljl hdt n`bhog uhtjat`g ndrpus di sykfdas bssdnjbtgl wjt` `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs wbs rgpabngl fy t`dsg bssdnjbtgl wjt` ibrkjho5j.g. hdt tjaa bfdut 2333 fn jh hdrt`grh ^wglgh bhl Ijhabhl,hdt tjaa bfdut BL 733 jh Mbrgajb, bhl hdt tjaa t`g prgsghtnghtury bkdho t`g Mgts di _gstgrh ^jfgrjb.
_`bt ldgs t`js tgaa us bfdut t`g pgrngptjdh bhl usg di abhlsnbpgs fy prg`jstdrjn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs bhl bfdut t`gjr sdnjba strunturg4 \`g gxbkpags w`jn` J `bvg ljsnussgl
gkp`bsjsg hdt dhay rgouabr pbttgrhjho jh t`g prbntjnba usgdi t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr abhlsnbpgs, fut basd t`g gxjstghng di rjtuba bhl furjba zdhgs. \d sdkg gxtght sun` zdhgs brgdvgrabppjho5 sjtgs usgl idr prbntjnba purpdsgs basd `bvgsdnjba sjohjijnbhng bhl rjtuba kgbhjho5 abhlsnbpg js bsdnjbaay ndhstruntgl p`ghdkghdh. Jh blljtjdh, t`grg brg brgbssun` bs Daghjj Dstrdv dr Hìkidrsgh w`grg t`g rjtuba bhlsdnjba rdags brg gkp`bsjsgl bhl sykfdajsgl jh t`g abhlsnbpg.\`gsg adnbtjdhs brg nghtrba td t`g gndhdkjn bhl sdnjba ajig di t`g ordups usjho t`gk.
Ndkpbrjho t`g gndhdkjn, t`g sykfdajn bhl t`g furjbagvjlghng, J `bvg brougl idr b tghsjdh lgvgadpjho fgtwggh t`g
jkpdsjtjdh di b hdrkbtjvg gobajtbrjbh jlgdadoy bhl t`g sdnjbargbajty kbrmgl fy bh jhnrgbsg jh sdnjba strbtjijnbtjdh bhlsdnjba ndkpgtjtjdh. Jh brgbs sun` bs Hìkidrsgh, t`js dnnurrgltdwbrls t`g ghl di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr stdhg bog. \d kykjhl, t`js rgprgsghts b oddl jaaustrbtjdh di t`g lyhbkjnidrngs di boghny, jh t`g nbsg di Hìkidrsgh prdvdmgl fyndhtbnt wjt` ibrkjho ordups jh sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh t`g nbsgdi Daghjj Dstrdv sdnjgty, nuaturba gabfdrbtjdh bhl jhnjpjght
<9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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<? K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
Ijourg 22. Jlgdadoy bs bh boghny di sdnjba n bhog.
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strbtjijnbtjdh kby `bvg fggh ajhmgl td jts nghtrba rdag jh t`grgojdhba trblg jh iajht bhl t`g `jo`ay vbaugl orggh Dadhgtzsabtg (D'^`gb/Uvgagfja 2:0<).
\`g `jstdrjnba gxpabhbtjdh, t`gh, js fbsgl dh t`g prgkjsgt`bt t`g jlgdadoy di s`brjho, bat`duo` bl`grgl td hdkjhbaay,jhnrgbsjhoay ljl hdr rgiagnt sdnjba prbntjng jh t`g abtg
Kgsdajt`jn. \`g tghsjdh fgtwggh jlgdadojnba prgsnrjptjdh bhlprbntjng jhnrgbsgl wjt` tgn`hdadojnba jhhdvbtjdh, jhnrgbsg jhtgrrjtdrjbajty bhl, abtgr, ndhtbnt wjt` ibrkjho sdnjgtjgs.\grrjtdrjbajty bhl lgabygl-rgturh tgn`hdadojgs jkpay rgstrjntjdhdi bnngss td rgsdurngs, bhl ghndurbog rgsdurng dwhgrs`jp5t`gjr bpprdprjbtjdh bppgbrs hd adhogr ndaagntjvg, fut bprdlunt di jhljvjluba abfdur.
_jt`jh t`js ndhtgxt, t`g jkpbnt di t`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr wdual `bvg fggh igat jh kbhy bspgnts di `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba ajig. Ibrkjho oddls bhl prdlunts sun` bs pdajs`glstdhg bxgs, ngrbkjns, gtn. ndhtbjhgl b ndkpdhght di bllglvbaug, brjsjho irdk t`gjr gxdtjn drjojh bhl prgstjojdus „ sufvgrsjvg pgr`bps „ jlgdadojnba bssdnjbtjdh. Bs wg mhdw,
stdhg bxg jkpdrts wgrg trblgl wjlgay jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg,bhl t`grg wgrg dt`gr jtgks di trblg (ijo. 9) (Uvgagfja 2::9).Whagss rg-jhtgrprgtgl jh t`g ndhtgxt di `uhtgr-obt`grgr jlgdadoy, sun` gxn`bhog oddls wgrg fduhl td prdkdtg sdnjbagajtgs. \dogt`gr, t`gsg lgvgadpkghts nrgbtgl strunturbandhljtjdhs idr sdnjba lgpghlghny, bhl ‐sjkuatbhgdus‚ rbt`gr t`bh ‐sgqughtjba‚ `jgrbrn`jgs (Ed`hsdh 2:06).
_`bt giignt wdual t`js `bvg dh t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr fgajgi systgk4 Jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, wg nbh, pgr`bps,jlghtjiy fdt` jlgdadojnba nghsurg bhl trbhsidrkbtjdh(ijo. 22).
^gvgrba pgdpag `bvg hdtgl t`g jhndkpbtjfjajty di idrbojhobhl ibrkjho sykfdajn ndlgs5 N`bpkbh, idr gxbkpag, brougs
t`bt prdlunts w`jn` sykfdajsgl ibrkjho wgrg gxnaulgl irdkt`g abtg Kgsdajt`jn sjtg di Agpghsmj Yjr jh t`g LbhufgOdrogs (2::>). Bs pdjhtgl dut gbrajgr, t`g `uhtgr-ijs`gr ndkkuhjtjgs bt Hìkidrsgh bleustgl t`gjr gndhdky td t`glgkbhls di bh gxn`bhog systgk ndhtrdaagl fy ibrkgrs,bhl rgndrlgl t`js jh t`gjr sykfdajn systgk. Jh fdt` nbsgs,t`duo`, ibrkjho wbs rgegntgl sykfdajnbaay bhl jh prbntjng.\`g sufsgqught nuaturba sjkpajijnbtjdh, gvjlght bt AgpghsmjYjr, bs wgaa bs jh t`g ijhba p`bsgs di `uhtgr-obt`grgr sgttagkght jh kbhy pbrts di ^nbhljhbvjb, suoogsts b sdrt di prg`jstdrjn ‑ghnbpsuabtjdh‛ „ b sjtubtjdh hdtgl bkdhogt`hdorbp`jn `uhtgr-obt`grgrs bitgr b pgrjdl di ndhtbnt wjt`
ibrkgrs (_ddlfurh 2:06, 2:00). Batgrhbtjvgay, tghsjdhfgtwggh t`g jlgdadoy di s`brjho bhl t`g prbntjng di bnnukuabtjdh, prdkdtgl fy ndhtbnts wjt` ibrkgrs, wdual`bvg fggh rgsdavgl fy jlgdadojnba trbhsidrkbtjdh, baadwjhoidr t`g dwhgrs`jp di ldkgstjnbtgl rgsdurngs, idrkbajsglrbhmjho, bhl t`g bnnukuabtjdh di wgbat` (ijo. 22).
Bs wg mhdw, `uhtgr-obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs jh hdrt`grhGurdpg bldptgl ibrkjho bt vgry ljiigrght spggls5 rbhojho
irdk 233->33 ygbrs jh t`g _gst Fbatjn td 733-2333 ygbrs jht`g gbst (Uvgagfja 2::9). Jt js ndkkdhay bssukgl t`bt sdnjbabhl jlgdadojnba strunturgs wgrg trbhsidrkgl jh t`g prdngssFut `dw kun` n`bhog wbs bntubaay jhvdavgl4 \`g gkp`bsjsdh ndkkuhba tgrrjtdrjgs bhl ndkkuhba rjtuba, n`brbntgrjstjndi t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn jh hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg, gkp`bsjsgs t`g
ndhtjhubtjdh di Kgsdajt`jn trbljtjdhs. Dt`gr igbturgs ndkkdhtd fdt` t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr bhl gbray ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgsjhnaulg lgpdsjts di iddl bhl bhtagr jh orbvgs, ldo furjbas,kdrtubry `dusgs, njrnuabtjdh di `ukbh fdhgs, vdtjvg lgpdsjtsjh bqubtjn adnbtjdhs bhl t`g usg di stdhg jh orbvg brn`jtgnturg(sgg basd Frblagy, t`js vdaukg= Eghhfgrt, t`js vdaukg=\`dkbs, t`js vdaukg= Kblsgh, t`js vdaukg). Bt t`g sbkgtjkg, t`grg js gvjlghng idr sdnjba gajtgs bhl gxnausjdh irdkrjtuba prbntjng, t`g gxtght di w`jn`, td ky kjhl, `bs hdt fgghborggl updh. Ndual jt fg t`bt, jh sdkg wbys, ndkkuhbarjtuba, sykfdajsgl fy nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs bhl kgobajt`jntdkfs sgrvgl bs bh gabfdrbtg jlgdadojnba prbntjng jhtghlgltd sbigoubrl t`g prbntjng di s`brjho bhl ndkkuhba jlghtjty
fy kdvjho jt irdk b pgrsdhba bhl uhjvgrsba jlgdadoy(gkfgllgl jh `uhtjho-obt`grjho) td b ljiigrght agvga di sdnjbadrobhjsbtjdh5 td b agvga di pufajn rjtuba. \`js wbs pgr`bps t`gtrbhsidrkbtjdh w`jn` ibnjajtbtgl, jlgdadojnbaay, t`g bldptjdhdi ibrkjho.
rgigrghngs
Bagmsghmd, G.B. 2:9?. Mgty, Kdsmvb.
Balghlgrigr, K. 2::>. Vjtuba, `jgrbrn`y bhl n`bhog jh idrbojho
sdnjgtjgs, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 26 (2), 27-<7.
Bhlgrsdh, B. 2:?9. Srg`jstdrjn ndkpgtjtjdh bhl gndhdkjn n`bhog
jh hdrt`grh ^wglgh, S`.L. Ljssgrtbtjdh (uhpufajs`gl), NbkfrjlogWhjvgrsjty, Nbkfrjlog.
Bhjsjkdv, B. 2:9>. Ndskdadojnba ndhngpts di t`g pgdpag id t`ghdrt`. Jh5 @. Kjn`bga (gl.) ^tuljgs jh ^jfgrjbh s`bkbhjsk, \drdhtd.
Fbldu, G. 2:?>. \`g nuaturba ndhngpt jh t`g hdrt` ^wgljs` stdhg bog.Jh5 O. Fgro (gl.) Njrnukpdabr prdfagks, Dxidrl.
Fbldu, G. 2:??. Lgh iùrh`jstdrjsmb i bhostmuaturgh j Yìstgrhdrrabhl.Jh5 G. Fbldu & M.O.^gajhog, Yìstgrhdrrabhls Iùr`jstdrjb, Kdtbab.
Fb`h, S. & B. Vdsghigal 2::2 (gls.) Vdnm brt bhl prg`jstdry,
Sbpgrs prgsghtgl td sykpdsjuk O di t`g BWVB Ndhorgss, Lbrwjh
2:00, Dxidrl.
Fbazgr, K.K. 2:03. \`g rdutg td gtgrhjty5 nuaturba pgrsjstghng bhln`bhog jh ^jfgrjbh M`bhtsy furjba rjtuba, Brntjn Bht`rdpdadoy 6?(2), ??-0:.
<0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Fadn`, K. 2:??. \`g pbst bhl t`g prgsght jh t`g prgsght, Kbh 26,6?0-6:6.
Fdurljgu, S. 2:??. Dutajhg di b t`gdry di prbntjng, Nbkfrjlog.
Frblagy, V. 2::2. Vjtuba, tjkg bhl `jstdry, _dral Brn`bgdadoy 6>,63:-62:.
Frblagy, V., E. @brljho & K. Kbt`gws 2::>. \`g sjtjho di prg`jstdrjn rdnm brt jh Obaadwby, sdut`-wgst ^ndtabhl, Srdnggljhos
di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7:, 69:-0>.
Frblagy, V., I.N. Fdbld & V.I. Ybanbrg 2::7. Vdnm brt bhl t`gprg`jstdrjn abhlsnbpg di Obajnjb5 t`g rgsuats di ijgal survgy 2::6-2::<, Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 92, ><?->?3.
N`bpkbh, E. 2::>. ^dnjba pdwgr jh t`g Jrdh Obtgs Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5N`bpkbh, E. & S. Ldaum`bhdv (gls.) Nuaturba trbhsidrkbtjdhs bhl
jhtgrbntjdhs jh Gbstgrh Gurdpg, Balgrs`dt, ?2-266.
N`rjstjbhssdh, @. & H.L. Frdblfght 2:?7. Srg`jstdrjn Ndbstba
sgttagkght dh t`g uppgr Fdt`jbh Ndbst di Hdrt`grh ^wglgh. Jh5_. Ijtz`uo` (gl.) Srg`jstdrjn kbrjtjkg blbptbtjdhs di t`g
njrnukpdabr zdhg, \`g @boug/Sbrjs, <?-7?.
Nabrm, O. 2::6. ^pbng, tjkg bhl kbh, b prg`jstdrjbh's vjgw,Nbkfrjlog.
Nabrm, O. B. & K. Hggagy 2:0?. ^dnjba ljiigrghtjbatjdh jh GurdpgbhKgsdajt`jn furjba lbtb. Jh5 S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy, K. Uvgagfja &@.S. Fabhm`dak (gls.) Kgsdajt`jn Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg, rgnght trghls,^`giijgal, 262-2>3.
Nzbpajnmb, K.B. 2:2<. Bfdrjojhba ^jfgrjb. B stuly jh sdnjba
bht`rdpdadoy, Dxidrl.
Gjlajtz, M. 2:9:. Iddl bhl gkgroghny iddl jh t`g njrnukpdabr brgb,^tuljb Gt`hdorbp`jnb Wppsbajghsjs >6 (kdhdorbp`).
Iaddl, E.K. 2:0?. Vdnm brt di t`g Mddafurrb Sabtgbu, hdrt`Rugghsabhl, Vdnm Brt Vgsgbrn` <, :2-269.
Idrsfgro, A. 2:07. ^jtg vbrjbfjajty bhl sgttagkght pbttgrhs, Brn`bgdadoy bhl Ghvjrdhkght 7 (kdhdorbp`), Wkgb.
Ojllghs, B. 2:0<. \`g ndhstjtutjdh di sdnjgty, Fgrmgagy/AdsBhogags.
Odslgh, N. 2::<. ^dnjba fgjho bhl tjkg, Dxidrl.
Ourjhb, H.H. 2:79. Daghgdstrdvsmjj Kdojahjm, Kbtgrjbay j
Jssagldvbhjb pd Brm`gdadojj ^^^V (kdhdorbp`).
@baastrùk, O. 2:93. Kdhukghtba brt di Hdrt`grh ^wglgh irdk t`g
stdhg bog, ^tdnm`dak.
Jhodal, \. 2:09. \`g bpprdprjbtjdh di hbturg, Kbhn`gstgr.
Jhodal, \. 2::>. \`g tgkpdrbajty di abhlsnbpg, _dral Brn`bgdadoy
(6), 27>-2?<.
Ebndfs, M. 2::7. Vgturh td Daghjj Dstrdv5 sdnjba, gndhdkjn bhlsmgagtba ljkghsjdhs di b fdrgba idrgst Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry, Edurhba
di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 2<, >7:-<3>.
Ed`hsdh, O. 2:06. Drobhjsbtjdhba strunturg bhl snbabr strgss. Jh5N. Vghirgw, K. Vdwabhls & F. ^gborbvgs (gls.) \`gdry bhl
gxpabhbtjdh jh brn`bgdadoy, Hgw Zdrm, <3:-<62.
M`adfjstjhb, K.L. 2:?0. Hgmdtdryjg vdprdsy pbagdsdnjdadojn`gsmdjjhtgrprgtbnjj Daghgdstrdvsmdod Kdojahjmb, ^dvgtsmbyb Brm`gdadojb
>, <?-7?.
Mu`h, @. 2:79. \`g rdnm pjnturgs di Gurdpg, Adhldh.
Abrssdh, A. 2:0:. Gt`hjnjty bhl trbljtjdhs jh Kgsdajt`jn kdrtubryprbntjngs di sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb. Jh5 ^.E. ^`ghhbh (gl.) Brn`bgdadojnba bpprdbn`gs td nuaturba jlghtjty, Adhldh, 623-620.
Abrssdh, A. 2::>. \`g ^mbtg`dak prdegnt5 Abtg Kgsdajt`jn ndbstbasgttagkght jh sdut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg stuljgs jh
Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Adhldh, >2-96.
Agbn`, G. 2::3. Brybh Jhvbsjdhs dvgr idur kjaaghjb. Jh5 G. D`humj-\jgrhgy (gl.) Nuaturg t`rduo` tjkg5 bht`rdpdadojnba bpprdbn`gs,^tbhidrl.
Agg, O. 2::6. \`g rdnm brt di Gbstgrh Jsabhl5 sykfdas di pdwgr bhl
prbygrs td t`g odls, Ads Bhogags.
Agwjs-_jaajbks, E.L. 2:02. Fgajgvjho bhl sggjho5 sykfdajn
kgbhjhos jh ^dut`grh sgb rdnm brt , Hgw Zdrm.
Agwjs-_jaajbks, E.L. 2:0>. Vdnm brt di ^dut`grh Birjnb, Nbkfrjlog
Abytdh, V. 2:07. \`g nuaturba ndhtgxt di `uhtgr-obt`grgr rdnm brt, Kbh 63, <><-<7>.
Abytdh, V. 2::2. Ijourg, kdtji bhl sykfda jh t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr rdnm brt di Gurdpg bhl Bustrbajb. Jh5 S. Fb`h, S. & B. Vdsghigal(gls.) Vdnm brt bhl prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, 6>->:.
Aùhhrdt, G. 2:9>. \`g Mbagvbab dr pdgks di t`g Mbagvb Ljstrjnt ,Nbkfrjlog, Kbssbn`usgtt.
Kbuab, G. (gl.) 2::3. ^wbhsdhos, Vdnm Brt irdk Abmg Dhgob <333-
6333 F.N., \brtu, \`g ^dnjgty di Srg`jstdrjn Brt.
Kbakgr, K. 2:?7. \`g rdnm nbrvjhos bt Hìkidrsgh, Çhogrkbhabhl,^wglgh bs b prdfagk di kbrjtjkg blbptbtjdh bhl njrnukpdabr rgabtjdhs. Jh5 _. Ijtz`uo` (gl.) Srg`jstdrjn blbptbtjdhs di t`g
njrnukpdabr zdhg, \`g @boug.
Kbakgr, K. 2:02. B n`rdhdadojnba stuly di hdrt` Gurdpgbh rdnm
brt , ^tdnm`dak.
<: K. UYGAGFJA „ @WH\GV-OB\@GVGV VJ\WBA ABHL^NBSG^
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Kgjmaged`h, N. & K. Uvgagfja 2::2. @gbat` stbtus di Gurdpgbhpdpuabtjdhs bt t`g borjnuaturba trbhsjtjdh bhl t`g jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`gbldptjdh di ibrkjho. Jh5 @. Fus` & K. Uvgagfja (gls.) @gbat` jh
pbst sdnjgtjgs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba^grjgs 79?, 26:-2<7.
Kdrp`y, @. 2:?0. Kbhooobajaj Brt, Sbjhtjhos fy t`g Bfdrjojhba
Brtjsts Hburjtejh bhl Fbhbpbhb Kbykuru, Nbhfgrrb.
Kdrp`y, @. 2::>. Ndadhjbajsk, `jstdry bhl t`g ndhstruntjdh di pabng5 t`g pdajtjns di abhlsnbpg jh Hdrt`grh Bustrbajb. Jh5 F. Fghlgr (gl.) Abhlsnbpg5 pdajtjns bhl pgrspgntjvgs, Srdvjlghng/Dxidrl, 637-6<>.
Hjgasgh, G.M. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2::>. Furjbas, pgdpag bhl ldos.Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs
di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Ndpgh`bogh, ?9-03.
Hyobbrl, ^. 2:0:. \`g stdhg bog di hdrt`grh ^nbhljhbvjb5 b rgvjgw, Edurhba di _dral Srg`jstdry >, ?2-229.
D'^`gb, E. & K. Uvgagfja 2:0<. Daghgdstrdvsmj Kdojahjm5rgndhstruntjho sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn drobhjsbtjdh di prg`jstdrjn`uhtgr-ijs`grs jh hdrt`grh Vussjb, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba
Brn`bgdadoy >, 2-<3.
Srjng, \.L. & M. Ebndfs 2::3. Daghjj Dstrdv5 ijrst rbljdnbrfdhlbtgs irdk b kbedr Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry jh Mbrgajb, Bhtjqujty , 0<:-7>.
Vgsmgtdv, B. 2:?6. Dm`dthjmj, ^dfjrbtgaj, Vyfdadvy, Kdsmvb.
Vdfgrts, F.M. 2:0?. Abhlsnbpg brn`bgdadoy. Jh5 E.K. _bostbii (gl.) Abhlsnbpg bhl nuaturg, Dxidrl, ??-:7.
^bvbttgygv, 2:?>. Sgtrdoajiy Mbrgajj, Ydprdsy Jstdrjj 9 (kdhdorbp ).
\jaagy, N. 2::2. Kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl tgxt. \`g brt di bkfjoujty,Adhldh/Hgw Zdrm.
\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg, Dxidrl.
Ydrrgh, Ð. 2:03. ^bkjsm fdsgtthjho pb Hdrlmbadttgh, brgbaljspdhgr-jho do rgsursuthyttjho j `jstdrjsm-ðmdadojsm fgayshjho. Jh5 G. Fbldu
& M.@. Lb astglt (gls.) Hdrl-^mbhljhbvjghs @jstdrjb j \vìrvgtgh-smbpajo Fgayshjho, Wkgb.
_ddlfurh, E. 2:06. Gobajtbrjbh sdnjgtjgs, Kbh 2?, <>2-<72.
_ddlfurh, E. 2:00. Birjnbh `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh5 js jtfgst uhlgrstddl bs b prdlunt di ghnbpsuabtjdh4 Jh5 \. Jhodal,L. Vjn`gs & E. _ddlfurh (gls.) @uhtgrs bhl obt`grgrs 2, Dxidrl,>2-9<.
Ubodrsmjs, I. 2:0?. Uvgehjgmu Bmukghs Abjmkgtb Mbpuabums, Vjob.
Uvgagfja, K. 2:02. Irdk idrbogr td ibrkgr jh t`g fdrgba zdhg,Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 227.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::>. Ndhngpts di tjkg bhl ‑prgsghnjho‛ t`gKgsdajt`jn, Brn`gdadojnba Vgvjgw irdk Nbkfrjlog 26 (6)5 72-?3.
Uvgagfja, K. 2::9. \`g borjnuaturba irdhtjgr bhl t`g trbhsjtjdh tdibrkjho jh t`g njrnuk-Fbatjn rgojdh. Jh5 L. @brrjs (gl.) \`g drjojh bhl
sprgbl di borjnuaturg bhl pbstdrbajsk jh Gurbsjb, Adhldh, >6>-><7.
Kbrgm UvgagfjaLgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy bhl Srg`jstdryWhjvgrsjty di ^`giijgalHdrt`obtg @dusg, _gst ^trggt
WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal
73 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral nbh fg bpprdbn`gl irdk twd
ljiigrght bhoags. \`g ijrst js bfdut dur dwh kghtbajty bhl dur
sdnjba wdral bhl dur prgndhngptjdhs jh tbnmajho prg`jstdrjn
sdnjgtjgs. Dur pgrngptjdhs di `ukbhmjhl bhl nuaturg brg di
kbedr jkpdrtbhng ji wg brg td bpprdbn` sdnjba strunturgs bhl
jlgdadoy di ^tdhg Bog sdnjgtjgs. \`g sgndhl ljrgntjdh js td
bsm w`bt mjhl di kghtbajty bhl sdnjba wdral t`dsg pgdpag
kby `bvg `bl jh t`g tjkg di t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g
Gbray Hgdajt`jn jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb. J suoogst b lggptjkg pgrspgntjvg jh drlgr td `bvg b n`bhng td pgrngjvg t`g
sjohjijnbhng di kbtgrjba nuaturg bhl sdnjgty.
\`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh ^dut`grh
^nbhljhbvjb js gxtrgkgay ndkpagx jh hbturg, bhl jhvdavgs
kbhy ljkghsjdhs td fg gvbaubtgl. \`g brn`bgdadojnba
gvjlghng bhl dur ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms ndhngrhjho t`g
sjtubtjdh jh t`js brgb wjaa fg ljsnussgl jh t`js ndhtgxt. J bk
odjho td prgsght ky pgrngptjdh di w`bt kby `bvg `bppghgl
lurjho t`g pgrjdl jh qugstjdh jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb.
6. \`g kdlgrh wdral bhl t`g kghtbajty di
addmjho bt dt`gr sdnjgtjgs
Jh rgnght ygbrs t`grg `bs fggh b ndhsjlgrbfag lgfbtg jhbrn`bgdadoy bhl dt`gr ljsnjpajhgs bfdut dur pdssjfjajtjgs di
uhlgrstbhljho sdnjgtjgs di tdlby bhl sdnjgtjgs jh t`g pbst.
Dhg di t`g tdpjns ndhngrhs ‐Ws bhl t`g Dt`grs‚/‐Ws bhl
\`gk‚ (Ibfjbh 2:0>). @dw ld wg idrng t`gsg jlgbs dh t`g
‐Grtgfðaag pgdpag‚ bhl dh t`g ‐Iuhhgafgbmgr pgdpag‚4
\`g ljvjsjdh fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn js
basd b ljvjsjdh fgtwggh twd jlgbs bfdut pgdpag. \`g
Kgsdajt`jn jhljvjluba js n`brbntgrjsgl, bs Euajbh \`dkbs
wrdtg, ‑jh tgrks di blbptjvg rgspdhsgs td ghvjrdhkghtba
prgssurgs‛. \`g ‐Hgdajt`jns‚ wgrg lgsnrjfgl ‑bs purpdsjvg
sufegnts, bntjho jh pursujt di sdnjbaay-lgijhgl odbas‛ (\`dkbs
2:00, 7:). \`g jlgb di `ukbhs n`brbntgrjzgs t`g uhlgrstbhl-
jho di sdnjgty bhl `dw jt js bhbaysgl.
Gajsbfgt` Vulgfgnm `bs prgsghtgl bh jhtgrgstjho stuly,
rgvgbajho `dw sjx pbrtjnjpbhts jh t`g lgfbtg dh Hgdajt`jsbtjdh
jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb (pufajs`gl jh Edurhba di Lbhjs`
Brn`bgdadoy 2:06-2:09) broug jh vgry ljiigrght wbys.
^`g ndhngrhs t`g jkbogs di `ukbh fgjhos gxpadrgl jh t`g
brn`bgdadojnba tgxts usjho ndhngpts sun` bs tgagdadoy,
strunturba ndhtjhujty vgrsus strunturba n`bhog, `ukbh
kdtjvgs, nghtrg-pgrjp`gry, tjkg drjghtbtjdh, bhl t`g Dt`gr.
Jhspjrgl fy @. _`jtg‚s nabssjijnbtjdhs di `jstdrjnba hbrrbtjvgs
s`g iduhls fdt` `grdgs bhl trbojn ijourgs jh t`g hbrrbtjvgs di
t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn. \`grg js bh uhlgrayjho
tghlghny gjt`gr td gkbhnjpbtg t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg irdk dur
prgndhngptjdhs dr td kbmg jt kdrg prjkjtjvg (Vulgfgnm
2::9). Ndhngrhjho ky dwh ljsnussjdhs di Hgdajt`jsbtjdh idr
gxbkpag, J gkbhnjpbtgl t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg, kbmjho jt kdrg
kdlgrh, bnndrljho td t`g bhbaysjs kblg fy Vulgfgnm.\`g stgrgdtypgl bssukptjdhs bfdut pgdpag, bhl basd bfdut
wdkgh bhl kgh, dal bhl yduho s`dual fg qugstjdhgl jh
drlgr td ljsnuss sdnjba lyhbkjns, kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba
wdral. Dur gt`hdnghtrjn fjbs, dur Gurdnghtrjn fjbs bhl
dur bhlrdnghtrjn fjbs agbvg t`gjr ljstjhnt kbrm dh t`g
brn`bgdadojnba pgrngptjdh di pbst sdnjgtjgs. \`g kghtbajty di
t`g kdlgrh sdnjba wdral gvjlghtay biignts t`g pgrngptjdhs di
jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturgs jh pbst sdnjgtjgs.
Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral ndrrgspdhl td jlgdadoy,
w`jn` J rgobrl bs b nuaturba pgrngptjdh di t`g wdral jhnauljho
nuaturba hdrks di jhljvjlubas bhl sdnjgty. Jh kghtbajty J basd
jhnaulg t`g gvgrylby ajig di `ukbh fgjhos. Jh drlgr td ogt sdkg
jlgbs di sdnjgtjgs jh ^tdhg Bog Gurdpg t`g idnus s`dual fg dht`g adho-tgrk strunturg di kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral. Ji wg
brg td `bvg b n`bhng td orbsp t`g jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg,
wg `bvg td od td t`g jhsjlg di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs. Baa nuaturba
rgbajtjgs s`dual fg jhtgorbtgl jh t`g uhlgrstbhljho jhnauljho
sun` bs ajvjho, gbtjho, wdrmjho, igbstjho, ljgt, `gbat` bhl lyjho.
\`g wby jhljvjluba kjhls bhl ndaagntjvg hdrks wdrm js b
prgrgqujsjtg idr uhlgrstbhljho jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba ajig.
Irdk t`g brn`bgdadojnba pdjht di vjgw, t`bt kgbhs t`bt baa mjhls
di brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng s`dual fg frduo`t jhtd t`g ljsnussjdh
\ryjho td gxpadrg kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral nbaas idr fdt` t`g
sdnjba bhl t`g gndhdkjn ndhtgxt. \`g nghtrba ndhngpts jh t`js
uhlgrstbhljho bhl t`g stuly di kbtgrjba nuaturg, sgttagkghts,
furjbas bhl vdtjvg diigrjhos brg tgrrjtdrjbajty, ndkkuhjnbtjdh
sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh, oghlgr bhl pgdpag t`gksgavgs.
>. \`g kghtbajty bhl sdnjba wdral di t`g tdhg
Bog sdnjgtjgs
Ndhngrhjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh ^dut`grh
^nbhljhbvjb gxbkjhbtjdhs di t`g ljiigrght brn`bgdadojnba
Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt Kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdrl. \`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb
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sdurngs bhl ndhsjlgrbtjdhs di nurrght t`gdrjgs wgrg rgnghtay
kblg fy Bhhg Frjojttg Ogfbugr bhl Lduoabs Srjng (2::6).
\`g lgfbtg dh t`g trbhsjtjdh jh t`js pbrt di Gurdpg `bs b adho
trbljtjdh w`grg ljiigrght jhtgrprgtbtjdhs `bvg fggh prgsghtgl,
ditgh jh b vgry vbaug-n`brogl wby. Jh t`g idaadwjho J wdual
ajmg td ljsnuss ky prgsght vjgw di Hgdajt`jsbtjdh jh t`js brgb,
idnusjho dh t`g jhsjlg di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs. Jh b wby, J wdualajmg td pdpuabtg t`g pbst jh drlgr td `bvg pdtghtjbas td dftbjh
pgrspgntjvgs dh bttjtulgs bhl ndhngptjdhs wjt`jh t`g pbst.
Dvgr tjkg, t`grg brg ljiigrght trbljtjdhs jh t`g wgst bhl
gbst di ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb rgspgntjvgay. J ld hdt fgajgvg
t`bt t`g w`dag brgb di t`js rgojdh nbh fg bhbaysgl bs dhg
ghtjty bs t`grg brg kbhy ljiigrght adnba trbljtjdhs. \`g
gxjstghng di t`g Kgsdajt`jn adnba ordups nbh fg jhtgrprgtgl
bnndrljho td ljiigrght adnba trbljtjdhs jh t`g kbtgrjba nuaturg
wjt`jh ljiigrght rgojdhs (Eghhfgrt 2:0<= Ybho Sgtgrsgh
2:0<). Jh t`g gbrajgst pbrt di t`g Hgdajt`jn t`grg wbs pgr`bps
b trghl tdwbrls b kdrg prdhduhngl tgrrjtdrjbajty (Frystjho
Lbkk 2::2= Kblsgh 2:06, 2::>). \`g brn`bgdadojnba
gvjlghng irdk brtgibnt styags bhl pdttgry lgsjoh pdjhts td brgojdhbajsbtjdh jh t`g ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb irdk t`g
Kgsdajt`jn, pgr`bps basd ndhijrkgl wjt` `ukbh kdrp`dadoj-
nba stuljgs (Sgtgrsgh 2::6).
J `bvg suoogstgl t`bt t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs jh
^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb wgrg hdt lgpghlght dh ibrkjho bhl
t`bt t`g usg di ibrkjho prdlunts wbs kbjhay idr sdnjba
prgstjog bhl idr igbstjho (Eghhfgrt 2:0<, 2:07). ^dnjba
lyhbkjns bhl gxn`bhog di ojits, wjt` t`g kgtbp`dr di ‐t`g
igrtjag ojit‚, n`brbntgrjsg ky wdrm bfdut t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk
`uhtjho-obt`grjho td tjaabog.
Sgdpag jh t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn wgrg pgrkbhghtay sgttagl
jh ibvdurbfag gndadojnba ghvjrdhkghts. \`g lghsjty di
sgttagkght sjtgs jh ^nbhjb (sdut`grhkdst ^wglgh) bt t`js tjkg
ojvgs hd jhljnbtjdhs t`bt pgdpag wgrg idrngl td bldpt
borjnuaturg fgnbusg di s`drtbog di spbng idr `uhtjho dr
ijs`jho. Orbjh ljl hdt dnnur hbturbaay jh t`g adnba Grtgfðaag
ndkkuhjtjgs, sjhng t`g gndadojnba prgrgqujsjtgs wgrg abnmjho.
Orbjh kby t`grgidrg `bvg fggh ojvgh td ndkkuhjtjgs jh
^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb t`rduo` gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs.
Borjnuaturba prdluntjdh js bssukgl td `bvg fggh gxnausjvg,
di kjhdr jkpdrtbhng idr pgdpag's survjvba.
^d, ji jt js nabjkgl t`bt t`g ijrst borjnuaturg wbs jkpdrtbht
jh survjvba J nbhhdt borgg. Bh gvbaubtjdh di gndhdkjn
prbntjngs js b qubajtbtjvg rgsgbrn` prdngss, w`grg wg `bvg
fdt` brn`bgdadojnba bhl pbabgdgndadojnba jhidrkbtjdh. \`gbrn`bgdadojnba bhl pbabgdfdtbhjnba rgndrls brg tdd vboug
jh drlgr td kbmg sun` qubhtjtbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdhs. Bhl irdk
bh brn`bgdadojst's pdjht di vjgw t`g ljsnjpajhg ldgs hdt bt
baa ojvg bhy dfegntjvg pjnturg di t`g pbst.
^jhng pgdpag nbhhdt ajvg jh jsdabtjdh, t`grg kust fg ndhtbnt
brgbs fgtwggh ordups di pgdpag. Ojits bhl rgturh ojits nbh fg
jkpdrtbht gagkghts jh t`g ndhtbnt hgtwdrm. Ojit gxn`bhog
ditgh lgpghls dh prgstjog dr ljpadkbny, dr js kdtjvbtgl fy
fdt`. Ojits nbh njrnuabtg, dr t`gy nbh fg `bhlgl dvgr bs
trjfutg= t`gy nbh fg ojvgh idr rgbsdhs di fdt` pgbng bhl wbr.
\`gy brg hdt jh t`gksgavgs iuhntjdhba. Bhdt`gr jkpdrtbht
bspgnt di gxn`bhog rgabtjdhs js t`g gxn`bhog di wdkgh dr
kgh jh kbrrjbog baajbhngs. J t`grgidrg sgg kbrrjbog baajbhngs
bs b sjohjijnbht igbturg di t`g pbttgrh di baajbhngs t`bt kust`bvg gxjstgl fgtwggh t`g iuaay iaglogl Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs jh
Gurdpg bhl t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjgtjgs jh t`g abtg Grtgfðaag
pgrjdl jh ^dut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb.
^dnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh bhl sdnjba strunturg nbhhdt fg
ljsnussgl wjt`dut ndhsjlgrjho oghlgr. Jt js b wby di t`jhmjho
bfdut t`g wdral. J bk wgaa bwbrg di t`g ljiijnuatjgs di
jhtgrprgtjho sdnjba oghlgr, sjhng tdlby's dutaddm jhgvjtbfay
ljntbtgs dur pjnturg di prg`jstdry. Idaadwjho t`g oghlgr
pgrspgntjvg, uhidrtuhbtgay, wdkgh bhl kgh ditgh `bvg fggh
ndhngbagl fg`jhl ndhngpts ajmg strunturgs, sp`grgs, rjn` bhl
pddr, ruagrs bhl ruagl. _dkgh bhl kgh, yduho bhl dal,
s`dual t`grgidrg fg kblg vjsjfag bhl ojvgh b kdrg prdkjhght
rdag jh brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs. Brg wdkgh nrgbtjvg dr pbssjvg jhljvjlubas4 Brg t`gy tjgl td t`g `dusg`dal bhl t`g
wdrm di tbmjho nbrg di dt`grs4 Brg t`gy odllgssgs bhl
igrtjajty sykfdas4 Ld kgh ndhidrk td, idr jhstbhng, t`g kyt`
di ‐kbh t`g `uhtgr‚ dr ‐kbh t`g strdho ibrkgr‚4 (Eghhfgrt jh
prgss). Hd kbttgr w`bt wg n`ddsg, wg ndhsnjdusay dr
uhndhsnjdusay ndhstrunt ljiigrght oghlgr rdags bhl ljiigrght
typgs di ibkjay strunturg. Oghlgr rdags, pbrtjnuabray jh t`g
Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`g Gbray Hgdajt`jn, brg trbppgl jh bh
gvdautjdhjst dutaddm wjt` jts stgrgdtypgl kbag bhl igkbag
rdags. \`grg js kun` kdrg wdrm td fg ldhg dh t`js tdpjn.
_`bt bfdut t`g pgdpag t`gksgavgs4 Kgljnjhg, kbojn bhl
rgajojdh brg ndhngpts w`jn` wgrg kdrg jkpdrtbht td pgdpag
jh bhnjght tjkgs t`bh jh dur kdlgrh, sgnuabrjsgl wdral.
Bhdt`gr ijgal w`jn` ndual fg ljsnussgl jh t`js sghsg bhl jh
tgrks di kghtbajty js ljgt, `gbat` bhl bttjtulgs td ljsgbsgs.
^tbfag-jsdtdpg bhl trbng-gagkght bhbaysjs di fdhgs irdk t`g
Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn jh ^wglgh `bvg s`dwh t`bt t`g
ljgtbry pbttgrhs brg hdt ndrrgabtgl td bhy spgnjijn
brn`bgdadojnba nuaturg dr pgrjdl (Ajlêh 2::7). ^tuljgs jh
pbt`dadoy jh dstgdadojnba gvjlghng wjt`jh Kgsdajt`jn bhl
Hgdajt`jn pdpuabtjdhs `bvg suoogstgl t`bt t`grg js hd kbedr
ljiigrghng jh stbtus di `gbat`. Hd fjdadojnba gvjlghng
suoogsts t`bt strgss wbs jhvdavgl jh t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g
Hgdajt`jn (Kgjmaged`h/Uvgagfja 2::2= Ajlêh 2::7). Bhdt`gr
pgrspgntjvg js pdpuabtjdh lghsjty. Ogfbugr bhl Srjng prgsukglt`bt brduhl >233 fn t`grg js hd gvjlghng di jhnrgbsjho
pdpuabtjdh jh ^dut`grh ^nbhjhbvjb. \`gy prgsukg t`bt hdt
uhtja brduhl 6:33-6033 fn, pbrtjnuabray brduhl 6933 fn ljl
t`g pdpuabtjdh jhnrgbsg (Ogfbugr/Srjng 2::6, 230).
\`grg js orgbt pdtghtjba jh furjbas jh tgrks di bh jhtgrgst jh
kghtbajty bhl jlgdadoy. N`bhogs jh furjba prbntjngs tddm
pabng t`rduo`dut t`g ^tdhg Bog jh t`g idrk di ndhstruntjdhs,
76 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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t`g `bhlajho di t`g fdly, bhl t`g typgs bhl ndkpdsjtjdh di
orbvg oddls. Ndhtjhujty bhl t`g wjlt` di vbrjbtjdh jh furjba
prbntjngs rgvgba trbljtjdh bhl rghgwba jh sdnjgty. \`js
prdfbfay dnnurrgl jh ndheuhntjdh wjt` n`bhojho ibkjay
rgabtjdhs`jps bhl hgw brgbs di ndhtbnt, bhl wjt` dt`gr
nuaturba ajhms bhl dt`gr bssdnjbtgl rgajojdus bhl ngrgkdhjba
jhiaughngs. \`g furjba nustdks s`gl ajo`t dh t`g rgabtjdhs`jpfgtwggh sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba ndhngpts. Bhbaysgs di furjba
rjtubas wdual t`gh suppagkght dt`gr jkpdrtbht nbtgodrjgs di
brn`bgdadojnba sdurngs wjt` jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g nustdkbry
ndhngpt di lgbt`.
\`g vjgw di lgbt` bhl rgajojdus gxprgssjdhs wgrg sufegnt
td sadw bhl sunngssjvg n`bhog lurjho t`g ^tdhg Bog, wjt`jh
jhljvjluba bttrjfutgs bhl b ndaagntjvg ndhsnjdushgss. \`g
brn`bgdadojnba kbtgrjba, bafgjt di ajkjtgl gxtght, jaaustrbtgs
pgdpag's rgbntjdhs jh rgabtjdh td lgbt`, dr ajig jh sghsd.
Addmjho bt orbvgs bs kgkdrjbas ojvgs us bh dppdrtuhjty td
trbng trbljtjdh fbnmwbrls bhl `bvg sdkg jlgbs bfdut t`g
n`bhojho jlgbs rgobrljho lgbt`. N`bhojho kdrtubry nustdks
rgiagnt n`bhojho trbljtjdhs, t`bt js t`g kghtba hdrks, w`jn`wgrg jkpdrtbht td t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g sdnjgty. Orbvgs bhl
kdrtubry prbntjngs brg prdegntjdhs di kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba
wdral w`jn` fjhl jhljvjlubas tdogt`gr bs b ndhsgqughng di
sdnjba igaadws`jp. Lgbt` bs dhg di ajig's ‑rjtgs di pbssbog‛
bhl t`g sdnjgtba ndhljtjdhs tdogt`gr wjt` dt`gr rjtuba prbntjngs
diigr b pdssjfjajty td bpprg`ghl b pjnturg di kghtbajty bhl
sdnjba hdrks.
Idr hgbray 63 ygbrs hdw, wg `bvg `bl rjn` brn`bgdadojnba
gvjlghng di orbvgs bhl kdrtubry prbntjngs jh Kgsdajt`jn
tjkgs. Bt t`g kdkght, t`grg brg >-< abrog ngkgtgrjgs,
batdogt`gr bfdut 2>3 orbvgs (Mbhhgobbrl Hjgasgh/Frjhn`
Sgtgrsgh 2::>= Abrssdh 2::>). Dur mhdwaglog di Hgdajt`jn
kdrtubry prbntjngs `bs basd fggh kdljijgl lurjho t`g abst
igw ygbrs. Gspgnjbaay jh t`g wgst di Lghkbrm, gxnbvbtjdhs di
adho fbrrdws `bvg ojvgh us dt`gr pgrspgntjvgs dh kdrtubry
prbntjngs (Kblsgh 2::>), basd jh sdut` ^wglgh gxnbvbtjdhs
`bvg ojvgh hgw rgsuats (Abrssdh 2::6). Jh t`g gbrajgst pbrt di
t`g Hgdajt`jn t`grg brg b igw gbrt`gh orbvgs, w`jn` `bvg
sjkjabrjtjgs wjt` t`g gbrajgr kdrtubry prbntjngs. _jt` t`g
dnnurrghng di t`g adho fbrrdws wg `bvg pgr`bps b stbtus
ljiigrghtjbtjdh gvgh kdrg kbrmgl t`bh `jt`grtd. ^tjaa t`g
sjtubtjdh js `brl td gvbaubtg, sjhng t`g gkpjrjnba ibnts brg igw
jh hukfgr. \`grg js, `dwgvgr, b trghl di ndhtjhujty, rbt`gr
t`bh b kbedr frgbm jh kdrtubry prbntjngs, t`us rglunjho dur
ndhngptuba obp fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn (kdrg prjkjtjvg) bhlt`g Hgdajt`jn (kdrg blvbhngl) kdrtubry prbntjngs.
Jt `bs fggh sbjl t`bt wjt` t`g fgojhhjho di t`g Hgdajt`jn,
t`grg js gvjlghng di vdtjvg diigrjhos. Fut jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn
t`grg brg basd vdtjvg diigrjhos. Jh t`g diigrjhos, wg `bvg b
ndhtjhujty jh trbljtjdhs, hdt b frgbm fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn
bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn jh b Gurdpgbh ndhtgxt (Frblagy 2::3).
Bnndrljho td Sgr Mbrstgh t`g Kgsdajt`jn diigrjho lgpdsjts jh
7> M. EGHHFGV\ „ KGH\BAJ\Z BHL \@G ^DNJBA _DVAL
A
A W V V K
G J \ Z
L D D G AJ JD
J L J
J L W ^ G P
B O G
N J A SD
\ J H
sdut` ^wglgh brg iduhl jh t`g sbkg ndhtgxt bhl brgbs bs t`g
Hgdajt`jn dhgs „ jh wgtabhls bhl jh ndhtgxt di abrog stdhgs
dh ijrk orduhl. \`g brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng js, `dwgvgr,
ajkjtgl, fut Mbrstgh suoogsts t`bt b n`bhog jh t`g n`brbntgr
di vdtjvg diigrjhos tddm pabng jh t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl t`bt
t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn s`dws b
ndhtjhujty jh diigrjho nustdks (Mbrstgh 2::<).
<. _`bt kby bvg bppghgl4
Ndhngrhjho t`g snghbrjd jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb, kbhy
ljsnussjdhs bhl jlgbs `bvg fggh put idrwbrl. \`g kbjh
jhtgrgst, bs J uhlgrstbhl jt, js td addm bt t`g trbhsjtjdh bs b
sadw bhl orbluba prdngss irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn. J wdual ajmg
td usg t`g ndhngpts di kghtbajty bhl jlgdadoy jh tgrks di
nurrghts jh t`g iadw di tjkg (ijo. 2). \`g ijourg s`dws t`g
iadw di tjkg w`grg t`g ndhngpt kghtbajty js uhlgrstddl bs
sadw batgrjho. Ljiigrght bspgnts di jhljvjlubas bhl sdnjgtjgs
n`bhog bt ljiigrght rbtgs, gjt`gr sadwgr dr ibstgr. Jh t`js
pgrspgntjvg t`g bfstrbntjdhs sun` bs nuaturgs, pgrjdls,
gndhdkjn prbntjngs, kdrtubry prbntjngs `bvg hd prjvjagogl
pdsjtjdh jh rgsgbrn`. \`g kbhy brn`bgdadojnba fdxgs wggkpady rgstrjnt t`g rgbsdhjho di t`g pbst.
\d dftbjh jlgbs bfdut kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral wg
hggl b ndkpagtg sdurng kbtgrjba bfdut t`g ljiigrght pbrts di
sdnjgty. @dwgvgr, t`grg brg adts di qugstjdhs bnndrljho t`g
sjohjijnbhng di t`g brn`bgdadojnba sdurngs. Lug td t`g
brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng irdk 7333-6333 fn wg ld hdt, di
ndursg, `bvg b ndkprg`ghsjvg mhdwaglog di baa mjhls di
Ijourg 2. Nurrghts di tjkg bhl t g vbrjbtjdh di bspgnts di sdnjgty.
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brn`bgdadojnba lbtb. Addmjho dvgr tjkg, wg nbh, t`duo`,
ljstjhoujs` ngrtbjh tghlghnjgs jh dur bpprg`ghsjdh di w`bt wbs
bntubaay n`bhojho jh 7333-6333 fn (ijo. 6). Lurjho t`g ndursg
di tjkg t`grg js b sadw batgrjho di kghtbajty bhl jlgdadoy.
Sgrsdhbaay, J ld hdt t`jhm t`bt t`g ijrst borjnuaturg `bl bhy
strdho giignt dh vgogtbtjdh, bs J uhlgrstbhl ibrkjho td fg b
kdrg gxnausjvg prdluntjdh jh sdnjgty. Sgr`bps, abtgr dh,
lurjho Hgdajt`jn tjkgs, ibrkjho kby `bvg jhtgrigrgl kdrg jh
t`g abhlsnbpg (brduhl 6933 fn). \`g rgba ljiigrghng jh sdnjba
ndkpgtjtjdh kby `bvg fggh brduhl 6?33-6933 fn. \`g s`jit
t`bt `bs fggh di nghtrba jkpdrtbhng idr t`g brn`bgdadojst, t`bt
brduhl >633->233 fn, js hdt b kbedr s`jit jh t`g sdnjba
ldkbjhs dr sdnjba drobhjsbtjdhs.
7. B ndhnausjdh5 baa jh b hbkg4
\`g vjgws J `bvg put idrwbrl `grg `bvg di ndursg hdt agl td
bhy rgbly bhswgrs bfdut kghtbajty, jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba
strunturgs. Jt js `brl td ijhl b sdautjdh td w`bt `bppghgl jh
kghtbajty bhl t`g sdnjba wdral lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn-
Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb. Jt js dfvjdus,
`dwgvgr, t`bt ljsnussjdh di t`g w`dag prdngss jh b adho-tgrk
pgrspgntjvg js b kdrg ndhvjhnjho wby t`bh eust ndkpbrjho
t`g twd pgrjdls bs abrogay ljiigrght nuaturba ghtjtjgs.
Ijhbaay, J wdual ajmg td kbmg sdkg nrjtjnba rgkbrms bfdut t`g
ndhngpts t`bt brg gssghtjba td dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g kghtbajty
bhl t`g sdnjba wdral bhl td t`g pgrngptjdh di t`g ^tdhg Bog
sdnjgtjgs jh qugstjdh. _drls `bvg ljiigrght kgbhjhos td
ljiigrght pgdpag. _g ld hdt `bvg b ndkkdh abhoubog. J t`jhm
t`bt ‐t`g n`bhog irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn‚ js b vgry
oddl gxbkpag di t`js. _g hggl td t`gdrjsg t`g usg di abhoubog.
\`g t`duo`t bhl kdlgrh kghtbajty brg jh ‐uhirgg irggldk‚.
\bmg bhdt`gr gxbkpag5 t`g ndhngpt Hgdajt`jsbtjdh. _`bt b
7< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
wdrl „ wjt` sun` b pgssjkjstjn bttrjfutjdh td t`g lgnjsjdh-
kbmjho fy `ukbh fgjhos! @uhtgr-obt`grgrs baadwgl
t`gksgavgs td fg ‐jzgl‚, hdt bs ndhsnjdus sdnjba bntdrs, fut fy
lgibuat, t`rduo` hd bntjvjty di t`gjr dwh. \`grg brg sgvgrba
dt`gr ndhngpts, bs idr gxbkpag `uhtjho-obt`grjho, ibrkjho,
Grtgfðaag nuaturg, Iuhhga Fgbmgr nuaturg, eust td hbkg b igw.
J wdual ajmg td suoogst t`bt t`gsg ndhngpts brg uhlgrkjhjhodur sndpg idr odjho fgydhl dur prgndhngptjdhs bhl iurt`gr,
di objhjho b kdrg `dajstjn vjgw di sdnjgtjgs jh b adho-tgrk
pgrspgntjvg. \`g uhlgrstbhljho di pbst sdnjgtjgs js prdfagkbtjn
bhl t`js js bkdho dt`gr t`jhos ndhhgntgl wjt` t`g abhoubog
bhl kghtbajty di dur kdlgrh wdral. J t`jhm t`bt t`g wdrls
bhl ndhngpts wg usg s`dual fg ojvgh sgrjdus ndhsjlgrbtjdh.
rgigrghngs
Frblagy, V. 2::3. \`g pbssbog di brks. Bh brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs
di prg`jstdrjn `dbrls bhl vdtjvg lgpdsjts, Nbkfrjlog.
Frystjho Lbkk, N`. 2::2. Ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog. Bh bhbaysjs di
sdnjba bhl kbtgrjba pbttgrhs jh t`g Lbhjs` Hgdajt`jn, S`. L. \`gsjs,
Lpt. di Brn`bgdadoy, Whjvgrsjty di Nbkfrjlog.
Ibfjbh, E. 2:0>. \jkg bhl t`g dt`gr. @dw bht`rdpdadoy kbmgs jts
dfegnt , Hgw Zdrm.
Eghhfgrt, M. 2:0<. Lgh prdlumtjvb oçvbh. \rbljtjdh dn` jhhdvbtjdh j
^ylsmbhljhbvjgh iùr dkmrjho 7 >33 çr sglbh, Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb
Auhlghsjb <, 29.
Eghhfgrt, M. 2:07. Hgdajt`jsbtjdh „ b ^nbhjbh Sgrspgntjvg, Edurhba
di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy <, 2:9-2:?.
Eghhfgrt, M. jh prgss. ‑Irdk t`g jhsjlg‛5 b ndhtrjfutjdh td t`g lgfbtg
bfdut t`g jhtrdluntjdh di borjnuaturg. Jh5 A. Ldkbhsmb, V. Lghhgaa &
K. Uvgagfja (gls.) \`g trbhsjtjdh td ibrkjho jh t`g Fbatjn Brgb, Dxidrl.
Mbhhgobbrl Hjgasgh, G. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2::>. Furjbas, pgdpag
bhl ldos. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst.
67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh lghkbrm , Bbr`us, ?9-02.
Mbrstgh, S. 2::<. Btt mbstb yxbh j seùh. Gh stuljg ùvgr rjtugaa
trbljtjdh dn` iùrìhlrjho utjirçh smçhsmb hgdajtjsmb diigriyhl
(wjt` ghoajs` sukkbry), Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb Auhlghsjb, 0, 6>.
Abrssdh, A. 2::6. Ibïblg idr t`g lgbl. B prgajkjhbry rgpdrt dh t`g
gxnbvbtjdh di b adho fbrrdw jh ^dut`grh ^nbhjb, Sbpgrs di t`g
Brn`bgdadojnba Jhstjtutg. Whjvgrsjty di Auhl 2::2-2::6, <7-79.
Abrssdh, A. 2::>. \`g ^mbtg`dak Srdegnt5 Abtg Kgsdajt`jn ndbstba
sgttagkght jh ^dut`grh ^wglgh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg stuljgs jh
Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Nbkfrjlog, >2-96.
Ajlêh, M. 2::7. Srg`jstdrjn ljgt trbhsjtjdhs, \`gsgs bhl Sbpgrs jh
^njghtjijn Brn`bgdadoy 2, ^tdnm`dak.
7333 <333 >333 6333
\JKG
\GVVJ\DVJBAJ\Z
GV\GFÐAAG-IWHHGAFGBMGV
@WH\JHO-OB\@GVJHO-IBVKJHO
KDV\WBVZ SVBN\JNG^-YD\JYG DIIGVJHO^
KGH\BAJ\Z BHL \@G ^DNJBA _DVAL
Ijourg 6. Ndhtjhujty jh Abtg Kgsdajt jn bhl Gbray Hgdajt`jn.
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Kblsgh, \. 2:06. ^gttagkght systgks di gbray borjnuaturba sdnjgtjgs
jh Gbst Eutabhl, Lghkbrm5 b rgojdhba stuly di n`bhog, Edurhba di
Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 2, 2:?- 6>9.
Kblsgh, \. 2::>. Furjbas wjt` tjkfgr-fujat strunturgs. Jh5 ^. @vbss
& F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di
brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm, Bbr`us, :9-::.
Kgjmaged`h, N`. & K. Uvgagfja 2::2. @gbat` stbtus di Gudpgbh
pdpuabtjdhs bt t`g borjnuaturba trbhsjtjdh bhl t`g jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`g
bldptjdh di ibrkjho. Jh5 @. Fusn` & K. Uvgagfja (gls.) @gbat` jh
pbst sdnjgtjgs. Fjdnuaturba jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di `ukbh smgagtba rgkbjhs
jh brn`bgdadojnba ndhtgxts, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts
jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 79?, 26:-2<>.
Sgtgrsgh, @. N`. 2::6. Kuatjvbrjbtg stuljgs di prg`jstdrjn `ukbh
smgagtba rgkbjhs, kbjhay di Hdrt`grh Kgsdajt`jn pdpuabtjdhs, S .L.
\`gsjs. Jhstjtutg di Oghgtjns bhl Gndadoy, Bbr`us Whjvgrsjty.
Srjng, \.L. & B.F. Ogfbugr 2::6. \`g ijhba irdhtjgr5 ijrst ibrkgrs
jh Hdrt`grh Gurdpg. Jh5 B.F. Ogfbugr & \.L. Srjng. (gls.) \rbhsj-
tjdhs td borjnuaturg jh prg`jstdry, Kbljsdh, _jsndhsjh, :?-229.
Vulgfgnm, G. 2::9. @grdgs bhl trbojn ijourgs jh hbrrbtjvgs dh t`g
trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn. Gxpadrjho jkbogs di t`g `ukbh fgjho jh
brn`bgdadojnba tgxts, Edurhba di Gurdpgbh Brn`bgdadoy <, 77-09.
\`dkbs, E. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs rgvjsjtgl, Srdnggljhos di
t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7<, 7:-99.
\`dkbs, E. 2::2. Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Nbkfrjlog.
Ybho Sgtgrsgh, S. 2:0<. N`rdhdadojnba bhl rgojdhba vbrjbtjdh jh
t`g Abtg Kgsdajt`jn di Gbstgrh Lghkbrm, Edurhba di Lbhjs`
Brn`bgdadoy vda >, ?-20.
Mrjstjhb Eghhfgrt
Jhstjtutg di Brn`bgdadoy
Whjvgrsjty di Auhl
^bhlobtbh 2
^-66> 73 Auhl, ^wglgh
77 M. EGHHFGV\ „ KGH\BAJ\Z BHL \@G ^DNJBA _DVAL
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Bs Babslbjr _`jttag dhng pdjhtgl dut (2::3b, 63:), t`g ljrgnt
gvjlghng idr t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn jh Frjtbjh js
ajkjtgl, bhl t`g nabssgs di kbtgrjba w`jn` kjo`t prdvjlg
ndhnausjvg jhljnbtjdhs di t`g n`brbntgr di t`js trbhsidrkbtjdh
rgkbjh snbrng. ^trbtjijgl rgsjlghtjba sjtgs wjt` fdt`
Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts, sgbagl bssgkfabogs irdk
t`g tgrkjhba Kgsdajt`jn, dr Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs w`jn`
lgkdhstrbtg nagbr biijhjtjgs wjt` kbtgrjba irdk b ljstjhnt brgb
di t`g Gurdpgbh ndhtjhght stuffdrhay ndhtjhug td ibja tdndkg td ajo`t. Zgt, bs _`jttag odgs dh td suoogst, rgnght
lgfbtg dh t`g trbhsjtjdh `bs ndhtjhugl td fg ajvgay, sjkpay
fgnbusg b rbhog di ljiigrght t`gdrgtjnba pgrspgntjvgs `bvg
fggh bppajgl td t`g gxjstjho gvjlghng (g.o. Brkjt/Ijhabysdh
2::6= _`jttag 2::3f= _jaajbks 2:0:= Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-
Ndhwy 2:09). J wdual suoogst t`bt jt js qujtg pdssjfag t`bt
wg wjaa hgvgr `bvg sjtgs w`jn` prdvjlg t`g mjhl di gvjlghng
w`jn` tgaas us jh bh uhbkfjoudus wby w`gt`gr b kjorbtjho
ndhtjhghtba pdpuabtjdh frduo`t Hgdajt`jn jhhdvbtjdhs td
Frjtbjh, dr w`gt`gr kjxgl borjnuaturg wbs wjlgay prbntjngl
irdk t`g gbrajgst jhngptjdh di t`g Hgdajt`jn. Fut jh b sghsg
t`js ldgs hdt kbttgr. _`bt J wjs` td broug js t`bt wg `bvg
systgkbtjnbaay uhlgrgstjkbtgl t`g vbaug di t`g gvjlghngw`jn` js bargbly bvbjabfag td us. \`js js fgnbusg wg tghl td
addm updh t`g kbtgrjba nuaturg w`jn` n`brbntgrjsgs t`g dpghjho
di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl jh Frjtbjh „ pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs, agbi-
s`bpgl prdegntjag pdjhts, pdttgry, iajht kjhgs, gbrt`gh adho
fbrrdws, nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs bhl kgobajt`jn tdkfs „ bs b
supgrijnjba kbhjigstbtjdh di sdkg dt`gr bhl kdrg iuhlbkghtba
p`ghdkghdh. \`js dt`gr t`jho js t`g prgsukgl gssghng di t`g
Hgdajt`jn, w`jn`, w`jag jt js kdrg prdiduhl t`bt jts suribng
giignts, rgkbjhs jhvjsjfag td us jh t`g prgsght.
Jt nbh fg brougl t`bt t`js ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh gssghng bhl
sufstbhng js n`brbntgrjstjn di pdst-Ghajo`tghkght t`duo`t,
w`jn` ndhtjhubaay sgts up ndhngptuba ljn`dtdkjgs, dhay td
vbadrjsg dhg tgrk dvgr t`g dt`gr (Edrlbhdvb 2:0:= Abtdur
2::>). Dhng bh dppdsjtjdh fgtwggh lgpt` bhl suribng `bs
fggh gstbfajs`gl, t`g ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh b kbtgrjbajst bhl bh
jlgbajst brn`bgdadoy js rgagobtgl td b sufsjljbry stbtus. Fdt`
kbtgrjbajsk bhl jlgbajsk prdpdsg t`bt `jstdry js lgtgrkjhgl
fy t`g dpgrbtjdh di b nbusba kdtdr w`jn` dpgrbtgs fg`jhl t`g
snghgs, agbvjho t`g brn`bgdadojnbaay vjsjfag trbng bs t`g
ndhsgqughng di b prdngss w`jn` nbh dhay fg jhigrrgl
jhljrgntay. Jh t`js ibs`jdh, kbtgrjbajst brn`bgdadojgs prgsukg
t`bt n`bhogs jh kbtgrjba nuaturg lghdtg b n`bhog jh t`g
lyhbkjn rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh rgsdurngs bhl pdpuabtjdh.
Ditgh, t`g iuhlbkghtba prdngss prdpdsgl js b lgkdorbp`jn
dhg, jhvdavjho t`g ordwt` dr gxpbhsjdh di pdpuabtjdh.
Jh sdkg nbsgs t`js rjsg jh pdpuabtjdh js t`g ndhsgqughng
di borjnuaturg, sd t`bt t`grg js sdkg dvgrabp fgtwggh
lgkdorbp`jn kdlgas bhl t`dsg w`jn` strgss t`g ogdorbp`jnba
gxpbhsjdh di borjnuaturg jtsgai, w`gt`gr fy ljiiusjdh dr pdpuabtjdh kdvgkght (g.o. Bkkgrkbh/Nbvbaaj-^idrzb 2:?2,
2:?>= Nabrm 2:99= Nbsg 2:9:= Vghirgw 2:?9, 2:0?). Jh
dt`gr nbsgs, gndadojnba prdngssgs lgtgrkjhg bh jhtghsjijnbtjdh
di sufsjstghng prbntjng dh t`g pbrt di jhljoghdus `uhtgr-
obt`grgrs (g.o. Lghhgaa 2:0>= Uvgagfja/Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09)
_`grg n`bhogs jh t`g sufsjstghng fbsg brg sggh bs
lgtgrkjhjho (dr bt agbst uhlgrayjho) nuaturba n`bhogs, t`grg
js b tghlghny td usg t`g tgrk ‐Hgdajt`jn‚ bs b syhdhyk idr
‐borjnuaturg‚. Jh t`g nbsg di Bkkgrkbh bhl Nbvbaaj-^idrzb‚s
pbpgrs bt agbst, t`js nbh agbl td b ngrtbjh njrnuabrjty di
broukght5 t`g spbtjba gxpbhsjdh di borjnuaturg js
lgkdhstrbtgl fy t`g prgsghng di bhy trbjt di Hgdajt`jn
nuaturg. Kdrgdvgr, gjt`gr Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts dr nuatjoghs brgtbmgh td lgkdhstrbtg t`g sprgbl di b oghgtjnbaay ljstjhnt
`ukbh pdpuabtjdh. \`js prbntjng fgndkgs kdst prdfagkbtjn
jh t`g nbsg di Frjtbjh, w`grg t`g ljrgnt gvjlghng idr bh bfrup
n`bhog td ldkgstjnbtgl rgsdurngs js hdt strdho (\`dkbs 2::2)
Dhg js tgkptgl td qugstjdh w`gt`gr t`g kdlgas di gndhdkjn
trbhsidrkbtjdh w`jn` `bvg fggh prdpdsgl idr Frjtbjh wdual
hdt `bvg fggh vgry ljiigrght ji t`gy `bl `bl td rgay updh t`g
sggl bhl fdhg gvjlghng badhg.
Jlgbajst brn`bgdadojgs bkduht td t`g twjh di kbtgrjbajst
dhgs5 rbt`gr t`bh sggjho t`g trbhsjtjdh td t`g Hgdajt`jn bs
gjt`gr b rgpabngkght di pdpuabtjdh dr b n`bhog jh gndhdkjn
prbntjng, t`gy broug idr b n`bhog jh jlgdadoy. Idaadwjho t`g
prdpdsjtjdh t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg js kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl
(@dllgr 2::6, 26), n`bhogs jh kbtgrjba nuaturg `bvg fggh
prgsghtgl bs lghdtjho b hgw jlgbtjdhba strunturg (\`dkbs
2:00), w`jag t`g prbntjng di borjnuaturg bhl t`g ndhstruntjdh
di ijgal kdhukghts `bvg fggh jhtgrprgtgl bs `bvjho fggh
kblg pdssjfag fy t`g jhtrdluntjdh di b ndhngptuba sgpbrbtjdh
fgtwggh nuaturg bhl hbturg (Frblagy 2::>= @dllgr 2::3). Jh
Euajbh \`dkbs \`g kbtgrjbajty di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdhjh Frjtbjh
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t`gsg broukghts, t`g Hgdajt`jn stjaa `bs bh gssghng, bat`duo`
t`js ajgs jh b hgw sgt di jlgbs, w`jn` kjo`t jhvdavg b
nbtgodrjnba sgpbrbtjdh fgtwggh t`g ldkgstjn bhl t`g wjal.
\`gsg pgrspgntjvgs tghl td ibvdur bh jhljoghdus trbhsidrkb-
tjdh rbt`gr t`bh bhy jhndkjho pdpuabtjdh5 `bvjho bldptgl b
hgw jlgdadoy, t`g Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs di Frjtbjh wdual
fgojh td kbmg pdttgry, ndhstrunt kdhukghts, bhl gxn`bhogpdajs`gl stdhg bxgs. Jlgbajst brn`bgdadojgs tbmg jt idr
orbhtgl t`bt, bs @dllgr (2:0<b, 6:) puts jt, ‑ji wg wbht td
sby bhyt`jho jhtgrgstjho bfdut t`g pbst, wg kust jhnaulg
stbtgkghts bfdut pbst jlgbs". Di ndursg, irdk b prdngssubajst
pdjht di vjgw t`g ljsblvbhtbog di sun` bh bpprdbn` js t`bt jt
bkduhts td b idrk di pbabgdpsyn`dadoy5 bh bttgkpt td ogt
bt jlgbs adlogl jh t`g `gbls di adho-lgbl pgdpag (Fjhidrl
2:0?, >:0). Zgt sd adho bs wg pgrngjvg kbtgrjba nuaturg bs
rgprgsghtjho t`g prdlunt dr ndhsgqughng di bntjdhs bhl
jlgbs, brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh wjaa oghgrbaay `bvg t`js
kgtbp`ysjnba qubajty. Kjorbtjho pdpuabtjdhs, s`jitjho gndhdkjn
rgojkgs bhl n`bhojho jlgdadojgs brg baa jhtbhojfag ghtjtjgs
w`jn` brg kgrgay rgiagntgl jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl.\d ndkpduhl t`g prdfagk, t`g hdtjdh t`bt jlgbs brg
rgiagntgl jh kbtgrjba nuaturg giigntjvgay rgajgs updh b t`gdry
di rgprgsghtbtjdh jh w`jn` b idrkba rgabtjdhs`jp gxjsts
fgtwggh sjohjijgr bhl sjohjijgl, fgtwggh t`g brtgibnt bhl t`g
kgbhjho w`jn` js vgstgl jh jt. Idr t`g Hgdajt`jn td ndhstjtutg
b strunturg di kgbhjho w`jn` uhlgrajgs kbtgrjba kbhjigstb-
tjdhs ljspgrsgl dvgr t`dusbhls di mjadkgtrgs di spbng bhl
`uhlrgls di ygbrs di tjkg rgqujrgs bh gxtrbdrljhbry lgorgg di
ijxjty jh sun` kgbhjho. Jt kjo`t fg dfegntgl t`bt kbtgrjba
nuaturg ldgs hdt sd kun` ghndlg kgbhjho t`rduo` jts
ibs`jdhjho, bs prdvjlg bh bppbrbtus idr t`g nrgbtjdh di
kgbhjho. \`us kgbhjho js hdt b stbtjn qubajty di t`jhos, fut js
ndhstbhtay fgjho nrgbtgl bhl rgprdlungl (Dasgh 2::3= \jaagy
2:0:). Gvgh ji t`g styags di kbtgrjba jtgks bhl kdhukghts
fgjho nrgbtgl wgrg jlghtjnba bnrdss t`g w`dag di Gurdpg, wg
ndual hdt hgngssbrjay bssukg t`bt t`gy ‐kgbht' t`g sbkg t`jho
jh gbn` ljiigrght sdnjba ndhtgxt, dr gvgh td baa kgkfgrs di b
ojvgh ndkkuhjty. \`g kgbhjho w`jn` b pbrtjnuabr pgrsdh
nrgbtgs idr b pbrtjnuabr brtgibnt lgpghls updh t`g rgsdurngs di
gxpgrjghng bhl mhdwaglog w`jn` t`gy frjho td t`g ghnduhtgr,
bhl t`g ndhtgxt wjt`jh w`jn` t`g ghnduhtgr tbmgs pabng.
6. N`brbntgrjzjho t g Hgdajt jn
J wdual ajmg td suoogst t`bt wg s`dual bfbhldh t`g bttgkpt
td sgbrn` idr b kgtbp`ysjnba ghtjty w`jn` uhlgrajgs t`gnuaturba jhhdvbtjdhs w`jn` wgrg jhtrdlungl td Frjtbjh bt t`g
stbrt di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl. \`js fgajgi jh b `jllgh gssghng
td t`g Hgdajt`jn (bhl gqubaay, uhlgrayjho hukgrdus dt`gr
nuaturba prdngssgs jh t`g pbst) `bs t`g giignt di prdkdtjho b
pgssjkjstjn vjgw di brn`bgdadoy, jh w`jn` t`g kbtgrjba t`jhos
w`jn` wg gxnbvbtg, sgg, bhl igga brg sjkpay b pbag s`bldw
di sdkgt`jho kdrg jkpdrtbht w`jn` wg nbhhdt ljrgntay
gxpgrjghng. Hdw, blkjttglay, Fjhidrl (2:0?, >:>) wbs qujtg
ndrrgnt td pdjht dut t`bt brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng gxjsts jh t`g
prgsght, bhl t`bt t`g pbst js odhg irdk jt. Bhl gqubaay,
wg nbhhdt sgg t`g pgdpag di t`g pbst (w`gt`gr t`gy wgrg
jhljoghdus Kgsdajt`jn idam bldptjho hgw wbys, dr jhndkjho
kjorbhts), wg nbhhdt jhtgrrdobtg t`gk ndhngrhjho t`gjr sdnjba
drobhjsbtjdh, wg nbhhdt wbtn` t`gk uhlgrtbmjho t`gjr lbjaygndhdkjn tbsms, bhl wg nbhhdt rgbn` jhsjlg t`gjr `gbls idr
t`gjr jlgbs. @dwgvgr, jt js b kjstbmg td ndhsjlgr t`g kbtgrjba
t`jhos w`jn` brg bvbjabfag td us bs b kgrg fy-prdlunt di baa
di t`gsg `bppghjhos (Fbrrgtt 2:00). Kbtgrjba nuaturg js
jhtgorba td kdst `ukbh uhlgrtbmjhos, bhl idrks t`g ndhtgxt
idr baa di t`gk. Kbtgrjba t`jhos brg hdt sjkpay b rgndrl di
`uhtjho, ibrkjho, nddmjho bhl gbtjho, fut brg t`g kgbhs
t`rduo` w`jn` t`gsg prdegnts brg nbrrjgl dut. ^jkjabray,
pgdpag ld hdt wbam brduhl wjt` bfstrbnt jlgbs jh t`gjr `gbls,
w`jn` t`gy t`gh jhtrdlung td t`g wdral fy lgndrbtjho pdts
bhl fujaljho kdhukghts. Jh t`js sghsg t`g ljvjsjdh fgtwggh
bh jhtgrhba kjhl bhl bh gxtgrhba kbtgrjba wdral js bhdt`gr
kdlgrhjst lubajty w`jn` `bs fggh gxtrgkgay uh`gapiua tdbrn`bgdadoy (\`dkbs 2::9b). \`jhmjho ldgs hdt tbmg pabng
jh b sgpbrbtg kgtbp`ysjnba wdral. Sgdpag nbrry dut prdegnts
bhl nrgbtg kgbhjhos t`rduo` t`gjr ghobogkght wjt` kbtgrjba
t`jhos bhl pabngs.
B rgnght gxbkpag irdk t`g ajtgrbturg wjaa sgrvg td kbmg
t`g pdjht. ^`grrbtt (2::7) dfsgrvgs t`g gkgroghng di
kgobajt`jn tdkfs brduhl t`g Btabhtjn irjhog di Gurdpg, bhl
ndhsgqughtay suoogsts t`bt t`gsg kdhukghts brg jh sdkg wby
jkpajnbtgl jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh. Idaadwjho
Lghhgaa (2:0>) bhl Uvgagfja bhl Vdwagy-Ndhwy (2:09),
`g hdtgs t`bt t`js js b pbrtjnuabr ogdorbp`jnba brgb jh w`jn`
idrbojho bhl ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgs wjaa `bvg fggh jh
prdadhogl ndhtbnt. Jh ndhtrbst wjt` Vghirgw‚s (2:?>= 2:?9)
broukght t`bt kgobajt`s gkgrogl bs tgrrjtdrjba kbrmgrs uhlgr
ndhljtjdhs di pdpuabtjdh strgss dh abhl, ^`grrbtt suoogsts t`bt
t`g nrjtjnba rgsdurng jh gbray Hgdajt`jn sufsjstghng prbntjng
wjaa `bvg fggh abfdur. Whlgr t`gsg njrnukstbhngs, gbray
borjnuaturba ndkkuhjtjgs wjaa `bvg fggh bt pbjhs td rgnrujt
pgrsdhhga. Kgobajt`jn tdkfs brg ngrgkdhjba strunturgs, wjt`
bh bnngssjfag jhtgrhba spbng jh w`jn` bntjvjtjgs kby `bvg
tbmgh pabng w`jn` jhvdavgl bnngss td t`g rgkbjhs di t`g
lgbl, t`g usg di ndhsnjdushgss-batgrjho sufstbhngs, bhl
pgrngjvgl ghnduhtgrs wjt` dt`gr ljkghsjdhs. \`us ^`grrbtt
brougs t`bt t`gsg rjtuba nghtrgs kby `bvg ndhstjtutgl
‐jhstrukghts di ndhvgrsjdh‚, t`rduo` w`jn` idrbogrs kby`bvg fggh jhjtjbtgl bhl bssjkjabtgl jhtd ibrkjho pdpuabtjdhs.
Fut `grg bobjh, t`g kdhukghts brg prgsghtgl bs bh
gpjp`ghdkghdh. \`gy kby `bvg `bl b sdnjd-gndhdkjn rdag
td paby, ygt t`g iuhlbkghtba prdngss w`jn` t`rdws t`gk up js
t`bt di t`g orbluba n`bhog irdk `uhtjho, ijs`jho bhl
obt`grjho td ibrkjho. Kgobajt`s ibnjajtbtg t`js n`bhog, fut
t`gy brg sufsjljbry. J wdual rbt`gr broug t`bt w`jag b
70 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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pbrtjnuabr sufsjstghng gndhdky kby `bvg fggh iuhlbkghtba
td t`g n`brbntgr di t`g Hgdajt`jn jh sdut`-gbst bhl nghtrba
Gurdpg, jh t`g Btabhtjn zdhg t`g trbhsjtjdh ljl hdt bawbys
jhvdavg prdhduhngl n`bhogs jh gndhdkjn prbntjng. Kbtgrjba
t`jhos ljl hdt bttghl t`g Hgdajt`jn, t`gy wgrg t`g Hgdajt`jn.
Hbturbaay, t`js ajhg di broukght wjaa prdkpt t`g qugstjdh
di prgnjsgay w`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn wbs, ji dhg js td lghy t`btt`grg js b sjhoag prdngss dr strunturg di jlgbs uhlgrayjho baa
di t`g n`bhogs w`jn` dvgrtddm Gurbsjb fgtwggh t`g ghl di
t`g abst oabnjbtjdh bhl t`g jhtrdluntjdh di kgtbas. Bh dhay
pbrtjbaay ibngtjdus bhswgr js t`bt ‐t`g Hgdajt`jn' js b ndhngpt,
b ajhoujstjn nbtgodry w`jn` `bs fggh nrgbtgl fy kdlgrh
brn`bgdadojsts. Ndhngpts brg kblg td t`jhm wjt`, bhl jh t`g
prdngss t`gy `gap us td uhlgrstbhl t`g wdral (Lgaguzg/Oubt-
tbrj 2::<, 0). @dwgvgr, wg ld wgaa td rgkgkfgr t`bt bs
idrks di rglgsnrjptjdh, ndhngpts brg ghtjrgay sgpbrbtg irdk
t`g wdralay p`ghdkghb w`jn` t`gy brg nrgbtgl jh drlgr td
bttgkpt td gxprgss (Vdrty 2:0:, 7). \`rduo` jts `jstdry, t`g
prgnjsg sjohjijnbtjdh di t`g wdrl ‐Hgdajt`jn' `bs s`jitgl
suftay (\`dkbs 2::>). \`js js prdfbfay b kgbsurg di t`ggxtght td w`jn` `bvjho b abhoubog w`jn` ghbfags us td
lgsnrjfg brn`bgdadojnba p`ghdkghb bhl `jstdrjnba prdngssgs
`bs `gapgl lgfbtg td kdvg dh. @dwgvgr, bs Vjn`brl Vdrty
(2:0:, :) `bs brougl, t`grg ditgh ndkgs b tjkg w`gh b sgt di
tgrks w`jn` `bvg sgrvgl vgry giigntjvgay bs b kgbhs di
brtjnuabtjho b pbrtjnuabr lgfbtg ngbsgs td fg `gapiua. Bt t`js
pdjht, bnblgkjn broukght kby ndkg td jhvdavg ‑b ndhtgst
fgtwggh bh ghtrghn`gl vdnbfuabry w`jn` `bs fgndkg b
hujsbhng bhl b `bai-idrkgl vdnbfuabry w`jn` vbougay
prdkjsgs orgbt t`jhos‛ (jfjl.). Jh t`bt wg stjaa ijhl dursgavgs
bttgkptjho td ndvgr b rbhog di vgry ljspbrbtg ndhtgxts wjt`
t`g tgrk ‐Hgdajt`jn‚, jt kby fg t`bt t`g wdrl `bs hdw
fgndkg eust sun` b hujsbhng.
Hdhg t`g agss, agt us prdnggl fy usjho t`g gxjstjho
abhoubog5 t`g Hgdajt`jn w`jn` fgobh jh Frjtbjh bt brduhl
>633 FN (<333 FN) wbs b hgw mjhl di Hgdajt`jn. \`g
kbtgrjba t`jhos w`jn` rgprgsght t`g prjhnjpba jhhdvbtjdh di
t`js `drjzdh wgrg hdt b rgiagntjdh di t`js lgvgadpkght5 t`gy
wgrg t`g Hgdajt`jn. Jt `bs fggh brougl t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg
`bs bh bntjvg rdag, t`bt jt nbh brtjnuabtg sdnjgty (@dllgr
2:06). \`js wbs prg-gkjhghtay t`g nbsg wjt` t`g jhngptjdh di
t`g Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn. Bs ^`grrbtt jkpajgs jh t`g nbsg di
kgobajt`s, baa di t`g hgw kbtgrjba idrks di t`g pgrjdl fdt`
gxprgss bhl trbhsidrk sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn rgabtjdhs`jps.
_`bt J bk suoogstjho, t`duo`, js t`bt bpbrt irdk t`gbldptjdh di t`gsg vbrjdus mjhls di kbtgrjba nuaturg t`grg wbs
hd uhjidrk n`bhog w`jn` dvgrtddm t`g w`dag di t`g Frjtjs`
kbjhabhl. J wdual gkp`bsjsg t`bt J bk hdt nabjkjho `grg t`bt
baa di t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Frjtbjh ndhtjhugl td prbntjng b
kdfjag idrbojho gndhdky t`rduo`dut t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl.
Jt kby fg t`bt b orbluba trghl tdwbrl b kdrg jhtghsjvg usg di
iddl rgsdurngs `bl bargbly fgouh fgidrg t`g bppgbrbhng di
Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg, ji wg brg td ndhsjlgr bhy di t`g
gvjlghng idr prg-gak lgnajhg ngrgba pdaagh nrgljfag
(Glwbrls/@jrdhs 2:0<= _jaajbks 2:07= _jaajbks 2:0:,
726). \`g prdngss fy w`jn` t`g usg di ldkgstjnbtgl
rgsdurngs rgpabngl `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho wbs b aghot`y dhg,
bhl kbhy ndkkuhjtjgs ljl hdt bldpt bh brbfag gndhdky
uhtja t`g wjlgsprgbl jhtrdluntjdh di ghnadsgl ijgals bhlsglghtbry sgttagkghts jh t`g Kjllag Frdhzg Bog (Fbrrgtt
2:03= Fbrrgtt/ Frblagy/Orggh 2::2, 2<>). Jhlggl, ji wg
wjs`gl td fg pglbhtjn dh t`g pdjht wg ndual hdtg t`bt kbhy
pgdpag ndhtjhugl td prbntjng `uhtjho uhtja t`g Kgljgvba
pgrjdl. Ji wg addm bt ndhtgkpdrbry hdh-jhlustrjba brgbs di
t`g wdral, jt js oghgrbaay t`g nbsg t`bt jhljvjluba ndkkuhjtjgs
wjaa fg jhvdavgl jh ljiigrght sufsjstghng rgojkgs, bhl t`bt
rgnjprdnba rgabtjdhs`jps kby gxjst fgtwggh `drtjnuaturbajsts,
`uhtgrs, swjllghgrs bhl pbstdrbajsts. J sufkjt t`bt jt js
fgnbusg wg n`ddsg td sgg kjxgl borjnuaturg bs t`g
iuhlbkghtba gssghng di t`g Hgdajt`jn t`bt wg ibja td
rgndohjsg t`g pdtghtjba rbhog di gndhdkjn vbrjbfjajty w`jn`
kjo`t n`brbntgrjsg t`g pgrjdl. Jh t`js rgspgnt, t`g bppbrghtgndhdkjn `dkdoghgjty di t`g Gurdpgbh Fbhlmgrbkjm js
gvgry fjt bs rgkbrmbfag bs t`g uhjidrkjty di `dusg pabhs bhl
pdttgry styags w`jn` jt kbjhtbjhgl bnrdss nghtrba Gurdpg
(Fbmgas 2:06= Ndulbrt 2::2).
Bs b rgsuat, b sjhoag ijgal systgk dr bh jhljvjluba gxbkpag
di paduo` kbrms iduhl fghgbt` b fbrrdw ndkgs td fg
jhtgrprgtgl bs fgjho ljbohdstjn di b ‐Hgdajt`jn gndhdky‚, bhl
t`js gndhdky js tbmgh bs `bvjho fggh n`brbntgrjstjn di Frjtbjh
(dr Frjtbjh bhl Jrgabhl) bs b w`dag. \`g gxngptjdhba js tbmgh
bs t`g ruag. Ngrtbjhay, bt bhy pdjht jh t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl
sdkg ordups di pgdpag wjaa `bvg fggh prbntjnjho ngrgba
borjnuaturg, fut wg s`dual sgg t`js bs dhg gagkght di b
pbtn`wdrm di iddl-prdlunjho bhl iddl-obt`grjho bntjvjtjgs
w`jn` tghlgl td jhnrgbsg jh ljvgrsjty dvgr tjkg. \`js sadw
trghl tdwbrls borbrjbh sufsjstghng `bl supgrjkpdsgl updh jt
b kun` kdrg rbpjl jhtrdluntjdh di Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg
(ijo. 2). ^jkjabray, jh Jrgabhl Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts sggk td `bvg
fggh usgl jh t`g ibrt`gst pbrt di t`g jsabhl irdk t`g vgry stbr
di t`g Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl (Orggh/Uvgagfja 2::3, 70). Di ndursg
w`jag t`g prdngssgs di gndhdkjn bhl nuaturba n`bhog brg
ljstjhnt, t`gy brg basd kutubaay jhiaughnjho. ^gvgrba spgnjgs
di ldkgstjnbtgl pabhts bhl bhjkbas prdfbfay wgrg jhtrdlungl
td Frjtbjh bt t`g sbkg tjkg bs pdttgry, pdajs`gl stdhg tddas
bhl kdhukght-fujaljho. J wdual broug, t`duo`, t`bt t`gjr
jhjtjba sjohjijnbhng wbs b nuaturba dhg, bhl t`bt t`g jhnghtjvgtd bldpt t`gk wbs sdnjba. Ldkgstjnbtgl pabhts kby `bvg
ndhstjtutgl ‐spgnjba iddls‚, w`jag nbttag wdual `bvg
ndhstjtutgl fdt` kdfjag wgbat` bhl b sdurng di kgbt idr
ngrgkdhjba igbstjho. Jt js broubfag t`bt ldkgstjnbtgs di baa
sdrts brg ndkpbrbtjvgay rbrg irdk hdh-kdhukghtba ndhtgxts
jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn, bhl t`bt bat`duo` wg `bvg abrog
bssgkfabogs di bhjkba fdhgs idr t`g pgrjdl, t`gy bakdst baa
7: E. \@DKB^ „ KB\GVJBAJ\Z DI \@G KG^DAJ\@JN-HGDAJ\@JN
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ndkg irdk nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs, fbrrdws bhl tdkfs
(\`dkbs 2::2, 60). Fut t`js js hdt td lghy t`bt t`jsjhtrdluntjdh kjo`t `bvg `bl b mhdnm-dh giignt jh w`jn`
jhljvjluba ndkkuhjtjgs kjo`t `bvg dptgl td tbmg up ngrgba
ibrkjho dr stdnm-`grljho, bitgr t`gsg rgsdurngs `bl fggh
bvbjabfag idr dhg dr twd oghgrbtjdhs. Nagbray, t`duo`, t`grg
wgrg w`dag brgbs di Frjtbjh jh w`jn` ldkgstjnbtgs `bl dhay
t`g kdst kbrojhba di jkpbnts. Jh wgstgrh ^ndtabhl, idr
gxbkpag, Brkjt bhl Ijhabysdh (2::6, 990) broug idr b
Hgdajt`jn wjt` b frdbl-spgntruk, adojstjn sufsjstghng pbttgrh,
w`grg skbaa-snbag lwgaajho strunturgs brg iduhl jh nbkps
w`jn` wgrg dnnupjgl spdrbljnbaay dr sgbsdhbaay. Jh t`js
rgojdh, sglghtjsk bppgbrs hdt td `bvg gkgrogl uhtja t`g Jrdh
Bog. Zgt lgspjtg t`js, t`g _gstgrh Jsags `bvg hukgrdus skbaa
kgobajt`jn tdkfs, pdttgry bhl pdajs`gl iajht bhl stdhg bxgs,
lgkdhstrbtjho t`bt bh bfrupt bldptjdh di Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba
nuaturg hggl hdt fg fbsgl updh gndhdkjn n`bhog.
\`js broukght giigntjvgay turhs dh jts `gbl dhg w`jn` wbs
put idrwbrl fy @ukp`rgy Nbsg (2:9:, 202). Bnndrljho td
Nbsg, nuaturba jhhdvbtjdhs ajmg pdttgry, gbrt`gh adho fbrrdws
bhl nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs s`dual fg sggh bs b sgt di
‐dptjdhba gxtrbs‚, w`jn` kjo`t fg bllgl td t`g kdrg
iuhlbkghtba gndhdkjn gagkghts di t`g Hgdajt`jn pbnmbog
dhng b hgngssbry agvga di gndhdkjn surpaus `bl fggh
oghgrbtgl. ‑Lgkbhljho rgijhgkghts brg uhajmgay td `bvg
fgadhogl td t`g pgrjdl di gbray sgttagkght, fut rbt`gr td
stbfag bleustkghts di kbturg bhl iuaay gxtghlgl gndhdkjgsdh ibvdurbfag ghvjrdhkghts" (jfjl.). \`js pjnturg di kbtgrjba
nuaturg orblubaay fgjho bllgl td bh jhnrgbsjhoay stbfag wby
di ajig prdvjlgl b kgbhs di broujho t`bt t`g ijrst Hgdajt`jn
prgsghng jh Frjtbjh kjo`t fg gbrajgr t`bh t`g gxjstjho
rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs irdk kdhukghtba ndhtgxts, bhl basd
gxpabjhgl w`y Hgdajt`jn brtgibnts bhl strunturgs jh Frjtbjh
abnmgl gxbnt ndhtjhghtba pbrbaagas. Dhng wg ndhnglg t`bt
93 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
kbtgrjba nuaturg wbs di nrjtjnba jkpdrtbhng td t`g n`bhogs
w`jn` dvgrtddm t`g jhljoghdus pdpuabtjdh di Frjtbjh, jt js
agss gbsy td broug idr t`js ‐brn`bgdadojnbaay jhvjsjfag
Hgdajt`jn'. Jt sggks prdfbfag t`bt t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn
ndkkuhjtjgs di Frjtbjh wgrg gxngptjdhbaay ljvgrsg jh t`gjr
wbys di ajig bhl usg di wjal rgsdurngs, ygt bs kdrg
rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs fgndkg bvbjabfag t`g pjnturg di b kdrg dr agss syhn`rdhdus bldptjdh di Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg
ndhtjhugs td fg strghot`ghgl (\`dkbs 2:00, 93= Mjhhgs
2:00). _`bt js strjmjho js t`bt bat`duo` t`g ndhstruntjdh di
kdhukghts bppgbrs td `bvg fgouh kdrg dr agss syhn`rd-
hdusay t`rduo`dut Frjtbjh jh t`g ygbrs fgtwggh >633 bhl
>333 fn (<333->?33 FN), t`g gvjlghng idr `ukbh jkpbnt dh
t`g ghvjrdhkght js gxtrgkgay vbrjbfag irdk rgojdh td rgojdh.
Jh sdkg brgbs dpgh ndhljtjdhs kby `bvg fggh gstbfajs`gl
qujtg rbpjlay, w`jag jh dt`grs gxtghsjvg brgbs di wddlabhl
rgkbjhgl uhtdun`gl (Ghtwjstag/Orbht 2:0:= _btdh 2:06).
Kdrgdvgr, t`grg js ndhsjlgrbfag gvjlghng t`bt wjal pabhts bhl
wddlabhl rgsdurngs rgkbjhgl di ndhsjlgrbfag jkpdrtbhng
uhtja t`g abtg Hgdajt`jn bhl fgydhl (Orjosdh 2:06). \`us t`ggvjlghng idr rbpjl bhl wjlgsprgbl nuaturba n`bhog stbhls
badhosjlg t`bt idr gndhdkjn bhl gndadojnba ljvgrsjty.
>. \ g brn bgdadojnba ndhtgxt
J `bvg brougl gasgw`grg (\`dkbs 2::9b, 2::9f) t`bt
Kgsdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs jh Btabhtjn Gurdpg s`dual fg sggh
bs bntjvg pbrtjnjpbhts jh t`g nrgbtjdh di t`js hgw mjhl di
Hgdajt`jn. Bs wg `bvg kghtjdhgl, t`g jhtrdluntjdh di
Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba idrks jhtd Frjtbjh bhl ^nbhljhbvjb wbs
prgnglgl fy b prdadhogl pgrjdl jh w`jn` Kgsdajt`jn bhl
Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs wgrg rdutjhgay jh ndhtbnt wjt` dhg
bhdt`gr. \`g giignts di t`js gxn`bhog bhl jhtgrbntjdh sggk td
`bvg fggh ljiigrght bt ljiigrght pdjhts jh tjkg. Jt sggks
pdssjfag t`bt t`g Ajkfuro bhl Ab @dougttg pdttgry styags
ldnukght t`g bldptjdh di ngrbkjn tgn`hdadoy fy jhljoghdus
ndkkuhjtjgs irdk t`g vgry gbrajgst Fbhlmgrbkjm jhnursjdhs
jhtd wgstgrh Gurdpg (Añhjho/Madds/Bafgrt 2:0:). Abtgr,
ordups ajmg t`g Grtgfðaag bhl ^wjitgrfbht sggk td `bvg
bpprdprjbtgl vbrjdus gagkghts di t`g Hgdajt`jn rgpgrtdjrg
(pjos, pdttgry, s`bit`dag blzgs gtn.) irdk t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm ,
Vùssgh bhl Aghoyga ndkkuhjtjgs di nghtrba Gurdpg,
bat`duo` t`gsg bppgbr td `bvg usgl td buokght b kdfjag
idrbojho wby di ajig, rbt`gr t`bh td trbhsidrk jt jh bhy
lgnjsjvg wby. @dwgvgr, wjt` t`g gkgroghng di t`g Ngrhy
ordup jh nghtrba hdrt`grh Irbhng bhl t`g gbrajgst \VF dh t`gHdrt` Gurdpgbh Sabjh, b rbt`gr ljiigrght prdngss kby `bvg
fggh fgojhhjho td dpgrbtg. Fdt` di t`gsg ghtjtjgs brg
oghgrbaay lgsnrjfgl bs ‐Hgdajt`jn nuaturgs', bat`duo` fdt`
jhvdavg bh gxpbhsjdh di bntjvjty fgydhl t`g adgss zdhg.
Jhlggl, t`g kbtgrjba rgabtjho td t`gsg twd trbljtjdhs `bs b
ljstrjfutjdh w`jn` spbhs w`bt `bl `jt`grtd fggh brgbs di fdt`
Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght (ijo. 6). Fdt` di t`gsg
Ijourg 2. \`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh nuaturba n`bhog bhl n`bhog jh
sufsjstghng gndhdky jh Frjtbjh, fgtwggh 7333 bhl 2?33 FN.
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ordups `bvg fggh suoogstgl jh t`g pbst td `bvg fggh t`g
dutndkg di b kgrojho di Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn
ndkkuhjtjgs (Kjloagy 2::6). Jt ngrtbjhay sggks pabusjfag
t`bt t`gsg ljstjhntjvg hgw nuaturba idrkbtjdhs gkgrogl irdk
b p`bsg di `gjo`tghgl jhtgrbntjdh fgtwggh idrbogrs bhl
ibrkgrs. \`js js pgr`bps prgigrbfag td t`g fbal n`djng
w`jn` ^dafgro (2:0:, 6?9) prgsghts us wjt`, jh w`jn`
\VF ngrbkjns jh ^nbhljhbvjb kust fg gjt`gr bh jhtgrhba
lgvgadpkght irdk t`g Grtgfðaag, dr t`g rgsuat di b pdpuabtjdh
kdvgkght irdk t`g sdut`.
^johjijnbhtay, jt js wjt`jh t`g gbray \VF bhl Ngrhy
ndhtgxts t`bt kbhy di t`g ljstjhntjvg gagkghts di t`g Btabhtjn
Hgdajt`jn nbh fg rgndohjsgl idr t`g ijrst tjkg. \`gsg sggk
td jhvdavg b lrbwjho-tdogt`gr dr `yfrjljsbtjdh di gagkghts
w`jn` lgrjvg irdk fdt` t`g Btabhtjn Kgsdajt`jn bhl nghtrba
Gurdpgbh Hgdajt`jn trbljtjdhs. Ygry ditgh, w`gh wg ndkpbrg
t`g Btabhtjn Hgdajt`jn wjt` jts prglgngssdrs, jt sggks t`bt
brtgibnts di ljstjhntjvgay ‐Hgdajt`jn' idrk nbkg td fg
jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd prbntjngs w`jn` brg ‐Kgsdajt`jn' jh
jhspjrbtjdh. Vgpgbtglay, t`gkgs ajmg t`g lgajfgrbtg lgpdsjtjdh
di dfegnts, ndhspjnudus igbstjho, t`g ndkpagx trgbtkght di
t`g lgbl, bhl t`g jhtrdluntjdh di sykfdajnbaay-n`brogl pabng
jhtd t`g abhlsnbpg dnnur jh t`g abtgr Kgsdajt`jn rgndrl di
hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg. \`gsg brg gxbntay t`g mjhls di prbntjngs
w`jn` wg kjo`t ndhsjlgr td fg n`brbntgrjstjn di t`g Hgdajt`jn
jh Frjtbjh dr ^nbhljhbvjb. \d ojvg sdkg gxbkpags, wg ndual
kghtjdh t`g njst furjbas, bhjkba fdhg lgpdsjts, ijrgs bhl
stdhg nbjrhs bt t`g Frgtdh s`gaa kjllghs di \êvjgn bhl
@dàljn (Sêqubrt/Sêqubrt 2:7<), bhl t`g idrkba pjt lgpdsjt
ndhtbjhjho bhjkba fdhg, bhtagr, lgndrbtgl s`gaa bhl fdhg
irdk Fgo-gr-Yja, basd jh Frjttbhy (Mjrm 2::2). Jh sdut`-gbst
Ghoabhl, ghjokbtjn abtgr Kgsdajt`jn pjts bt Bfjhogr,
92 E. \@DKB^ „ KB\GVJBAJ\Z DI \@G KG^DAJ\@JN-HGDAJ\@JN
Ijourg 6. \`g spbtjba rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh pdst-Fbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkght bhl t`g gbrajgst \VF bssgkfabogs jh nghtrba/hdrt`grh Gurdpg
(rg-lrbwh irdk Kjloagy 2::6, ijos. 9 bhl 9?).
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Ibrh`bk, @bssdnms bhl ^gakgstdh, sdkg di w`jn` ndhtbjh
vgry abrog qubhtjtjgs di strunm iajht (Lrgwgtt/Vulajho/
Obrljhgr 2:00, 2?-63), kby rgprgsght bhtgnglghts di t`g
idrkba pjt lgpdsjts di t`g Hgdajt`jn (\`dkbs 2::2, n`bptgr <).
\`js mjhl di lgajfgrbtg lgpdsjtjdh js kun` agss gbsy td
sufstbhtjbtg jh wgstgrh Fbhlmgrbkjm ndhtgxts. Gqubaay, wg
kjo`t kghtjdh lgajfgrbtgay lgpdsjtgl brtgibnts, ajmg t`g brrdws`bits irdk Ads`uat jh ^nbhjb (Abrssdh 2::3).
Kdst di t`g furjbas di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm wgrg sjkpag pjt
orbvgs, sdkgtjkgs jh ngkgtgrjgs, fut abtg Kgsdajt`jn iuhgrbry
prbntjngs sggk td s`dw kdrg biijhjty wjt` t`g Frjtjs` dr
^nbhljhbvjbh Hgdajt`jn. Orbvgs bt ^mbtg`dak jh ^nbhjb,
idr jhstbhng, brg surkduhtgl fy furht tjkfgr strunturgs, bhl
t`grg js gvjlghng di iuhgrbry igbstjho, ljskgkfgrkght bhl
ljsbrtjnuabtjdh. \`g Ebhjsabwjng orbvg, jh Sdabhl, ndhtbjhgl b
nrdun`gl furjba wjt` trbngs di rgl dn`rg, hukgrdus wdrmgl
bhl uhwdrmgl bhjkba fdhgs bhl bt agbst <6 strunm iajhts
(\dkbszgwsmj/_jaajs 2::>). Kgsdajt`jn sgttagkght sjtgs ajmg
Bogrùl J jh ^nbhjb `bvg prdlungl jsdabtgl `ukbh smgagtba
gagkghts, suoogstjho t`g njrnuabtjdh di fdly pbrts. Basd bt^mbtg`dak, t`g sd-nbaagl ^trunturg 6< sggks td `bvg fggh b
kdhukghtba idnus di sdkg sdrt, pgr`bps usgl idr t`g
prdngssjho di t`g lgbl, jhvdavjho furhjho bhl lgajfgrbtg
lgpdsjts di iajhts bhl bhjkba fdhgs. @grg, t`g gxnbvbtdr
gxpajnjtay ndkpbrgl t`g strunturg wjt` t`g tjkfgr strunturgs
w`jn` `bvg fggh iduhl fghgbt` Hgdajt`jn gbrt`gh adho
fbrrdws jh Frjtbjh bhl ^nbhljhbvjb (Abrssdh 2:00). Bhl di
ndursg, w`jag broukghts nbh fg kblg w`jn` lgrjvg t`g
gbrajgst gbrt`gh adho kduhls bhl kgobajt`jn tdkfs irdk t`g
ldkgstjn strunturgs di t`g nghtrba Gurdpgbh Fbhlmgrbkjm ,
Vùssgh bhl Aghoyga (@dllgr 2:0<f), t`g furjbas w`jn` brg
iduhl fghgbt` t`gk brg lgpdsjtgl bnndrljho td Kgsdajt`jn
prbntjng (Kjloagy 2:07). \`g gbrajgst adho kduhls bhl adho
ghnadsurgs brg iduhl jh Ngrhy bhl gbray \VF ndhtgxts, bhl
rgprgsght b kbtgrjbajsbtjdh di t`g iusjdh di Kgsdajt`jn bhl
Hgdajt`jn trbljtjdhs.
Ji wg nbh jkpay t`bt t`g jhtrdluntjdh di idrkbaay Hgdajt`jn
trbjts jhtd Frjtbjh, Jrgabhl bhl ^nbhljhbvjb idaadws dh
jkkgljbtgay irdk t`js `gjo`tghgl jhtgrbntjdh jh wgstgrh
Irbhng bhl dh t`g Hdrt` Gurdpgbh Sabjh, jt js gvjlght t`bt t`g
mjhl di Hgdajt`jn w`jn` wbs fgjho bldptgl jh t`gsg brgbs
wbs ljiigrght jh n`brbntgr irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn di nghtrba
Gurdpg. _g `bvg sggh t`bt w`jag n`bhogs jh sufsjstghng
prbntjng wgrg tbmjho pabng jh Frjtbjh bt t`js tjkg, t`gy wgrg
hdt uhjvgrsba. Ygry sjkjabr idrks di kbtgrjba nuaturg wgrgfgjho bldptgl t`rduo`dut Frjtbjh, bhl J wdual broug t`bt
t`gsg `bl b trbhsidrkbtjvg rdag td paby jh sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps.
@dwgvgr, J suoogst t`bt t`g n`bhogs w`jn` tddm pabng wgrg
fy hd kgbhs uhjidrk, bhl t`bt t`g hgw brtgibnts bhl
strunturgs wgrg usgl jh ljiigrght wbys jh ljiigrght sdnjba bhl
ogdorbp`jnba ndhtgxts. Bs Brkjt bhl Ijhabysdh (2::6, 9?6)
broug, t`g vbryjho ndhljtjdhs jhtd w`jn` hgw idrks di
kbtgrjba nuaturg wgrg fgjho jhtrdlungl wgrg td sdkg lgorgg
ndhljtjdhgl fy t`g prgvjdusay gxjstjho rgojdhba trbljtjdhs di
t`g Kgsdajt`jn. \`g hgw kbtgrjba idrks `bl hd ijxgl dr
gkfgllgl kgbhjho5 t`gy rgprgsghtgl b rgsdurng, b kgbhs fy
w`jn` kgbhjhos kjo`t fg nrgbtgl bhl rgprdlungl bt b adnba
snbag. \`js suoogsts t`bt iuturg wdrm dh t`g Kgsdajt`jn-
Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh s`dual fg ljrgntgl pbrtjnuabraytdwbrl t`g jhvgstjobtjdh di ljiigrjho pbttgrhs di n`bhog
w`jn` brg ajmgay td fg kbhjigstgl bt t`g rgojdhba agvga
(_`jttag 2::3f, 23>).
<. Ndhnausjdh
_`bt `bl gkgrogl irdk t`g ghnduhtgr fgtwggh Kgsdajt`jn
bhl Hgdajt`jn trbljtjdhs jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg wbs bh bnutg
rgndohjtjdh di t`g wby jh w`jn` t`g kbtgrjba wdral kjo`t fg
usgl bs b systgk di sykfdajn gagkghts. \`gsg ndual fg
kbhjpuabtgl bhl rgndhijourgl jh sun` wbys bs td jhtrdlung
vgry spgnjijn sjohjijnbhngs jhtd pbrtjnuabr adnbtjdhs. \`js js
hdt td broug t`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn wbs sjkpay b sykfdajn
systgk5 t`gsg wgrg p`ysjnba t`jhos w`jn` wgrg jhvdavgl jht`g bntjvjtjgs bhl trbhsbntjdhs di gvgrylby ajig. Fut t`g
jhtgorbtjdh di t`g Hgdajt`jn jh t`g idrk jh w`jn` jt brrjvgl jh
Frjtbjh aby jh t`g wby t`bt brtgibnts ibnjajtbtgl t`g bttrjfutjdh
di sjohjijnbhng td pabngs, pgdpag bhl t`jhos, bhl t`g
gstbfajs`kght di rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh t`gk. \`g pbrtjnuabr
dfegnts bhl prbntjngs w`jn` wgrg fgjho jhtrdlungl baa ijt
jhtd t`js pbttgrh. Sdttgry vgssgas wgrg jkpajnbtgl jh t`g
jhtgrpgrsdhba trbhsbntjdhs di iddl prgpbrbtjdh, sgrvjho, bhl
igbstjho. Iajht kjhgs, w`jn` brg bh jhhdvbtjdh di t`g pdst-
Fbhlmgrbkjm pgrjdl jh hdrt`grh Gurdpg, nrgbtgl b idrkba
ndhtgxt idr t`g prdluntjdh di vbaugl jtgks, bhl basd
rgprgsghtgl bh ghlurjho trbhsidrkbtjdh di abhlsnbpg.
^jkjabray, gbrt`gh adho kduhls bhl nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs
wgrg nrgbtgl fy dpghjho t`g gbrt` bhl nrgbtjho b sjohjijnbht
pabng. Sdajs`gl iajht bxgs wgrg tbmgh dut di t`g iajht kjhgs
bhl njrnuabtgl irdk `bhl td `bhl fgidrg t`gy wgrg rgturhgl
td t`g gbrt`, badho wjt` frdmgh s`grls di pdttgry bhl bhjkba
fdhgs, jh t`g ljtn`gs di t`g ghnadsurgs dr jh jsdabtgl pjts.
\`gsg pjts, sdkgtjkgs idrkjho naustgrs rgsuatjho irdk b
sgrjgs di jhtjkbtg bnts di lgpdsjtjdh (Frdwh 2:00= @gbagy
2:00), kjo`t t`gh sgrvg td prgsgrvg jh kgkdry pbrtjnuabr
pabngs td w`jn` pgdpag wdual rgpgbtglay rgturh. @ukbh
fdhgs wgrg pabngl jh t`g n`bkfgrs di t`g fbrrdws, bhl t`g
ljtn`gs di t`g ghnadsurgs. \`grg js b ngrtbjh sykkgtry bfdut
t`g rgabtjdhs`jps w`jn` wgrg fgjho gstbfajs`gl fgtwggh ajvjhopgdpag, lgbl pgdpag, brtgibnts bhl t`g gbrt`, bhl ygt J wdual
rgsjst t`g tgkptbtjdh td bssgrt t`bt t`gy wgrg uhlgrabjh fy b
uhjidrk strunturg di fgajgi. \`gsg dfegnts bhl prbntjngs wgrg
t`g kbtgrjba gqujvbaght di b abhoubog, bhl t`gy kjo`t fg
usgl td gxprgss b rbhog di ljiigrght kgssbogs.
Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba nuaturg biidrlgl idr t`g bfdrjojhba
jh`bfjtbhts di Frjtbjh t`g dppdrtuhjty td nrgbtg t`gsg
96 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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rgabtjdhs`jps, bhl td trbhsidrk t`g kgbhjhos di t`gjr
abhlsnbpgs t`rduo` t`gjr ghobogkghts wjt` kbtgrjba t`jhos.
\`g qugstjdh js, w`y, bitgr t`gy `bl rgsjstgl idr `uhlrgls di
ygbrs bhy tgkptbtjdh td bldpt b Hgdajt`jn w`jn` wbs
prjhnjpbaay borjnuaturba, s`dual t`gy hdw bldpt b Hgdajt`jn
ndkpdsgl di kbtgrjba sykfdas4 B sjkpag bhswgr ajgs jh t`g
iagxjfjajty bhl bkfjoujty di t`g kbtgrjba jtsgai. Ji Hgdajt`jnkbtgrjba nuaturg ibnjajtbtgl t`g nrgbtjdh di ndhhgntjdhs
fgtwggh pgrsdhs bhl pabngs wjt`dut jkpayjho bhy pbrtjnuabr
gndhdkjn rgojkg di jlgdadojnba systgk, jt kjo`t ghbfag t`g
jhtgorbtjdh di vgry ljvgrsg ndkkuhjtjgs. B Hgdajt`jn
kdhukght ldgs hdt kgbh bhy dhg t`jho (Dasgh 2::3, 633),
js hdt ndhhgntgl wjt` bhy dhg prbntjng, ygt jts p`ysjnba
prgsghng nbh dnnbsjdh t`g nd-drljhbtjdh di b rbog di ljiigrght
prbntjngs. B pdajs`gl stdhg bxg nbh fg ojvgh bs frjlgwgbat`,
dr td gstbfajs` b lgft, dr nbh kbjhtbjh bh baajbhng. Bs sddh bs
t`gsg ndhhgntjdhs bhl rgabtjdhs`jps brg jh gxjstghng, t`gy nbh
sgrvg bs t`g fbsjs idr kutuba bssjstbhng jh tjkgs di `brls`jp,
fut t`gy nbh gqubaay fg kbhjpuabtgl fy jhljvjlubas dr ordups
bs b kgbhs di fujaljho up jhiaughng bhl but`drjty. \`gpgrngjvgl fghgijt di b rgpgrtdjrg di hgw nuaturba idrks ndual
fg bt dhng batrujstjn bhl sgaijs`, bt dhng rgabtjho td t`g jhtgrgsts
di ndkkuhjtjgs bhl sgokghts di t`dsg ndkkuhjtjgs. Fut
bfdvg baa, t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g mjhl di Hgdajt`jn t`bt wbs
jhtrdlungl td Frjtbjh aby jh jts kbtgrjbajty, bhl t us jh t`g
pgrsjstghng di jts vbrjdus gagkghts. Kdhukghts bhl brtgibnts
ld hdt kgrgay trbhsidrk sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn rgabtjdhs, t`gy
sgrvg bs b rgpgbtgl rgkjhlgr t`bt t`jhos `bvg n`bhogl, t`rduo`
t`gjr ndhtjhuba prgsghng jh pgdpag's gvgrylby ajvgs.
rgigrghngs
Bkkgrkbh, B.E. & A.A. Nbvbaaj-^idrzb 2:?2. Kgbsurjho t`g rbtg di
sprgbl di gbray ibrkjho jh Gurdpg, Kbh 9, 9?<-900.
Bkkgrkbh, B.E. & A.A. Nbvbaaj-^idrzb 2:?>. B pdpuabtjdh kdlga
idr t`g ljiiusjdh di ibrkjho jhtd Gurdpg. Jh5 B.N. Vghirgw (gl.)\`g
gxpabhbtjdh di nuaturg n`bhog5 kdlgas jh prg`jstdry, Adhldh, ><>->70.
Brkjt, J. & F. Ijhabysdh 2::6. @uhtgr-obt`grgrs trbhsidrkgl5 t`g
trbhsjtjdh td borjnuaturg jh hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh Gurdpg, Bhtjqujty
99, 99<-9?9.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:06. \`g sgttagkght systgk di t`g Lutn` Ajhgbr-
fbhlmgrbkjm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 27, >2-<>.
Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2:03. \`g gvdautjdh di abtgr Frdhzg Bog sgttagkght.
Jh5 E.N. Fbrrgtt & V.E. Frblagy (gls.) \`g Frjtjs` Abtgr Frdhzg Bog,
Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 0>, ??-233.
Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2:00. Ijgals di ljsndursg5 rgndhstjtutjho b sdnjba
brn`bgdadoy, Nrjtjqug di Bht`rdpdadoy ? (>), 7-29.
Fbrrgtt, E.N., V.E Frblagy & K. Orggh 2::2. Abhlsnbpg, kdhukghts
bhl sdnjgty, Nbkfrjlog.
Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:0?5 Lbtb, rgabtjvjsk bhl brn`bgdadojnba snjghng,
Kbh 66, >:2-<3<.
Frblagy, V.E. 2::>. Batgrjho t`g gbrt`, Gljhfuro`.
Frdwh, H. 2:00. B abtg Frdhzg Bog ghnadsurg bt Adits Ibrk, Gssgx
Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7<, 6<:->36.
Nbsg, @.E. 2:9:. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs, Bhtjqujty <>, 2?9-209.
Nabrm, E.O. 2:99. \`g jhvbsjdh `ypdt`gsjs jh Frjtjs` brn`bgdadoy,
Bhtjqujty <3, 2?6- 0:.
Ndulbrt, B. 2::2. ^dnjba strunturg bhl rgabtjdhs`jps jh prg`jstdrjn
skbaa-snbag sdnjgtjgs5 t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm ordups jh Hgdajt`jn Gurdpg
Jh5 ^.B. Orgoo (gl.) Fgtwggh fbhls bhl stbtgs, Nbrfdhlbag, 6:7-<63
Lgaguzg, O. & I. Oubttbrj 2::<. _`bt js p`jadsdp`y4, Adhldh.
Lghhgaa, V. 2:0>. Gurdpgbh gndhdkjn prg`jstdry, Adhldh.
Lrgwgtt, S., L. Vulajho & K. Obrljhgr 2:00. \`g ^dut` Gbst td
BL 2333, Adhldh.
Glwbrls, M.& M. @jrdhs 2:0<. Ngrgba pdaagh orbjhs jh prg-gak
lgnajhg lgpdsjts5 jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`g gbrajgst borjnuaturg jh Frjtbjh
bhl Jrgabhl, Edurhba di Brn`bgdadojnba ^njghng 22, ?2-03.
Ghtwjstag, V. & B. Orbht 2:0:. \`g gvjlghng idr ngrgba nuatjvbtjdh
bhl bhjkba `usfbhlry jh t`g sdut`grh Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn bhl Frdhzg
Bog. Jh5 B. Kjaags, L. _jaajbks & H. Obrlhgr (gls.) \`g fgojhhjhos
di borjnuaturg, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts s<:9, 63>-627
Orggh, ^. & K. Uvgagfja 2::3. \`g Kgsdajt`jn ndadhjsbtjdh bhl
borjnuaturba trbhsjtjdh di sdut`-gbst Jrgabhl, Srdnggljhos di t`g
Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 79, 7?-00.
Orjosdh, N. 2:06. Sdrrjlog bhl pbhhbog5 pjo `usfbhlry jh Hgdajt`
Ghoabhl. Jh5 K. Fgaa & ^. Ajkfrgy (gls.) Brn`bgdadojnba bspgnts di
wddlabhl gndadoy, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts s2<9,
6:?->2<.
@gbagy, I. 2:00. ^pdho @jaa Sbrt YJ5 ?t` td 6hl Kjaaghhjb FN,
Lgrg`bk, Gbst Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy >:.
@dllgr, J.V. 2:06. \`gdrgtjnba brn`bgdadoy5 b rgbntjdhbry vjgw.
Jh5 J.V. @dllgr (gl.) ^ykfdajn bhl strunturba brn`bgdadoy,Nbkfrjlog, 2-29.
@dllgr, J.V. 2:0<b. Brn`bgdadoy jh 2:0<, Bhtjqujty 70, 67->6.
@dllgr, J.V. 2:0<f. Furjbas, `dusgs, wdkgh bhl kgh jh t`g
Gurdpgbh Hgdajt`jn. Jh5 L. Kjaagr & N. \jaagy (gls.) Jlgdadoy,
pdwgr bhl prg`jstdry, Nbkfrjlog, 72-90.
9> E. \@DKB^ „ KB\GVJBAJ\Z DI \@G KG^DAJ\@JN-HGDAJ\@JN
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@dllgr, J.V. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Dxidrl.
@dllgr, J.V. 2::6. \`gdry bhl prbntjng jh brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.
Edrlbhdvb, A. 2:0:. ^gxuba vjsjdhs5 jkbogs di oghlgr jh snjghng bhl
kgljnjhg fgtwggh t`g gjo`tgght` bhl twghtjgt` nghturjgs, Adhldh.
Mjhhgs, J.B. 2:00. \`g nbttags`jp Sdtgkpmjh5 t`g ijrst Hgdajt`jn jhFrjtbjh. Jh5 E. Fbrrgtt & J. Mjhhgs (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di ndhtgxt
jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl Frdhzg Bog, ^`giijgal, 6-0.
Mjrm, \. 2::2. ^trunturg, boghny bhl pdwgr rgabtjdhs ‐n`gz ags
lgrhjgrs n`bssgurs- nugjaagurs‚ di hdrt`wgst Irbhng. Jh5
V._. Srgunga (gl.) Srdngssuba bhl pdstprdngssuba brn`bgdadojgs,
Nbrfdhlbag, 230-267.
Abrssdh, A. 2:00. B ndhstruntjdh idr ngrgkdhjba bntjvjtjgs irdk t`g
abtg Kgsdajt`jn, Kgllgabhlgh Irçh Auhls Whjvgrsjtgts @jstdrjsmb
Kusguk ?, 7-20.
Abrssdh, A. 2::3. \`g Kgsdajt`jn di sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb, Edurhba
di _dral Srg`jstdry <, 67?->3:.
Abtdur, F. 2::>. _g `bvg hgvgr fggh kdlgrh, Adhldh.
Añhjho, E., Y. Madds & ^. Bafgrt 2:0:. _gstajn`g Hbn`fbrh lgr
Fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh Muatur5 Ab @dougttg uhl Ajkfuro,Ogrkbhjb 9?,
>77-<63.
Kjloagy, K.^. 2:07. \`g drjojh bhl iuhntjdh di t`g gbrt`gh adho
fbrrdws di Hdrt`grh Gurdpg, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba
Vgpdrts s67:.
Kjloagy, K.^. 2::6. \VF Nuaturg5 \`g ijrst ibrkgrs di t`g Hdrt`
Gurdpgbh Sabjh, Gljhfuro`.
Dasgh, F. 2::3. Vdabhl Fbrt`gs5 irdk sjoh td tgxt. Jh5 N. \jaagy
(gl.) Vgbljho kbtgrjba nuaturg, Dxidrl, 29>-637.
Sêqubrt, K. & ^.E. Sêqubrt 2:7<. @ùgljn, lguxjàkg stbtjdh
hênrdpdag lu Kêsdajt`jqug Nütjgr Brkdrjnbjh, Bhvgrs.
Vghirgw, B.N. 2:?>. Fgidrg njvjajsbtjdh5 t`g rbljdnbrfdh rgvdautjdh
bhl prg`jstdrjn gurdpg, @brkdhlswdrt`.
Vghirgw, B.N. 2:?9. Kgobajt`s, tgrrjtdrjgs bhl pdpuabtjdh. Jh5 ^. lg
Abgt (gl.) Bnnuaturbtjdh bhl ndhtjhujty jh Btabhtjn Gurdpg, Fruogs,
2:0-663.
Vghirgw, B.N. 2:0?. Brn`bgdadoy bhl abhoubog5 t`g puzzag di Jhld- Gurdpgbh drjojhs, Nbkfrjlog.
Vdrty, V. 2:0:. Ndhtjhoghny, jrdhy bhl sdajlbrjty, Nbkfrjlog.
^`grrbtt, B. 2::7.Jhstrukghts di ndhvgrsjdh4 \`g rdag di kgobajt`s
jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg,Dxidrl
Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy 2<, 6<7-693.
^dafgro, F. 2:0:. \`g Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh sdut`grh ^nbhljhbvjb5
jhtgrhba lgvgadpkght dr kjorbtjdh4,Dxidrl Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy
0, 692-6:7.
\`dkbs, E.^. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs rgvjsjtgl5 t`g Kgsdajt`jn-
Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh bhl sdut` ^nbhljhbvjb, Srdnggljhos di
t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7<, 7:-99.
\`dkbs, E.^. 2::2. Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Nbkfrjlog.
\`dkbs, E.^. 2::>. Ljsndursg, tdtbajsbtjdh bhl ‐t`g Hgdajt`jn'. Jh5
N. \jaagy (gl.), Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh, >7?->:<.
\`dkbs, E.^. 2::9b. \jkg, Nuaturg bhl Jlghtjty5 Bh Jhtgrprgtjvg
Brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.
\`dkbs, E.^. 2::9f. \`g nuaturba ndhtgxt di t`g ijrst usg di
ldkgstjnbtgs jh hdrt`-wgst Gurdpg. Jh5 L. @brrjs (gl.) \`g drjojhs
di borjnuaturg bhl pbstdrbajsk jh Gurbsjb, Adhldh, >23->66.
\jaagy, N.Z. 2:0:. Jhtgrprgtjho kbtgrjba nuaturg. Jh5 J. @dllgr (gl.)
\`g kgbhjhos di t`jhos, Adhldh, 207-2:<.
\dkbszgwsmj, B.E. & V. _jaajs 2::>. \dda-mjts bhl furjba rjtgs5 t`g
nbsg di t`g Ebhjsabwjng orbvg, Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty
7:, 237-226.
_btdh, S.Y. 2:06. Kbh‚s jkpbnt dh t`g n`bamabhls5 sdkg hgw
gvjlghng. Jh5 K. Fgaa & ^. Ajkfrgy (gls.) Brn`bgdadojnba bspgnts di
wddlabhl gndadoy, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts ^2<9,
?7-:2.
_`jttag, B._.V. 2::3b. Srdagodkghb td t`g stuly di t`g Kgsdajt`jn-
Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh Frjtbjh bhl Jrgabhl. Jh5 L. Nb`gh& K. Dttg
(gls.) Vufbhê gt Nbrljba, Ajàog, 63:-66?.
_`jttag, B._.V. 2::3f. B kdlga idr t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn
trbhsjtjdh jh t`g Wppgr Mghhgt Ybaagy, hdrt` _jats`jrg, Srdnggljhos
di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 79, 232-223.
_jaajbks, N.\. 2:07. Kgsdajt`jn gxpadjtbtjdh pbttgrhs jh t`g Nghtrba
Sghhjhgs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 2>:.
_jaajbks, G. 2:0:. Lbtjho t`g jhtrdluntjdh di iddl prdluntjdh jhtd
Frjtbjh bhl Jrgabhl, Bhtjqujty 9>, 723-762.
Uvgagfja, K. & S. Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:09. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs jh
Btabhtjn Gurdpg. Jh5 K. Uvgagfja (gl.) @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh,
Nbkfrjlog, 9?-:>.
Euajbh \`dkbs
Lgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy
Whjvgrsjty di ^dut``bkptdh
@jo`ijgal, ^dut`bkptdh ^D2? 2FE
Ghoabhl
9< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
\`g rgojdhba Kgusg Ybaagy Srdegnt `bs fggh jh dpgrbtjdh^jhng 2:0? (_bhsaggfgh/Ygr`brt 2::3, 2::7). \`js js bnddpgrbtjdh fgtwggh t`g Hbtjdhba Kusguk di Bhtjqujtjgs jhAgjlgh bhl t`g ^tbtg Whjvgrsjty jh Agjlgh. \`g nghtrba bjkdi t`js prdegnt js td stuly t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdhjh t`g sdut`grh pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls. Dhg di t`g t`gkgs jstd bhbaysg t`g hbturg di ndhtbnts fgtwggh `uhtgr/obt`grgrsbhl ibrkgrs bhl w`bt t`js `bs kgbht idr t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk b
iddl-ndhsukjho td b iddl-prdlunjho gndhdky.Jh ajtgrbturg, t`g jlgbs bhl kdlgas bfdut ndhtbnts rbhogirdk pgbngiua ndgxjstghng td b ndkpagtg stbtg di wbr, dr irdk bh jhtghsjvg jhtgrbntjdh td b idrfjlljho sgpbrbtjdh(Fabnmfurh 2:06= @brt/@brt 2:09= \urhfuaa 2:92, 2:97,2:0>= _ddlfurh 2:90, 2:00). \`g ijhba rgsuat di t`gsgndhtbnts wbs t`bt `uhtgr/obt`grgr ndkkuhjtjgs rbpjlay dr orblubaay jhndrpdrbtgl gagkghts di t`bt ibrkjho gndhdky.
\`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh kdlgas ditgh bssukg t`bt t`grg js dhgsjhoag lgnjsjvg ibntdr jh t`js prdngss, sun` bs n`bhogs jhnajkbtg, pdpuabtjdh prgssurg, dutsjlg gndhdkjn prgssurg dr sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps (Fghlgr 2:?0, 2:02, 2::3= Fghlgr/ Kdrrjs 2:00= Fjhidrl 2:90, 2:0<= Ogfbugr/Srjng 2::6=
Orgoo 2:00= Uvgagfja 2:09). Dt`grs `dal t`bt jh t`gtrbhsjtjdhba sjtubtjdh b ndkfjhbtjdh di ibntdrs js dpgrbtjho(Lghhgaa 2:07). \`g bjk di t`js brtjnag js td idnus dh t`gsdnjba gagkghts jh t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk Kgsdajt`jn td Hgdajt`jnfy stulyjho gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb.
6. Gt`hdorbp`jn jhidrkbtjdh
Kdst di t`g kdlgas idr t`g n`bhog irdk Kgsdajt`jn tdHgdajt`jn brg fbnmgl up fy gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb di sdnjgtjgsw`jn` brg bt t`js kdkght jh b trbhsjtjdhba stbog irdk`uhtgr/obt`grgr td ibrkgr. _gaa-mhdwh hbkgs jh t`js rgspgntbrg t`g @blzb (_ddlfurh 2:00), t`g Dmjgm (Fabnmfurh2:06= _ddlfurh 2:00), t`g Bmb bhl Kfutj-pyokggs(Fb`un`gt/Oujaabukg 2:06= \urhfuaa 2:92, 2:97, 2:0>=_bg`ag 2:09) t`g ^bh Fus`kgh (Fbrhbrl 2::6= @jtn`ndnm2:06= Mght 2:0:= Agg 2:?:, 2::6= _jgsshgr 2:06, 2:0>=_jaksgh/Lghfdw 2::3) bhl t`g Botb (Orjiijh 2:0<=Orjiijh/Gstjdmd-Orjiijh 2:07= Sgtgrsdh 2:?0). @dwgvgr,t`gsg sdnjgtjgs baa bppgbr td `bvg `bl ndhtbnts wjt` dutsjlgrsidr b adho tjkg. Bs b kbttgr di ibnt, t`gsg brg sgndhl-stbog
Agd F.K. Ygr`brt _bstg bhl prgstjog= t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdhKjand _bhsaggfgh jh t`g Hgt`grabhls irdk b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg
Ijourg 2. Bzbrd kbh, Hgw Oujhgb (Ndaa. Agb`y).
ndhtbnts5 b stbog w`grg t`g kutuba lgsjrgs di t`g ljiigrghtsdnjgtjgs jhvdavgl brg kgt. Bs brn`bgdadojsts wg kustndhnaulg t`bt t`gsg gt`hdorbp`jn lgsnrjptjdhs brg uhsujtbfagidr t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt fgtwgghibrkgrs bhl `uhtgr/obt`grgrs jh hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg.\`gy ld, `dwgvgr, prdvjlg us wjt` vgry usgiua jhidrkbtjdhndhngrhjho t`g lgvgadpkght di ndhtbnts dvgr tjkg.
@dw gasg td ljsndvgr w`bt `bppghgl jh b ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt, w`bt wbs t`g hbturg di t`gsg ndhtbnts bhl w`bt wgrg
t`g jkpajnbtjdhs idr t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss4 \d sdavg t`jsprdfagk bh bttgkpt `bs fggh kblg td stuly t`g ndhtbnts di kutubaay ljiigrght sdnjd-gndhdkjn systgks jh kdrg lgtbja.
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\`js rgsgbrn` wbs spgnjijnbaay bjkgl bt t`g ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt, t`g rgspdhsgs bhl t`g lgvgadpkght di kutubargabtjdhs`jps, t`g kbtgrjba rgiagntjdh di t`gsg ndhtbnts bhl t`gn`bhogs jh t`g rdag bhl kgbhjho di dfegnts t`bt nbh fgrgabtgl td t`gsg ndhtbnts. Irdk t`js, oghgrba kdlgas nbh fglgvgadpgl idr t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh Kgsdajt`jn `uhtgr/
obt`grgrs bhl ibrkgrs jh hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl kdrgspgnjijnbaay jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. \`g rgsuats di t`js bhbaysjsbrg ndkpbrgl td t`g kdlgas bhl gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb di t`gsgndhl stbog di ndhtbnt, j.g. t`g stbog stjaa td fg iduhl tdlbyjh idr gxbkpag Birjnb.
Kdst lgsnrjptjdhs di ndhtbnts fgtwggh ljiigrght sdnjd-gndhdkjn sdnjgtjgs brg di suf-rgnght bog, ajmg t`g OrgghabhlJhujt bhl Yjmjhos (KnOdvgrh 2:03, 2:07), Orgghabhl Jhujtbhl Gurdpgbhs (Jsrbga 2:9:), Nbhbljbh Jhujt bhl Gurdpgbhw`bagrs bhl iur trblgrs (KnIbllgh Nabrm 2:??= Vby 2:?<,2:?7), Bustrbajbh Bfdrjojhgs bhl Ghoajs` ndadhjsts(Adurbhlds 2:07= Kuavbhgy 2:0:), Bkgrjnbh Jhljbhs bhlGurdpgbhs (Sbolgh 2::>= ^kjt` 2:0?). \`gsg lgsnrjptjdhs
brg ditgh ndadurgl, jhndkpagtg bhl pddray ldnukghtgl.^trbhogay ghduo` t`grg js dhg gxngptjdh. \`js ibsnjhbtjholgsnrjptjdh di ndhtbnt js fy hd kgbhs bhnjght bhl, fy dur prgsght nrjtgrjb, nbh gvgh fg nbaagl kdlgrh. Bs bh gxbkpag,bhl hdt bs bh bhbadoy, wg wjaa ljsnuss t`js ndhtbnt jh kdrglgtbja hdw.
>. Bh Bustrbajbh jh Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb
Jh 2:>3 t`g Bustrbajbh Kjn`bga Agb`y sgt dut wjt` b ordupdi Sbpubhs irdk t`g ndbst jhtd t`g jhtgrjdr di t`g idrkgr Bustrbajbh Hgw Oujhgb, prdspgntjho idr odal. Baa `jsgxpgrjghngs `bvg fggh rgndrlgl jh ljbrjgs, brtjnags,p`dtdorbp`s bhl dh ijak (Ndhhdaay/Bhlgrsdh 2:00= Agb`y
2:>9, 2::2). Jh t`g ijvg ygbrs `g rgpgbtglay vjsjtgl t`g brgb,`g iduhl `brlay bhy odal fut ljl ndaagnt b trgbsurg trdvg di gt`hdorbp`jn jhidrkbtjdh.
\`g jhtgrjdr di Hgw Oujhgb `bl bawbys fggh rgobrlgl bsuhjh`bfjtgl bhl uhjh`bfjtbfag. Fy t`g abtg twghtjgs b sadwtrjnmag di jhidrkbtjdh stbrtgl, suoogstjho t`bt pgdpag wgrgajvjho t`grg bitgr baa. Agb`y bttgkptgl td trbng upstrgbk,sd lggp jhtd t`g jhtgrjdr, t`g sdurng di t`g odal t`bt wbs wdhjh t`g adwgr ndursgs di t`g rjvgrs. \d `js bkbzgkght t`gjhtgrjdr prdvgl td ndhsjst di b vgry igrtjag borbrjbh brgb jhw`jn` tghs di t`dusbhls pgdpag wgrg ajvjho.
\`g w`jtg prdspgntdrs bttgkptgl bt t`g ijrst ndhtbnts td
sgnurg ijrst di baa oddl rgabtjdhs wjt` t`g adnba pdpuabtjdhbhl sgndhlay td dftbjh iddl fy wby di ojits. \`gy `bl tbmghbadho fgbls, sbat, tgxtjags bhl kgtba dfegnts. Jhjtjbaay t`gSbpubhs wgrg dhay jhtgrgstgl jh t`g sbat bhl tgxtjags. Jt turhsdut t`bt jh b sjtubtjdh di ijrst ndhtbnt dhay t`g dfegntsrgndohjzbfag td t`g dwh nuaturg nbh fg gxn`bhogl. \`g kgtbadfegnts, `dwgvgr supgrjdr jh qubajty bhl giigntjvjty, bt ijrstld hdt paby b sjohjijnbht pbrt. Kdst jhtgrgst js ljrgntgl bt t`g
s`gaas, dr b sufstjtutg jh t`g s`bpg di pdrngabjh sbungrs (ijo. 6).Jt turhs dut t`bt w`bt js kdst jkpdrtbht js hdt t`g prjkbryiuhntjdh di t`g gxn`bhogl dfegnt, fut t`g pbrt jt nbh paby jht`gjr dwh ndkpgtjtjvg gxn`bhog systgk. \`g gxdtjn n`brbntgr di t`g gxn`bhogl dfegnts bhl t`gjr bssdnjbtjdh wjt` t`gdutsjlgrs kbmg t`gk vbaubfag. \`js agbls td t`g p`ghdkghdh
t`bt bhyt`jho gxdtjn bhl bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g dutsjlgrs kbystbrt td paby b pbrt jh t`g gxn`bhog systgk. Bt t`js stbog gvght`g wbstg di t`g vjsjtdrs, ajmg gkpty tjhs (ijos 2 bhl >),fdttags, ndadurgl abfgas, dal rbzdr fablgs, gkpty fdxgs,nbrtrjlog nbsgs, ndadurgl tgxtjags, kgtba mgys bhl nbr pbrts,bssukgs b ngrtbjh vbaug bhl js usgl jh t`g gxn`bhog systgkdr wdrh bs pgrsdhba lgndrbtjdh.
Dvgr t`g hgxt ygbrs Agb`y spghls jh t`g brgb, t`g jkpdrtdi `jo`ay lgsjrbfag dfegnts ordws trgkghldusay. _jt` t`gsg,td dutsjlgrs n`gbp, dfegnts abfdurgrs nbh fg rgnrujtgl td wjht`g odal dr td prdvjlg dt`gr sgrvjngs bhl iddl nbh fggxn`bhogl. \`g giignts dh t`g trbljtjdhba gxn`bhog systgkbrg ljsbstrdus5 b ojobhtjn jhiabtjdh dnnurs. Iurt`grkdrg t`grg
js b lgvgadpkght wg wdual ajmg td nbaa b mjhl di lgabyglprgstjog. \`g bnqujsjtjdh di gndhdkjnbaay usgiua ndkkdlj-tjgs, bs t`g jrdh bxgs bhl ndkkgrnjba iddl nrdps, agbls td borgbtgr surpaus prdluntjdh w`jn` jh jts turh kby fg usgl tdobjh kdrg prgstjog.
<. Ndhnausjdhs irdk t g gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb
Irdk t`g Hgw Oujhgb gxbkpags (@gbagy 2::3= Kby/Hgasdh2:06= Hgasdh 2:?9= Vblidrl 2:0?= ^bajsfury 2:96=^n`jgiigajh/Nrjttghlgh 2::2) bhl t`g dt`gr sjtubtjdhs di ijrstndhtbnt wg stuljgl, b hukfgr di prgajkjhbry ndhnausjdhs nbhfg lrbwh5
2. \`g rgsuats di ijrst ndhtbnts brg kbjhay bppbrght wjt jht`g sdnjba sufsystgk bhl `brlay dr hdt bt baa wjt`jh t`ggndhdkjn sufsystgk.
6. \`g kgbhjho t`g dutsjlgr bttbn`gs td bh dfegnt ditgh ldgshdt kbtn` t`g kgbhjho ojvgh fy t`g adnba pdpuabtjdh.
>. \d b abrog gxtght t`g vbaug di t`gsg dfegnts prdvgs td fgsufegnt td jhiabtjdh (ijo. <). \`js rgsuats jh b qubhtjtbtjvgjhnrgbsg jh t`g hukfgr di dfegnts dr jh t`g bppgbrbhngdi dt`gr vbaubfag dfegnts td paby b pbrt jh t`g gxn`bhogsystgk.
<. \`g iadw di ndkkdljtjgs fgtwggh twd ljiigrghtsdnjdnuaturba systgks js `jo`ay ljiigrght. \`g adnba
pdpuabtjdh js jhtgrgstgl jh dfegnts, bakdst hgvgr jh iddl.\`gjr dwh iddl js suiijnjght idr t`gjr lbjay sufsjstghng=dhay t`g iddl t`bt `bs b vbaug jh t`g prgstjog systgk jsgxn`bhogl. \`g dutsjlgrs, dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, brggxnausjvgay jhtgrgstgl jh iddl bhl prdijtbfag rbw kbtgrjbas,hgvgr jh brtgibnts, w`jn` brg ditgh rgobrlgl bs jhigrjdr.
7. Dhay bt b kun` abtgr stbog „ w`jn` wg rgigrrgl td bs t`gsgndhl p`bsg di ndhtbnt jh t`g nbsg di t`g kdlgrh `uhtgr/
99 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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obt`grgrs „ gndhdkjn kdtjvgs ndkg jhtd dpgrbtjdh, bhlt`gh kbjhay bs b pdssjfjajty idr ‐lgabygl prgstjog'. Bt t`jsstbog t`g trbhsjtjdh td bhdt`gr gndhdkjn systgk kby dnnur.
Brg t`g lgvgadpkghts bhl n`brbntgrjstjns lgsnrjfgl bfdvgbasd gvjlght jh hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg4 Jh t`g sjtubtjdhs di ndhtbnt wg stuljgl t`g adnba pdpuabtjdh gxn`bhogl bkdhodt`gr t`jhos s`gaas, igbt`grs, `jlgs, iur, tgxtjags, ijs`, kgbt,iddl nrdps, kgljnjhba `grfs, rgsjh, pjokghts, `dhgy bhl sbat.Baa di t`gsg brg prdlunts uhajmgay td `bvg fggh prgsgrvgl bhl
wg wjaa hdt ijhl gvjlghng idr t`gjr idrkgr prgsghng. Jhtgstjho t`gsg ndhnausjdhs wg s`baa t`grgidrg `bvg td rgstrjntdursgavgs td t`g jkpgrjs`bfag ndkpdhght di t`g kbtgrjbanuaturg, j.g. stdhg bhl pdttgry.
7. \`g Hgt`grabhls bhl hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg
Jh t`g sdut` di t`js nduhtry t`g prgsghng di Fbhlmgrbkjmndadhjsts bhl t`gjr sunngssdrs, t`g Vùssgh Nuaturg, sggks td
`bvg `bl `brlay bhy gndhdkjn giignts dh t`g adnba pdpuabtjdh(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2::>b, 2::>f= _bhsaggfgh/Ygr`brt 2::32::7). \`g trbhsjtjdh td b ibrkjho wby di ajig `bs hdtdnnurrgl uhtja t`g ghl di t`g Vùssgh p`bsg. Jh t`g sunnggljhoKjn`gasfgro p`bsg b ibrkjho gndhdky ldgs gxjst, wjt`strdho Kgsdajt`jn dvgrtdhgs.
_g nbh jhigr t`js irdk t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs di brtgibnts bhl t`g adnbtjdh di t`g sgttagkghts jh t`g KgusgYbaagy. Jh t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm p`bsg wg ijhl b ndhnghtrbtjdhdi sgttagkghts jh t`g adgss rgojdh, skbaa sgttagkghts jh t`g
blebnght ndvgrsbhl brgb bhl b ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry bhlblzgs jh b hdrt`gray ljrgntjdh (ijo. 7 bhl 9). Jh t`g Vùssghp`bsg t`grg brg hd sgttagkghts jh t`g adgss rgojdh. Jh t`gndvgrsbhl brgb wg ijhl b pbttgrh jlghtjnba td t`bt di t`gprgvjdus p`bsg5 b t`jh ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry bhlFrgjtmgjag. Jh t`g Kjn`gasfgro p`bsg t`grg js b ndkpagtgayljiigrght pbttgrh5 sgttagkghts bfduhl jh t`g ghtjrg ndvgrsbhlbrgb.
9? A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BH^AGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG
Ijourg 6. Srgsghtbtjdh di wgbat`.
\`g agit kbh js wgbrjho b pdrngabjh
sbungr dh t`g irdht di `js `gbl bs
sufstjtutg idr b s`gaa (Ndaa. Agb`y).
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Ijourg <. \`g bkduht di pgrsdhba lgndrbtjdh di Kduht @bogh wdkgh brrduhl 2:>> (agit) bhl Kduht @bogh n`jalrgh jh 2:>9/>? (rjo`t)
(Ndaa. Agb`y).
90 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg >b. Kbh wgbrjho b tjh bs lgndrbtjdh (Ndaa. Agb`y). Ijourg >f. Kbh wgbrjho b fjsnujt fbo bs lgndrbtjdh (Ndaa. Agb`y).
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9: A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BH^AGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG
Lurjho t`g pgrjdls di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm bhl t`g VùssghNuaturg wg t`grgidrg `bvg b p`bsg di ndhtbnt, wjt`dut bhyvjsjfag giignts dh t`g gndhdkjn sufsystgk. _g ld ijhl t`gjr brtgibnts jh t`g ndvgrsbhl brgb, wgaa bwby irdk t`gjr
sgttagkghts. Kdst di t`gsg brg strby ijhls, fut sdkg brg hdt.Irdk Lñrrghfgro, Ogrkbhy, t`g gxjstghng di b AbtgKgsdajt`jn orbvg sprjhmagl wjt` rgl dn`rg js mhdwh,ndhtbjhjho kjnrdajt`s bhl bh blzg (Fjnmgr 2:>9). Jh blljtjdht`grg brg Abtg Kgsdajt`jn ijhl spdts wjt` blzgs, Frgjtmgjagbhl dnnbsjdhbaay pdttgry, bs idr gxbkpag ^n`agtbu (Frggst2:00), Orbfdw (Frggst 2:0?) bhl _gjlght`ba-@ù`ag (Nzjgzab2::6) jh Ogrkbhy bhl Zssgastgjh, @gakdhl bhl Obssga(Frduhgh/Lg Edho 2:00) jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. @dw td jhtgrprgtt`gsg ijhls4
Hukgrdus gxpabhbtjdhs `bvg fggh put idrwbrl fy dt`gr rgsgbrn`grs. \`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`gsg brtgibnts js t`duo`t tdfg t`g rgsuat di t`g sgttajho di Gbray Hgdajt`jn ibrkgrs,sndutjho gxpgljtjdhs fy t`gsg ibrkgrs, nbttag trbhs`ukbhngnbkps, dr t`git dr gxn`bhog di dfegnts fy Kgsdajt`jn`uhtgr/obt`grgrs. \`g ijrst twd dptjdhs sggk hdt vgrypabusjfag. Dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg hd sgttagkghts `bvg fgghiduhl jh t`gsg pbrts sd ibr t`bt nbh fg ndkpbrgl td t`dsg wgmhdw irdk t`g adgss jtsgai. \`g sndutjho gxpgljtjdhs kby`bvg pabygl b pbrt jh t`g ljstrjfutjdh, fut jt kust `bvg fggh
ajkjtgl. \`g kbtgrjba rgiagntjdh wjaa `bvg fggh skbaa, jhndhtrbst td t`g bntuba ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh bhl t`g kutubaljiigrghngs jh t`g ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry bhl blzgs. \`g t`jrldptjdh, nbttag nbkps, kby gxpabjh t`g ljstrjfutjdh di brtgibnts
jh t`g jkkgljbtg bledjhjho ndvgrsbhl brgb. \`g kdlgaFbmgas (2:?0) `bs lgvgadpgl idr t`g Orbgt`gjlg naustgr suoogsts b s`drtbog di pbsturg jh t`g adgss zdhg bhlhgngssjtbtgs b trbhs`ukbhng systgk idr nbttag. Jh t`js wby t`gndvgrsbhl brgb brduhl t`g adgss kby `bvg fggh gxpadjtgl.@dwgvgr, t`js dptjdh js dhay vbajl jh t`g brgb jkkgljbtgaybledjhjho t`g adgss. \`g ijhls t`bt wgrg adnbtgl kdrg td t`ghdrt` bhl wgst sggk td fg t`g rgsuat di bhdt`gr kgn`bhjsk._g ndhsjlgr t`js ljstrjfutjdh td fg t`g rgiagntjdh di ndhtbntsfgtwggh `uhtgr/obt`grgrs bhl ibrkgrs bhl di bh gxn`bhogbkdho `uhtgr/obt`grgrs. \`js kby rgigr td rdffgl kbtgrjba bswgaa bs gxn`bhogl dfegnts.
Jh t`g nbsg di rdffgl kbtgrjba wg kby t`jhm di rbjls, futbasd di ndaagntjho dr snbvghojho wbstg, ajmg pdttgry s`grls, jhbfbhldhgl sgttagkght brgbs, kdrg pbrtjnuabray jh t`dsg skbaatgkpdrbry sgttagkghts dr nbkps jh t`g ndvgrsbhl rgojdh(ijo. 7). Sbrt di t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh di t`g pdttgry nbh fggxpabjhgl jh t`js wby. Bhdt`gr pbrt, `dwgvgr, js surg td fgt`g rgsuat di gxn`bhog. Idr Kgsdajt`jn `uhtgr/obt`grgrspdttgry wjaa fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g hgw brrjvbas bhl t`grgidrg
Ijourg 7. Hdrt wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl
t`g ljstrjfutjdh di Fbhlmgrbkjm
pdttgry dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg.
Fbhlmgrbkjm dnnupbtjdh naustgrs
`btn`gl= adgss ldttgl.
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?3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg ?. Hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl
t`g ljstrjfutjdh di Vùssgh Frgjtmgjag
dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg. Vùssgh
dnnupbtjdh naustgrs `btn`gl= adgss
ldttgl.
Ijourg 9. Hdrt`wgstgrh Gurdpg bhl
t`g ljstrjfutjdh di Fbhlmgrbkjm
blzgs dutsjlg t`g adgss zdhg.
Fbhlmgrbkjm dnnupbtjdh naustgrs
`btn`gl= adgss ldttgl.
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`bvg bh gxdtjn bppgba. \`js bssdnjbtjdh obvg jt bh bllglvbaug. \d t`g ibrkgrs jt wbs b n`gbp ndkkdljty, fut bs t`gpdtghtjba hgw dwhgr s`dual fg bfag td bssdnjbtg t`g pdttgrywjt` t`g drjojhba usgr „ jh dt`gr wdrls s`dual mhdw t`btdrjojhba usgr „ jt wdual `bvg `bl b rgstrjntgl ljstrjfutjdh.\`g brn`bgdadojnba ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh suppdrts t`js
`ypdt`gsjs. B sgndhl ibntdr t`bt kby paby b pbrt jh t`g ajkjtglsjzg di t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh js t`g irbojajty di pdttgry.\`g ljstrjfutjdh di blzgs s`dws bhdt`gr pbttgrh (ijo. 9).
_g hdtjng b ndhnghtrbtjdh jh t`g vjnjhjty di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjmsgttagkghts bhl b ibhhjho dut jh b hdrt`gray ljrgntjdh. \`gblzgs rgprgsghtgl b rgabtjvgay `jo` vbaug jh Fbhlmgrbkjmsdnjgty, bs lgkdhstrbtgl jh t`g stuly di orbvg jhvghtdrjgs(Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:). ^d t`g n`bhngs brg rgkdtg t`bt t`gywgrg agit fg`jhl dh bfbhldhgl sgttagkght brgbs. \`gljstrjfutjdh sggks kdrg ajmgay td fg t`g rgsuat di gxn`bhog.Iuhntjdhbaay ndkpbrbfag brtgibnts dnnur bkdho t`gjkpagkghts di Kgsdajt`jn `uhtgr/obt`grgrs. ^d td t`gk t`jsbrtgibnt wbs b rgndohjzbfay iuhntjdhba dfegnt kblg kdrg
vbaubfag fy jts gxdtjn n`brbntgr. Jt ljl hdt `bvg td fgbssdnjbtgl ljrgntay wjt` t`g drjojhba dwhgr dr kbmgr. \`jsrgsuatgl jh b wjlgr ljstrjfutjdh. \d gxpabjh t`g ndhnghtrbtjdhdi blzgs jh t`g dutgr adgss zdhg bh jhiabtjdhbry prdngss kjo`tfg put idrwbrl. Sdttgry fgnbkg b agss lgsjrbfag gxn`bhogdfegnt jh ibvdur di blzgs.
Jh t`g hgxt n`rdhdadojnba p`bsg, t`g Vùssgh Nuaturg,wg sgg t`bt pdttgry, jh t`g s`bpg di ndkpagtg pdts, jsgxn`bhogl dvgr b ajkjtgl ljstbhng. _g t`jhm jt ajmgay t`bt bn`bhog jh kgbhjho dnnurrgl `grg, irdk prjkbrjayprgstjojdus dfegnt td kdrg iuhntjdhba dfegnt. \`g gxn`bhogjs vgry wgaa ldnukghtgl, bs lgkdhstrbtgl fy t g ijhl di jkpdrtgl Vùssgh pdts bt @ñlg dh t`g Lñkkgrsgg
(^n`wbfgljssgh 2:99, 2:?:). \`g rgstrjntgl ljstrjfutjdhpbttgrh kby `bvg fggh nbusgl fy t`g irbojajty di t`gkbtgrjba `grg bs wgaa. \`g ljstrjfutjdh di pgridrbtgl blzgsbhl Frgjtmgjag (ijo. ?) sggks td jhljnbtg t`g ordwjhojkpdrtbhng di t`gsg jkpagkghts jh t`g prgstjog systgk.\`g pbttgrh fgndkgs hdtjngbfay kdrg lghsg bhl gxtghlsgvgh td t`g sdut` di ^nbhljhbvjb.
\`g ijrst jhljnbtjdhs di gndhdkjn n`bhogs lbtg irdk t`jsp`bsg bs wgaa. Jh t`g sgttagkghts di Fgrosn`gh`dgm, Frbhl-wjem, @bzghldhm, ^wjitgrfbht bhl b Ogrkbh sjtg bs @ñlg wgghnduhtgr t`g ijrst iddl nrdps bhl fdhgs di ldkgstjnbtglbhjkbas (Lgjn`kuaagr 2:9:= Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2::>b,
2::>f= ^n`wbfgljssgh 2:?:).
9. Ndhnausjdh
Jh t`g njrnukstbhngs lgsnrjfgl bfdvg t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdhprdngss kby jhjtjbaay fg ndhsjlgrgl b prdngss di jhtghsjijnb-tjdh. \`js jhtghsjijnbtjdh wbs ljrgntgl jh t`g ijrst jhstbhng btjhnrgbsjho t`g dppdrtuhjtjgs wjt`jh bh gxn`bhog systgk fbsgldh mjhs`jp bhl pdajtjnba baajbhngs. \`js ijrst p`bsg js
n`brbntgrjzgl fy, bkdho dt`gr t`jhos, bh gxn`bhog di prgstjojdus dfegnts. \`js js idaadwgl fy b sgndhl p`bsg wjt`t`g gkp`bsjs dh lgabygl prgstjog. Lurjho t`js p`bsg t`gjhtgrbntjdhs wjt` Hgdajt`jn ordups jhtghsjiy bhl orblubaaygndhdkjn gagkghts brg jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd Kgsdajt`jn sdnjgty.Ijhbaay, t`js wjaa rgsuat jh b Hgdajt`jn sdnjgty.
Bs b ijhba rgkbrm wg put idrwbrl t`bt t`gsg jlgbs bhl lbtbkby suoogst t`bt wg ndhsjlgr t`g sdnjba gagkght td fg t`gsdag nrunjba ibntdr jh t`g hgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss. \`js js fyhd kgbhs trug. _g kgrgay wbhtgl td gkp`bsjzg t`g ditghuhlgrrbtgl jkpdrtbhng di sdnjba ibntdrs. _g t`jhm t`bt t`ghgdajt`jsbtjdh prdngss js bh jhtgrpaby di sgvgrba ibntdrs5lgkdorbp`jn, gndhdkjn, pgr`bps najkbtdadojnba bhl sdnjba.Fut wg ld t`jhm t`bt t`g sdnjba ibntdr `bs b agbljho pbrt,gspgnjbaay jh b ijrst stbog di ndhtbnt.
Bnmhdwaglogkghts
_g `bvg td t`bhm t`g Hbtjdhba Ajfrbry di Bustrbajb bhl krs.N`rjstjhg Agb`y mjhlay idr t`gjr pgrkjssjdh td rgprdlung t`g
p`dtdorbp`s di Kjn`bga bhl Lbh Agb`y.\`g tgxt wbs trbhsabtgl fy @. Dttgh-Ydogabbr.
rgigrghngs
Fb`un`gt, ^. & @. Oujaabukg 2:06. Bmb-ibrkgr rgabtjdhs jh t`ghdrt`-wgst Ndhod-fbsjh. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns
bhl `jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 20:-622.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:?0. Idur Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkghts bhl t`gjr
ghvjrdhkght5 b pbabgdgndadojnba stuly di ^jttbrl, ^tgjh, Gasadd bhl
@jgh`gjk, Agjlgh.
Fbrhbrl, B. 2::6. @uhtgrs bhl `grlgrs di sdut`grh Birjnb, b
ndkpgrbtjvg stuly di t`g M`djsbh pgdpags, Nbkfrjlog.
Fghlgr, F. 2:?0. Obt`grgr-`uhtgr td ibrkgr5 b sdnjba pgrpgntjvg,_dral Brn`bgdadoy 23, 63<-666.
Fghlgr, F. 2:02. Obt`gr-`uhtgr jhtghsjijnbtjdh. Jh5 B. ^`grjlbh &O. Fbjagy (gls.), Gndhdkjn Brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, FrjtjsBrn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts, Jht. ^gr. :9, 2<:-27?.
Fghlgr, F. 2::3. \`g lyhbkjns di hdh`jgrbrn`jnba sdnjgtjgs. Jh5^. Wp`bk (gl.) \`g gvdautjdh di pdajtjnba systgks5 ^dnjdpdajtjns jh
skbaa-snbag sglghtbry sdnjgtjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 6<?-69>.
Fghlgr, F. & F. Kdrrjs 2:00. \wghty ygbrs di `jstdry, gvdautjdhbhl sdnjba n`bhog jh obt`grgr-`uhtgr stuljgs. Jh5 \. Jhodal,L. Vjn`gs & E. _ddlfurh (gls.) @uhtgrs bhl obt`grgrs 25 @jstdry,
gvdautjdh bhl sdnjba n`bhog, Hgw Zdrm/Dxidrl, <-2<.
Fjnmgr, I.M. 2:>9. Gjh sn`hurmgrbkjsn`gs Vùtgaorbf kjt Kjmrd-ajt`gh uhl ^n`jalmrùtg jh Lñrrghfgro, Mr. Kgrsgfuro. Eb`rgssn`rjit
@baag 6<, 7:-02.
?2 A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BH^AGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG
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Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:90. Sdst-Sagjstdnghg blbptbtjdhs. Jh5 ^.V. Fjhidrl& A.V. Fjhidrl (gls.) Hgw pgrspgntjvgs jh brn`bgdadoy, N`jnbod,>2>-><2.
Fabnmfurh, V. @. 2:06. Jh t`g abhl di kjam bhl `dhgy5 Dmjgmblbptbtjdhs td t`gjr idrgsts bhl hgjo`fdurs. Jh5 G. Agbndnm &V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns bhl `jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog,
60>->37.
Frggst, M. 2:0?. Gjh spìtkgsdajt`jsn`gr ^jglauhospabtz jk Ñfgrobhozuk Srdtdhgdajt`jmuk fgj Orbfdw, Almr. Añn`dw-Lbhhghfgro, Ljg
Muhlg >0, <:-70.
Frggst, M. 2:00. Gjh ^n`u`agjstghmgja vdh gjhgk kjttgastgjhzgjtajn`ghIuhlpabtz jh lgr Ogkbrmuho ^n`agtbu. Almr. Añn`dw-Lbhhghfgro, Ljg Muhlg >:, 7>-96.
Frduhgh, I.\.^. & E.S.K. lg Edho 2:00. Dpkgrmgajemgvrdgohgdajt jsn`g vdhlstgh fje Obssga, _gstgr`ggk >?, 20>-2:6.
Ndhhdaay, F. & V. Bhlgrsdh 2:0?. Ijrst ndhtbnt. Hgw Oujhgb's
`jo`abhlgrs ghnduhtgr t`g dutsjlg wdral , Hgw Zdrm.
Nzjgsab, G. 2::6. Eìogr uhl ^bkkagr. Ljg kjttagrg ^tgjhzgjt jk
Abhlmrgjs Sjrkbsghs, Frñ a.
Lgjn`kñaagr, E. 2:9:. Ljg hgdajt`jsn`g Kddrsjglauho @ñlg J bkLñkkgr, Mrgjs Orbisn`bit Ljgp`daz. Hgug Busorbfuhogh uhl
Idrsn`uhogh jh Hjglgrsbn`sgh <, 60- >9.
Lghhgaa, V._. 2:07. \`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr/borjnuaturba irdhtjgs jhprg`jstdrjn tgkpgrbtg Gurdpg. Jh5 ^. Orggh & ^. Sgrakbh (gls.) \`g
Brn`bgdadoy di irdhtjgrs bhl fduhlbrjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 22>-2>:.
Ogfbugr, B.F. & \.L. Srjng 2::6. \rbhsjtjdhs td borjnuaturg jh
prg`jstdry, Kbljsdh.
Orgoo, ^. 2:00. Idrbogrs bhl ibrkgrs. Sdpuabtjdh jhtgrbntjdh bhl
borjnuaturba gxpbhsjdh jh prg`jstdrjn Gurdpg, N jnbod.
Orjiijh, S.F. 2:0<. Idrbogr rgsdurng bhl abhl usg jh t`g `ukjntrdpjns5 t`g Botb di hdrt`gbstgrh Auzdh. Jh5 N. ^n`rjrg (gl.) Sbst
bhl prgsght jh `uhtgr-obt`grgr stuljgs, Hgw Zdrm, :7-262.
Orjiijh, S.F. & B. Gstjdmd-Orjiijh 2:07. \`g Botb di hdrt`gbstgrh
Auzdh, Ngfu Njty.
@brt, \ & E. @brt 2:09, \`g gndadojnba fbsjs di `uhtgr-obt`grgr sufsjstghng jh Birjnbh rbjh idrgsts5 t`g Kfutj di gbstgrh Ubjrg,
@ukbh Gndadoy 2<, 6:-77.
@gbagy, N.E. 2::3. Kbrjho `uhtgrs bhl trblgrs. Srdluntjdh bhl
gxn`bhog jh t`g Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb `jo`abhls, Fgrmgagy.
@jtn`ndnm, V.M. 2:06. Sbttgrhs di sglghtjsk bkdho t`g Fbsbrwb di gbstgrh Fdtswbhb. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.) Sdajtjns bhl
`jstdry jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 66>- 69?.
Jsrbga, @. 2:9:. Muaturwbhlga orùhabhljsn`gr Gsmjkd jk 20. Eb`r-`uhlgrt. Bf`bhlauhogh uhl Fgrjn`tg lgs ^tbbtajn`g Kusguks iñr
Ydamgrmuhlg Lrgslgh, Fbhl 6:.
Mght, ^. 2:0:. Ibrkgrs bs `uhtgrs5 t`g jkpajnbtjdhs di sglghtjsk,Nbkfrjlog.
Agb`y, K.E. 2:>9. \`g nghtrba `jo`abhls di Hgw Oujhgb. Edurhba di t`g Vdyba Ogdorbp`jnba ^dnjgty Adhldh 0?->, 66:-696.
Agb`y, K.E. 2::2. Gxpadrbtjdhs jhtd @jo`abhl Hgw Oujhgb 2:>3-
2:>7, \usnbaddsb.
Agg, V.F. 2:?:. \`g Muho! ^bh5 kgh wdkgh bhl wdrm jh b idrbojho
sdnjgty, Nbkfrjlog.
Agg, V.F. 2::6. Brt, snjghng dr pdajtjns4 \`g nrjsjs jh `uhtgr-obt`grgr stuljgs, Bkgrjnbh Bhtrdpdadoy :<, >2-7<.
Adurbhlds, @. 2:07. Jhtghsjijnbtjdh bhl Bustrbajbh prg`jstdry.Jh5 \.L. Srjng & E.B. Frdwh (gls.) Srg`jstdrjn `uhtgrs-obt`grgrs,
Hgw Zdrm, >07-<6>.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>b. _gtabhl gxpadjtbtjdh bhl upabhlrgabtjdhs di prg`jstdrjn ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh5E. Obrljhgr (gl.) Iabtabhls bhl wgtabhls5 nurrght t`gkgs jh gbst
Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy, Gbst Bhoajbh Brn bgdadoy Vgpdrt Hd. 73,?2-229.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>f. \`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jntrbhsidrkbtjdh jh t`g Adwgr V`jhg Fbsjh. Jh5 S. Fdounmj (gl.) Nbsg
stuljgs jh Gurdpgbh prg`jstdry, Fdnb Vbtdh, :7- 2<7.
Kby, V.E. & @. Hgasdh 2:06. Kgabhgsjb5 fgydhl ljvgrsjty, Yda. 2.Nbhfgrrb.
KnIbllgh Nabrm, B. 2:??. \rblg bt nrdssrdbls. Jh5 E. @gakgr,^. Ybh Lymg & I. Mghsg (gls.) Srdfagks jh t`g prg`jstdry di t`g
Hdrt` Bkgrjnbh ^ufbrntjn5 t`g Bt`bpbsmbh Rugstjdh, Nbaobry, 2>3-2><.
KnOdvgrh, \.@. 2:03. Ndws, `brp sgbas, bhl n`urn` fgaas5blbptbtjdh bhl gxtjhntjdh jh Hdrsg Orgghabhl, @ukbh Gndadoy 0,6<7-6?7.
KnOdvgrh, \.@. 2:07. \`g Brntjn irdhtjgr di Hdrsg Orgghabhl.Jh5 ^. Orggh & ^. Sgrakbh (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di irdhtjgrs bhl
fduhlbrjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 6?7->6>.
Kuavbhgy, L.E. 2:0:. Ghnduhtgrs jh pabng, dutsjlgrs bhl Bfdrjojhba Bustrbajbhs, ^t. Aunjb.
Hgasdh, @.H. 2:?9. Fabnm, w`jtg bhl odal5 odalkjhjho jh Sbpub
Hgb Oujhgb, 20?0-2:>3, Nbhfgrrb.
Sbolgh, B. 2::>. Gurdpgbh ghnduhtgrs wjt` t`g Hgw _dral , Hgw@bvgh.
?6 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Sgtgrsdh, E.\. 2:?0. \`g gndadoy di sdnjba fduhlbrjgs5 Botb
idrbogrs di t`g S`jajppjhgs, Wrfbhb.
Vblidrl, V. 2:0?. @jo`abhlgrs bhl idrgjohgrs jh t`g Wppgr Vbku.
\`g Mbjhbhtu Brgb 2:2:-2:<6, Kgafdurhg.
Vby, B.E. 2:?<. Jhljbhs jh t`g iur trblg, \drdhtd.
Vby, L.E. 2:?7. \`g Gsmjkds di Fgrjho ^trbjt 2973-20:0, ^gbttag.
^bajsfury, V.I. 2:96. Irdk stdhg td stgga5 gndhdkjn ndhsgqughngs
di tgn`hdadojnba n`bhog jh Hgw Oujhgb, Kgafdurhg.
^n`jgiigajh, G.A. & V. Nrjttghlgh (gls.) 2::2. Ajmg pgdpag ydu sgg jh
b lrgbk. Ijrst ndhtbnt jh sjx Sbpubh sdnjgtjgs, ^tbhidrl.
^n`wbfgljssgh, @. 2:99. Gjh `drjzdhtjgrtgr Frgjtmgja bus ^btrupuhl ljg kbhhjoibn`gh Muaturvgrfjhluhogh lgs fgojhhghlghHgdajt`jmuks jk Hdrlgh uhl Hdrlwgstgh, Sbabgd`jstdrjb 26, <3:-<90.
^n`wbfgljssgh, @., 2:?:5 Lgr Fgojhh lgs Hgdajt`jmuks jkhdrlwgstajn gh Lgutsn`abhl. Jh5 @. ^n`jrhjo (gl.) OrdÔstgjhorìfgr
jh Hjglgrsbn`sgh, @jalgs`gjk, 63>- 666.
^kjt`, K.\. 2:0?. Brn`bgdadoy di bfdrjojhba nuaturg n`bhog jh t`g
jhtgrjdr ^dut`gbst. Lgpdpuabtjdh lurjho t`g Gbray @jstdrjn Sgrjdl ,Objhgsvjaag.
\urhfuaa, N. 2:92. \`g idrgst pgdpag, Adhldh.
\urhfuaa, N. 2:97. _bywbrl sgrvbhts5 t`g twd wdrals di t`g Birjnbh
Syokjgs, Obrlgh Njty.
\urhfuaa, N. 2:0>. \`g Kfutj Syokjgs. N`bhogs bhl blbptbtjdhs,
Hgw Zdrm.
Ygalg, S. vbh lg 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg, Agjlgh.
_bg`ag, G. 2:09. Gig (Kfutj Syoky) rgabtjdhs td Agsg Lgsgvjaabogrs jh t`g Jturj idrgst, Ubjrg5 `jstdrjnba n`bhogs lurjho t`g abst273 ygbrs, ^prbn`g uhl Ogsn`jn`tg jh Birjmb ?, >?7-<22.
_bhsaggfgh, K. & A.F.K. Ygr`brt 2::3. Kgusg Ybaagy Srdegnt5 t`gtrbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn jh t`g Lutn` KgusgYbaagy. Jh5 S.K. Ygrkggrsn` & S. vbh Sggr (gls.) Ndhtrjfutjdhs td
t`g Kgsdajt`jn jh Gurdpg, Aguvgh, >0:-<36.
_bhsaggfgh, K. & A.F.K. Ygr`brt, 2::75 OJ^ dh ljiigrght spbtjbaagvgas bhl t`g Hgdajt`jzbtjdh prdngss jh t`g sdut`-gbstgrh Hgt`grabhls
Jh5 O. Adnm & U. ^tbhnjn (gls.) Brn`bgdadoy bhl ogdorbp`jnbajhidrkbtjdh systgks5 b Gurdpgbh pgrspgntjvg, Adhldh, 27>-29:.
_jgsshgr, S. 2:06. Vjsm, rgnjprdnjty bhl sdnjba jhiaughng dh !Muho^bh Gndhdkjns. Jh5 G. Agbndnm & V. Agg (gls.), Sdajtjns bhl `jstdr
jh fbhl sdnjgtjgs, Nbkfrjlog, 92-0<.
_jgsshgr, S. 2:0>. ^tyag bhl sdnjba jhidrkbtjdh jh Mbab`brj ^bhprdegntjag pdjhts, Bkgrjnbh Bhtjqujty <0, 67>-6?9.
_jaksgh, G.H. & E.V. Lghfdw 2::3. Sbrbljokbtjn `jstdry di ^bh-spgbmjho pgdpags bhl nurrght bttgkpts bt rgvjsjdh, Nurrght
Bht`rdpdadoy >2 (7), <0:-76<.
_ddlfurh, E. 2:90. ^tbfjajty bhl iagxjfjajty jh @blzb rgsjlghtjbaordupjhos. Jh5 V.F. Agg & J. LgYdrg (gls.) Kbh t`g @uhtgr ,N`jnbod, 23>-223.
_ddlfurh, E. 2:00. Birjnbh `uhtgr-obt`grgr sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh5js jt fgst uhlgrstddl bs b prdlunt di ghnbpsuabtjdh4 Jh5 \. Jhodal,L. Vjn`gs & E. _ddlfurh (gls.) @uhtgrs bhl obt`grgrs 25 `jstdry,
gvdautjdh bhl sdnjba n`bhog, Hgw Zdrm/Dxidrl, >2-9<.
Uvgagfja, K. (gl.) 2:09. @uhtgrs jh trbhsjtjdh, Nbkfrjlog.
Agd F.K. Ygr`brtVjeskusguk vbh Dul`glghSdstfus 2222<HA-6>32 GN AgjlghKjand _bhsaggfghIbnuaty di Brn`bgdadoySdstfus :727HA-6>33 VB Agjlgh
?> A. YGV@BV\ BHL K. _BH^AGGFGH „ _B^\G BHL SVG^\JOG
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
\`g purpdsg di t`js pbpgr js td dutajhg t`g strunturg di
vbrjdus sgts di lbtb di jkpdrtbhng td t`g uhlgrstbhljho
di jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn
(bhl pbrtay Kgsdajt`jn) jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb, dr jh tgrks di
brn`bgdadojnba nuaturgs t`g Iuhhga Hgnmgl Fgbmgr (\VF)
bhl t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg.
\`g pbpgr js ljvjlgl jh twd pbrts. Ijrst J wjaa addm bt sdkg
sgagntgl gvjlghng fgbrjho dh t`g sdnjba strunturg di t`g
Grtgfðaag bhl t`g \VF nuaturg. \`g gvjlghng, J fgajgvg, tghltd suoogst t`bt jh ngrtbjh bspgnts t`grg wbs ajttag strunturba
n`bhog irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn. Jh t`g sgndhl
pbrt J wjaa addm bt gvjlghng idr t`g jlgdadoy di t`g \VF
nuaturg. J wjaa hdt jhnaulg t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg jhtd t`js pbrt,
bs jt bppgbrs bs ji t`grg js b ndhsjlgrbfag s`jit jh jlgdadoy bt
t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn.
\`g Grtgfðaag bs wgaa bs t`g \VF nuaturg nbh fg ljvjlgl
n`rdhdadojnbaay jhtd b hukfgr di p`bsgs (g.o. Frjhn`
Sgtgrsgh 2::>, <?= Hjgasgh 2::>, 07). Idr t`g purpdsg di t`js
pbpgr, `dwgvgr, J wjaa wdrm wjt` t`g idaadwjho ljvjsjdh
w`grg t`g lbtgs brg fbsgl dh nbajfrbtgl N-2<5
„ Grtgfðaag5 7<33->:33 FN
„ Gbray Hgdajt`jn J5 >:33->733 FN „ Gbray Hgdajt`jn JJ5 >733->>33 FN
„ Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B J5 >>33->233 FN
„ Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B JJ-Y5 >233-6033 FN
6. ^durngs dh sdnjba strunturg
6.2. SB\\GVH^ DI \GVVJ\DVJBA FG@BYJDWV
\`g strghot` di tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur bhl t`g sjzg di tgrrjtdrjgs
kbrmgl, brg jkpdrtbht gagkghts idr t`g uhlgrstbhljho di
sdnjba strunturg jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn. \`g gvjlghng
js dhg sjlgl di ndursg. Gagkghts di tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur kby
fg rgndohjsgl bs sun`, w`grgbs abnm di gvjlghng nbhhdt fg
trbhsabtgl jhtd stbtgkghts di abnm di tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur.
\`g sgttagkght pbttgrh di t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg gx`jfjts b
ljstjhnt naustgrjho jh ndbstba brgbs, bhl b kbrmgl tghlghny
idr abrog sgttagkght sjtgs js dfvjdus (^.@. Bhlgrsgh 2::>,
99). \`js, `dwgvgr, ldgs hdt fy jtsgai jhljnbtg b strdho
tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur, sjhng t`g naustgrjho kust jh pbrt fg lug
td t`g ndhnghtrbtjdhs di t`g sgb-fbsgl rgsdurngs ibvdurgl. Dh
t`g dt`gr `bhl, gspgnjbaay prdkjhght ndhnghtrbtjdhs di stbfag
rgsdurngs nbh fg b strdho jhstjobtdr di b tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur
jh b `uhtgr-obt`grgr pdpuabtjdh.
\`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs, `dwgvgr, s`dw gvjlghng idr kbrmgl
rgojdhba ljvjsjdhs. \`js js kdst nagbray sggh dh Ugbabhl.
@grg b stuly di styajstjn gagkghts dh iabmg bxgs `bs s`dwh
t`bt badho t`g gbstgrh ndbst di t`g jsag t`rgg ljstjhnt ordups
nbh fg ljstjhoujs`gl bhl t`bt t`g brgb di gbn` ordup
kgbsurgs hd kdrg t`bh >3-73 mk bnrdss (Ybho Sgtgrsgh
2:0<, ijo. 27). Bhdt`gr jhljnbtjdh di rgojdhba ljiigrghtjbtjdh
js t`g kbrmgl vbrjbtjdh jh furjba trbljtjdh fgtwggh gbstUgbabhl (Bafrgt`sgh/Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh2:??= Hjgasgh/Frjhn`
Sgtgrsgh 2::>) bhl sdut`grh ^nbhjb, bs gvjlghngl fy t`g
^mbtg`dak furjbas sdkg 73 mk bwby (Abrssdh 2:00, 2?3-?6)
Dh b sdkgw`bt abrogr, ygt stjaa adnba snbag, wg ijhl
ndhsjlgrbfag vbrjbfjajty jh t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs, gspgnjbaay dh
bh gbst-wgst bxjs, wjt` t`g Orgbt fgat bs t`g kbedr ljvjlgr.
Bt t`g fgojhhjho di t`g Hgdajt`jn bh jhabhl ljspgrsba di t`g
sgttagkght brgbs dnnurs. \`g dal ndbstba brgbs brg hdt
bfbhldhgl, fut baa dvgr wg ijhl hgw skbaa sjtgs dh kbjhay
wgaa lrbjhgl sbhly sdjas, bhl gspgnjbaay t`g ljstrjfutjdh di
furjbas jhljnbtg b vgry kbrmgl kdvgkght jhabhl (Kblsgh
2::>, :9= \`drvjalsgh 2:<2, ijo. <2). Gvgh nadsg td t`g
ndbsts t`g sjtgs tghl td s`jit adnbtjdh irdk fgbn` pdsjtjdhs tdsbhly pbtn`gs fg`jhl t`g ndbst (Kblsgh/Eghsgh 2:06).
Jh t`g gbrajgst p`bsg di t`g \VF nuaturg wg brg lgbajho
wjt` twd ljiigrght pdttgry trbljtjdhs (Kblsgh 2::<, 6>7).
Dhg js hbkgl t`g Dxjg ordup. Jt `bs t`g kdst ajkjtgl
ljstrjfutjdh, n`jgiay jh t`g gbstgrh pbrts di ^dut` ^nbhlj-
hbvjb, bhl js t`g dhg wjt` t`g kdst dfvjdus rddts jh t`g
Grtgfðaag Nuaturg. Jt js t`g dt`gr, `dwgvgr, w`jn` jh t`js
ndhtgxt js di kbedr jhtgrgst, bs jt js t`g fgbrgr di w`bt kby
fg sggh bs t`g jlgdadojnba n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g \VF nuaturg.
Ydaajho, ^vbagmajht, @bvhgagv, ^vghstdrp, Kdssfy, Yrç,
^tghoblg JJ, ^jooghgfgh ^ñl, brg hbkgs bppajgl td jt. \`g
kbhy hbkgs brg hdt lug td b rjvbary di w`d `bs t`g rjo`t di
t`g hbkg ojvjho sjtg, fut js b rgsuat di b `jo` lgorgg di
rgojdhba vbrjbtjdh jh t`g lgndrbtjvg styag di t`g pdttgry. Dur
mhdwaglog di t`g lbtb js stjaa tdd ajkjtgl td baadw us td sby
gxbntay `dw adnba t`g styag vbrjbtjdh rgbaay js, fut jt sggks
surprjsjhoay adnbajsgl ndhsjlgrjho t`g ibnt t`bt wg brg lgbajho
wjt` pdttgry dnnurrjho jkkgljbtgay bitgr b kbedr nuaturba
trbhsjtjdh.
\drstgh Kblsgh Jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g gbrajgr Hgdajt`jndi sdut` ^nbhljhbvjb. B vjgw irdk t`g sdurngs
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_jt` t`g GH JJ bhl iurt`gr jhtd t`g KH B J wg sgg b
uhjijnbtjdh di t`g pdttgry styags ndvgrjho baa di ^dut`
^nbhljhbvjb, bhl gvgh t`g Hdrt`grh adwabhl irjhogs di
nghtrba Gurdpg5 uhjidrk, fbsjn styag sn`gkgs wjt` b pdssjfag
jlgdadojnba fbnmorduhl ldkjhbtg dur pgrngptjdh, fut fgadw,
t`grg sggks td fg kjhutg styag vbrjbtjdhs t`bt kby fg
bttrjfutgl td b fbsjn tgrrjtdrjba pbttgrhjho. \`gy brg hdt bt baawgaa stuljgl, `dwgvgr, bhl idr t`g kdkght fgjho kust
rgkbjh `ypdt`gtjnba.
Ji, `dwgvgr, wg addm bt t`g ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh di
nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs bhl kgobajt`jn tdkfs, wg ijhl vgry
ndhvjhnjho gvjlghng idr gvgh vgry skbaa snbagl rgojdhba
ljvjsjdhs. \`js js kdst nagbray lgkdhstrbtgl jh b stuly jh
gbstgrh Eutabhl, w`grg kgobajt`jn tdkfs naustgr lghsgay brduhl
mhdwh bhl prgsukgl ghnadsurgs, wjt` ljstbhngs di dhay
7-23 mjadkgtrgs fgtwggh naustgrs (Kblsgh 2:06). Ndkpbrbfag
naustgrs brg iduhl brduhl kbhy di t`g mhdwh ghnadsurgs. Bt
^brup, w`grg b abnm di mhdwh tdkfs hgbr t`g sjtg drjojhbaay
agl td t`g bssukptjdh di b rgojdhba stbtus di t`g ghnadsurg
(H.@. Bhlgrsgh 2:02, 06), survgys idaadwgl fy gxnbvbtjdhs`bvg hdw rgvgbagl >7 kgobajt`jn tdkfs wjt`jh dhg mk irdk
t`g sjtg (H. @. Bhlgrsgh 2::>, bhl pgrsdhba ndkkuhjnbtjdh).
Jh t`g KH B JJ-Y t`g pdttgry lgorblgs orblubaay. Lurjho
t`js prdngss t`g rgojdhbajsbtjdh jh t`g pdttgry lgndrbtjdh
styags (bs adho bs t`grg brg bhy lgndrbtjdhs agit) fgndkgs
vgry dfvjdus bobjh. \`us gvgh fgtwggh hgjo`fdurjho naustgrs
di kgobajt`jn tdkfs ljiigrghngs kby fg hdtgl (Ogfbugr
2:00, 227). Bpbrt irdk t`js t`grg js b tghlghny idr hunagbtjdh
jh t`g sgttagkght pbttgrh wjt` `uog bhl rbt`gr pgrkbhghtay
sgttagl sjtgs (Kblsgh 2:06). Iurt`gr t`grg js b strdho
ndhtjhujty jh sgttagkght brgbs (Lbvjlsgh 2:?0, 27:-293) bhl
jh furjba brgbs (Ogfbugr 2:00, 22?) wjt` b irgqught rg-usg di
gxjstjho kgobajt`jn tdkfs.
6.6. S@Z JNBA YJDAGHNG
Jh t`g Grtgfðaag bhl t`g \VF nuaturg t`grg js bh bstduhljho
bkduht di gvjlghng idr vjdaghng, ditgh di b ibtba hbturg.
Dh ibng vbaug t`g gvjlghng pdjhts td bfdut t`g kdst vjdaght
pgrjdl jh Lbhjs` Srg`jstdry.
Brrdw s`dts sggk td fg b irgqught nbusg di lgbt`
(Bafrgt`sgh/Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2:??, 2<= Abrssdh 2:00, :2=
Kblsgh 2::3f, <3), fut gvgh kdrg ndkkdh brg agsjdhs td
t`g smuaa. _g ijhl sgvgrba smuaas wjt` irbnturgs bs wgaa bs
nagbr kbrms irdk jkpbnt di bxgs. B spgnjba ordup di
gvjlghng brg trgpbhbtjdhs, kbhy di w`jn` wgrg sunngssiua.\`gy naustgr dh t`g uppgr agit pbrt di t`g `gbl, bhl brg tdlby
ndhsjlgrgl td fg surojnba dpgrbtjdhs td sbvg vjntjks irdk
dpgh irbnturgs di t`g smuaa jhiajntgl fy strjmjho wgbpdhs
(Fghhjmg 2:07, :6 ii.). B t`jrl ordup di ijhls ndhsjsts di
smgagtba kbtgrjba irdk fdo diigrjhos (Fghhjmg/Gffgsgh
2:0?). \`grg brg qujtg b igw `ukbh smgagtdhs bssdnjbtgl
wjt` diigrjhos jh t`g fdos, bhl bt agbst sdkg di t`gsg wgrg
lgajfgrbtgay mjaagl. Jh twd nbsgs strbhouabtjdhs wjt` ndrls brg
bttgstgl, bhl jh dt`gr nbsgs sabyjho wjt` bxgs sggks `jo`ay
prdfbfag.
Jt js tgkptjho td sgg t`js bkpag gvjlghng idr vjdaghng jh
ljrgnt ndhhgntjdh wjt` t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g kbtgrjba nuaturg
idr skbaa snbag rgojdhba ljvjsjdhs. \`us, jt kby fg t`bt t`g
tghlghny idr bh btdkjsgl ordup pbttgrh js bssdnjbtgl wjt` b`jo` lgorgg di hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty dh t`g jhtgr-ordup agvga.
6.>. FWVJBA SVBN\JNG^
\`g kbedr pbrt di t`g Kgsdajt`jn furjbas brg irdk t`g
fgojhhjho di t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg dr irdk t`g ghl di t`g
prgngljho pgrjdl. @grg wg ijhl dn`rg ndadurjho bs wgaa
bs sgx bhl stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdh's jh t`g furjbas. Jh t`g abtgr
pbrt di t`g Grtgfðaag nuaturg t`g furjbas brg rbt`gr igw bhl
oghgrbaay uhiurhjs`gl bhl wjt`dut dn`rg (Hjgasgh/Frjhn`
Sgtgrsgh 2::>, ??). Jh Lghkbrm smgagtdhs hgbray bawbys ajg
jh b supjhg pdsjtjdh, gxtghlgl wjt` t`g brks badho t`g sjlg,
w`grgbs jh ^nbhjb t`grg js b orgbtgr vbrjbfjajty, jhnauljho
furjbas jh `dnmgr bs wgaa bs sjttjho pdsjtjdh (Abrssdh 2:00,23> ii.). Bat`duo` kdst orbvgs ndhtbjh jhljvjluba furjbas,
kdrg t`bh dhg pgrsdh jh b orbvg js hdt uhndkkdh5 bs kbhy
bs gjo`t pgrsdhs `bvg fggh iduhl jh dhg orbvg (Frjhn`
Sgtgrsgh 2:00).
Irdk t`g \VF nuaturg wg `bvg dhay b igw furjbas, w`grg
wg nbh jlghtjiy t`g jhljvjlubas t`rduo` t`g smgagtba kbtgrjba.
\`us jh GH J t`grg brg dhay t`rgg orbvgs, w`grg wg nbh fg
pdsjtjvg di `bvjho t`g iuaa jhtgrhkght. ^urprjsjhoay, twd di
t`gsg orbvgs ndhtbjh idur bhl ijvg jhljvjlubas rgspgntjvgay,
furjgl bt t`g sbkg tjkg jh supjhg gxtghlgl pdsjtjdh wjt` t`g
brks fy t`g sjlgs (Kblsgh 2::>). Baa gvjlghng irdk dt`gr
agss wgaa prgsgrvgl furjbas suoogst t`g sbkg typg di
jhtgrkght, bat`duo` wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr kuatjpag furjbas
brg t`g gxngptjdh dr t`g ruag.
B stuly `bs fggh nbrrjgl dut td gstbfajs` sgx bhl stbtus
ljiigrghtjbtjdhs jh t`g GH J furjbas, fut jh vbjh. \`g rjn`hgss
di t`g iurhjs`jho vbrjgs ndhsjlgrbfay, fut t`grg ldgs hdt sggk
td fg b ndhsjstghny jh t`g ndkfjhbtjdhs. \`js kby rgiagnt t`bt
t`grg brg hd dvgrrjljho ruags, fut jt kby basd kgbh t`bt
kuatjpag furjbas brg kdrg ndkkdh t`bh wg tghl td fgajgvg.
Kdst di t`g furjbas brg iduhl jh wddlgh n`bkfgrs dr ndiijhs
jh adho fbrrdws. B trbljtjdh di pabnjho pdttgry, kdstay rjn`ay
lgndrbtgl auoogl fgbmgrs, bt t`g tgrkjhba ibnblgs di t`g
fbrrdws js prdkjhght.
Jh GH JJ wg stjaa nbh idaadw t`g trbljtjdh di supjhggxtghlgl furjbas. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg b nustdk di pabnjho dhg
dr twd iabsms (gjt`gr auoogl dr ndaabrgl) bt t`g iggt di t`g
lgngbsgl lgvgadps. Dt`gr jtgks brg rbrg bhl, bobjh, t`grg js
hd pbrtjnuabr strunturg s`dwjho sgx dr stbtus ljiigrghtjbtjdhs.
Jh blljtjdh, pdttgry (auoogl fgbmgrs, fdwas, bhl iuhhga
fgbmgrs) js pabngl bt vbrjdus pdsjtjdhs badho t`g pgrjp`gry di
t`g kduhl.
?9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Jh KH B J wg ndkpagtgay addsg trbnm di t`g hbturg di t`g
furjbas. Jt js t`g kbjh fut basd t`g ijhba p`bsg di fujaljho
kgobajt`jn tdkfs, bhl uhidrtuhbtgay t`g sufsgqught rgusg di
t`g tdkfs `bs ndkpagtgay dfajtgrbtgl t`g prjkbry furjbas.
Nagbrgl kbtgrjbas irdk t`g n`bkfgrs, `dwgvgr, jhljnbtg b
irgqught iurhjs`jho wjt` pdttgry. Sdttgry lgpdsjtjdhs dutsjlg
t`g tdkfs jhnrgbsg sufstbhtjbaay, bhl t`gy brg, bs b ruag,pabngl bt t`g ghtrbhng.
\`g abrog naustgrs di kgobajt`jn tdkfs, bhl t`g s`drt
ljstbhngs fgtwggh t`g naustgrs, suoogst b vgry `jo` rbtg di
tdkf fujaljho. Jhlggl bh gstjkbtgl 67.333 kgobajt`jn tdkfs
jh Lghkbrm (Gffgsgh 2:07, <3= ^mbbrup 2::>, 23<) `bvg
fggh fujat wjt`jh <33 ygbrs, bvgrbojho kdrg t`bh 93 tdkfs b
ygbr. _jt`jh t`g kbedr naustgrs hukfgrjho >3 tdkfs dr kdrg
jt wdual `bvg kgbht bh bvgrbog fujaljho rbtg di dhg tdkf
gvgry 23 td 27 ygbrs, bhl prdfbfay kdrg jh t`g pgbm pgrjdls.
Kgobajt`jn tdkfs jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb `bvg fggh
jhtgrprgtgl bs gvjlghng idr b strbtjijgl sdnjgty, bhl jhlggl idr
n`jgildks (Mrjstjbhsgh 2:0<= ^mbbrup 2::3). \dogt`gr wjt`
t`g wddlgh n`bkfgrs jh adho fbrrdws irdk t`g prgngljhopgrjdl t`gy ngrtbjhay sggk bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g lgbt` bhl
furjba di pbrtjnuabr jhljvjlubas, jh ndhtrbst td idr jhstbhng
Orgbt Frjtbjh, w`grg nagbr jhljnbtjdhs idr dssubry iuhntjdhs
brg dfsgrvgl (@glogs 2:0<,2>> ii.= Mjhhgs 2::6, :0 ii.).
\`g kuatjpag furjbas bhl jhlggl t`g irgqughny di t`g tdkfs,
`dwgvgr, ldgs hdt spgbm jh ibvdur di b kbrmgl strbtjijnbtjdh.
Irdk KH B JJ t`g ndhstruntjdh di kgobajt`jn tdkfs
ngbsgl. \`grg wbs, `dwgvgr, bh gxtghsjvg rg-usg di t`g
tdkfs. Ndhsjlgrbfag bkduhts di kbtgrjba jh t`g n`bkfgrs
lbtg irdk KH B JJ bhl dhwbrls, bhl bt t`g ghtrbhngs t`g
prbntjng di lgpdsjtjho pdttgry ndhtjhugl. Jh b igw wgaa-
jhvgstjobtgl nbsgs wg nbh nduht ?-0 ljstjhnt lgpdsjtjdhs2,
prdfbfay jhljnbtjho t`g sbkg hukfgr di jhtgrkght gpjsdlgs,
ndvgrjho b pgrjdl di bpprdxjkbtgay 233 ygbrs. \dwbrls t`g
ghl di t`g \VF nuaturg lgpdsjtjdh di pdttgry dutsjlg t`g
tdkfs ngbsgl, fut jhstgbl b hgw trbljtjdh di lgpdsjtjho ijrg
nrbnmgl iajht bxgs bppgbrs (^mbbrup 2::>, 23:). Bt t`g sbkg
tjkg t`g jkpdrtbhng di bxgs jhsjlg t`g n`bkfgrs kbrmglay
jhnrgbsgs.
Lug td t`g ndhtjhuds rg-usg di t`g kgobajt`jn tdkfs lurjho
t`g rgst di t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl jhtd t`g Frdhzg bog, wg mhdw
vgry ajttag di t`g n`brbntgr di t`g furjbas. Jh ^nbhjb jt sggks
qujtg ngrtbjh t`bt fy t`g ghl di KH B t`g tdkfs brg usgl bs
dssubrjgs, bs gvjlghngl irdk t`g prgsghng di sdrtgl `gbps di
fdhgs dh sgvgrba tdkf iaddrs (^trùkfgro 2:?2b, 2:?2f).\`grg js gvgh b nbsg di ljskgkfgrgl fdhgs jh b pjt uhlgr t`g
iaddr di t`g pbssbog orbvg Nbras`ùogh, lbtjho td t`g gbray
KH B, bhl prdfbfay ndhtgkpdrbry wjt` t`g fujaljho di t`g
tdkf (^trùkfgro 2:?2b, 70 ii.). ^nbhjb, `dwgvgr, js ljiigrght
irdk t`g rgst di ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb. \`g hukfgr di tdkfs js
gxtrgkgay adw, bhl t`g lghsg naustgrjho js hdt prgsght. Jt js
prgsghtay uhngrtbjh td w`jn` gxtght t`g lgvgadpkght tdwbrls
bh dssubry iuhntjdh di t`g tdkfs basd tddm pabng jh
Lghkbrm, bat`duo` bt Madmmg`ðe dh ^dut`grh Iyh `gbps di
fdhgs irdk kbhy jhljvjlubas lbtjho td t`g ghl di KH B
wgrg iduhl (\`drsgh 2:02).
6.<. NBW^G_BZGL GHNAD^WVG^
\`grg js nurrghtay b ajttag kdrg t`bh >3 mhdwh ghnadsurgs jhLghkbrm, fut wjt` t`g mhdwaglog wg `bvg hdw, wg nbh
gxpgnt gvgry kbedr naustgr di kgobajt`jn tdkfs td `bvg bh
ghnadsurg bssdnjbtgl wjt` jt. Ngrtbjhay, wg nbh gxpgnt t`g
hukfgr di ghnadsurgs td bkduht td sgvgrba `uhlrgl.
Dfvjdusay, kun` gkp`bsjs `bs fggh pabngl dh t`g `uog,
sggkjhoay pabhhgl bhl drobhjsgl ndhstruntjdh wdrms. Bt ijrs
sjo`t, t`js sggks td jhljnbtg b strdho nghtrba but`drjty,
rgjohjho b ndhsjlgrbfag hukfgr di sufegnts. Fut t`jhos kby
hdt fg t`bt strbjo`t idrwbrl. Baa ghnadsurgs wgrg fujat wjt`jh
GH JJ bhl KH B J, ndhtgkpdrbry wjt` t`g kgobajt`jn tdkfs
(Kblsgh 2:00). Oghgrbaay t`gy ndhsjst di dhg dr kdrg rdws
di jhtgrruptgl ljtn`gs bhl dnnbsjdhbaay basd pbajsblgs.
B nadsgr jhvgstjobtjdh di t`dsg nbsgs wjt` kuatjpag rdws di ljtn`gs suoogsts t`bt t`gy kby hdt baa fg ndhtgkpdrbry.
Iurt`grkdrg, w`gh wg addm bt t`g jhljvjluba ljtn` sgokghts
wjt`jh b rdw di ljtn`gs wg ijhl bh ditgh ndkpagx pbttgrh di
rgusg. Nuttjhos brg idaadwgl fy b sgqughng di rgijaajho bhl
sufsgqught rg-nuttjho (H.@. Bhlgrsgh 2::>= Kblsgh 2:00).
\`g ghnadsurgs brg di ndursg kdhukghtba ndhstruntjdhs
fut, kdrg jkpdrtbhtay, t`gy brg t`g idnj di ndhtjhudus bntjdh
ljoojho `dags, ldjho sdkg rjtubas bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g `dags,
bhl ndvgrjho gvgryt`jho up bobjh. _g `bvg, di ndursg,
ljiijnuatjgs lgnjljho w`gt`gr bntjvjtjgs jh ljiigrght ljtn`
sgokghts brg ndhtgkpdrbry dr hdt, fut bt agbst t`g bntjvjty
pbttgrh js sgokghtgl jh t`g sghsg t`bt gvgry ljtn` sgokght
ndhstjtutgs bh bntjvjty brgb fy jtsgai. Ndkfjhgl jh tjkg bhl
spbng bnrdss t`g ghnadsurg wg ogt bh boorgobtg di sgokghtgl
bntjvjty. Jt js t`js boorgobtg w`jn` js rgbaay t`g kdhukght,
bhl J lduft vgry kun` t`bt wg nbh sgg t`js boorgobtg bs
gvjlghng di b nghtrba but`drjty. Vbt`gr, J wdual ajmg td strgss
t`g sgokghtbtjdh bs jkpdrtbht, jhljnbtjho b nd-dpgrbtjvg
vghturg di sgokghtgl pdpuabtjdhs.
6.7. ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG5 @JGVBVN@Z DV ^GOKGH\B\JDH4
Jt js dfvjdus t`bt t`g spgntbnuabr kgobajt`jn tdkfs bhl t`g
jkprgssjvg nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs nbh jhlung t`g nbsuba
jhvgstjobtdr td ndhnaulg b `jo`ay `jgrbrn`jnba sdnjgty. \`js
`bs fggh tbmgh td gxtrgkgs, wjt` sdkg but`drs gvgh spgbmjhodi mjholdks (Mùrhgr/Abux 2:03). Sgrsdhbaay, J ijhl vgry
ajttag gvjlghng idr b `jgrbrn`jnba strunturg jh t`g \VF nuaturg
(sgg basd Kblsgh 2::3b). Dh t`g ndhtrbry, J igga t`bt t`g
gvjlghng oghgrbaay pdjhts tdwbrls b strdhoay sgokghtgl
sdnjgty wjt` b `jo` lgorgg di hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty. Fbabhnjho
t`g hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty, `dwgvgr, rgqujrgs b hukfgr di
jkpdrtbht ndkkuhba trbhsbntjdhs, baa `gbvjay rjtubajsgl. \`g
?? \. KBL^GH „ JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs kby `bvg pabygl bh jkpdrtbht rdag jh
t`js ndhhgntjdh, fut basd gxn`bhog, w`jn` J `bvgh't lgbat
wjt` `grg, kust `bvg fggh jkpdrtbht (jhnauljho kjhgl iajht
idr kbohjijnght bxgs, bkfgr idr drhbkghts, bhl jhlggl
qubhtjtjgs di gxdtjn ndppgr) (Kblsgh 2::2, <:<). B
sgokghtgl sdnjgty sggks td `bvg prgvbjagl lurjho t`g
Grtgfðaag pgrjdl bs wgaa, bhl jt js qugstjdhbfag w`gt`gr bhykbedr n`bhogs jh t`g dvgrbaa pbttgrh di sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh
dnnurrgl wjt` t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk t`g Kgsdajt`jn td t`g
Hgdajt`jn.
>. ^durngs dh jlgdadoy
>.2. KDHWKGH\^ „ B MGZ \D JLGDADOZ4
\`grg js hd lduft t`bt t`g kdhukghts „ tdkfs bhl
nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs „ pabygl b ldkjhbht rdag jh sdnjgty.
Bpbrt irdk w`btgvgr prbntjnba purpdsgs t`gsg kdhukghts
kby `bvg `bl jh \VF gndhdkjn bhl sdnjba ajig, jt sggks sbig
td bssukg t`bt mgy igbturgs di t`g jlgdadoy wgrg bssdnjbtgl
wjt` bhl lggpay gkfgllgl jh t`gsg kdhukghts.
_g brg, J fgajgvg, ibr irdk uhlgrstbhljho t`js jlgdadoy.Ndkpbrgl td t`g abtgr nuaturba lgvgadpkght jh ^dut`
^nbhljhbvjb, t`g jkprgssjdhs wg ogt irdk t`g sdurngs brg
dll bhl bajgh. _g nbh dhay `gsjtbhtay bttgkpt td uhlgrstbhl
t`g `jhtgrayjho jlgbs. Dhg pdjht td stbrt irdk ndual fg t`g
uhjvgrsba bppgbrbhng di t`g twd typgs di kdhukghts jh
hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh Gurdpg. Hdt dhay ld t`gy bppgbr baa
dvgr, fut b ndkpbrjsdh s`dws bh bstdhjs`jho sjkjabrjty jh
strunturg bhl bntjvjty pbttgrhs jh wjlgay sgpbrbtg rgojdhs.
\`us lgspjtg t`g ljstbhng fgtwggh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb bhl
sdut`grh Ghoabhl, bhl lgspjtg t`g vbst ljiigrghngs jh kbtgrjba
nuaturg t`bt kby spgbm bobjhst bhy nadsgr ndhtbnt, t`grg js b
surprjsjho borggkght jh t`g strunturg di t`g adho fbrrdws jh
fdt` rgojdhs (ndkpbrg Mjhhgs 2::6 wjt` Kblsgh 2:?:), bhl
t`g sbkg js trug wjt` pbrt di t`g bntjvjty pbttgrhs wjt`jh t`g
ghnadsurgs (Kblsgh 2:00, >>6).
Bh gxpabhbtjdh idr t`gsg sjkjabrjtjgs ndual fg t`bt t`g
kdhukghts brg t`g nbrrjgrs di vjrtubaay t`g sbkg jlgbs „
jlgbs wjt` b ndkkdh drjojh. \`js drjojh ndual vgry wgaa ajg
badho t`g irjhogs di t`g abtg ajhgbr pdttgry nuaturgs, bhl jh
t`dsg brgbs w`jn` `bvg fggh pbrt di t`g prdngss t`bt nrgbtgl
t`g nuaturba bhl gndhdkjn prbntjngs idr t`g typg di
borjnuaturg t`bt sprgbl jhtd Hdrt` bhl Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg
brduhl <333 FN, wgaa blbptgl td t`g idrgstgl kdrbjhg
abhlsnbpgs. @dllgr (2::3) `bs suoogstgl t`bt t`g gbray
trbpgzdjlba adho fbrrdws brg strunturba ndpjgs di t`g abtgajhgbr pdttgry `dusgs, bh jlgb t`bt J bk wjaajho td s`brg.
@g basd suoogsts t`bt t`g fbrrdws wgrg ndhsjlgrgl bs `dusgs
fy t`g vbrjdus ordups jh Hdrt` bhl Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg. \`js
dal bhl ditgh stbtgl jlgb js agss ajmgay, J fgajgvg. \`g idrk di
t`g `dusgs vbrjgl ndhsjlgrbfay wjt`jh t`g brgb, fut hdhg di
t`gk sggks td `bvg fggh di b idrk t`bt rgsgkfags t`g ajhgbr
pdttgry `dusgs. Jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb wg ijhl, idr jhstbhng,
skbaa dvba `uts (Grjmsgh 2::6). \`g adho fbrrdws kdrg ajmgay
rgprgsght b strunturg bssdnjbtgl wjt` jlgbs di bh brn`bjn
`dkg, bhl jlgbs di pbssbog td t`js.
\`g ghnadsurgs kby basd fg sggh jh rgabtjdh td ajhgbr
pdttgry ghnadsurgs, fut wg brg nurrghtay dh uhngrtbjh orduhl.
_g s`dual hdtg, `dwgvgr, t`bt ghnadsurgs bhl kdhukghtba
tdkfs jh Hdrt` bhl Hdrt`wgst Gurdpg brg vgry jhtjkbtgaybssdnjbtgl, bhl t`bt wg nbhhdt uhlgrstbhl t`g dhg wjt`dut
t`g dt`gr. \`js js hdt dhay fgnbusg di t`g irgqught dnnurrghng
di `ukbh fdhgs, pbrtjnuabray smuaas, jh t`g ghnadsurgs, fut jt
js basd fdrhg dut fy sjkjabrjtjgs jh rjtuba bntjvjtjgs pgridrkgl
bt t`g twd typgs di kdhukghts. Fbsjn gagkghts jh ^dut`
^nbhljhbvjb brg pdttgry bhl ijrg.
>.6. \@G WHJIJNB\JDH DI SD\\GVZ
\`g pdttgry di t`g hdrt`grh bhl wgstgrh ordups di t`g \VF
nuaturg js rghdwh idr jts `jo` qubajty, tgn`hjnbaay bs wgaa bs
brtjstjnbaay. Idr t`dsg hdt prjkbrjay stulyjho t`g \VF nuaturg
jt js agss bpprgnjbtgl, J fgajgvg, t`bt t`grg js b kbrmgl
uhjidrkjty di styag irdk @daabhl jh t`g ^dut`wgst td ^nbhjbjh t`g Hdrt`gbst, b ljstbhng di 033 mjadkgtrgs. \`js js
gspgnjbaay trug di t`g orgbt styags di t`g gbray Kjllag
Hgdajt`jn. \`us fdwas irdk dhg ghl di t`g brgb brg `brlay
ljstjhoujs`bfag irdk fdwas irdk t`g dt`gr ghl, bhl t`g sbkg
js trug sajo`tay abtgr wjt` s`dualgrgl vgssgas (idr b oghgrba
dvgrvjgw di t`g \VF pdttgry, sgg Kjloagy 2::6).
B nbsg di ibs`jdh4 @brlay! Ijrst di baa, t`g lgndrbtjvg
styags brg strjntay fduhl td spgnjijn idrks. B fdwa `bs dhg
typg di lgndrbtjdh, b pglgstba fdwa bhdt`gr, bhl b s`dualgrgl
vgssga b t`jrl. _jt` b igw spgnjijn gxngptjdhs, lgndrbtjdhs
hgvgr nrdss irdk dhg typg td bhdt`gr. ^gndhlay, pbrtjnuabr
typgs `bvg b tghlghny td dnnur jh pbrtjnuabr ndhtgxts. Irdk
t`g vgry fgojhhjho di t`g \VF nuaturg jh Lghkbrm wg ijhl
rjn`ay lgndrbtgl auoogl fgbmgrs wjt` rgpgbtgl lgndrbtjdvg
pbttgrhs dh hgnm bhl fgaay. \`gsg auoogl fgbmgrs brg kdst
irgqughtay iduhl bt t`g ibnblgs di t`g adho fbrrdws, bhl
sgaldk jh dt`gr ndhtgxts.
Jh t`g idaadwjho GH JJ p`bsg t`g lgndrbtjdh styag n`bhogs
ndhsjlgrbfay. Zgt t`g trbljtjdh di t`g rjn`ay lgndrbtgl auoogl
fgbmgrs js kbjhtbjhgl, bhl gvgh ji t`g lgndrbtjdh pbttgrhs
t`gksgavgs `bvg n`bhogl ndhsjlgrbfay (hdw ldkjhbtgl fy
n`gvrdh fbhls jh t`g sd nbaagl Iun`sfgro styag), t`g
rgpgtjtjdh di pbttgrhs dh hgnm bhl fgaay ndhtjhug. \`g fdwa
js jhtrdlungl bt t`js tjkg, bhl jt rgngjvgs t`g sbkg n`gvrdh
fbhl typg di lgndrbtjdh. Fdt` t`g auoogl fgbmgrs bhl fdwasjh Iun`sfgro styag brg hdw jhnrgbsjhoay iduhl bt t`g mgrfs di
kgobajt`jn tdkfs. \`gy brg basd irgqughtay iduhl bt t`g
ghnadsurgs, w`grg bt ^brup, idr jhstbhng, wg ijhl t`gk bt t`g
pbajsblg, bhl jh t`g pgrjp`grba ljtn`gs (H.@. Bhlgrsgh 2::>,
236).
\`g Iun`sfgro styag ljrgntay lgvgadps jhtd t`g styag di
vgrtjnba fbhls n`brbntgrjstjn di fdwas bhl auoogl fgbmgrs jh
?0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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t`g KH J-JJ. Jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb t`g fdwas brg kdst
irgqughtay iduhl jh t`g pdttgry lgpdsjts bt t`g ghtrbhngs. Jt js
prdfbfag t`bt b spgnjijn kgbhjho wbs bttbn`gl td t`js pdttgry.
\`g nadsg bssdnjbtjdh di rjn` lgndrbtjdh wjt` t`g auoogl
fgbmgr bhl abtgr t`g fdwa idrk idr bakdst b kjaaghhjuk, bhl
t`g rgpgbtgl pbttgrhs dh hgnm bhl fgaay, bs wgaa bs t`g
ndhsjstght usg di t`gsg typgs jh ndhhgntjdh wjt` lgpdsjtjdhsbt t`g ibnblgs, w`gt`gr di tdkfs dr nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs,
strgssgs t`js pdjht. \`g prdspgnt fgndkgs hd agss jhtgrgstjho
w`gh wg ndhsjlgr t`bt t`g sdnjba strunturg prdfbfay jhvdavgl
b kbrmgl tgrrjtdrjba fg`bvjdur bkdho rbt`gr skbaa ordups,
bhl wjt` b kbrmgl tghlghny idr hgobtjvg rgnjprdnjty.
\`us t`g ndoght styag/idrk ndkfjhbtjdhs prdfbfay `bl b
vgry nagbr kgbhjho t`bt wbs wgaa uhlgrstddl bnrdss t`g
sdnjd-pdajtjnba abhlsnbpg. \`g `uog bkduht di `jo` qubajty
pdttgry t`bt wbs ‐ndhsukgl‚ bhl lgstrdygl jh abrog snbag
rjtubas t`bt kby irgqughtay `bvg obt`grgl kbhy kdrg t`bh
t`g adnba sdnjba ordup, sggks td suppdrt t`g jlgb di bh
jh`grght kgbhjho, w`jn` kby wgaa `bvg fggh bntjvbtgl dh
t`gsg dnnbsjdhs.
>.>. \@G JKSDV\BHNG DI IJVG
_`grgbs t`g kgbhjho di t`g pdttgry kby fg `brl, ji hdt
jkpdssjfag, td uhlgrstbhl, wg kby fg b ajttag fgttgr dii wjt`
ijrg. Ijrg js bh ditgh dvgraddmgl, ygt pdssjfay jkpdrtbht
gagkght jh t`g \VF-nuaturg w`gh wg tbam bfdut jlgdadoy.
^ggkjhoay, ijrg js prgsght gvgryw`grg td b lgorgg di
pyrdkbhjb. Jt js b ndhstbht gagkght jh bssdnjbtjdh wjt` t`g
kdhukghtba tdkfs, bhl jt pabys b ldkjhbtjho rdag jh
ndhhgntjdh wjt` t`g ghnadsurgs.
Jh t`g GH J adho fbrrdws, ijrg wbs usgl td lgstrdy t`g
wddlgh n`bkfgrs, fgidrg t`gy wgrg ndvgrgl dvgr wjt` gbrt`.
Ajmgwjsg t`g `gbvy tgrkjhba tjkfgr ibnblgs wgrg, ji hdt
lgstrdygl, t`gh `gbvjay sndrn`gl fy ijrg. Jh t`g GH JJ bhl
KH J kgobajt`jn tdkfs ijrg wbs usgl td nrbnm t`g iaddr tjags
bhl furh t`g naby fghgbt` t`g iaddr td b rgl ndadur. Jt wbs
iurt`gr usgl td nrbnm iajht hdluags w`jn` wgrg usgl bs
pbnmjho brduhl t`g n`bkfgr dr jh nrus`gl skbaa irbokghts bs
b ijhg w`jtg iaddr abygr. \`g ijrg nrbnmgl iajht ndual iurt`gr
fg pabngl jh skbaa qubhtjtjgs jhsjlg vgssgas, dr badho wjt`
vgssgas jh skbaa `gbps bt t`g pdttgry lgpdsjtjdhs jh irdht di
t`g tdkfs. Bt t`js tjkg dhay uhusgl hdluags di iajht sggks td
`bvg fggh nrbnmgl fy ijrg.
Bt t`g ghnadsurgs t`grg brg `gbvy trbngs di ijrgs jh t`g
ljtn`gs, ditgh bs jt sggks ndvgrgl up w`jag furhjho. \`grgbrg kbedr pdttgry lgpdsjts t`bt `bvg fggh lgstrdygl fy
dvgr`gbtjho, pdssjfay lgajfgrbtgay. \`grg js kbssgs di furht
lbuf, kdrg t`bh jh bhy dt`gr pgrjdl di Lbhjs` prg`jstdry,
bhl prdfbfay kdrg t`bh nbh fg gxpabjhgl fy bnnjlghtba ijrjho
di `dusgs.
\dwbrls t`g ghl di t`g \VF nuaturg t`g usg di ijrg
nrbnmgl iajht fgndkgs kbssjvg. _g `bvg pbssbog orbvgs,
w`grg b >3 nk t`jnm abygr di furht iajht hdluags surrduhl t`g
furjba ojits di abtg \VF furjbas bhl ndvgrs up fdhg kbtgrjba
irdk prgvjdus furjbas. Dutsjlg t`g tdkfs t`g pdttgry
lgpdsjtjdhs brg sufstjtutgl fy b lgpdsjtjdh di ijrg-nrbnmgl
iajht tddas, kdstay bxgs.
\d uhlgrstbhl t`js gxngssjvg usg di ijrg wg `bvg td rgbajsg
t`g hbturg di t`g \VF gndhdky. \`g hbturba ghvjrdhkghtwbs `gbvjay idrgstgl, bhl b sabs` bhl furh gndhdky `bs fggh
bssukgl idr kbhy ygbrs. Idr vbrjdus rgbsdhs t`js bssukptjdh
wbs strdhoay ljsnrgljtgl jh t`g sgvghtjgs bhl gjo`tjgs
(Vdwagy-Ndhwy 2:02). Irdk rgnght pdaagh jhvgstjobtjdh
fghgbt` fbrrdws irdk t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn bhl t`g gbray
kjllag Hgdajt`jn, jt `bs hdw fggh prdvgh t`bt sabs` bhl furh
ndhstjtutgl b vgry jkpdrtbht gagkght jh t`g abhl kbhbogkgh
(^.\`. Bhlgrsgh 2::>b, 2::>f). Jhlggl, bs jt addms hdw, t`g
sgttagl brgbs wbs ldkjhbtgl fy b sgndhlbry idrgst di ijrst
fjrn` bhl abtgr ndppjngl `bzga, usgl bs t`g fbsjs idr t`g sabs`
bhl furh bntjvjtjgs.
Bobjhst t`js fbnmorduhl ijrg kby wgaa `bvg bttbjhgl b
kgbhjho bs b ajig nrgbtdr t`rduo` lgstruntjdh. Ijrg wbs blgstruntjvg idrng, fut jh t`g prdngss di lgstruntjdh t`g
iduhlbtjdh di hgw ajig wbs abjl ldwh. \`us, w`gh ijrg wbs
usgl gxtghsjvgay jh furjba ndhtgxts, jt kby wgaa fg b rgiagntjdh
di `dw t`g hbturg di ajig wbs uhlgrstddl. Iurt`grkdrg, ijrg
wbs jhlggl t`g idrng t`bt nrgbtgl bhl prgsgrvgl t`g pdttgry.
Ijrjho kby wgaa `bvg fggh ndhsjlgrgl t`g bntjdh t`bt nrgbtgl
kgbhjho bhl jkpdrtbhng td t`g pdttgry. Ji J s`dual ojvg b fjl
idr b sjhoag fbsjn gagkght dh w`jn` t`g jlgdadoy di t`g \VF
sdnjgty wbs fujal, jt wdual fg ijrg. \dogt`gr wjt` pdttgry, jt j
t`g gagkght t`bt ldkjhbtgs dur gvjlghng idr rjtubas, bhl sggh
jh rgabtjdh td t`g gndhdky jt js bh gagkght di pdtghtjbaay
uhlgrstbhlbfag kgbhjho.
<. Ndhnausjdh
Jh ndhnausjdh, J rgorgttbfay `bvg td blkjt t`bt t`grg js ajttag
td ndhnaulg. J `bvg trjgl td pdjht dut t`bt t`grg js hdt`jho td
suoogst b n`bhog di t`g fbsjn sdnjba strunturg irdk t`g
Kgsdajt`jn td t`g Hgdajt`jn. \`rduo`dut, J fgajgvg, wg lgba
wjt` b strdhoay sgokghtgl, ndkpgtjtjvg sdnjgty. Bpbrt irdk
t`js, J igbr wg brg stjaa ibr irdk b nadsgr uhlgrstbhljho di t`g
sdnjba strunturg.
Gvgh kdrg spgnuabtjvg js dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g
jlgdadoy. \`g sggkjhoay jrrbtjdhba hbturg di t`g gvjlghng
prgvghts dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g jlgbs odvgrhjho \VF
sdnjgty. _jt` t`g ndrlgl wbrg nuaturg bhl iurt`gr dh t`rduo`prg`jstdry, pgdpag stbrt td fg`bvg jh b kdrg ‑hdrkba‛ bhl
uhlgrstbhlbfag wby. Jh t`g \VF nuaturg, `dwgvgr, wg brg
agit wjt` b igw `jhts di kgbhjho dhay. Gvgh ji wg kby
fgajgvg t`bt wg brg nbpbfag di uhlgrstbhljho t`gsg jhljvjluba
gagkghts, J igbr wg kby hgvgr rgbn` b pdjht, w`grg wg nbh
nabjk t`bt wg `bvg b nd`grght uhlgrstbhljho di t`g \VF
uhjvgrsg.
?: \. KBL^GH „ JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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hdtg
2 Bs bt Hðrrgkbrmsoçrl nadsg td @drsghs jh Gbstgrh Eutabhl. \`g
sjtg wbs gxnbvbtgl fy t`g but`dr. Jt js stjaa uhpufajs`gl.
rgigrghngs
Bafrgt`sgh, ^.G. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2:??. Gxnbvbtjdh di b
Kgsdajt`jn ngkgtgry bt YglfŞm, Lghkbrm, Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb Yda. <?, 2:?9 , 2-60.
Bhlgrsgh, H. @. 2:02. ^brup. FgiŞstglg hgdajtjsmg bhaŞo do lgrgs
fbooruhl, Muka 2:03, Çrfdo idr Eysm BrmŞdadojsm ^gasmbf, 9>-23>.
Bhlgrsgh, H. @. 2::>. Nbusgwbygl nbkps di t`g Iuhhga Fgbmgr
Nuaturg. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Bbr`us, 233-23>.
Bhlgrsgh ^.@. 2::>. Kgsdajt`jn ndbstba sgttagkght. Jh5 ^. @vbss &F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoyjh Lghkbrm , Bbr`us, 97-90.
Bhlgrsgh ^. \`. 2::>b. Gbray borjnuaturg. Jh5 ^. @vbss bhl
F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoyjh Lghkbrm , Bbr`us, 00-:2.
Bhlgrsgh ^. \`. 2::>f. Gbray bhl Kjllag Hgdajt`jn borjnuaturg gh
Lghkbrm. Sdaagh spgntrb irdk sdjas jh furjba kduhls di t`g Iuhhga
Fgbmgr Nuaturg, Edurhba di Gurdpgbh Brn`bgdadoy 2, 27>-203.
Fghhjmg, S. 2:07. Sbabgdpbt`dadoy di Lbhjs` ^mgagtdhs5 Bndkpbrbtjvg stuly di lgkdorbp`y, ljsgbsg bhl jheury, Mðfgh`bvh.
Fghhjmg, S. & M. Gffgsgh 2:0?. \`g fdo ijhl irdk ^jogrslba5
`ukbh sbnrjijng jh t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn, Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy 7, 07-227.
Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh, G. 2:00. Gjh kgsdajt`jsn`gs Orbf kjt bn`t
Sgrsdhgh bus ^ggabhl, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 20, 6.
Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh, G. 2::>. \`g Abtg Sbabgdajt`jn bhl t`g Kgsdajt`jn.
Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrsdi brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Bbr`us, <9-<:.
Lbvjlsgh, M. 2:?0. \`g ijhba \VF nuaturg jh Lghkbrm. B sgttagkght stuly. BrmŞdadojsmg ^tuljgr, Ydaukg Y, Ndpgh`bogh.
Gffgsgh, M. 2:07. Idrtjlskjhlgrgojstrgrjho j Lbhkbrm , Mðfgh`bvh.
Grjmsgh, A.F. 2::6. Drhg`us pç ^tgvhs „ gh tjlajohgdajtjsm `ustdkt,
Bbrfðogr idr Hdrljsm Dalmyhljo`gl do @jstdrjg 2::2, ?-2:.
Ogfbugr, B.F. 2:00. ^tyajstjn vbrjbtjdh jh t`g pdttgry di t`g Iuhhga
Fgbmgr Nuaturg. Jh5 \. Kblsgh (gl.) Kuatjvbrjbtg brn`bgdadoy.
Hukgrjnba bpprdbn`gs jh ^nbhljhbvjbh brn`bgdadoy, Eutabhl
Brn`bgdadojnba ^dnjgty Sufajnbtjdhs PPJ, :2-22?.
@glogs, E._. 2:0<. \dkf di t`g gboags. B wjhldw dh stdhg bogtrjfba Frjtbjh, Adhldh.
@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg. ^trunturg bhl
ndhtjhoghny jh Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs, Dxidrl.
Mjhhgs, J. 2::6. Hdh-kgobajt`jn adho fbrrdws bhl baajgl strunturgsjh t`g Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn, Frjtjs` Kusguk Dnnbsjdhba Sbpgr 76,
Adhldh.
Mrjstjbhsgh, M. 2:0<. Jlgdadoy bhl kbtgrjba nuaturg5 bh brn`bgd-
adojnba pgrspgntjvg. Jh5 K. ^prjoos (gl.) Kbrxjst pgrspgntjvgs jhbrn`bgdadoy, Nbkfrjlog, ?6-233.
Mùrhgr, O. & I. Abux 2:03. Gjh Mùhjorgjn` bh lgr Au`g, Kusguks-
vgrgjh iñr lbs Iñrstghtuk Añhgfuro, Añhgfuro.
Abrssdh, A. 2:00. Gtt içhostsbk`ìaa iùr ?333 çr sglbh. Fdpabtsgr dn` orbvbr j ^mbtg`dak, Mrjstjbhsstbl.
Kblsgh, \. 2:?:. Gbrt`gh adhofbrrdws bhl tjkfgr strunturgs5
bspgnts di t`g gbray Hgdajt`jn kdrtubry prbntjng jh Lghkbrm,
Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty <7, >32->63.
Kblsgh, \. 2:06. ^gttagkght systgks di gbray borjnuaturba sdnjgtjgs
jh Gbst Eutabhl Lghkbrm5 b rgojdhba stuly di n`bhog, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba Brn`bgdadoy 2, 2:?-6>9.
Kblsgh, \. 2:00. Nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs jh ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb.
Jh5 N. Furogss, S. \dppjho, N. Kdrlbht & K. Kblljsdh (gls.)
Ghnadsurgs bhl lgighngs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di _gstgrh Gurdpg,
Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs <3>, Dxidrl.>32->>9.
Kblsgh, \. 2::3b. N`bhojho pbttgrhs di abhl usg jh t`g \VF nuaturg
di ^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb. Jh5 L. Ebhmdwsmb (gl.) Ljg \rjn`tgr-fgn`grmuatur. Hgug Idrsn`uhogh uhl @ypdt`gsgh. Kbtgrjba lgs Jhtgrhbtjdhbagh ^ykpdsjuks Lykbnzgwd, 63-6< ^gptgkfgr 2:00.
Sdzhbh, 6?-<2.
Kblsgh, \. 2::3f. Kbhllrbf „ Kurlgr. Jh5 Daltjlghs Bhsjot. Ibngsdi t`g Sbst. \ja @ghlgs KbegstŞt Lrdhhjho Kbrorgt`g JJ. 29. bprja2::3, Lgt mdhogajog Hdrljsmg Dalsmrjitssgasmbf, Eysm BrmŞdadojsm
^gasmbf.
Kblsgh, \. 2::2. \`g sdnjba strunturg di Gbray Hgdajt`jn sdnjgty jh^dut` ^nbhljhbvjb. Jh5 E. Ajn`brlus (gl.) Ljg Mupigrzgjt bas`jstdrjsn`g Gpdn`g. ^ykpdsjuk ^bbrfrñnmgh uhl Dazgh`busgh 9. -2>.22.2:00, Fdhh, <0:-<:9.
Kblsgh, \. 2::>. Fbrrdws wjt` tjkfgr-fujat strunturgs. Jh ^. @vbss
& F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoyjh Lghkbrm , Bbr`us, :9-::.
03 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Kblsgh, \. 2::<. Ljg Oruppghfjaluho jk irñ`stgh Hgdajt`jmuk
Lìhgkbrms uhl j`rg Fglgutuho. Jh5 E. @djmb & E. Kgurgs-Fbamg
(gls.) Fgjtrìog zur irñ`hgdajt`jsn`gh \rjn`tgrfgn`grmuatur jkwgstajn`gh Dstsggogfjgt. 2. Jhtgrhbtjdhbags \rjn`tgrfgn`grsykpd-sjuk jh ^n`agswjo vdk <. fjs ?. Kìrz 2:07, Hgukñhstgr, 66?-6>?.
Kblsgh, \. & @. Euga Eghsgh 2:06. ^gttagkght bhl abhl usg jh Gbray
Hgdajt`jn Lghkbrm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 27, 9>-09.
Kjloagy, K. 2::6. \VF nuaturg, t`g ijrst ibrkgrs di t`g Gurdpgbh Sabjh, Gljhfuro`.
Hjgasgh, S.D. 2::>. \`g Hgdajt`jn. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl
(gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm ,Bbr`us, 0<-0?.
Hjgasgh, G.M. & G. Frjhn` Sgtgrsgh 2::>. Furjbas, pgdpag bhl ldos.
Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl (gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrsdi brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm , Bbr`us, ?9-03.
Vdwagy-Ndhwy, S. 2:02. ^abs` bhl Furh jh t`g tgkpgrbtg Gurdpgbh
Hgdajt`jn. Jh5 V. Kgrngr (gl.) Ibrkjho prbntjng jh Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Gljhfuro`, 07-:9.
^mbbrup, E. 2::3. Furjba, vdtjvg diigrjhos bhl sdnjba strunturg jh
gbray Hgdajt`jn ibrkgr sdnjgty jh Lghkbrm. Jh5 L. Ebhmdwsmb (gl.)
Ljg \rjn`tgrfgn`grmuatur. Hgug Idrsn`uhogh uhl @ypdt`gsgh. Kbtgrjba lgs Jhtgrhbtjdhbagh ^ykpdsjuks Lykbnzgwd, 63-6<^gptgkfgr 2:00, Sdzhbh, ?>-:2.
^mbbrup, E. 2::>. Kgobajt`jn orbvgs. Jh5 ^. @vbss & F. ^tdrobbrl
(gls.) Ljoojho jhtd t`g pbst. 67 ygbrs di brn`bgdadoy jh Lghkbrm ,Bbr`us, 23<-23:.
^trùkfgro, K. 2:?2b. Ljg Kgobajt`orìfgr vdh @bogstbl. Uur Srdfagkbtjm vdh Orbffbutgh uhl Orbfrjtgh, Bntb Brn`bgdadojnb
Auhlghsjb ^grjgs :, Fdhh.
^trùkfgro, K. 2:?2f. Oçhoorjitgh j \çobrp Ù. \dkkbrp,
Iùrghjhogh iùr Idrhkjhhgs- dn` @gkhyolsvçrl j ^ylùstrb ^mçhg,
^kçsmrjitgr 22, ^jkrjs`bkh.
\`drsgh, ^. 2:02. ‑Madmmg`ðe" vgl Fðelgh. Gt sylvgstiyhsm
lyssgmbkkgr kgl fgvbrgt prjkŞrorbv, Muka 2:03, 237-2<9.
\`drvjalsgh, M. 2:<2. Lyssgtjlghs orbviuhl j Lbhkbrm, Bbrfðogr idr Hdrljsm Dalmyhljo`gl do @jstdrjg 2:<2, 66-0?.
Ybho Sgtgrsgh, S. 2:0<. N`rdhdadojnba bhl rgojdhba vbrjbtjdh jh t`g
Abtg Kgsdajt`jn di Gbstgrh Lghkbrm, Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy >, ?-20.
\drstgh Kblsgh
Jhstjtut idr Idr`jstdrjsm Brmbgdadoj
Kdgsoçrl
LM-06?3 @ðefegro
02 \. KBL^GH „ JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Ky bjk jh t`g prgsght pbpgr js td ljsnuss adnba furjba
prbntjngs jh t`g Nghtrba Gurdpgbh Hgdajt`jn bhl bs b sjlgajhg
td nrjtjnjsg sdkg di dur bpprdbn`gs td t`dsg prbntjngs.
\`g sgttjho ndhsjsts di twd ndhtgkpdrbhgdus Fbhlmgrbkjm
ndkkuhjtjgs bt agss t`bh b lby‚s wbam irdk gbn` dt`gr,
adnbtgl dh twd sgpbrbtg adgss pbtn`gs „ t`g Orbgt`gjlg jh
Lutn` ^dut`grh Ajkfuro, bhl t`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg jh t`g
Ogrkbh V`jhgabhl, bfdut twghty mjadkgtrgs td t`g Gbst=
jh tjkg t`g abtgr `bai di t`g Zduhogr Fbhlmgrbkjm, rduo`aysgvgh t`dusbhl ygbrs bod.
Jh b hukfgr di tgxts J `bvg bttgkptgl td lglung
Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg irdk t`g jhvghtdry di dhg di
t`gjr orbvgybrls (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:= 2::3). _jt` t`g
jhtghtjdh td tgst ky gbrajgr jlgbs J `bvg rgnghtay gxpbhlgl
ky lbtb fbsjs td jhnaulg b sgndhl ngkgtgry, Hjglgrkgrz jh
t`g V`jhgabhl, adnbtgl bpprdxjkbtgay <3 mk gbst di Gasadd,
bhl di sjkjabr lbtg (Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9).
\`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty di ky lbtb `bs sdkgtjkgs fggh
qugstjdhgl, t`g broukght fgjho t`bt t`g hukfgr di rgndvgrgl
Fbhlmgrbkjm orbvgs js s`drt „ jhlggl, vgry s`drt „ di w`bt
js td fg gxpgntgl dh t`g fbsjs di lgkdorbp`jn gstjkbtgs=
kdrgdvgr, irdk b skbaa sbkpag dhay ajkjtgl jhigrghngs nbhfg lrbwh. Bpbrt irdk t`js kgt`dljnba prdfagk, dfegntjdhs
`bvg fggh rbjsgl rgobrljho ndhtght, tdd. Di ndursg jt js
jkpdssjfag td od jhtd baa di t`gk (Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9
prdvjlgs bh gxtghsjvg ljsnussjdh), fut irdk bkdho t`gk J
wjaa frjgiay ljsnuss oghlgr bhl mjh bs jkpdrtbht fbsgs idr
iurt`gr jhigrghngs. J wjaa basd od jhtd t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty
prdfagk `grg, td sgg w`gt`gr t`g qubhtjtbtjvg nrjtjqug `dals
wbtgr, bhl ji sd, w`bt nbh fg ldhg bfdut jt. Fut ijrst J wjaa
sby b igw wdrls dh t`g sufstbhtjba jssugs di sgx, oghlgr, bhl
ajhgbog bajohkght.
6. ^gx, oghlgr bhl mjh5 kun` bld
\d kg, ‐sdnjba strunturg‚ `bs bh gt`hdadojnba dr sdnjdadojnba
rjho5 jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba ijgal di iuhgrbry bhbaysjs t`grg js
kdrg td jt t`bh n`rdhdadoy (rgabtjvg dr bfsdautg), sgx, bhl
wgbat` di t`g orbvgs jh b ngkgtgry. Vbt`gr t`g rgabtjdhs
fgtwggh t`g furjbas brg jhvdavgl, wjt` `jgrbrn`y, ordup
kgkfgrs`jp bhl mjh rgabtjdhs bs kbedr idnus5 syhtbx , hdt
sgkbhtjns jh t`g wdrls di Gnd (2:?>, 92). ^jhoag orbvgs, bs
jsdabtgl lbtb sgts, nbhhdt gaunjlbtg sdnjba strunturg bt baa bs
t`g abttgr js rddtgl jh rgabtjdhs bhl t`gjr rgprdluntjdh fy
sdnjgty. Jhljvjlubas kby fg jhstrukghtba t`grg, pdssjfay gvgh
fg boghts (sghsu Ojllghs 2:0<, :), ygt boghny wdrms jh bhl
t`rduo` rgabtjdhs.
\`g ijrst tjkg J bttgkptgl b iuhgrbry bhbaysjs (Ybh lg
Ygalg 2:?:) jt wbs di t`g ngkgtgry di Gasadd, jh t`g sdut`grh
Hgt`grabhls, gxnbvbtgl jh t`g 2:93‚s (Kdllgrkbh 2:?3).
\`grg, t`g orduhl wbtgr `bl ljssdavgl baa di t`g smgagtba
kbtgrjba bhl hd p`ysjnba bht`rdpdadojnba lgtgrkjhbtjdh di sgx bhl bog wbs pdssjfag. @dwgvgr, sgx, j.g., p`ysjnba
bht`rdpdadojnba sgx, js b fjdadojnba nbtgodry w`grgbs ky
jhtgrgst js wjt` t`g sdnjba wdral, oghlgr fgjho ditgh wrdhoay
gqubtgl wjt` sgx. Bs b sdnjba ndhstrunt (Ab Idhtbjhg 2:?0),
oghlgr s`dual fg bpprdbn`gl t`rduo` t`g jhvgstjobtjdh di
sdnjba lbtb= p`ysjnba bht`rdpdadoy nbh dhay fg jhljnbtjvg
rbt`gr t`bh ndhnausjvg6. Bakdst twd t`jrls di t`g orbvgs jh
t`g Gasadd ngkgtgry `gal orbvg ojits, sd naugs td sdnjba
nbtgodrjgs wgrg bvbjabfag. Jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz lbtb (w`jn` wja
basd fg gxbkjhgl `grg), tddt` ghbkga irdk t`jrty orbvgs
ndual stjaa fg bhbaysgl bs td t`g fjdadojnba sgx di t`g
lgngbsgl (Ld`rh-J`kjo 2:0>, 23?)= `grg, tdd, bfdut twd
t`jrls di t`g orbvgs `gal orbvg ojits.Jh b stbtjstjnba bhbaysjs di t`g Gasadd ngkgtgry jt wbs
pdssjfag td rgabtg t`g ojits bhl t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g orbvgs
td t`g ljvjsjdh di abfdur (j.g., oghlgr) jh Fbhlmgrbkjm
sdnjgty5 `jo` blzgs bhl brrdw`gbls pdjhtgl td kbag
dnnupbtjdhs, rgl dn`rg bhl ruffjho stdhgs jhljnbtgl igkbag
pursujts. ^gvgrba dt`gr nbtgodrjgs wgrg ‐irggay‚ sprjhmagl dvg
t`g twd oghlgr nabssgs (tbf. 2). Jt js jkpdrtbht td hdtg t`bt
hdt gvgry nbtgodry irdk t`g rgagvbht ‐mjt‚ (Sblgr 2:06, :0) js
prgsght jh gvgry orbvg, fut dhay b sgagntjdh>. \`us, igkbag
orbvgs ljl dnnbsjdhbaay ndhtbjh fdt` b ruffjho stdhg bhl rgl
dn`rg, kdrg ditgh gjt`gr di t`g twd, bhl sdkgtjkgs hdhg.
^jkjabray sd idr t`g dt`gr mjts. Basd, orbvgs di ljiigrght oghlgr
wgrg nagbray pbjrgl bat`duo` sjhoag orbvgs basd dnnurrgl=
kdst di t`gsg abttgr wgrg hdt kbrmgl td oghlgr bhl t`grgidrg
kby `bvg `gal t`g rgkbjhs di uh-jhjtjbtgl, dr di dal pgdpag.
Idr t`g Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgry t`g lgrjvbtjdh di oghlgr wbs
dhay pbrtjbaay pdssjfag5 w`jag >3 kbag orbvgs ndual fg
lglungl irdk t`g bnndkpbhyjho orbvg ojits (jh t`js ngkgtgry
brrdw`gbls bhl iabt blzgs), igkbag orbvgs `bl hd sun`
Sjgtgr vbh lg Ygalg2 Kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho5 Fbhlmgrbkjm iuhgrbry rjtuba
B vjntdry js twjng jtsgai w`gh t`g bn`jgvgr frjhos `dkg iuaa hukfgrs.
_. ^`bmgspgbrg5 Kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho.
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0< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag 2. Orbvg ojits fy oghlgr bt Gasadd, prgsghng/bfsghng lbtb= jh
orgy oghlgr-hgutrba nbtgodrjgs (irdk Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9, tbfag 7).
igkbag kbag dt`gr
aukps dn`rg 27 6 „
ruffjho stdhgs 26 „ „
brrdw`gbls „ 23 „ t`jnm blzgs 2 29 „
pabjh ngrbkjns 22 2? ?
lgndrbtgl ngrbkjns 2< 27 0
fablgs 26 ? 2
iabt blzgs ? ? 2
>< >0 <2
kbrmgrs, bhl dhay 29 ndual fg jhigrrgl irdk t`gjr fgjho
nadsgst pbrthgr td b kbag orbvg< hgbrfy. \`grgidrg, t`g
hukfgr di fdt` kbag bhl igkbag orbvgs jh t`js ngkgtgry
s`dual fg `jo`gr t`bh t`gsg nduhts5 uhjlghtjijbfag kbag
orbvgs kby fg ndkpbhjdh td uhrgndohjsbfag igkbag furjbas
jh bt agbst bhdt`gr 22 pbjrs di orbvgs.
Bs hdtgl bfdvg, sgx bhl oghlgr brg rbrgay ljiigrghtjbtgl jhbrn`bgdadojnba furjba bhbaysgs bat`duo` ‑… t`g nuaturba usg
di t`g fdly js pbrt di bhy sdnjgty‚s sdnjba ndhstruntjdh di
rgbajty‛ (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:06, 2><= basd ni. Fbrrgtt 2::3).
\`us, Ld`rh-J`kjo (2:0>, 23?) hdtgs t`bt bkdho 66 orbvgs
irdk Hjglgrkgrz w`jn` ndual fg bht`rdpdkgtrjnbaay
lgtgrkjhgl, idur dldhtdadojnba bttrjfutjdhs wgrg bt dlls wjt`
t`g orbvg ojits. Irdk `gr tgxt jt nbh fg jhigrrgl t`bt t`g
ljsnrgpbhnjgs brg bttrjfutgl td prdfagks di kgbsurgkght
rbt`gr t`bh td b prg`jstdrjn nuaturba rgwdrmjho di fjdadojnba
nbtgodrjgs. Gvgh jh b sdp`jstjnbtgl stuly bs ^`bhms bhl
\jaagy‚s di ^wgljs` bhl Frjtjs` kgobajt` iuhgrbry nustdks
oghlgr js oabrjhoay bfsght bhl jkpajnjtay gqubtgl wjt`
bht`rdpdkgtrjn nbtgodrjgs (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:06). Jh kdrgoghgrba bnnduhts, t`g sgx/oghlgr jssug js usubaay jkkgljbtgay
pbssgl dvgr (sgg gsp. Sblgr 2:06, 29-2?, :3= dr Kdrrjs 2::6,
692 w`grg t`g jhlgx sbys5 ‐oghlgr, sgg sgx‚). Jh ky dpjhjdh
t`js sjaghng js bh jhstbhng di w`bt Kurrby `bs lgsnrjfgl bs
‐t`g t`rgbt di t`g pbst‚ (Kurrby 2::>)5 ji oghlgr lgijhjtjdh jh
dt`gr sdnjgtjgs js hdt bs rjojl bs jt js jh durs, t`gh dur
sdnjgty‚s lgijhjtjdh di oghlgr kby fg/js nuaturbaay fjbsgl.
Abnmjho b t`drduo` ljsnussjdh di oghlgr jh brn`bgdadojnba
furjba ndhtgxts (bs, g.o., Ogrd/Ndhmgy 2::2 idr prg-iuhgrba
brn`bgdadojnba sdnjgtjgs) t`g jkpdrtbht ljkghsjdhs brg hdt
rgbljay bppbrght. @dwgvgr, idr fdt` Hjglgrkgrz bhl Gasadd J
wdual kbjhtbjh t`bt „ bt agbst jh furjba „ Fbhlmgrbkjm
oghlgr nabssgs wgrg dh bh gquba iddtjho bs t`g qubhtjtbtjvg
bhl qubajtbtjvg ljstrjfutjdhs di orbvg ojits dvgr oghlgr brg
vgry sjkjabr wjt`jh t`gsg ngkgtgrjgs, ndhtrbry td Ld`rh-
J`kjo‚s bssgrtjdh. Kdrgdvgr, bat`duo` oghlgr ljiigrghngs brg
kbrmgl t`gy brg hdt vgry kun` gkp`bsjsgl5 qujtg b hukfgr
di orbvgs bttrjfutbfag td gjt`gr rdag dh dt`gr orduhls (kbjhay
pbjr-fdhljho) `bvg hd oghlgr-spgnjijn iurhjs`jhos (tbf. 6).
J basd trjgl td bsngrtbjh t`g mjh rgabtjdhs fgtwggh t`g
pgdpag jhtgrrgl jh t`g Gasadd Orbvgybrl. @grg, t`g lgndrbtjdh
di t`g pdttgry bppgbrgl jhljnbtjvg (ijo. 2)5 jh igkbag orbvgs
gjt`gr nurvjajhgbr dr rgntjajhgbr lgsjohs wgrg iduhl, jh kbag
orbvgs t`g twd ditgh dnnurrgl tdogt`gr (tbf. >) „ prgnjsgay
t`g mjhl di ‑hdhvbaubfag ljstjhntjdhs‛ prgljntgl idr `drjzdhtba ljiigrghtjbtjdh (D‚^`gb 2:0<, <9). \`g vgry sbkg
pbttgrh js rgpgbtgl jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgry. ^un` b
‐strdho pbttgrh‚ (Kdrrjs 2::6, 636) lgkbhls bh gxpabhbtjdh.
\d stbrt wjt`, jh b sdnjgty prbntjsjho gxdobky gjt`gr t`g
kbags dr t`g igkbags wjaa agbvg t`gjr fjrt` ordup bt kbrrjbog
bhl fgndkg bsnrjfgl td t`g ordup di t`gjr pbrthgr (Idx 2:9?=
Aêvj-^trbuss 2:9?). Bt t`gjr ajig‚s ghl t`dsg w`d kdvgl dut
\bfag 6. Oghlgr kbrmjho bhl pbjr-fdhljho jh t`g Gasadd bhl Hjglgr-
kgrz ngkgtgrjgs (lbtb kbjhay irdk Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9 paus rgigrghngs).
GA^ADD
kbag igkbag dt`gr
oghlgr kbrmgl 67 66
hdt-kbrmgl 2> 26 <2
tdtbas >0 >< <2
kbrmgl, pbjrgl >3 >2
kbrmgl, sjhoag 0 >
dt`gr sjhoag <2
HJGLGVKGVU
kbag igkbag dt`gr
oghlgr kbrmgl 6: 4
hdt-kbrmgl 22 6? <7
tdtbas <3 6?+ <7·
kbrmgl, pbjrgl 6? 6?kbrmgl, sjhoag 2> 4
dt`gr sjhoag <7
\bfag >. Ljstrjfutjdh di lgndrbtjvg lgsjohs fy oghlgr jh twd Fbhl-
mgrbkjm ngkgtgrjgs= N5 nurvjajhgbr lgsjoh= V5 rgntjajhgbr lgsjoh
(lbtb idr Gasadd irdk Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:, 2:7).
GA^ADD
K I x
N dr V ? 29 > 69
N & V 9 „ 6 0
2> 29 7 ><
HJGLGVKGVU
K I x
N dr V : 0 2< >2
N & V < „ > ?
2> 0 2? >0
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Ijourg 2. Fbsjn strunturgs di Fbhlmgrbkjm pdttgry lgndrbtjdh lgsjoh
(bitgr Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:, ijo. 7 bhl 2:09, ijo. 2).
wjaa t`grgidrg fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` twd ordups (t`dsg di fjrt`
bhl kbrrjbog= jh tgn`hjnba tgrkjhdadoy5 di biijajbtjdh bhl
biijhba bssdnjbtjdh). Jh b pbtrjajhgbr sdnjgty t`g igkbags wjaa
kdvg dut di t`gjr mjh ordup, bhl fgndkg bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g
dt`gr kdjgty= jh b kbtrjajhgba sjtubtjdh t`g kbags ld sd (np.
t`g trbljtjdhba n`bhog dr ldufajho di t`g hbkg di t`g igkbag
pbrthgr jh dur sdnjgtjgs bt wglljho bs b tdmgh di t`g hgw
pbtrj-ajmg biijajbtjdh= jh t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm jt js hdt hbkgs, fut
t`g lgsjoh di pdt lgndrbtjdh w`jn` js usgl jhstgbl. Di ndursg
t`gsg sjohs brg tdmghs dhay idr brrbys di rjo`ts bhl lutjgs). Jh
t`g Gasadd bhl Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgrjgs bajmg t`g kbags `bvg
fggh sjkuatbhgdusay bssdnjbtgl wjt` fdt` bttrjfutgs w`grgbs
igkbags brg kbrmgl wjt` gjt`gr di t`g twd fy gxnausjdh.
\`grgidrg, t`g kgh kust `bvg n`bhogl t`gjr baagojbhng „ bs
wjt` kbtrjajhgba brrbhogkghts. \`g nagbr ljiigrghtjba
ljstrjfutjdh di t`g lgndrbtjdh dh pdts jh t`gsg orbvgybrls
kust fg jhtgrprgtgl, J t`jhm, bs b mjhl di ‐jlgba‚ rgprgsghtb-
tjdh di t`gjr sdnjba prbntjng7. \`gy usgl, bhl wgrg usgl fy
t`gjr brtgibnts td lgkdhstrbtg ndhidrkjty td trbljtjdh.Bs b kbttgr di ibnt t`g sufegnt di mjh biijajbtjdh js `brlay
gvgr frdbn`gl jh brn`bgdadojnba ajtgrbturg. Bitgr b igw gbray
bttgkpts (Adhobnrg 2:90= _`baadh 2:90) jhtgrgst `bs turhgl
tdwbrls `jgrbrn`y. D‚^`gb hdtgl jh b t`duo`tiua pbrborbp`
dh t`g tdpjn t`bt stbtus `jgrbrn`y js kun` gbsjgr td rgtrjgvg
t`bh js `drjzdhtba ljiigrghtjbtjdh sun` bs mjh dr nabh
biijajbtjdh. \`js js lug td t`g brn`bgdadojnba n`brbntgrjstjns di
07 S. YBH LG YGALG „ FBHLMGVBKJM IWHGVBVZ VJ\WBA
t`g bssdnjbtgl sykfdas (D‚^`gb 2:0<, 676-67<). ^jkjabr
stbtgkghts nbh fg iduhl gasgw`grg (g.o. N`bpkbh/Vbhlsfdro
2:02), bhl gvgh hgobtjvg prdhduhngkghts5 ‑… dhg …
lgijhjtgay nbhhdt rgndhstrunt lgsnght dr pdst- kbrjtba ruags, f
t`gy t`g rgba dr t`g jlgba vgrsjdh‛ (Sblgr 2:06, 7<= gkp`bsjs
bllgl). Ngrtbjhay, t`g sufegnt `bs jts dwh ljiijnuatjgs, bhl
ghqujry jhtd t`g sufegnt kby hdt fg pdssjfag idr gvgrysdnjgty, ygt bh b prjdrj hgobtjdh js prgkbturg5 dur ajkjts brg
hdt sgt fy t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl fut fy dur (abnm di)
jkbojhbtjdh, bs Fjhidrl `bs rgkjhlgl us (2:?7, 672).
>. Vgprgsghtbtjvjty5 kun` bld bfdut hdt`jho4
\d t`g Gbst di t`g Orbgt`gjlg w`grg Gasadd js sjtubtgl, ajgs
t`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg, w`grg gxtghsjvg gxnbvbtjdhs `bvg
frduo`t td ajo`t kbhy Fbhlmgrbkjm rgkbjhs. Di abtg, Añhjho
bhl ^tg`aj (2:0:) wrdtg t`bt t`g sjhoag ngkgtgry ljsndvgrgl
t`grg, Hjglgrkgrz (Ld`rh-J`kjo 2:0>), nbhhdt fg ndhsjlgrgl
rgprgsghtbtjvg (fgjho ‑buÔgrdrlghtajn`‛, ‐gxtrbdrljhbry‚ jh
t`gjr wdrls) di t`g Balgh`dvgh Sabtgbu Fbhlmgrbkjm5 dhay
226 orbvgs s`dual stbhl idr bh gstjkbtgl ijvg td tgh t`dusbhlpgdpag. \`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg `bs ghtjrgay fggh rgkdvgl
fy dpgh pjt kjhjho di ajohjtg, supgrvjsgl brn`bgdadojnbaay fy
b tgbk agl fy Añhjho. ^d jt js vjrtubaay ngrtbjh t`bt dhay dhg
Fbhlmgrbkjm ngkgtgry `bs fggh abjl dut dh t`g pabtgbu,
nbtgrgl idr fy pgr`bps tgh dr kdrg `bkagts. @ghng jt nbh fg
jhigrrgl t`bt b abrog hukfgr di prgsukbfay ibjray s`baadw
orbvgs kust `bvg ibaagh vjntjk td borjnuaturg fgtwggh t`gh
bhl hdw, bnndrljho td Añhjho & ^tg`aj (2:0:, 00).
\`g Gasadd ngkgtgry (wjt` 22> orbvgs) js sjtubtgl dh t`g
blebnght adgss-pabtgbu td t`g _gst di t`g Balgh`dvghgr
Sabttg. Srgsghtay, t`g Orbgt`gjlg js lghsgay jh`bfjtgl, bhl
bat`duo` jt `bs hdt fggh s`dvgaagl bwby, wg kby fg prgtty
ngrtbjh t`bt b sgndhl Fbhlmgrbkjm ngkgtgry wdual hdt `bvg
gsnbpgl hdtjng. Fut gvgh ji jt `bl, t`gh t`g ibnt rgkbjhs t`bt
t`grg brg ibr tdd igw orbvgs jh ndkpbrjsdh wjt` bh drjojhba
pdpuabtjdh di, sby, 23,333 Fbhlmgrbkjbhs (sukkgl dvgr
26 oghgrbtjdhs). \`grgidrg Añhjho & ^tg`aj‚s rgkbrms dh
rgprgsghtbtjvjty brg basd bppajnbfag td t`g Lutn` lbtb,
bat`duo` J `bvg rgsgrvbtjdhs bfdut t`gjr bpprdbn`.
Fgjho jh t`g drlgr di 2% t`g pbunjty di orbvgs jh rgabtjdh
td t`g vbst hukfgr di drjojhba jh`bfjtbhts kby sggk ibtba td
bhy bttgkpt bt oghgrbajzbtjdh, ygt stbtjstjnba t`gdry sbys t`bt b
sbkpag di 233 gagkghts js oghgrbaay suiijnjght td prdhduhng
updh stbtjstjnba jssugs (@bys 2:?>) „ hdt t`g sbkpajho agvga
(t`g rgabtjvg prdpdrtjdh di t`g pdpuabtjdh t`bt js jhndrpdrbtgljs jkpdrtbht fut rbt`gr t`g bfsdautg hukfgr di gagkghts, t`g
sjzg di t`g stbtjstjnba uhjvgrsg fgjho di hd ndhsgqughng jh
t`js rgspgnt. \`grg js dhay dhg ndhljtjdh, t`bt t`g gagkghts
`bvg fggh rbhldkay sgagntgl jh rgabtjdh td t`g ljkghsjdh
uhlgr snrutjhy. Bhl `grg ajgs b prdfagk, idr J ld hdt fgajgvg
t`bt t`g sgagntjdh di t`g pgdpag td fg furjgl jh b Fbhl-
mgrbkjm ngkgtgry wbs rbhldk jh bhy stbtjstjnba sghsg. _`gh
nurvjajhgbr rgntjajhgbr
wbvg
spjrba
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sdnjdadojnba, gt`hdorbp`jnba, dr lgkdorbp`jn rgsgbrn`
qugstjdhs brg td fg bhswgrgl irdk b orbvgybrl, jt s`dual ijrst
fg gstbfajs`gl t`bt t`g rgagvbht iuhgrbas `bvg dnnurrgl
rbhldkay, bs rgobrls prgnjsgay t`gsg ljkghsjdhs. Bhl t`js js
wgaa-hjo` jkpdssjfag. Dh t`bt sndrg Añhjho & ^tg`aj brg
bppbrghtay rjo`t, bitgr baa.
Fut t`grg js kdrg td t`js prdfagk, idr jt nbh fg suoogstglt`bt t`gsg ngkgtgrjgs ndhtbjh hgbray ndkpagtg pdpuabtjdhs
jhstgbl. \`g Gasadd Orbvgybrl, idr jhstbhng, ajgs dh b spur td
t`g H_ di b sgttagkght (Gasadd) bfdut 673 dr >33 kgtrgs
bwby= dt`gr Fbhlmgrbkjm vjaabogs brg baa kun` ibrt`gr bwby,
truay ‐fg`jhl‚ Gasadd. Jh t`g abttgr vjaabog fgtwggh 0 bhl
22 `dusgs `bvg stddl, wjt` bpprdxjkbtgay 7 dr 9 dnnupbhts
gbn`, tdogt`gr sdkg <3 td 93 pgdpag. Bs t`g usg ajig di t`g
ngkgtgry nbh fg put bt bfdut t`rgg oghgrbtjdhs fgtwggh
263 bhl 203 pgdpag `bvg ljgl jh t`g vjaabog lurjho t`js
pgrjdl „ hdt kbhy kdrg t`bh t`g 22> furjbas uhndvgrgl fy
Kdllgrkbh. Hd prddi nbh fg prgsghtgl, ygt t`g ibjray ajmgay
jkpajnbtjdh js t`bt dhay t`g pgdpag irdk Gasadd `bvg usgl t`g
hgbrfy ngkgtgry. Ji sd, t`g ijourg di t`g kjssjho lgbl jsqujtg adw. \`grgidrg, t`dsg t`bt `bvg fggh uhndvgrgl brg hdt
sd kun` rgprgsghtbtjvg di b fbnmorduhl pdpuabtjdh bs di
t`gksgavgs dhay.
\`g Hjglgrkgrz sjtubtjdh js kun` kdrg ndkpagx5 t`g
ljstbhng td t`g hgbrgst sgttagkght (Abhowgjagr 0) js bfdut
733 kgtrgs, bhl bhdt`gr twd dr t`rgg `bkagts (rbt`gr sjhoag
ibrkstgbls= ni. ^tg`aj 2:0:) brg bt ?33 td 033 kgtrgs bwby
(uhajmg t`g Gasadd sjtubtjdh) bhl kbhy kdrg brg bt orgbtgr
ljstbhngs. Irdk t`js t`g brn`bgdadojsts jhigrrgl t`bt t`g
ngkgtgry kjo`t `bvg sgrvgl t`g w`dag ^jglauhosmbkkgr dr
sgttagl brgb, ndkprjsjho sdkg 7 td 23 `bkagts, bhl nduhtjho
nukuabtjvgay kdrg t`bh 2,333 pgdpag dvgr t`g sjx
oghgrbtjdhs lurjho w`jn` t`g ngkgtgry `bs fggh jh usg.
Zgt dhay 226 orbvgs `bvg fggh rgndvgrgl= t`g dt`gr pgdpag
s`dual `bvg ghlgl up nrgkbtgl jh s`baadw orbvg pjts „ kbhy
tjkgs paduo`gl dvgr sjhng t`dsg lbys, sd t`bt hd trbngs `bvg
fggh agit. \`js vjgw js gxprgssgl jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz
gxnbvbtjdh rgpdrt (Ld`rh-J`kjo 2:0>), bhl rgpgbtgl jh t`g
dvgrvjgw brtjnag fy Añhjho & ^tg`aj (2:0:). @dwgvgr, gvgh
ji t`gy brg rjo`t, t`gh stjaa t`grg js stbtjstjnba t`gdry, fut basd
t`g (psyn`dadojnbaay jkpdrtbht, stbtjstjnbaay uhjhtgrgstjho)
sbkpajho rbtg `bs fggh rbjsgl irdk dhg `uhlrgl dvgr tgh
t`dusbhl (2%) td 226 dvgr 2,333 (22%). Ndhvgrsgay, ji t`g
sjtubtjdh wgrg ajmg t`bt jh Gasadd, t`gh dhay Abhowgjagr 0
s`dual fg tbmgh jhtd bnnduht wjt` fgtwggh ? bhl 22 `dusgsbt bhy dhg kdkght. \`g ngkgtgry wbs jh usg idr
9 oghgrbtjdhs, sd fgtwggh 673 bhl >73 ndrpsgs9 `bvg `bl
td fg ljspdsgl di jh t`bt pgrjdl, ldufag dr trjpag t`g hukfgr
di gxnbvbtgl orbvgs. Jh t`bt nbsg, Hjglgrkgrz js hd kdrg
gxngptjdhba t`bh Gasadd, bhl jh fdt` nbsgs t`g jhigrghngs
irdk t`g orbvgybrls nbh fg rgabtgl td t`g hgbrfy sgttagkghts
wjt`dut kun` bld.
Di ndursg t`js kbttgr nbhhdt lgnjsjvgay fg sgttagl, hgjt`gr
jh Hjglgrkgrz hdr jh Gasadd, bhl ky kdlga rgkbjhs qujtg
`ypdt`gtjnba= ygt J t`jhm t`bt t`g twd broukghts prgsghtgl
`grg (stbtjstjnba t`gdry, bhl brn`bgdadojnba spgnjijnbtjdh) od b
adho wby td ljkjhjs` t`g wgjo`t di Añhjho & ^tg`aj‚s
stbtgkghts rgobrljho hdh-rgprgsghtbtjvjty bhl t`g jkpajgl
uhrgajbfjajty di t`g ngkgtgry lbtb. @dwgvgr, hdt baa prdfagksbrg sdavgl5 dhg kjo`t hdw jhqujrg bfdut t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty
di Gasadd Yjaabog idr t`g ghtjrg Orbgt`gjlg sgttagkght brgb dr
di Abhowgjagr 0 idr t`g Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg „ t`dsg vjaabogs
brg prgnjsgay t`g abrogst sgttagkghts t`grg, t`gy `bvg fggh
jh`bfjtgl adhogr t`bh bhy di t`g dt`gr dhgs, t`gy badhg `bvg
b ngkgtgry, gtn. \`grgidrg t`gy ngrtbjhay brg hdt rgprgsghtb-
tjvg di t`g rgojdhba sjtubtjdh jh oghgrba (idr iurt`gr
ljsnussjdh, sgg Ybh lg Ygalg 2::3).
<. Dh pdaykdlba iuhgrbry rjtubas5 sdkgt`jho bld
bfdut hdt`jho
_`gh, idr t`g sbmg di broukght t`g prgvjdus prdpdsjtjdhs brg
prdvjsjdhbaay bnngptgl, t`grg stjaa js t`g prdfagk di t`gkjssjho lgbl irdk Gasadd bhl Abhowgjagr 0. \`js bfsght
ndkkuhjty nbh fg frdmgh ldwh jh bt agbst twd ndkpdhghts5
(b) t`dsg irdk t`g gbrajgr pgrjdls, bpprdxjkbtgay sjx td hjhg
oghgrbtjdhs jh t`g twd brgbs= bhl (f) t`dsg lgpbrtgl jh t`g
dt`gr vjaabogs bhl `bkagts w`jag t`g ngkgtgrjgs wgrg jh usg,
pgr`bps idr t`rgg td idur oghgrbtjdhs. B fjbsgl rgsgbrn`
rgndrl nbh fg ljskjssgl bs nbusg, bs ljsnussgl bfdvg.
Wsubaay, t`g adw ijourgs brg gxpabjhgl wjt` t`g idaadwjho
broukght5 ^jhng wg ld `bvg b ibjr bkduht di nrgkbtjdhs
(g.o., bt agbst <? irdk Gasadd, 23 irdk Hjglgrkgrz), bhl bs
t`g bs`gs brg oghgrbaay jh s`baadwgr pjts t`bh brg t`g ndrpsgs
(g.o., ndrpsgs dh t`g bvgrbog bt 267nks, nrgkbtjdhs bt
77nks? bt Gasadd), jt js td fg gxpgntgl t`bt kdst nrgkbtjdhs
`bvg fggh adst fgidrg t`gjr brn`bgdadojnba rgsurrgntjdh. Bhl
t`g ndhnausjdh lrbwh js t`bt bppbrghtay kdst Fbhlmgrbkjbhs
`bvg fggh nrgkbtgl bhl furjgl jh t`g tdpsdja td fg paduo`gl
dut abtgr (g.o., Añhjho/^tg`aj 2:0:, 00= Kdllgrkbh 2:?3,
?2= Hgukbhh/_jgobhl 2:<3).
Bs dur nurrght wgstgrh kdrtubry prbntjngs brg rbt`gr
sjkjabr td t`dsg di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm bt ijrst sjo`t (gxngpt idr
t`g orbvgojits, di ndursg= dr t`g dll kbssbnrg5 _b`a/Mùhjo
2:0?= _jhla 2::9), t`g broukght js rgbljay bnngptgl. Jh ky
dpjhjdh, t`duo`, jt js sgrjdusay iabwgl, bs sgvgrba qugstjdhs
rgkbjh uhbhswgrgl5 (b) w`y ld wg `bvg nrgkbtjdhs irdk
t`g Zduhogr AFM pgrjdl, bhl `brlay bhy irdk t`g Dalgr bhlDalgst pgrjdls (ni. Kdllgrkbh 2:?3, ?2-?6)4 Dr (f), w`y
ld wg `bvg kbhy kdrg orbvgybrls irdk t`g Zduhogr AFM
t`bh irdk t`g Dalgr/Dalgst p`bsgs4 Bhl (n), rgstbtjho b
prgvjdus pbrborbp`, w`y js t`g hukfgr di furjbas sd
ljkjhutjvg wjt` rgspgnt td t`g prgsukgl pdpuabtjdh, gvgh jh
t`g Zduhogr AFM4 \`us ibntdrgl dut, t`g broukght js
suoogstjvg di bh batgrhbtjvg ndhnausjdh5 AFM sdnjgtjgs
09 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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oghgrbaay (bhl drjojhbaay gxnausjvgay) ljspdsgl di t`gjr lgbl
jh ygt bhdt`gr, t`jrl wby, w`jn` jh t`g ndursg di tjkg nbkg
td fg suppagkghtgl wjt` nrgkbtjdh bhl ndrpsg furjba. \ bt
js, wg s`dual bssukg bh blljtjdhba rjtuba w`jn` agbvgs `brlay
bhy sufstbhtjba trbngs jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl, bpbrt irdk
t`g wgaa-mhdwh jhtgrkght jh orbvgs.
Irdk b oghgrba pgrspgntjvg jt nbh fg dfsgrvgl t`btbatgrhbtjvg nustdks (jhnauljho iuhgrbry rjtubas) `bvg kdrg td
ld wjt` sdnjba bspjrbtjdhs bhl gkuabtjdh t`bh wjt` jlgdadoy
dr rgajojdh (Kgtnbai/@uhtjhotdh 2::2, 2?= Kdrrjs 2::6, <9-
<?). Idr jhstbhng, t`g rgnght s`jit irdk jh`ukbtjdh td
nrgkbtjdh jh kbhy wgstgrh sdnjgtjgs `bs hd nduhtgrpbrt jh b
n`bhojho lgdadoy fut rbt`gr odgs wjt` nbpjtbajsk‚s uprddtjho
di mjh bhl hgjo`fdur`ddl rgabtjdhs. Basd, jt js gt`hdorbp`j-
nbaay wgaa bttgstgl t`bt t`g rjtuba ljspdsba di t`g lgbl js
jhlgpghlght di t`g jlgbs bfdut ajig bhl lgbt` bkdho t`g
kdurhgrs (g.o. Kgtnbai/@uhtjhotdh 2::2= Wnmd 2:9:= Ybh
Oghhgp 2:3:). ^d, jh dhg sjhoag ndkkuhjty t`g ijrst ndrpsg
kby fg ljspdsgl dii jh b ndiijh furjba, t`g sgndhl kby ghl
dh b pyrg wjt` t`g bs`gs ndaagntgl bhl furjgl, t`g t`jrl dhgkby fg s`jppgl td t`g Ghl di t`g _dral jh bh dal nbhdg, baa
wjt` sjkjabr jlgbs bfdut Bitgrajig bhl/dr Vgfjrt` (g.o. Mjhhgs
2:02). Nbusgs idr ljiigrght trgbtkght `bvg td ld wjt`
ndhtjhoghny bs kun` bs wjt` nustdk5 t`g bvbjabfjajty di
wddl idr b pyrg, t`g borjnuaturba sgbsdh, t`g nbusg bhl mjhl
di lgbt`, dr t`g sdnjba pdsjtjdh di t`g lgngbsgl (b.d. Fjhidrl
2:?6= Ybh Oghhgp 2:3:). Gbrajgr furjbas sgrvjho bs
gxbkpags td prdvjlg b sghsg di ndhtjhujty t`rduo` rjtuba
(Fbrrgtt 2::<) bhl nustdk.
Idr t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm J suoogst t`bt t`gjr drjojhba bhl
bawbys kdst irgqught nustdk di ljspdsba wbs gxpdsurg di t`g
ndrpsg td t`g fjrls bhl t`g dt`gr hbturba gagkghts dh b
snbiidal jh t`g ijgal dutsjlg t`g sgttagkght0. \`js ypdt gsjs
js hdt (ljrgntay) tgstbfag jh b Sdppgrjbh wby, fut jt js kdrg
spgnjijn bs jt gxpabjhs t`g n`rdhdadojnbaay ljiigrghtjbtgl
nduhts di Fbhlmgrbkjm furjbas, w`jag igwgr prg-ndhljtjdhs
brg jkpajgl= ndhsgqughtay jt js kdrg bttrbntjvg t`bh t`g
trbljtjdhba pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba batgrhbtjvg. Sdssjfay, t`g
irgqught Fbhlmgrbkjm strby ijhls jh t`g ijgals brduhl t`g
sgttagkghts kjo`t gvgh fg rgbl bs trbngs di t`js prbntjng
(E. Añhjho, pgrs. ndkk. Bprja 2::<), fut t`js p`ghdkghdh
s`dual stjaa fg systgkbtjnbaay jhvgstjobtgl, basd irdk t`g
vjgwpdjht di t`g prgsght `ypdt`gsjs. \`g pdjht js t`bt sun` b
prbntjng wdual hdt fg bnngptbfag jh dur dwh nuaturg5
ndhsgqughtay wg brg hdt ljspdsgl td gxpgnt jt bkdho dt`gr ordups, jhnauljho t`g Fbhlmgrbkjbhs. \`js ngrtbjhay js b
rbt`gr gt`hdnghtrjn dfegntjdh, bhl t`us jrrgagvbht (basd rgigr
td Kdrrjs 2:0?).
\`grg brg b igw sdkgw`bt bfstrbnt lgvgadpkghts di t`g
prgsght `ypdt`gsjs5 nrgkbtjdh bhl sufsgqught furjba di t`g
bs`gs, bs wgaa bs jh`ukbtjdh jh b idrkba ngkgtgry nbh fg
lgsnrjfgl bs ajtgrbaay kbrmgl iuhgrbas. Jh t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm
0? S. YBH LG YGALG „ FBHLMGVBKJM IWHGVBVZ VJ\WBA
t`g orbvgybrls wgrg bppbrghtay hdt usgl idr dt`gr purpdsgs
sjhng t`grg brg hd dt`gr ijhls jh t`gsg brgbs= basd t`g orbvgs
rgkbjhgl vjsjfag idr b adho tjkg bs t`grg brg hd nrdss-nuttjho
pjts. Irdk dur prgsght pdjht di vjgw t`g `ypdt`gtjnba drjojhb
rjtuba nbh fg n`brbntgrjsgl bs uh-kbrmgl bs hd spgnjijn
`baadwgl orduhls sggks bssdnjbtgl wjt` jt „ w`jn` ldgs hdtspgbm dut dh t`g bkduht di rjtuba dfsgrvbhngs bhl fg`bvjdur
t`bt wgrg gvgr bssdnjbtgl wjt` jt. Bs sun` t`js trbljtjdhba
lgpdsjtjdh di t`g lgbl prdvjlgs t`g stbog dh w`jn` t`g rjtuba
di nrgkbtjdh bhl ndrpsg furjba jhtrdlungl jh t`g Zduhogr
Fbhlmgrbkjm pgrjdl wgrg sgt.
Dhg ndual basd rgabtg td b strunturbajst broukght `grg5
furhjho bhl ndiijhs bs nuaturba trgbtkghts di t`g ndrpsg kby
fg sggh dppdsgl td t`g gxpdsjtjdh di t`g fdly td b hbturba
trbhsidrk, prdvjljho b hgbtay nadsgl, ndkpagtg ndhngptuba
bhl nabssjijnbtdry sn`gkg (ijo. 6). \`g dppdsjtjdh di nuaturba
(kbrmgl) ljspdsjtjdh td hbturg (uh-kbrmgl) nbh gvgh fg
rgndhstruntgl bs b iuhgrbry trjbhoag5 t`g hbturba trbhsidrkb-
tjdh bt t`g tdp, bhl t`g fbsjs iurt`gr ljiigrghtjbtgl jh b ijgry
bhl bh gbrt`ay trbhsidrkbtjdh di t`g lgngbsgl, qujtg
rgkjhjsnght di t`g nuajhbry trjbhoag (Aêvj-^trbuss 2:90, <39)
7. Ijhba rgkbrms5 t`grg js sdkgt`jho td ld bfdut
hdt`jho
Dfvjdusay kdst di ky stbtgkghts nbhhdt fg ‐prdvgh‚ ljrgntay
bobjhst brn`bgdadojnba lbtb. @dwgvgr, spgnuabtjdh `bs jts
pabng jh snjghng, tdd (Sdppgr 2:?6). J sukkbrjsg ky kbjh
pdjhts bhl bll sdkg kdrg broukghts.
Ijrstay, rgobrljho oghlgr „ bs gkp`btjnbaay ljiigrght irdk
fjdadojnba sgx „ jt nbh fg dfsgrvgl t`bt jh t`g Gasadd
ngkgtgry t`g furjbas brg qujtg ditgh iduhl jh pbjrs, bhl t`btt`gsg pbjrs brg bawbys ndhstjtutgl fy furjbas di dppdsjtg
oghlgr. \`g ljstbhngs wjt`jh t`gsg pbjrs brg dh t`g bvgrbog
sajo`tay kdrg t`bh twd kgtrgs, bhl fgtwggh orbvgs di gquba
oghlgr bakdst sjx kgtrgs= jh ky vjgw t`js pbjrjho js
suoogstjvg di kbrjtba ndupags. Jh t`g Hjglgrkgrz ngkgtgry
t`g wdkgh nbhhdt pdsjtjvgay fg jlghtjijgl, J igbr t`bt t`g
rgagvbht ojits `bvg ljssdavgl jh t`g sdja. ^tjaa, irdk b ljstbhng
(idrgst)gxpdsurg
(nuaturg)jh`ukbtjdhnrgkbtjdh
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bhbaysjs bt agbst 6? pbjrs di orbvgs nbh fg sjhoagl dut, wjt`jh
gbn` di t`gk dhg jhtgrkght w`jn` kby tghtbtjvgay fg
jlghtjijgl bs kbag (Ybh lg Ygalg 2::9). Jh ajhg wjt`
bht`rdpdadojnba uhlgrstbhljhos J ndhsjlgr oghlgr nbtgodrjgs
rgagvbht idr bhl pgrtbjhjho td iuaay jhjtjbtgl (bluat) pgdpag
dhay, wjt` n`jalrgh bhl dal pgdpag fgydhl (rg)prdluntjvg bog
sgpbrbtg nbtgodrjgs. \`g t`rgg mjts di ojits wjt` w`jn` t`glgngbsgl wgrg jhlgxgl jh Gasadd, nbh fg ndhsjlgrgl
rgprgsghtbtjvg di t`rgg kbedr sdnjba ijgals5 t`g rjtuba dr
ngrgkdhjba (idr t`g igkbags), ijgal abfdur (idr t`g kbags), bhl
t`g `dusg (b oghgrba sgt, basd dnnurrjho jh hdh-oghlgrgl
orbvgs)= ndhstjtutjho b t`ukf hbja pjnturg di Fbhlmgrbkjm
sdnjba ajig.
^gndhlay rgobrljho kbtrjajhgbrjty t`g broukght js bargbly
dhg rgkdvgl irdk t`g ljrgntay dfsgrvbfag, t`g jhigrghng
fgjho lgpghlght updh t`g oghlgr nabssgs. Sdssjfay, t`g
ljssjkjabrjty di t`g ljstrjfutjdhs di t`g lgijhjho n`brbntgrjs-
tjns (rgntj- bhl nurvjajhgbrjty di pdt lgndrbtjdh) dvgr t`g
oghlgr nabssgs kjo`t fg bnnjlghtba. @dwgvgr, td frjho bfdut
sun` bh bnnjlght sdkgt`jho vgry strbhog kust `bvg `bppghglgjt`gr jh t`g pbst dr jh ky bhbaysjs5 t`g prdfbfjajty di sun` b
ljstrjfutjdh fgjho bnnjlghtba js 9 jh 2,333 idr Gasadd, w`grgbs
idr Hjglgrkgrz t`g n`bhngs brg 6,7%. Nduhtgr gxbkpags
`bvg hdt fggh iduhl jh t`g lbtb, bhl t`grg brg hd kjsijts.
Ojvgh t`bt kbtrjajhgba nustdks `bvg ndhsgqughngs
t`rduo`dut sdnjgty, t`gy brg brtjnuabtgl bhl t`us rgprdlungl
jh kbhy sdnjba ijgals. \`g jkpajnbtjdh js t`bt t`gsg nustdks
brg ibjray rgsjstbht td n`bhog dvgr tjkg. \`grgidrg, sjhng
Orbgt`gjlg bhl Balgh`dvghgr Sabttg Fbhlmgrbkjm prdfbfay
gvdavgl irdk b ndkkdh bhngstrba sdnjgty, sjkjabr mjhs`jp
nustdks brg td fg gxpgntgl, bs jhlggl lgkdhstrbtgl fy t`g
twd ngkgtgrjgs:. \`g nd`grghng di t`g broukght paus jts
sgvgrba gkpjrjnba ndrdaabrjgs kby fg tbmgh td fbnm up t`g
jhigrghng di t`g oghlgr spgnjijn orbvg ojits.
\`jrlay, jh Fbhlmgrbkjm stuljgs t`g jhigrghng di bhdt`gr,
ljstjhnt iuhgrbry rjtuba hgxt td nrgkbtjdh bhl jh`ukbtjdh js
hgw. J wdhlgrgl w`y t`g abrog kbedrjty di t`gjr orbvgs
s`dual `bvg fggh grbljnbtgl fy t`g paduo` „ ojvgh t`bt t`g
igw furjbas bhl nrgkbtjdhs wg ld pdssgss `bvg fggh qujtg
wgaa prgsgrvgl. \`g mhdwh ngkgtgrjgs brg bssdnjbtgl wjt`
abrog bhl adho-abstjho sgttagkghts (pgr`bps t`g abrogst bhl
t`g adhogst jh`bfjtgl jh gbn` sgttagkght brgb), bhl furjbas
irdk t`g skbaagr `bkagts bhl irdk t`g dalgr p`bsgs brg
kjssjho batdogt`gr. Bs bh gxpabhbtjdh, b iuhgrbry rjtuba
w`jn` wbs oghgrba jh t`g dalgr p`bsgs js prdpdsgl w`jn` wbs pbrtjbaay rgpabngl jh t`g yduhogr p`bsgs fy jh`ukbtjdh dr
nrgkbtjdh. \`js gbrajgr, batgrhbtjvg rjtuba kby `bvg fggh
diijnjbtgl brduhl t`g ndrpsg abjl dh b snbiidal dr b trgg
„ w`jn` ldgs hdt jkpay t`g bfsghng di rjtgs lg pbssbog, bs
irdk t`g mhdwh furjbas t`gsg rjtgs `bvg hdt fggh (ljrgntay)
bsngrtbjhgl gjt`gr. Jh blljtjdh, jt nbh gvgh fg prdpdsgl t`bt
t`g strby ijhls di Fbhlmgrbkjm tddas bhl s`grls dutsjlg t`g
sgttagkghts s`dual fg rgbl bs rgkhbhts di t`gsg dt`grwjsg
uhtrbngbfag rjtubas, w`jn` suoogsts b iuturg ajhg di rgsgbrn`.
Idurt`ay, b t`jrl rjtuba dnnurrgl td kg w`gh t`jhmjho bfdut
t`g rgprgsghtbtjvjty di t`g Gasadd ngkgtgry, w`grg bppbrghtay
dhay b kjhutg pbrt di t`g drjojhba pdpuabtjdh `bs fggh furjgl.
B nadsgr addm rgvgbas t`bt pgr`bps t`g jh`bfjtbhts di dhg
hgbrfy bhl ndhtgkpdrbry sgttagkght kust `bvg fgghlgpdsjtgl t`grg bhl hdt t`g ndkpagtg pdpuabtjdh di b rgojdh.
B sjkjabr prdpdsjtjdh nbh fg idrkuabtgl idr
Hjglgrkgrz/Abhowgjagr 0. Ji sd, t`gsg ngkgtgrjgs ld hdt
ndhsjst di skbaa sbkpags irdk t`g fbnmorduhl pdpuabtjdhs,
fut rbt`gr rgprgsght spgnjijn vjaabogs jh t`gjr ghtjrgty= t`g
prdfagk di rgprgsghtbtjvjty js trbhsigrrgl t`gh td t`g rgabtjdhs
fgtwggh t`gsg ngkgtgry/sgttagkght ndupags bhl t`g rgkbjhlgr
di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm `bkagts dh t`gjr rgspgntjvg pabtgbux
(Ybh lg Ygalg 2::3).
Ijit`ay bhl ijhbaay, J jhigrrgl bh gquba iddtjho di kbags
bhl igkbags bt Gasadd irdk t`g qubhtjtbtjvg bhl qubajtbtjvg
ljstrjfutjdhs di orbvg ojits dvgr oghlgr. @dwgvgr, w`gh jh
Hjglgrkgrz igkbag kbrmgrs `bvg ljsbppgbrgl, sd kbag (dr igkbag) bppurtghbhngs kby `bvg vbhjs`gl irdk t`g idrkgr
ngkgtgry, tdd. Jh t`bt nbsg bh `jgrbrn`jnba dppdsjtjdh s`dual
fg ndhsjlgrgl wjt` dhg gagkght oghgrba dr baa-gkfrbnjho,
bhl t`g dt`gr spgnjijn bhl tdpkdst (Baagh 2:07). \`us, irdk
t`g Hjglgrkgrz lbtb t`g abttgr gagkght kby `bvg fggh kbag
oghlgr bhl t`g oghgrba dhg igkbag „ jh ibnt b pdssjfag
jkpajnbtjdh di Ld`rh-J`kjo‚s jhtgrprgtbtjdh di t`bt
orbvgybrl. _`jag t`grg js ngrtbjhay hd b prjdrj rgbsdh td
prgigr t`g gobajtbrjbh dppdsjtjdh dvgr t`g `jgrbrn`jnba
drlgrjho di oghlgr, bh broukght bobjhst t`js kdlga js t`bt
t`grg brg bt agbst 22 uhkbrmgl ‐kbag‚ orbvgs bt Hjglgrkgrz,
bhl 2> bt Gasadd, squbrgay bt dlls wjt` t`g prdpdsgl kbag
spgnjbajty bhl supgrjdrjty. \`grgidrg t`g idrkgr s`dual fg
rgtbjhgl.
hdtgs
2 J bk pagbsgl td bnmhdwaglog ljsnussjdhs dh t`g prgsght sufegntwjt` Kbredrjg lg Orddt`, Bagxbhlgr @ìusagr bhl Eghs Añhjho= basdky tgxt `bs kun` fghgijtgl irdk ndkkghts fy Jhgmg Bffjhm bhlLjglgrjm Kgjegr.
6 \`grg brg ndhsjlgrbfag prdfagks wjt` p`ysjnba lgtgrkjhbtjdh= sgg^`ghhbh 2:?7, _b`a 2:02/2:0<, dr _gajhlgr 2:0:.
> Ni. Lbvjl Nabrmg‚s hdtjdh di ‐pdayt`gtjn sgt‚ (Nabrmg 2:90, >?).Irdk jt, t`g oghgrbaay adw ndrrgabtjdhs bkdho ojit nbtgodrjgs jhFbhlmgrbkjm orbvgybrls nbh fg uhlgrstddl.
< Jh t`g gxnbvbtjdh rgpdrt Ld`rh-J kjo basd prgsghts blgtgrkjhbtjdh di oghlgr/sgx (s`g js hdt gxpajnjt dh t`js tdpjn) di t`gfurjbas bt Hjglgrkgrz. Idr vbrjdus rgbsdhs J ljsborgg wjt` sgvgrba di t`gk n`jgiay, fgnbusg t`g wgbat`jgr orbvgs brg baa ndhsjlgrgl kbagsfgnbusg di t`gjr wgbat`, fut basd fgnbusg ojit nbtgodrjgs brg aukpgl
00 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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jh `gr bhbaysjs (b iuaagr ljsnussjdh js td fg iduhl jh Ybh lg Ygalg2::9). Jh t`rgg nbsgs ky oghlgr lgtgrkjhbtjdh js hdt jh bnndrlbhngwjt` t`g bht`rdpdkgtrjn bhbaysjs.
7 \`js js hdt td sby t`bt t`gy ld agbvg t`gjr `dkgstgbl jh baa nbsgs=t`g n`bhogdvgr kby basd fg sjohjijgl fy t`g bldptjdh di t`g hbkg di t`gjr hgw pbrthgr, bs jh wgstgrh sdnjgtjgs. Bh gvghtuba n`bhog di bllrgss js tjgl td t`g ruags di adnbajty5 pbtrjadnba brrbhogkghts dfajog
t`g frjlg td kdvg dvgr td `gr `usfbhl, kbtrjadnba ruags `bvg t`gkbag s`jit `gbrt`. \`g ruags odvgrhjho adnbajty hggl hdt fg jlghtjnbatd t`g jhngst/gxdobky nustdk. Kdrgdvgr, hdt gvgryfdly wjaargprdlung prgvjdus nustdk, fut oghgrbaay wjaa try td ogt t`g fgst di t`g sjtubtjdh bs s`g kby sggk ijt „ dhg nbh spgbm di tghlghnjgsdhay. @ghng, jh b kbtrjajhgba sdnjgty bntuba kbrrjbogs wjaa fg iduhlbrrbhogl kdrg irgqughtay bnndrljho td b kbtrjajhgba pbttgrh t`bhidaadwjho bhy dt`gr ruag= fut ljvgrojho jhstbhngs wjaa bawbys fgprgsght.
9 Jh prjvbtg ndkkuhjnbtjdh fy pgdpag di t`g Balgh`dvghgr SabttgSrdegnt t`g usg ajig js gstjkbtgl bt prdfbfay idur oghgrbtjdhs, jhstgbldi sjx= gspgnjbaay t`g syhn`rdhjsbtjdh di t`g gbrajgr orbvgs jsndhtgstgl bs t`gy `bvg fggh lbtgl fy s`brls jh t`g pjt ijaajhosjhstgbl di t`rduo` orbvgojits. Ji t`g idur oghgrbtjdh ijourg js
bnngptgl, t`gh ndhsjlgrbfay agss lgngbsgl brg td fg bnnduhtgl idr52?7-6>3 pgdpag, bt t`g kdst twjng t`g hukfgr di dnnupbhts jh t`gngkgtgry.
? Ndrrgspdhljho ijourgs idr Hjglgrkgrz brg :7 nks bhl 77 nksrgspgntjvgay, baa ndrrgntgl idr grdsjdh bhl baauvjbtjdh (Ld`rh-J`kjo2:0>, <0-73= Kdllgrkbh 2:?3, <). Lgpt` ljiigrghngs brg hdtsjohjijnbht, t`duo`, bs t`g vbrjbhngs brg abrog.
0 Jh b pgrsdhba ndkkuhjnbtjdh, Lr B. @ìusagr suoogstglbht`rdpdp`boy bs bh batgrhbtjvg. Bnndrljho td `jk, t`grg jsbfuhlbht gvjlghng idr nbhhjfbajstjn prbntjngs bkdho t`gFbhlmgrbkjbhs. Jh ky rgbljho di t`g gt`hdorbp`jn ajtgrbturg,bht`rdpdp`bojn prbntjngs brg kdst ditgh bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g ndrpsgsdi pgdpag irdk dt`gr ndkkuhjtjgs, gxdobkdusay, bhl hdt wjt`rgouabray lgngbsgl kgkfgrs di t`g dwh ordup. Gvgh jh t`g kdst
fgaajogrght sdnjgtjgs, jh t`g abrog kbedrjty di nbsgs lgbt` js jhnurrglfy hbturba nbusgs, hdt fy sabuo`tgr.
: \`g sgttagkght lbtb bppgbr td ndrrdfdrbtg t`g prgsght jhigrghng5b pbtrjadnba bhl kbtrjajhgba strunturg di mjh rgabtjdhs ijts fgst td t`gdfsgrvgl ljstrjfutjdh di pdttgry lgndrbtjdh jh t`g vjaabog di Gasadd(Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:).
rgigrghngs
Baagh, H.E. 2:07. @jgrbrn`jnba dppdsjtjdh bhl sdkg dt`gr typgs di
rgabtjdh. Jh5 V.@.
Fbrhgs, L. lg Ndppgt & V.E. Sbrmjh (gls.) Ndhtgxts bhl agvgas „
bht`rdpdadojnba gssbys dh `jgrbrn`y, Dxidrl, 62->6.
Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2::3. \`g kdhukghtbajty di lgbt`5 t`g n`brbntgr di
Gbray Frdhzg Bog kdrtubry kduhls jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh,_dral
Brn`bgdadoy 66, 2?:-20:.
Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2::<. Irbokghts irdk bhtjqujty „ bh brn`bgdadoy di
sdnjba ajig jh Frjtbjh, Dxidrl.
Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:?6. Kdrtubry prbntjngs5 t`gjr stuly bhl t`gjr
pdtghtjba. Jh5 A.V. Fjhidrl Bh brn`bgdadojnba pgrspgntjvg, Hgw
Zdrm, 630-6<>.
Fjhidrl, A.V. 2:?7. ^bkpajho, eulokght, bhl t`g brn`bgdadojnbargndrl. Jh5 E. Kugaagr (gl.) ^bkpajho jh brn`bgdadoy, \unsdh, 672-67?
N`bpkbh, V._. & M. Vbhlsfdro 2:02. Bpprdbn`gs td t`g
brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`. Jh5 V. N`bpkbh gt ba. (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy
di lgbt`, Nbkfrjlog, 2-6<.
Nabrmg, L.A. 2:90. Bhbaytjnba brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh.
Ld`rh-J`kjo, K. 2:0>. Lbs fbhlmgrbkjsn`g Orìfgrigal vdh
Balgh`dvgh-Hjglgrkgrz, Mrgjs Lñrgh, Brn`ìdadojg jh lgh
V`gjhjsn`gh AùÔfùrlgh. Mùah, <?-2:3.
Gnd, W. 2:?>. ^dnjba ajig bs b sjoh systgk. Jh5 L. Vdfgy (gl.)
^trunturbajsk, bh jhtrdluntjdh, Adhldh.
Idx, V. 2:9?. Mjhs`jp bhl kbrrjbog, @brkdhlswdrt`.
Ogrd, E. K. & K._. Ndhmgy (gls.) 2::2. Ghoghlgrjho brn`bgdadoy
„ wdkgh bhl prg`jstdry, Dxidrl.
Ojllghs, B. 2:0<. \`g ndhstjtutjdh di sdnjgty, Nbkfrjlog.
@bys, _.A. 2:?>/2:9>. ^tbtjstjns idr t`g sdnjba snjghngs, Adhldh
(6hl rgvl glh).
Mjhhgs, J. 2:02. Ljbadougs wjt` lgbt`. Jh5 V. N`bpkbh gt ba. (gls.)
\`g brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`, Nbkfrjlog, 0>-:2.
Ab Idhtbjhg, E.^. 2:?0. Jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5 E.^. Ab Idhtbjhg (gl.) ^gx
bhl bog bs prjhnjpags di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh, Adhldh, 2-63.
Aêvj-^trbuss, N. 2:9?. Ags strunturgs êaêkghtbjrgs lg ab pbrghtê ,
Sbrjs (6hl glh).
Aêvj-^trbuss, N. 2:90. A'drjojhg lgs kbhjàrgs lg tbfag, Sbrjs.
Adhobnrg, _.B. 2:90. ^dkg bspgnts di prg`jstdrjn sdnjgty jh gbst-
nghtrba Brjzdhb. Jh5 A.V. Fjhidrl & ^.V. Fjhidrl (gls.) Hgw
pgrspgntjvgs jh brn`bgdadoy, N`jnbod, 0:-236.
Añhjho, E. & S. ^tg`aj 2:0:. Ljg Fbhlmgrbkjm jh Kjttgagurdpb5 vdh
lgr Hbtur- zur Muaturabhlsn`bit, ^pgmtruk lgr _jssghsn`bit 2:0:(Bprja), ?0-:3.
Kgtnbai, S. & V. @uhtjhotdh 2::2. Ngagfrbtjdhs di lgbt` „ t`g
bht`rdpdadoy di kdrtubry rjtuba, Nbkfrjlog (6hl glh).
Kdllgrkbh, S.E.V. 2:?3. Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm bus Gasadd uhl ^tgjh
Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb > (Yda. J), <7-?9.
0: S. YBH LG YGALG „ FBHLMGVBKJM IWHGVBVZ VJ\WBA
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Kdrrjs, J. 2:0?. Furjba bhl bhnjght sdnjgty „ t`g rjsg di t`g Orggm
njty stbtg, Nbkfrjlog.
Kdrrjs, J. 2::6. Lgbt`-rjtuba bhl sdnjba strunturg jh nabssjnba
bhtjqujty, Nbkfrjlog.
Kurrby, \. 2::>. Brn`bgdadoy bhl t`g t`rgbt di t`g pbst5 ^jr Vjlgr
@boobrl bhl t`g bnqujsjtjdh di tjkg, _dral Brn`bgdadoy 67, 2?7-209.
Hgukbhh, O. & I. _jgobhl 2:<3. Gjh fbhlmgrbkjsn`gs Orìfgrigal
vdh Brhstblt, Lgr ^pbtghidrsn`gr 7, :->6.
D'^`gb, Ed`h 2:0<. Kdrtubry vbrjbfjajty „ bh brn`bgdadojnba
jhvgstjobtjdh, Drabhld.
Sblgr, G.E. 2:06. ^ykfdajsk, sdnjba rgabtjdhs bhl t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh
di kdrtubry rgkbjhs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts
Jhtgrhbtjdhba sgrjgs 2>3.
Sdppgr, M.V. 2:?6. Dfegntjvg mhdwaglog „ bh gvdautjdhbry bpprdbn`,
Dxidrl.
^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:06. Jlgdadoy, sykfdajn pdwgr bhl rjtuba
ndkkuhjnbtjdh5 b rgjhtgrprgtbtjdh di Hgdajt`jn kdrtubry prbntjngs.
Jh5 J. @dllgr (gl.) ^ykfdajn bhl strunturba brn`bgdadoy, Nbkfrjlog,
26:-27<.
^`ghhbh, ^. 2:?7. \`g sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh bt Frbhn, Bhtjqujty <:,
6?:-600.
^tg`aj, S. 2:0:. Kgrzfbn`tba „ Wkwgat uhl Ogsn`jn`tg gjhgr
fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh ^jglauhosmbkkgr,Ogrkbhjb 9?, 72-?9.
Wnmd, S.E. 2:9:. Gt`hdorbp`y bhl brn`bgdadojnba jhtgrprgtbtjdh di
iuhgrbry rgkbjhs, _dral Brn`bgdadoy 2, 696-603.
Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg, Agjlgh,
?:-22:.
Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2:09. Ljg Ghtwjnmauho lgr Mgrbkjmvgrzjgruho jh
lgr @jgh`gjkgr Fbhlmgrbkjm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 2:,
<>-73.
Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2::3. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba jhgqubajty,Ogrkbhjb
90, 2:->0.
Ybh lg Ygalg, S. 2::9. Lust bhl bs`gs „ b ndkpbrjsdh di twdhgdajt`jn ngkgtgrjgs, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, 2?>-200.
Ybh Oghhgp, B. 2:3:. Ags rjtgs lg pbssbog, Gho. trbhs. 2:93, 2:??5
\`g rjtgs di pbssbog, Adhldh.
_b`a, E. 2:02, 2:0<. Fgdfbn`tuhogh zur Ygrfrghhuho kghsn`ajn`gr
Agjn`hbkg, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 22, 6?2-6?:= 2<,
<<>-<76.
_b`a, E. & @.O. Mùhjo 2:0?. Bht`rdpdadojsn`-trbukbtdadojsn`g
Whtgrsun`uhogh lgr kghsn`ajn`gh ^mgagttrgstg bus lgk
fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh Kbssghorbf fgj \ba`gjk, Mrgjs @gjafruhh,
Iuhlfgrjn`tg bus Fblgh-_ñrttgkfgro 26, 97-2:>.
_gajhlgr, ^. 2:0:. Bh gxpgrjkght wjt` t`g bhbaysjs di sgx bhl
oghlgr di nrgkbtgl fdhgs, \dr 66, 6:-<2.
_`baadh, V. 2:90. Jhvgstjobtjdhs di abtg prg`jstdrjn sdnjba
drobhjzbtjdh jh Hgw Zdrm ^tbtg. Jh5 A.V. Fjhidrl & ^.V. Fjhidrl
(gls.) Hgw pgrspgntjvgs jh brn`bgdadoy, N`jnbod, 66>-6<<.
_jhla, @. 2::9. Vìtsga uk Ogwbat uhl \dl vdr ?333 Eb`rgh, Bspbrh
bh lgr Ubyb, Busstgaauhosmbtbado.
Sjgtgr vbh lg Ygalg
Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoyWhjvgrsjty di Agjlgh
S.F. :727
HA-6>33 VB Agjlgh
:3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
\`js pbpgr wjaa ljsnuss prdfagks di sdnjba drobhjzbtjdhlurjho b pgrjdl w`gh pgrkbhght sgttagkght bhl sufsjstghngibrkjho `bl fgndkg pbrt di t`g trbljtjdhba wby di ajig,bhl suprbadnba ndkkuhjnbtjdh hgtwdrms `bl bargbly fgghwgaa-gstbfajs`gl.2
\`g rgsgbrn` rgpdrtgl `grg stbrtgl wjt` b stuly di t`g n`grtbssgkfabogs bt t`g Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght sjtg di @jgh`gjk-bk-_gjhfgro (Almr. Mga`gjk, Hjglgrfbygrh). \`js sjtg wbs
gxnbvbtgl fgtwggh 2:97 bhl 2:?< fy t`g Jhstjtutg di Srg`jstdry, Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh (\`g Hgt`grabhls). Jt ajgsdh t`g agit fbhm di t`g rjvgr Lbhufg jh b rbt`gr jsdabtgladgss-ndvgrgl rgojdh. \`g kbjh sgttagkght stbrtgl jh t`gGbray Hgdajt`jn bt 9633 FS (dr 7273 nba. FN6) bhl ghlgln. ?33 FS (dr <933 nba. FN) jh t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn(Kdllgrkbh 2:??, 2:09= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:). Jh t`g gbrajgr sgttagkght p`bsgs Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm (AFM) pdttgry wbs jhusg. Abtgr dh wg ijhl lgndrbtgl pdttgry fgadhojho td t`g^tjn`-^trjn`-Mdkpagx (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:), basd mhdwh bst`g Dfgrabutgrfbn` Oruppg (Fbygragjh 2:07) dr t`g ‐KjllagHgdajt`jn di ^dut`gbstgrh Fbvbrjb' (Hblagr/Uggf gt ba. 2::<).\`js pdst-Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm ordup „ td fg hbkgl Kjllag
Hgdajt`jn (KH) jh t`js brtjnag „ js td b abrog gxtghlndhtgkpdrbry wjt` t`g OrdÔobrtbn`-, ^tjn`fbhlmgrbkjm-, bhlAghoyga-`drjzdh, bhl kby basd dvgrabp wjt` t`g gbrajgr stbogs di t`g Vùssgh Nuaturg. \`g @jgh`gjk gxnbvbtjdh basdyjgalgl trbngs di jh`bfjtbtjdh fy t`g Abtg Hgdajt`jnKñhn`s`ùighgr, Bat`gjk bhl N`bk ordups (Kdllgrkbh2:??, 2:09), lbtjho td n. <933->033 nba. FN, n. >033->>33nba FN, bhl n. >>33-6933 nba. FN rgspgntjvgay (Kbtusn`jm2::6= \jaakbhh 2::>). Jh tgrks di `dusg pabhs, sgttagkghtstrunturg, pdttgry lgndrbtjdh bhl stdhg tddas t`grg brg dhayljiigrghngs di lgorgg fgtwggh Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm bhlKjllag Hgdajt`jn (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:= Kdllgrkbh 2:09=Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
6. N`grt rgsdurngs
\`g sufsdja di t`g brgb brduhl @jgh`gjk ndhsjsts kbjhay di Eurbssjn N`bam lgpdsjts, w`jn` ndhtbjh kbhy vbrjgtjgs di n`grt (ijo. 2). \`g n`grts dnnur jh hdluabr bhl jh tbfuabr idrk. _jt`jh t`g sjtg tgrrjtdry di @jgh`gjk, (j.g., t`g brgbgxpadjtgl dh b lbjay fbsjs, Fbmgas 2:?0) hd dutnrdps di n`grt
Kbredrjg G.\`. lg Orddt` ^dnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g n`grtprdnurgkght strbtgojgs di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkghtbt @jgh`gjk, Fbvbrjb
\bfag 2. @jgh`gjk5 s jit jh rbw kbtgrjba usg t`rduo` tjkg
(bitgr Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
Hdluags\bfagts \bfagts
Fbjgrsldri Brh`digh
AFM
gbray 02.6 0.6 23.9 233.3%
abtg 9?.6 29.7 29.> 233.3%
\rbhsjtjdh ><.> <3.< 67.< 233.2%
KH
gbray :.< 09.< 23.6 233.3%
abtg 2>.6 96.3 6<.0 233.3%
brg mhdwh. Jh jts `dkg rbhog (t`g brgb wjt` b rbljus di sjx`durs' wbamjho ljstbhng, gxpadjtgl gxtghsjvgay tdogt`gr wjt`dt`gr ordups, Fbmgas 2:?0), `dwgvgr, ljiigrght mjhls di `jo`qubajty n`grts nbh fg iduhl. Bt ^n`wbfstgttgh, ?.7 mk td t`gwgst di @jgh`gjk, t`g gauvjba nabys ndhtbjh orgy hdluabr n`grts (Fbmgas 2:?0). \`js sbkg typg di n`grt wbs basd
bvbjabfag bt kbhy dt`gr adnbajtjgs jh t`g rgojdh. Gagvghmjadkgtgrs td t`g hdrt`, j.g. hdrt` di t`g rjvgr Batkñ`a, ajgst`g brgb di Fbjgrsldri, w`grg frdwh td orgyjs` frdwh tbfuabn`grt wbs gxpadjtgl (Fjhstgjhgr 2:0:). Ijhbaay, : mk td t`gwgst, dh t`g dt`gr fbhm di t`g rjvgr Lbhufg, t`g dutnrdps btBrh`digh suppajgl b vgry ijhg-orbjhgl, fbhlgl orgy tbfuabr n`grt.
Baa t`rgg typgs di n`grt wgrg usgl ndhtjhudusay fy t`gjh`bfjtbhts di Hgdajt`jn @jgh`gjk. \`g jhjtjba prgigrghng idr hdluabr n`grt n`bhogl orblubaay, bhl jh t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jntbfuabr n`grt wbs usgl bakdst gxnausjvgay (tbf. 2). \`g kbjhtgn`hdadojnba blvbhtbogs di tbfuabr n`grt brg twdidal5 ndrgshggl ajttag prgpbrbtjdh bhl jt js gbsy td prdlung stbhlbrljzglhbturbaay fbnmgl fablgs. Bat`duo` t`g twd dutnrdps di tbfuabr n`grt brg sjtubtgl bt bakdst gquba ljstbhngs irdk t`gsjtg, dvgr 93% di t`g gxnbvbtgl wbstg kbtgrjba fgadhos td t`gFbjgrsldri vbrjgty.
B prgajkjhbry bhbaysjs di b sbkpag di 2>0 tbfuabr ndrgsirdk 26 wgaa-lbtgl KH rgiusg pjts s`dwgl ajttag ljiigrghngjh t`g wby fdt` typgs di tbfagts wgrg wdrmgl (tbf. 6).
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Ijourg 2. Gbray bhl Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn sgttagkghts bhl jkpdrtbht n`grt gxtrbntjdh sjtgs jh t`g Mga gjk rgojdh (bitgr Fbmgas 2:?0= Fbmgas/Kdllgrkbh
2:09= Fbygragjh 2:09= Ghoga`brlt 2::3). 25 adgss= 65 Eurbssjn n`bams= >5 @jgh`gjk= <5 dt`gr „ kbjhay Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn „ sgttagkghts= 75 gxtrbntjdh
pdjhts, B;Brh`digh, F;Fbjgrsldri, A;Aghoigal (irdk Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
Whwdrmgl prg-ndrgs dnnur jh gxbntay t`g sbkg pgrnghtbog(7.>%) jh fdt` typgs. \`grg brg hd sjohjijnbht ljiigrghngs jht`g bvgrbog hukfgr di hgobtjvgs (abrogr t`bh 63 kk) dh t`gndrg ibngs, dr jh t`g hukfgr di pabhgs usgl bs strjmjhopabtidrks bhl/dr ndrg ibngs. Dh Brh`digh ndrgs, `dwgvgr,t`g ljrgntjdh di rgluntjdh wbs n`bhogl kdrg irgqughtay5t`gy s`dw b `jo`gr pgrnghtbog di pabhgs sgrvjho fdt` bs ndrgibng bhl bs strjmjho pabtidrk. \`js ljiigrghng jhljnbtgs t`btBrh`digh tbfagts wgrg wdrmgl sajo`tay kdrg jhtghsjvgay, futiurt`gr bhbaysjs js hgglgl td lgnjlg w`gt`gr t`js rbw kbtgrjba
baadwgl idr `jo`gr tgn`hdadojnba giijnjghny dr w`gt`gr jt wbsspgnjbaay vbaugl jh tgrks di sykfdajn ndhhdtbtjdhs bhl/dr `jo` ndsts di bnqujsjtjdh.
>. Srdnurgkght strbtgojgs
Idr b fgttgr uhlgrstbhljho di t`g n`grt prdnurgkght strbtgojgsprbntjngl, t`g bssgkfabogs di sgttagkghts s`dual fg stuljgljh bh jhtgorbtgl bpprdbn`, tdogt`gr wjt` t`dsg di fdt`gxtrbntjdh bhl wdrms`dp sjtgs (Grjnsdh 2:0<= Lg Orddt`2::2, 2::<f= \drrghng 2:09).
:6 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Ijourg 6. @jgh`gjk, fablg ndrg di Fbjgrsldri n grt wjt` rgijttgl fdrgr
ljsnbrlgl tdogt`gr jh b Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn rgiusg pjt.
Idr t`g AFM pgrjdl sdkg sjx sgttagkghts brg mhdwh jh t`g@jgh`gjk rgojdh (Fbmgas 2:?0= Fbmgas/Kdllgrkbh 2:09=Fjhstgjhgr/Sagygr 2:0?). \`g jh`bfjtbhts di @jgh`gjkgxpadjtgl b hukfgr di ljiigrght rgsdurngs, sggkjhoay jh brbt`gr `bp`bzbrl wby. Bnngss td baa rgojdhba rgsdurngs wbsbppbrghtay uhrgstrjntgl (Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
Baa n`grt wbs frduo`t jhtd t`g sgttagkght jh bh gbray stbog di
t`g rgluntjdh sgqughng, bs prgndrgs dr bs jhjtjbaay prgpbrgl ndrgs.
Jh dt`gr wdrls, bt t`g vbrjdus gxtrbntjdh sjtgs t`g rbw kbtgrjbawbs dhay tgstgl idr sujtbfjajty. \`g prdluntjdh di fabhms bhltddas bhl t`g usg t`grgdi tddm pabng jh t`g sgttagkght. Jh
sdnjd-gndhdkjn tgrks, t`js prdnurgkght strbtgoy ndrrgspdhlstd b ldkgstjn kdlg di prdluntjdh, jh w`jn t`g ibkjay, ajvjhojh b sjhoag `dusg`dal, js t`g kbjh uhjt di prdluntjdh bhlndhsukptjdh (Lg Orddt` 2:0?= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:).
\`g dhay brtjibnts brrjvjho irdk t`g ‐dutsjlg wdral' wgrgblzgs kblg di bkp`jfdajtg, b rbw kbtgrjba stgkkjho irdk „ bs ygt uhjlghtjijgl „ dutnrdps adnbtgl bt agbst 233 mk tdt`g hdrt` di @jgh`gjk (Fbmgas 2:09). Ji n`grt njrnuabtgl btbaa, t`js dnnurrgl dvgr rgabtjvgay s`drt ljstbhngs hdtgxnggljho n. 03-233 mk (Lg Orddt` 2::<b). Jh t`js rgspgntHjglgrfbygrh sggkjhoay `bl b sdkgw`bt jsdabtgl pdsjtjdhwjt`jh t`g Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm wdral5 gasgw`grg gxtghsjvghgtwdrms brg ldnukghtgl, t`rduo` w`jn` iajht bhl n`grtwgrg systgkbtjnbaay ljstrjfutgl dvgr vgry adho ljstbhngs.Vjenm`dat-typg iajht irdk Ajkfuro (jh t`g sdut`grh pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls) wbs trbhspdrtgl bs ibr bs @gssg bhlFblgh-_ñrttgkfgro (Ujkkgrkbhh 2::7), w`jast jh gbstgrhNghtrba Gurdpg ljiigrght Sdajs` n`grt typgs, bs wgaa bsdfsjljbh, njrnuabtgl dvgr ljstbhngs di kdrg t`bh 2333 mk(Agn` 2:0?).
:> K. LG OVDD\@ „ N@GV\ SVDNWVGKGH\ ^\VB\GOJG^
\bfag 6. @jgh`gjk5 ndkpbrjsdh di tgn`hdadojnba lbtb idr Brh`digh
bhl Fbjgrsldri tbfuabr ndrgs irdk 26 Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn rgiusg pjts
(HF t`g typjnba ‐fadnm-ajmg' tbfagt `bs sjx pdtghtjbaay rglunjfag pabhgs).
\bfagts \bfagtsFbjgrsldri Brh`digh
Bvgrbog hukfgr di hgobtjvgs x ; >.6 x ; >.<
(abrogr t`bh 63 kk)/tbfagt s ; 6.9 s ; 6.<rbhog 3-63 rbhog 3-23
Bvgrbog hukfgr di pabhgs usgl x ; 6.: x ; 6.0bs strjmjho pabtidrks bhl/dr bs s ; 2.3 s ; 3.0ndrg ibngs rbhog 6-0 rbhog 6-7
Sgrnghtbog di ndrgs wjt` pabhgs 60% ><%usgl fdt` bs strjmjho pabtidrkbhl bs ndrg ibng
Bvgrbog hukfgr di fj-iuhntjdhba x ; 2.0 x ; 2.:pabhgs (w`gh prgsght) s ; 3.? s ; 3.9
rbhog 2-< rbhog 2->
_`jast t`g fbsjn spbtjba drobhjzbtjdh di n`grt prdluntjdh bt@jgh`gjk rgkbjhgl t`g sbkg lurjho t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn(ijo. 6), jkpdrtbht n`bhogs dnnurrgl bs rgobrls fdt` t`g
bnqujsjtjdh di rbw kbtgrjba bhl t`g rgojdhba ljstrjfutjdhkgn`bhjsk. Bh jhnrgbsg jh t`g hukfgr di sgttagkghts jh t`gMga`gjk rgojdh wbs ndkfjhgl wjt` b lgnrgbsg jh t`g hukfgrdi wdrmgl gxtrbntjdh sjtgs. Bt Brh`digh, b abrog kjhjhondkpagx wjt` s`bits up td 0 k lggp, jhvgstjobtgl fyGhoga`brlt bhl Fjhstgjhgr, lbtgs irdk t`js pgrjdl(Ghoga`brlt/Fjhstgjhgr 2:00= Kdsgr 2:?0). \`g tbfuabr n`grts bt Fbjgrsldri wgrg prdfbfay bargbly gxpadjtgl fy dpghnbst kjhjho bt t`js tjkg (Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
\`g rgojdhba ljstrjfutjdh kgn`bhjsk n`bhogl bs wgaa, btagbst idr Brh`digh tbfuabr n`grt5 ndrgs bhl sufstbhtjbabkduhts di lgfjtbog brg prgsght dhay jh sgttagkghts adnbtglbt b ljstbhng di agss t`bh 63 mk irdk t`g kjhgs. Dutsjlg t`js
brgb, Brh`digh strjpgl tbfuabr n`grt dnnurs bakdstgxnausjvgay bs fablgs bhl ijhjs`gl tddas. Jt wbs trbhspdrtgl bibr bs Gbstgrh Fd`gkjb bhl Adwgr ^jagsjb td t`g hdrt`-gbst(673->73 mk, Agn` 2:0?), \`urjhojb td t`g hdrt` (n. 633 mk),bhl @gssg bhl _gstp`bajb td t`g hdrt`wgst (dvgr >33 mk,Fjhstgjhgr 2::3= Ujkkgrkbhh 2::7).
\`g gstjkbtgs dh t`g dvgrbaa lurbtjdh di lggp s`bitgxpadjtbtjdh bt Brh`digh vbry fgtwggh ?33 ygbrs (irdkn. 7333 nba FN td <>33 nba FN) bhl 673 ygbrs. Jh t`g idrkgrnbsg, t`js typg di jhtghsjvg gxtrbntjdh wbs prbntjngl lurjhot`g yduhogr AFM bhl t`g w`dag Kjllag Hgdajt`jn pgrjdl(Ghoga`brlt 2::3)= jh t`g abttgr nbsg jt wbs ajkjtgl td t`gpgrjdl di t`g rbw kbtgrjba's kbjh usg bt @jgh`gjk (LgOrddt` 2::<n), lurjho w`jn` jts adho-ljstbhng ljstrjfutjdhbasd wbs bt jts pgbm (Ujkkgrkbhh 2::7). \`g gxnbvbtjdhrgpdrt dh t`g Brh`digh kjhgs baadws dhg td kbmg gstjkbtgsdh fdt` t`g ygbray dutput di rbw kbtgrjba „ kjh. >6, kbx.2:? mo di tbfagts, irdk 26-?9 s`bits „ bhl dh t`g wdrmidrngrgqujrgl idr jts gxtrbntjdh „ b twd-pgrsdh tgbk wdrmjho idr 293 `durs pgr s`bit (Fjhstgjhgr 2::3= Ghoga`brlt 2::3).
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Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, t`g gvjlghng irdk @jgh`gjk bhl dt`gr sjtgs jh t`g Mga`gjk rgojdh kby fg usgl idr gstjkbtgs dh t`gbvbjabfag wdrmidrng bhl t`g rbtgs di n`grt ndhsukptjdh. \`gbvgrbog Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght kby `bvg ndhsjstgl di n. ijvg ndhtgkpdrbry `dusgs, wjt` 63 bluats bhl >3 n`jalrgh(Fbmgas 2:?0). Kdst n`grt rgndvgrgl jh AFM bhl Kjllag
Hgdajt`jn sgttagkghts kust fg rgobrlgl bs sgndhlbry ruffjs`(^n`jiigr 2:?9), bhl jlgbs dh jts ygbray ndhsukptjdh lgpghlkbjhay dh gstjkbtgs di t`g bkduht di kbtgrjba adst fgnbusgdi fdt` lgpdsjtjdhba prbntjngs bhl pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba prdngssgs(bkdho w`jn` gxnbvbtjdh kgt`dls, hdtbfay t`g kgn`bhjnbargkdvba di tdpsdja, ijourg prdkjhghtay). Bttgkpts td rgijtKjllag Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs bt @jgh`gjk, s`dwgl t`g adsstd `bvg fggh ndhsjlgrbfag -bt agbst ?7% (Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
Ndkfjhbtjdh di t`gsg ljiigrght typgs di gstjkbtgs agbls tdbh jhtgrprgtbtjdh jh w`jn` gxtrbntjdh bt Brh`digh wbs bs`drt-tgrk, sgbsdhba bntjvjty, pgridrkgl edjhtay fy „ kbag „ jh`bfjtbhts di t`g n. >3 mhdwh ndgvba sgttagkghts adnbtglwjt`jh b 63-mk-rbljus brduhl t`g kjhg (ijo. 2= ijo. >). \`g
ljstrjfutjdh dutsjlg t`js ‐prdluntjdh brgb' wbs pbrtay ljrgntglbt jkkgljbtg hgjo`fdrs, j.g. bt jkkgljbtg mjh. B strunturbaadho-ljstbhng njrnuabtjdh, `dwgvgr, wbs nagbray prgsght bswgaa (Lg Orddt` 2::<n). \`js typg di gxpadjtbtjdh nbh fgprbntjngl uhlgr b ajhgbog kdlg di prdluntjdh, w`grg t g uhjtdi prdluntjdh bhl ndhsukptjdh js idrkgl fy b ordup di rgabtgl ibkjajgs, fgadhojho td t`g sbkg ajhgbog dr ‐nabh'(Lg Orddt` 2:0?= Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:) bhl tgkpdrbrjayboorgobtgl jhtd b abrogr wdrmidrng.
\`js jhtgrprgtbtjdh ljiigrs kbrmglay irdk t`g vjgws dh t`gdrobhjzbtjdh di gxtrbntjdh bt t`g Brh`digh kjhjho ndkpagxbs prgsghtgl fy jts gxnbvbtdrs (Fjhstgjhgr 2::3= Ghoga-`brlt/Fjhstgjhgr 2:00). Jh bnndrlbhng wjt` kdst di t`g
gxjstjho bnnduhts di Hgdajt`jn lggp-s`bit kjhjho (Lg Orddt`2::2, idrt`ndkjho), t`gy lgpjnt jt bs b strdhoay drobhjzglghtgrprjsg, ruh fy t`g jh`bfjtbhts di eust b igw prjvjagoglsgttagkghts nadsg td t`g kjhgs, w`d wdrmgl t`gk idr ndkkgrnjba purpdsgs, bhl trblgl t`g dutput ‐gx wdrms' tdgbogr nustdkgrs. \`g batgrhbtjvg jhtgrprgtbtjdh diigrgl `grgjs, `dwgvgr, ndkpbtjfag wjt` t`g igw gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduhtsdi lggp-s`bit kjhjho bhl stdhg tdda prdluntjdh jh sdnjgtjgswjt` b ‐Hgdajt`jn' agvga di tgn`hdadoy bhl sdnjd-gndhdkjnjhtgorbtjdh (Lg Orddt` 2::<n= KnFrylg 2:09= \drrghng2:09). Jh t`g skbaa sbkpag di Hgw Oujhgbh bhl Bustrbajbh^tdhg Bog sdnjgtjgs, kjhjho bhl qubrryjho wgrg hgvgr
ndhtjhudus bntjvjtjgs, pgridrkgl fy prdigssjdhbas. \`gdwhgrs`jp di rgsdurngs wbs gxtrgkgay vbrjgl. Fut gvghw`grg dutnrdps wgrg rgndohjzgl bs t`g prdpgrty di b spgnjbaordup, dutsjlgrs ndual oghgrbaay bnqujrg pgrkjssjdh td usgt`gk, idr gxbkpag fy t`g gstbfajs`kght di bh baajbhngrgabtjdhs`jp di sdkg sdrt (Lbatdh 2:02). \`gsg gxbkpags basds`dw t`bt t`g kgrg prgsghng di lggp s`bit-bhl-obaagry kjhgs pgr sg js hdt ‑b suiijnjght nrjtgrjuk irdk w`jn` td jhigr t`g
gxjstghng di b ndkpagx gndhdkjn dr sdnjd-pdajtjnbadrobhjzbtjdh" (\drrghng 2:09)5 sjkpag trjfba ndkkuhjtjgsbrg wgaa nbpbfag di pgridrkjho tjkg-ndhsukjho bhl abfdr-jhtghsjvg tbsms, rgqujrjho b ndhsjlgrbfag agvga di tgn`hjnbasmjaa, uhlgr jhidrkba ‐bl `dn' (adw agvga) agblgrs`jp(g.o. Furtdh 2:0?= Odual 2:?0= Edhgs/ _`jtg 2:02=
KnFrylg/@brrjsdh 2:02).
<. Jhtgrprgtjho n grt kjhjho jh t g Mga`gjk
rgojdh
Ji dhg trjgs td uhlgrstbhl t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn lggp-s`bitkjhjho bt Brh`digh jh purgay gndhdkjn tgrks, b rbt`gr ndhiusjho pjnturg gkgrogs. \`g bnqujsjtjdh di strjpgl tbfuabr n`grt wbs gxtrgkgay tjkg- bhl abfdr ndhsukjho „ bhgstjkbtgl 293 pgrsdh-`durs wgrg hgglgl idr t`g gxtrbntjdh di 6.? mo di `jo`-qubajty tbfagts. Abrog bkduhts di hdluabr n`grts ghnduhtgrgl lurjho jts gxtrbntjdh wgrg ljsnbrlgl ‐dutdi `bhl', rgobrlagss di t`gjr qubajty (Fjhstgjhgr 2::3).Kdrgdvgr, bt Fbjgrsldri bh batgrhbtjvg rbw kbtgrjba wbs fdt`
mhdwh „ bt agbst td @jgh`gjk's jh`bfjtbhts „ bhl bvbjabfag jhbkpag qubhtjtjgs „ bs wjthgssgl fy t`g ibnt t`bt gxpadjtbtjdh`grg rgbn`gl jts pgbm dhay lurjho t`g Abtg bhl IjhbaHgdajt`jn (Fjhstgjhgr 2:0:= Lg Orddt` 2::7).
Bh bttgkpt wjaa t`grgidrg fg kblg jh t`g idaadwjho tdjhtgrprgt t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn s`jit jh gxtrbntjdh bhlljstrjfutjdh kgn`bhjsks idr Brh`digh tbfagts jh tgrks di sdnjba rgprdluntjdh bhl jlgdadoy rbt`gr t`bh jh tgrks di purgay gndhdkjn fg`bvjdr. \d bn`jgvg t`js dhg kust pabnglggp-s`bit kjhjho bhl t`g nrgbtjdh di adho-ljstbhngljstrjfutjdh hgtwdrms jh b frdblgr ndhtgxt, ndkfjhjho t`gkwjt` dt`gr n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g sdnjgtjgs jhvdavgl. \`gsgbrg5 ijrst, t`g kbrmgl jhnrgbsg di Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght
sjtgs ndkpbrgl wjt` t`g hukfgr di AFM sjtgs jh t`g w`dag di ^dut`gbstgrh Fbvbrjb.
^gndhlay, bt bfdut t`g sbkg tjkg baa dvgr ^dut`gbstgrhFbvbrjb bhl jh t`g blebnght rgojdhs, Kjllag Hgdajt`jn ordupsnrgbtgl b w`dag sgrjgs di jkprgssjvg ghnadsurgs (Sgtrbsn`2::3). Jh sgvgrba nbsgs t`gy brg sjtubtgl bt rgouabr jhtgrvbas,bhl t`gy sggk td `bvg sgrvgl bs b idnus pdjht idr ordups di skbaa sgttagkghts jh t`g brgb. Hd hdrkba `bfjtbtjdh tddmpabng jh t`gk, hdr brg t`g dt`gr utjajtbrjbh iuhntjdhs rgnghtaysuoogstgl idr t`gk vgry pabusjfag5 g.o. lgighsjvg strunturgs,nbttag-mrbba, nghtrba pabngs ndhtrdaajho hgjo`fdrjho ajt`jnrgsdurngs bhl t`g rgljstrjfutjdh di ndkkdljtjgs. Bs t`gjr
ndhstruntjdh bs wgaa bs t`gjr rgouabr rghgwba hgngssjtbtgl t`gndkfjhgl giidrts di sgvgrba sgttagkghts, t`gy kby fg sggh bsgxbkpags di gpjsdljn, jhstjtutjdhbajzgl, bhl jh t`js nbsgnagbray rjtubaay jhspjrgl ndaagntjvg giidrts di hdrkbaaysgorgobtgl ordups.
\`jrlay, t`g drjojhbaay vgry uhjidrk Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjmpdt lgndrbtjdhs, w`jn` prdfbfay sgrvgl bs sdnjba bhl nuaturbakbrmgrs (Ybh lg Ygalg 2:?:, 2::>) `bl ljvgrsjijgl jhtd
:< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Ijourg >. \`g rgojdh brduhl @jgh`gjk s`dwjho jkpdrtbht sgttagkghts, n`grt gxtrbntjdh sjtgs, bhl dt`gr n`grt bhl stdhg sdurngs
(irdk Lg Orddt` 2::<n).
ndkpagtgay sgpbrbtg, jljdsyhnrbtjn rgojdhba trbljtjdhs. Jh t`jsnbsg t`g brn`bgdadojnba ljstjhntjdh di ljiigrght ‐ordups' bhl‐nuaturgs' kby wgaa ndrrgspdhl td pbst gxprgssjdhs di ordupjlghtjty.
Bs stbtgl bfdvg t`g strjpgl tbfuabr Brh`digh n`grt `bs hdjhtrjhsjn tgn`hjnba qubajtjgs, sd t`grg ldgs hdt sggk td fg bhyndkpgaajho tgn`hdadojnba rgbsdh idr jts gxtrgkgay abfdrjdusgxtrbntjdh. Jt js, `dwgvgr, `jo`ay n`brbntgrjstjn bhl bttrbntjvg5dhng sggh, hgvgr idrodttgh. Bs sun` jt kby `bvg sgrvgl bs bkgbhs td gxprgss t`g gxtrbntdrs' ordup jlghtjty jh t`gjr jhnrgbsjhoay jkpdrtbht ndkkuhjnbtjdhs wjt` t`g dutsjlgwdral. Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, jhtgrhbaay, jts ndhtrdaagl gxtrbntjdhwdual diigr b kgbhs di kbjhtbjhjho ndkkuhjnbtjdh, bhl di rgouabtjho sdnjba rgabtjdhs fgtwggh mjh ordups w`jn` `bl tdrgndhnjag t`g hggl td up`dal b sgttagl wby di ajig jh ljstjhnt,
jsdabtgl tgrrjtdrjgs wjt` t`g hggl td kbjhtbjh s`brgluhrgstrjntgl rjo`ts di bnngss td adnbajzgl rgsdurngs, w`jag btt`g sbkg tjkg strghot`ghjho trbljtjdhba mjhs`jp tjgs. \`us,ghnadsurgs, systgkbtjn kjhjho, bhl strunturgl adho-ljstbhnggxn`bhog kby baa fg rgobrlgl bs giidrts td rg-lgijhg bhlrg-gkp`bsjzg ordup jlghtjty fdt` jhtgrhbaay bhl gxtgrhbaaybitgr b pgrjdl di rbpjl n`bhog bhl up`gbvba vjsjfag jh abrogpbrts di t`g Fbhlmgrbkjm wdral.
Bat`duo` gxpadjtbtjdh bt t`g Brh`digh kjhgs js kbjhayndhhgntgl wjt` t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn, t`g adho-ljstbhngnjrnuabtjdh di n`grt brtjibnts kbhuibnturgl jh t`g Mga`gjkrgojdh ndhtjhugl lurjho t`g Abtg Hgdajt`jn Bat`gjk bhlN`bk pgrjdls. Gxtrbntjdh wbs ndhnghtrbtgl bt Fbjgrsldri bhlAghoigal (Fjhstgjhgr 2:0:= Vjhl 2::6). \`g lgfrjs rgndvgrglbt t`gsg gxtrbntjdh sjtgs ldnukghts twd kbedr n`bhogs jh
:7 K. LG OVDD\@ „ N@GV\ SVDNWVGKGH\ ^\VB\GOJG^
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tgn`hdadojnba fg`bvjdr. Ijrstay, t`g tbfagts wgrg hd adhogr turhgl jhtd fablg ndrgs, fut s`bpgl jhtd fjibnjbaay wdrmglndrg jkpagkghts, sun` bs sjnmags bhl mhjvgs dr lboogrs.^gndhlay, fdt` prgidrks bhl ijhjs`gl brtjibnts wgrg kblg btt`g kjhgs. J ld hdt t`jhm, `dwgvgr, t`bt t`js n`bhog jhtgn`hdadojnba fg`bvjdr kust fg rgobrlgl bs gvjlghng idr b
n`bhog jh sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh5 jh tgrks di gxpghljturg di rbwkbtgrjba, t`gsg fjibnjba tddas brg hd jkprdvgkght dh t`gKjllag-Hgdajt`jn fablgs. \`gjr Nuttjho Glog/Kbss rbtjd(\drrghng 2:09) js kun` adwgr, bs dhay b sjhoag jkpagkghtnbh fg kblg irdk gbn` tbfagt bhl t`g rjsm di ibjaurg lurjhokbhuibnturjho js `jo`. \gn`hdadojnba blvbhtbogs kby `bvgndhsjstgl di bh jhnrgbsg jh aghot` di t`g bntuba nuttjho glogdh sjhoag brtjibnts bhl b pdssjfay `jo`gr pdtghtjba idr t`grgs`brpghjho di t`gsg nuttjho glogs fy ndhsukgrs. Kbmjhot`gk bt t`g kjhjho sjtgs, t`gh, kby `bvg fggh bh giijnjghtstrbtgoy td kjhjkjzg kbhuibnturjho rjsms (\drrghng 2:0:).\`g ldkgstjn tddas kgbhw`jag wgrg stjaa kblg dut di iabmgs,bhl jh rgojdhs nadsg td t`g rgsdurngs t`g rbw kbtgrjba idr
t`gsg sggks td `bvg fggh frduo`t jhtd t`g sgttagkghts jh t`gtrbljtjdhba wby, bs hdluags dr jhjtjbaay prgpbrgl ndrgs(Lrjg`bus 2:93).
\`g kbjh rgbsdh idr t`js tgn`hdadojnba n`bhog bobjh kby`bvg fggh di b sdnjba rbt`gr t`bh di b iuhntjdhba hbturg. \`ggvjlghng irdk sgttagkght sjtgs s`dws t`bt t`gsg fjibnjbatbfuabr brtjibnts idrkgl dhay b kjhdr pbrt di t`g n`grtbssgkfabog. \`gy njrnuabtgl, `dwgvgr, dvgr adho ljstbhngs jht`g sbkg wby bs ljl t`g fablgs bhl tddas di strjpgl Brh`dighn`grt, trbvgajho bs ibr bs _gstp`bajb bhl Agssgr ^bxdhy, idr gxbkpag (Fabhm 2::<= _grfgh/_uai 2::6). \`us t`g fjibnjbasjnmags bhl mhjvgs ndual `bvg iuhntjdhgl bs spgnjba-purpdsgtddas, idrkjho t`g rgbntjdh di b rgojdh abnmjho jh abrog n`grt
hdluags td b pbh-Gurdpgbh trghl jh w`jn` pdajs`gl bxgs bhlmhjvgs dr lboogrs kblg dh adho rgouabr fablgs iuhntjdhglbs prgstjog dfegnts jh adho-ljstbhng gxn`bhog hgtwdrms(Lg Orddt` idrt`ndkjho).
Bnmhdwaglokghts
J s`dual ajmg td t`bhm Fgrhl Ghoga`brlt, Bhogajmb Orjaad bhlKjn`bga Vjhl idr s`brjho t`gjr ijrst-`bhl mhdwaglog di t`gBrh`digh n`grt kjhgs wjt` kg, bhl Ebngm Agn`, SjgrrgYgrkggrsn`, Sjgt vbh lg Ygalg, bhl Kbrgm Uvgagfja idr stjkuabtjho suoogstjdhs dh t`gjr jhtgrprgtbtjdh. J bk orbtgiua tdIuhs @drfbn` idr lrbwjho t`g kbps, Ogr @ummga`dvgh idr t`g
p`dtdorbp`, bhl Ljbhg _gff idr jkprdvjho t`g Ghoajs` tgxt.
hdtgs
2 \`rduo`dut t`js pbpgr t`g tgrk Hgdajt`jn (j.g. Gbray bhlKjllag Hgdajt`jn) js usgl strjntay jh b n`rdhdadojnba sghsg,wjt`dut bhy prgndhngjvgl gndhdkjn dr jlgdadojnba ndhhdtbtjdhs.
6 Baa nbajfrbtjdhs wgrg pgridrkgl fy t`g ^gbttag/OrdhjhoghKgt`dl, usjho Nba 27 (E. vbh lgr Sajn`t, Nghtrg idr JsdtdpgVgsgbrn`, Whjvgrsjty di Ordhjhogh).
rgigrghngs
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:?0. Idur Ajhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkghts bhl t`gjr ghvjrdhkght. B pbabgdgndadojnba stuly di ^jttbrl, ^tgjh, Gasadd bhl@jgh`gjk, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 22.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:09. Lgn`sgah, Fgjag, lurn`fd`rtg Ogrìtg= ÑfrjogIgasogstgjhg uhl Igasstgjhogrìtg. Jh5 S.E.V. Kdllgrkbh, Ljg
hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk, Almr. Mga`gjk. JJ. Ljg
Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:?2 fjs 2:?<. JJJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh
jk Iun`sadn` 2:?7. JY. Abhlsn`bit uhl Fgsjglauho lgs @jgh`gjkgr
Aùssogfjgtgs, Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn ghYdrogsn`jn`tg B 7?, 76-9<.
Fbmgas, N.N. & S.E.V. Kdllgrkbh 2:09. Abhlsn`bit uhl Fgsjglauholgs @jgh`gjkgr AùÔogfjgtgs. Jh5 S.E.V. Kdllgrkbh, Ljg
hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk, Almr. Mga`gjk. JJ. Ljg
Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:?2 fjs 2:?<. JJJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh
jk Iun`sadn` 2:?7. JY. Abhlsn`bit uhl Fgsjglauho lgs @jgh`gjkgr
Aùssogfjgtgs, Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn ghYdrogsn`jn`tg B 7?, 222-263.
Fbygragjh, S. 2:07. Ljg Dfgrabutgrfbn`gr Oruppg jh Hjglgr-
fbygrh, Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba gitg zur Fbygrjsn`ghYdrogsn`jn`tg B 7>.
Fjhstgjhgr, B. 2:0:. Lgr hgdajt`jsn`g Bffbu bui Eurb`drhstgjhg vdhFbjgrsldri jh lgr sñlajn`gh Irbhmghbaf, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs
Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 2:, >>2->>:.
Fjhstgjhgr, B. 2::3. Lbs hgdajt`jsn`g Igugrstgjhfgrowgrm vdhBrh`digh, Almr. Mga`gjk. Gjh Bffbu bui Eurb`drhstgjhg jh lgr ^ñlajn`gh Irbhmghbaf (kjt Fgjtrìogh vdh Edsgi Vjglgrgr uhl FgrhlGhoga`brlt), Fbygrjsn`g Ydrogsn`jn`tsfaìttgr 77, 2::3, 2-7?.
Fjhstgjhgr, B. & V. Sagygr 2:0?. Hgdajt`jsn`g Iuhlstgaagh jkWkmrgjs lgs ^jagxbffburgvjgrs vdh Brh`digh, Amr. Mga`gjk. Jh5K.K. Vjhl (gl.) Igugrstgjh5 Vd`stdii lgr ^tgjhzgjt - Fgrofbu uhl
Fgbrfgjtuhostgn`hjm, Mga`gjk, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Kusguk lgr ^tbltMga`gjk, Kusguks`git >, 2?-66.
Fabhm, V. 2::<. Sabttgh`drhstgjh-Brtgibmtg jk sñlwgstiìajsn`gh
Vbuk. Gjh Fgjtrbo zur Ljstrjfutjdh sñllgutsn`gr @drhstgjhg jkHgdajt`jmuk, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghfabtt 6<, 6:->:.
Furtdh, E. 2:0?. Gxn`bhog pbt`wbys bt b stdhg bxg ibntdry jh SbpubHgw Oujhgb. Jh5 O. lg O. ^jgvgmjho bhl K.@. Hgwndkgr (gls.)\`g `ukbh usgs di iajht bhl n`grt. Srdnggljhos di t`g idurt`
jhtgrhbtjdhba iajht sykpdsjuk `gal bt Frjo`tdh Sdaytgn`hjn 23-27
Bprja 2:0>, Nbkfrjlog, 20>-2:2.
:9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Lbatdh, O. 2:02. Bht`rdpdadojnba kdlgas jh brn`bgdadojnbapgrspgntjvg. Jh5 J. @dllgr, O. Jsbbn & H. @bkkdhl (gls.) Sbttgrh
di t`g pbst. ^tuljgs jh `dhdur di Lbvjl Nabrmg, Nbkfrjlog, 2?-<0.
Lrjg`bus, E. 2:93. Ljg Bat`gjkgr Oruppg uhl lbs Euhohgdajt`jmuk
jh Kjttgagurdpb, Kbjhz.
Ghoga`brlt, F. & B. Fjhstgjhgr 2:00. Ydrfgrjn`t ñfgr ljgBusorbfuhogh 2:0<-2:09 jk hgdajt`jsn`gh Igugrstgjh Bffburgvjgr vdh Brh`digh, Almr. Mga`gjk, Ogrkbhjb 99, 2-6:.
Ghoga`brlt, F. 2::3. Lbtjgruho uhl wjrtsn`bitajn`g Kdlgaavdrstga-auhogh ñfgr lgh Fgtrjgf lgs Igugrstgjhfgrowgrmgs vdh Brh`digh, Fbygrjsn`g Ydrogsn`jn`tsfaìttgr 77, <0-7<.
Grjnsdh, E.G. 2:0<. \dwbrls t`g bhbaysjs di ajt`jn prdluntjdhsystgks. Jh5 E.G. Grjnsdh & F. Surly (gls.) Srg`jstdrjn qubrrjgs bhl
ajt`jn prdluntjdh, Nbkfrjlog, 2-22.
Odual, V.B. 2:?0. \`g bht`rdpdadoy di `ukbh rgsjlugs, Bkgrjnbh
Bht`rdpdadojst 03, 027-0>9.
Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2:0?. \`g drobhjzbtjdh di iajht tdda kbhuibnturgjh t`g Lutn` Fbhlmgrbkjm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 63,6?-7>.
Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::2. ^dnjd-gndhdkjn bspgnts di Hgdajt`jn iajhtkjhjho5 b prgajkjhbry stuly, @gajhjuk >2, 27>-2:3.
Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::<b. N`grt prdnurgkght strbtgojgs jh t`gAjhgbrfbhlmgrbkjm sgttagkght di Kgjhlajho, Fbvbrjb, Bhbagntb
Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, <>-7>.
Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::<f. ^tuljgs dh Hgdajt`jn iajht gxpadjtbtjdh.
^dnjd-gndhdkjn jhtgrprgtbtjdhs di t`g iajht bssgkfabogs di
Abhowgjagr 0, Fggm, Gasadd, Vjenm`dat, @jgh`gjk bhl Kgjhlajho,Kbbstrjn`t (ljssgrtbtjdh Agjlgh Whjvgrsjty).
Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg 2::<n. Ljg Ygrsdrouho kjt Igugrstgjh jh lgr fbhlmgrbkjsn`gh ^jglauho @jgh`gjk ‐Bk _gjhfgro' (Almr.Mga`gjk) uhl ljg Drobhjsbtjdh lgs Bffbus bui ogfìhlgrtgSabttgh`drhstgjhg jk Vgvjgr Brh`digh (Almr. Mga`gjk), Ogrkbhjb
?6, >77- <3?.
Orddt`, K. G. \`. lg 2::7. \`g drobhjzbtjdh di n`grt gxpadjtbtjdh jh^dut`gbstgrh Fbvbrjb lurjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Brn`bgdadojb Sdadhb >>,29>-2?6.
Orddt`, K.G.\`. lg (idrt`ndkjho), \`g sdnjba ndhtgxt di iajht
kjhjho jh Hgdajt`jn Gurdpg. Jh5 Srdnggljhos di t`g YJJt`
Jhtgrhbtjdhba Iajht ^ykpdsjuk, _brsbw bhl Dstrdwjgng sgptgkfgr
2::7.
Edhgs, V. & H. _`jtg 2:02. Sdjht fabhm5 stdhg tdda kbhuibnturg btt`g Hojajpjtej Rubrry, Brh`gk Abhl. Jh5 F. Kgg`bh bhl V. Edhgs(gls.) Brn`bgdadoy wjt` gt`hdorbp`y5 bh Bustrbajbh pgrspgntjvg,Nbhfgrrb, 72-00.
Agn`, E. 2:0?. Lbhufjbh rbw kbtgrjba ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs jh gbstgrhbhl nghtrba Gurdpg. Jh5 O. Lg O. ^jgvgmjho & K.@. Hgwndkgr (gls.) \`g `ukbh usgs di iajht bhl n`grt. Srdnggljhos di t`g idurt`
jhtgrhbtjdhba iajht sykpdsjuk `gal bt Frjo`tdh Sdaytgn`hjn 23-27
Bprja 2:0>, Nbkfrjlog, 6<2-6<:.
Kbtusn`jm, J. 2::6. ^ghmdigh-‑Sibttgrfrgjtg", gjhg Iuhlstgaag lgr
Kjn`gasfgrogr Muatur jk fbygrjsn`gh Ldhbutba, uhl ljgKjn`gasfgrogr Muatur jk ùstajn`gh Bapghvdrabhl, Fbygrjsn`g
Ydrogsn`jn`tsfaìttgr 7?, 2->6.
KnFrylg, J. 2:09. Brtgibnts, abhoubog bhl sdnjba jhtgrbntjdh5 b nbsgstuly irdk sdut`-gbstgrh Bustrbajb. Jh5 O.H. Fbjagy & S. Nbaadw(gls.) ^tdhg bog prg`jstdry. ^tuljgs jh kgkdry di N`brags
KnFurhgy, Nbkfrjlog, ?9-:<.
KnFrylg, J. & O. @brrjsdh 2:02. Ybaugl oddl dr vbaubfag stdhg4Ndhsjlgrbtjdhs di t`g ljstrjfutjdh di orgghstdhg brtgibnts jh sdut`-gbstgrh Bustrbajb. Jh5 I. Agbn` & E. Lbvjlsdh (gls.) Brn`bgdadojnba
^tuljgs di Sbnjijn ^tdhg Vgsdurngs, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnbaVgpdrts Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 23<, 20>-630.
Kdllgrkbh, S.E.V. 2:??. Ljg hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk
Almr. Mga`gjk. J. Ljg Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:97 fjs 2:?3,Mbaakñhz/Dpi, Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn`gh Ydrogsn`jn tg B >>.
Kdllgrkbh, S.E.V. 2:09. Ljg hgdajt`jsn`g Fgsjglauho fgj @jgh`gjk
Almr. Mga`gjk. JJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh bk _gjhfgro 2:?2 fjs 2:?<.
JJJ. Ljg Busorbfuhogh jk Iun`sadn` 2:?7. JY. Abhlsn`bit uhl
Fgsjglauho lgs @jgh`gjkgr Aùssogfjgtgs, Mbaakñhz/Dpi,Kbtgrjba`gitg zur Fbygrjsn`gh Ydrogsn`jn tg B 7?.
Kdsgr, K. 2:?0. Lgr vdrogsn`jn`tajn`g Fgrofbu bui Sabttghsjagx jhlgh Mbamsn`jgigrh lgr Batkñ`a-Baf uhl sgjhg Fglgutuho jkHgdajt`jmuk Kjttgagurdpbs, Brn`ìdadojsn`g Jhidrkbtjdhgh <, <7-02
Hblagr, K., B. Uggf gt ba. 2::<. ñlfbygrh zwjsn`gh Ajhgbrmgrbkjmuhl Bat`gjk, gjh hgugr Oajglgruhosvdrsn`abo. Jh5 @.-E. Fgjgr (gl.) Lgr Vùssghgr @drjzdht jh Kjttgagurdpb, _jambu-@bssabu, Fgjtrìogzur Wr- uhl Irñ`ogsn`jn`tg Kjttgagurdpbs 9, 26?-2:3.
Sgtrbsn`, E. 2::3. Kjttgahgdajt`jsn`g Mrgjsorbfghbhabogh jh Kjttga-gurdpb, Fgrjn t lgr Vùkjsn`-Ogrkbhjsn`gh Mdkkjssjdh ?2, <3?-797.
Vjhl, K.K. 2::6. Hgug Busorbfuhogh jk Igugrstgjhfgrowgrm vdhAghoigal, Olg. Fbl Bffbn`, Almr. Mga`gjk, Ydrtrìog lgs 23.
Hjglgrfbygrjsn`gh Brn`ìdadoghtbogs, 67->:.
^n`jiigr, K.F. 2:?9. Fg`bvjdrba brn`bgdadoy, Hgw Zdrm.
\jaakbhh, B. 2::>. Obstogsn`ghmg bus lgk ^ñlgh4 Uur Irbog gjhgr^ñl-Hdrl-Ygrfjhluho zwjsn`gh ^ñlfbygrh uhl Dfgrjtbajgh jk spìtghEuhohgdajt`jmuk, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 6>, <7>-<93.
\drrghng, V. 2:09. Srdluntjdh bhl gxn`bhog di stdhg tddas.
Srg`jstdrjn dfsjljbh jh t`g Bgogbh, Nbkfrjlog.
\drrghng, V. (gl.) 2:0:. \jkg, ghgroy bhl stdhg tddas, Nbkfrjlog.
:? K. LG OVDD\@ „ N@GV\ SVDNWVGKGH\ ^\VB\GOJG^
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Ygalg, S. vbh lg 2:?:. Dh Fbhlmgrbkjm sdnjba strunturg. Bhbhbaysjs di pdt lgndrbtjdh bhl `ut ljstrjfutjdhs irdk t`g NghtrbaGurdpgbh hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs di Gasadd bhl @jgh`gjk, Bhbagntb
Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 26.
Ygalg, S. vbh lg 2::>. ^dzjbag ^trumtur, Orìfgrbhbaysg, uhlVgprìsghtbtjvjtìt. Lgr Ibaa lgr hdrlwgstajn`gh Fbhlmgrbkjm,
@gajhjuk >>, 27?-290.
_grfgh, W. & I.-_. _uai 2::6. Sabttghsjagxjkpdrtg bus Fbjgrsldri (Almr. Mga`gjk) jh lbs sñlajn`g Hjglgrsbn`sgh, Brn`ìdadojsn`gs
Mdrrgspdhlghzfabtt 66, 2:2-632.
Ujkkgrkbhh, B. 2::7. Bustbusn`systgkg vdh ^jagxbrtgibmtgh jh lgr
Fbhlmgrbkjm Kjttgagurdpbs, Fdhh, Whjvgrsjtìtsidrsn uhogh zur prì`jstdrjsn`gh Brn`ìdadojg 69.
Kbredrjg G.\`. lg Orddt`FdhhgibhtghkusgukSD Fdx 2?>7HA-9632 F^ Kbbstrjn`t
:0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Igw wdual lghy t`bt t`g Kgsdajt`jn/Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh jh
Frjtbjh `bs fggh ljiijnuat td nbpturg. Lgspjtg b adho gstbfajs`gl
stbtus bs b wbtgrs`gl jh prg`jstdry, dhg di t`g igw t`jhos updh
w`jn` kdst borgg js t`bt t`grg rgkbjhs hd ijrk ndhsghsus
rgobrljho jts' n`brbntgr bhl sjohjijnbhng. Kdst wdual basd
prdfbfay borgg t`bt t`js sjtubtjdh js bs kun` b prdlunt di
ndhngptuba prdfagks bs jt js di ljiijnuatjgs wjt` kbtgrjba
gvjlghng. Fgydhl b rgabtjvg abnm di sgnurg rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs
bhl bppbrght abnuhbg jh dur lbtb, broukght bhl ndhiusjdhstjaa surrduhl qugstjdhs di lgijhjtjdh, snbag bhl prdnglurg.
\d sdkg gxtght bt agbst, t`js sjtubtjdh `bs pgrsjstgl
fgnbusg di bnblgkjn ljvjsjdhs di abfdur. Idr t`g kdst pbrt,
t`g twd pgrjdls `bvg fggh stuljgl wjt`jh ljiigrght trbljtjdhs
di ghqujry, bhl t`js `bs nrgbtgl rjojl fduhlbrjgs. Nrjtjnjsjho
t`js stbtg di biibjrs dvgr b lgnblg bod, Vjn`brl Frblagy
tbamgl di b ljsnjpajhg w`jn` sbw Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs
ghobojho jh sdnjba rgabtjdhs`jps w`jag t`gjr Kgsdajt`jn
idrfgbrs fdhlgl wjt` `bzgahuts (Frblagy 2:0<). Bhl jh kun`
t`g sbkg wby, Euajbh \`dkbs brougl t`bt dur uhlgrstbhljho
wbs ndhstrbjhgl fy t`g dppdsjtjdh di twd kdlgas di
`ukbhjty „ dhg prgljnbtgl dh t`g jkpdrtbhng di gndadojnba
rgabtjdhs, t`g dt`gr dh ndhngpts di sdnjba rgprdluntjdh(\`dkbs 2:00). Iurt`gr prdfagks `bvg brjsgh fgnbusg dur
lgijhjtjdhs di t`g twd pgrjdls `bvg fggh ibr irdk ndhstbht.
^dkg bnnduhts `bvg usgl t`g tgrks td tbam di lgijhjtjvg trbjts
sun` bs `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho, pdttgry prdluntjdh dr ibrkjho,
t`bt brg jhlgpghlght di tjkg bhl spbng. Dt`grs usg t`gk td
lghdtg p`bsgs jh b spgnjijn `jstdrjnba prdngss, bhl jt js hdt
uhndkkdh idr pgdpag td s`jit fbnm bhl idrt` fgtwggh t`g
twd. Drjojhbaay abfgas bttbn`gl (bt ljiigrght tjkgs) td stbogs
jh oghgrba gvdautjdhbry sn`gkgs, t`g tgrks nbkg td lghdtg
nuaturba p`ghdkghb kbrmgl fy ljstjhntjvg rgpgrtdjrgs di
brtgibnts. Kbhy di t`gsg rgpgrtdjrgs `bl ndhtjhghtba pbrbaagas
bhl t`js abjl t`g iduhlbtjdh idr kdlgas di ndadhjsbtjdh bhl
kjorbtjdh bnrdss t`g n`bhhga. \bam di nuaturgs, jh jts turh,
obvg wby td ljsnussjdhs di gndhdkjn n`bhog bhl sdnjba
gvdautjdh, gjt`gr bs bh jhgvjtbfag „ ji sdkgtjkgs prdtrbntgl „
tghlghny, dr bs t`g dutndkg di kbtgrjba ndhtrbljntjdhs bhl
ndhiajnts di jhtgrgst fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs (Fghlgr 2:?0=
Saunjghhjm jh prgss= Uvgagfja jh prgss). Kdrg rgnghtay stjaa,
bttghtjdh `bs turhgl td t`g jlgb t`bt t`g trbhsjtjdh wbs
sdkgt`jho t`bt `bppghgl jh t`g kjhls di pgdpag rbt`gr t`bh
jh t`g paduo`sdja pgr sg. Ndhngpts di b uhjtbry gndhdkjn
‐pbnmbog' `bvg fggh puaagl fbnm jh ibvdur di b vjgw di t`g
Hgdajt`jn bs b pdda di jlgbs bhl rgsdurngs, lrbwh updh jh
vbrjgl wbys fy abrogay jhljoghdus ndkkuhjtjgs (Frblagy
2::>= @dllgr 2::3= \`dkbs 2::9).
\`gsg rgnght stuljgs `bvg ldhg kun` td qugstjdh sdkg di
t`g ibkjajbr abhlkbrms di t`duo`t dh t`g trbhsjtjdh. Zgt jt
rgkbjhs td fg sggh w`gt`gr wg `bvg kdvgl vgry ibr fgydhl
t`g jlgb t`bt jt wbs b spgnjijn euhnturg bt w`jn` dhg rjojlbrn`gtypg obvg wby td bhdt`gr. Dvgr t`g ndursg di t`js pbpgr
J wbht td suoogst t`bt dur ljiijnuatjgs jh ndkjho td tgrks
wjt` sdnjba rgprdluntjdh jh t`g ijit` bhl idurt` kjaaghhjb
stgk irdk b vbrjgty di sdurngs. _g stjaa tghl td trgbt t`g
frgbm fgtwggh t`g twd pgrjdls bs b sufstbhtjvg bhl uhjtbry
ghtjty, rbt`gr t`bh bs bh brtgibnt di rgsgbrn`. _g `bvg rgjijgl
w`bt s`dual bt fgst fg rgobrlgl bs b `gurjstjn lgvjng. Bt t`g
sbkg tjkg, wg `bvg ditgh pbjl hd kdrg t`bh ajp sgrvjng td
t`g ndkpagxjty di kbtgrjba trbljtjdhs bnrdss t`g abtgr ijit` bhl
gbray idurt` kjaaghhjb FN (sgg Mjhhgs 2:00 idr sjkjabr
nrjtjnjsks). Jh fdt` Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn rgsgbrn`, wg
rbrgay tbam jh lgtbja bfdut t`g strunturg di t`g ‐tbsmsnbpgs' t`bt
pgdpag jh`bfjtgl (Jhodal 2::>). \`js `bs kgbht t`bt lgtbjaglbhl jkbojhbtjvg stuljgs di sjtgs sun` bs s`gaa kjllghs, stdhg
sdurngs, tdkfs dr ghnadsurgs nbh sggk bfstrbntgl irdk t`gjr
frdblgr kbtgrjba ndhtgxt. Jt nbh fg ljiijnuat td trbng t`g pbt`s
di pgdpag dhng t`gy strby fgydhl t`gsg pbrtjnuabr tjkgs bhl
pabngs bhl t`js ajkjts dur uhlgrstbhljho di t`g sjohjijnbhng
t`bt t`gy `gal. Jt `bs basd kgbht t`bt wg ditgh sby ajttag bfdut
t`g wbys jh w`jn` t`g n`brbntgr bhl r`yt`k di ljiigrght
rdutjhg prbntjngs kby t`gksgavgs `bvg fggh mgygl jhtd sdnjb
ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog. Dhg wby di bllrgssjho t`js prdfagk
wdual fg td gxpadrg t`g spgnjijn oghgbadojgs di t`gsg kdrg
fbsjn kbtgrjba trbljtjdhs, gkp`bsjsjho fdt` ndhtjhujty bhl
n`bhog jh pbttgrhs di rdutjhg bntjvjty bnrdss t`g abhlsnbpg.
Jh w`bt idaadws, J wbht td try td tbmg t`js pbt` fy trbnjho t`g
dutajhgs di trbljtjdhs di sgttagkght prbntjng bhl stdhgwdrmjho
jh ^dut`grh Frjtbjh.
6. \bsmsnbpgs jh trbhsjtjdh
Jh b rgnght stuly di tdkfs jh t`g Fabnm Kduhtbjhs di _bags,
N`rjs \jaagy brougl t`bt dur trgbtkght di t`g trbhsjtjdh bs b
Kbrm Glkdhls \bsmsnbpg, tgn`hdadoy bhl trbljtjdh
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rjojl ljvjlg wght bobjhst t`g orbjh di bt agbst sdkg di dur
lbtb (\jaagy 2::<). Wsjho t`g gvjlghng di Kgsdajt`jn bhl
Hgdajt`jn suribng snbttgrs, `g suoogstgl t`bt t`g ijrst tdkfs jh
t`g brgb wgrg hdt jhsnrjfgl dh b fabhm nbhvbs. Vbt`gr, t`gjr
iduhlbtjdh jhvdavgl b rgwdrmjho di t`g `jstdrjgs bhl vbaugs
t`bt ngrtbjh pabngs `bl bnnrugl dvgr kbhy oghgrbtjdhs.
Gn`djho dfsgrvbtjdhs kblg gasgw`grg, \jaagy brougl t`btgbray tdkfs wgrg sdkgtjkgs drjghtbtgl tdwbrls prdkjhght
abhlsnbpg igbturgs bhl/dr Kgsdajt`jn snbttgrs. Dh dnnbsjdh,
t`gy gvgh sgbagl trbngs di gbrajgr bntjvjty5 Kgsdajt`jn
iajhtwdrm bhl sufsuribng igbturgs= Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght=
orbssabhl, dr gbrt` t`bt `bl fggh frdmgh lurjho `bhl
nuatjvbtjdh (Fbrrgtt 2:00= Glkdhls 2::7). Nrunjba td
\jaagy's broukght wbs t`g jlgb t`bt jt wbs ljiijnuat td idaadw
t`g fjdorbp`jgs di ngrtbjh pabngs bnrdss t`g trbhsjtjdh, sd adho
bs jt kbrmgl b kggtjho pdjht fgtwggh twd dppdsgl
brn`gtypgs. Idr `jk, t`g gvjlghng suoogstgl fdt` ndhtjhujty
bhl n`bhog jh t`g tdpdorbp`y di t`g nuaturba abhlsnbpg.
Bat`duo` t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn` obvg rjsg td t`g iduhlbtjdh
di tdkfs brg hdt gxpadrgl jh iuaa, \jaagy's stjkuabtjho stulyhdhgt`gagss `jo`ajo`ts b iuhlbkghtba prdfagk. Idr t`g kdst
pbrt, sgttagkght bhl sufsjstghng kdlgas idr t`g twd pgrjdls
`bvg rgkbjhgl brn`gtypba= lgbat wjt` sgpbrbtgay bhl
ndhngjvgl bt abrog, bfstrbntgl snbags. Dh t`g dhg `bhl, wg
ijhl ‐ordups' di sgbsdhbaay kdfjag obt`grgrs bhl `uhtgrs w`d
kdvgl irdk ndbst td jhabhl dr irdk adwabhl td upabhl jh
stgp wjt` r`yt`ks di rgsdurng bvbjabfjajty. Dt`gr jkpgrbtjvgs
idr kdvgkght brg sgaldk ljsnussgl, bhl kdrg ditgh t`bh
hdt, t`g ndhstjtutjdh di t`gsg ordups js `gal bs b ndhstbht bt
baa pabngs bhl tjkgs. Dhay jh t`g nbsg di sd-nbaagl ‐spgnjba
purpdsg' dr ‐tbsm spgnjijn' nbkps ld wg baadw idr b ljiigrght
rdaa nbaa (Lbrvjaa 2:0?). Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, wg ditgh ijhl b
vjgw di t`g Hgdajt`jn bs t`g pdjht jh tjkg bt w`jn` jt
fgndkgs pdssjfag td jlghtjiy dursgavgs= td trbng jh t`g
gvjlghng t`g sjohbturg di bttjtulgs t`bt sggk tjkgagss bhl
ibkjajbr. Lgspjtg broukghts td t`g ndhtrbry (Frblagy 2::>=
\`dkbs 2::3), jt js stjaa b ndkkdhpabng td sgg t`g dhsgt di
t`g Hgdajt`jn pdrtrbygl bs b tjkg w`gh pgdpag fgnbkg
sglghtbry, swjtn`jho t`gjr baagojbhng irdk `uhtjho bhl
obt`grjho td ibrkjho. ^gttajho ldwh js ditgh gkp`bsjsgl, bs
js t`g rdag di iddl prdluntjdh, bhl t`g pgrjdl kbrms t`g pdjht
jh tjkg w`grg rgndhstruntjdhs gvdmg b ibkjajbr jkprgssjdh di
‐ndkkuhjty' bhl ijxgl sgttagkght, ndrhijgal bhl kjxgl
borjnuaturg. Fgydhl ljsnussjdhs di abfdur jhvdavgl jh
kdhukght ndhstruntjdh (Vghirgw 2:?>), t`g pbttgrh, tgkpdbhl rdaa-nbaa di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng ditgh rgkbjhs uhlgr-
gxpadrgl (@daobtg 2:00).
Hgjt`gr di t`gsg pdrtrbjts js ghtjrgay wrdho. Fut jh fdt`
nbsgs, w`bt ditgh sggks adst jh dur trbhsabtjdhs js b sghsg di
pbst abhlsnbpgs bs jh`bfjtgl tjkgs bhl pabngs. _g paby ldwh
t`g vbrjbfjajty di dur pbttgrhs bhl sby ajttag bfdut t`g wbys jh
w`jn` pgdpag kdvgl bhl bntgl dr ‐t`duo`t t`rduo`' t`g
abhlsnbpgs t`bt t`gy dnnupjgl. Jh t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn, idr
gxbkpag, dur gvjlghng suoogsts b vbrjgl abhlsnbpg jh`bfjtgl
fy ndkkuhjtjgs fgbrjho kbhy di t`g n`brbntgrjstjns di Frjbh
@bylgh's ‐bnnukuabtdrs' (@bylgh 2:0:). Lgtbjas brg ljiijnuat
td gstbfajs`, fut t`gsg wgrg pgdpag w`dsg ajvgs wgrg
prdfbfay strunturgl fy ndhngpts di nadsg mjhs`jp bhl pgr`bps
nabh kgkfgrs`jp. Kbhy ‐`drjzdhtba' ljstjhntjdhs wdual `bvgbasd fggh rgndohjsgl „ ndhngpts di bog bhl oghlgr, bhl
pgr`bps tjgs di biijajbtjdh t`bt nrdss-nut t`g fduhlbrjgs
lgijhgl fy mjhs`jp bhl lgsnght. _`jag t`gy kby `bvg abnmgl
t`g idrks di jhstjtutjdhbajsgl `jgrbrn`y gkp`bsjsgl jh kbhy
sdnjba gvdautjdhbry kdlgas, t`gsg sdnjba idrkbtjdhs wdual
`bvg fggh ibr irdk uhljiigrghtjbtgl. Lgspjtg jlgdadojgs di
s`brjho t`bt ditgh gkp`bsjsg b sghsg di ndkkdhbajty
bkdhost obt`grgrs bhl `uhtgrs, ndkpagx sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs
kby hdhgt`gagss gxjst. Ndhngrh wjt` t`g lgijhjtjdh di mjh bhl
hdh-mjh bhl wjt` ajhgs di lgsnght= di wdkgh bhl kgh= di
t`g galgrs bhl t`gjr sufdrljhbtgs, bhl di tghurg bhl pgrsdhba
rghdwh5 t`gsg brg ndkkdh t`gkgs t`bt bhjkbtg sdnjba ajig
bhl jt js brduhl t`gsg t`gkgs t`bt tghsjdhs ditgh brjsg.Vddtgl jh kyt` bhl drjojh stdrjgs, bhl jhnuanbtgl jh vbrjdus
idrks di idrkba rjtuba, t`gsg t`gkgs kby basd fg wdvgh jhtd
t`g ibfrjn di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng.
Jt js wjt` t`gsg jlgbs jh kjhl t`bt wg nbh ndhsjlgr sdkg
di t`g n`brbntgrjstjns di abtgr Kgsdajt`jn tbsmsnbpgs.
Ghvjrdhkghtba lbtb irdk b hukfgr di brgbs suoogst t`bt
pgdpag wgrg gxpadjtjho b wjlg vbrjgty di rgsdurngs bhl
kdljiyjho t`g abhl t`rduo` ajkjtgl wddlabhl nagbrbhng
lurjho t`g ijit` kjaaghhjuk, kun` bs t`gy `bl ldhg idr
oghgrbtjdhs. \`g pgrjdl basd sbw b sjohjijnbht gkp`bsjs updh
rdutjhg, pgr`bps sgbsdhba, kdvgkght, fy sdkg, ji hdt fy baa.
Kdvjho fgtwggh ndbsts, rjvgr vbaagys, ighs bhl vbrjgl
upabhls, t`g bhhuba rduhl nbrrjgl pgdpag badho wgaa-wdrh
pbt`s t`bt ajhmgl dhg pabng bhl dhg sgbsdh td bhdt`gr.
Ljstjhntjdhs fgtwggh ‐fbabhngl' bhl ‐uhfbabhngl'
bssgkfabogs basd pdjht td vbrjbtjdhs jh t`g snbag, lurbtjdh
bhl n`brbntgr di t`g bntjvjtjgs ndhluntgl bt t`gsg ljiigrght
tjkgs bhl pabngs (Kygrs 2:0:). ^dkg snbttgrs dr gxnbvbtgl
bssgkfabogs ndkprjsg hd kdrg t`bh b `bhliua di kjnrdajt`s
bhl/dr b igw fablgs dr ndrgs. Dt`grs brg rbt`gr kdrg
sufstbhtjba, ndhtbjhjho t`g lgfrjs bssdnjbtgl wjt` b wjlg
rbhog bhl abrog vdaukg di stdhgwdrmjho tbsms. Sbajkpsgsts
dr abrog ndhnghtrbtjdhs di tddas bhl wbstg suoogst t`bt sdkg
di t`gsg pabngs kby `bvg fggh rgturhgl td dvgr kbhy
oghgrbtjdhs (b.d. \jaagy 2::<). Ybrjbtjdhs jh t`g n`brbntgr bhlljstrjfutjdh di kjnrdajt`s kby basd rgiagnt t`g gkgroghng di b
kgbsurg di rgojdhbajty jh t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn. Idr gxbkpag,
ndhtrbsts nbh fg lrbwh fgtwggh brgbs sun` bs t`g _gbal,
Gbst Bhoajb, t`g Sghhjhgs, t`g Kjlabhls bhl t`g ^dut` _gst,
gbn` lgijhgl jh tgrks di bh gkp`bsjs updh pbrtjnuabr
kjnrdajt` idrks (Ebndfj 2:?9= 2:?:). _`gt`gr t`gsg rgojdhba
trbljtjdhs wgrg rgndohjzgl bs sun` rgkbjhs dpgh td qugstjdh.
233 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Fut t`gjr gxjstghng ldgs suoogst b rgnurrght rgabtjdhs`jp
fgtwggh oghgrbtjdhs di pbrtjnuabr ndkkuhjtjgs bhl frdbl
brgbs. Gqubaay lggp-rddtgl ajhms fgtwggh pgdpag bhl
abhlsnbpg kby basd bnnduht idr pbttgrhs jh brgbs sun` bs t`g
Hdrt` Zdrms`jrg Kddrs, w`grg ajt`jn snbttgrs jh blebnght
zdhgs bppgbr td rgiagnt t`g ndhsjstght usg di ljiigrght rbw
kbtgrjbas.Whlgr t`gsg frdbl ndhljtjdhs, pgdpag kby `bvg t`duo`t
bfdut t`g abhlsnbpg bhl t`gksgavgs jh wbys rbt`gr ljiigrght
td t`dsg wg tbmg idr orbhtgl tdlby. \d fgojh wjt`, rgabtjvgay
kdfjag ndkkuhjtjgs ditgh tghl td t`jhm jh tgrks di t`g
tghurg t`bt t`gy `bvg dvgr pbrtjnuabr pabngs bhl pbt`wbys,
rbt`gr t`bh dwhgrs`jp di ljsnrgtg bhl lgkbrnbtgl tgrrjtdrjgs
(Nbsjkjr 2::6= Jhodal 2:06= 2:09). ^dnjba fduhlbrjgs wjt`jh
bhl fgydhl gxtghsjvg mjhs`jp systgks brg ditgh rgndohjsgl,
eust bs ngrtbjh rgsdurngs nbh fg t`duo`t di bs t`g giigntjvg
prgsgrvg di nabhs dr suf-nabhs. Bt tjkgs t`gy kby fg bntjvgay
ndhtgstgl. Fut t`grg js ditgh b iagxjfjajty jh ndhhgntjdhs
fgtwggh pgdpag bhl pabng t`bt js kbhjigst bnrdss t`g sgbsdhba
rduhl bhl bt t`g tjkgsnbag di oghgrbtjdhs. \rbljtjdhba pbttgrhsdi kdvgkght bhl bntjvjty jhvdavg b ndhtjhuba, ditgh nynajnba,
prdngss di rghgwjho bhl rgwdrmjho t`dsg ndhhgntjdhs. Bt t`g
sbkg tjkg, tbsmsnbpg trbljtjdhs brg ditgh fduhl up jh t`g
rgprdluntjdh di kdrg spgnjijn ljsndursgs. Nut t`rduo` wjt`
kyt` bhl wjt` stdrjgs di t`g bhngstrba pbst, ibkjajbr pabngs
bhl pbt`wbys nbh `bvg vbrjgl fjdorbp`jnba bssdnjbtjdhs wjt`
mjh bhl hdh-mjh, wjt` wdkgh bhl kgh bhl wjt` bluats bhl
n`jalrgh (Ogaa 2:07= Kdrp`y 2::7= \bndh 2::2). Sbrtjnuabr
rgsdurngs dr prdkjhght abhlkbrms nbh fg bnndrlgl b tdtgkjn
sjohjijnbhng, bhl jt js hdt uhndkkdh idr pgdpag td lrbw
kgtbp`drs bhl khgkdhjns irdk igbturgs bhl r`yt`ks di t`g
hbturba wdral. Idrgsts kby `dal t`g gygs di t`g lgbl bhl t`g
ndhijourbtjdh di t`g tbsmsnbpg kby fg gxpabjhgl fy rgigrghng
td t`g bnts di gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs dr bhngstrba idrngs (Fbssd
2:0<). \`gsg uhlgrstbhljhos ld hdt, bhl ndual hdt, pgrsjst bs
rjojl bhl bfstrbntgl ndlgs. Ajmg t`g fjdorbp`jgs di pgdpag,
t`gy brg nbrrjgl idrwbrl vjb drba trbljtjdh bhl t`rduo` b
prbntjnba, ditgh fdljay, ghobokght wjt` t`g wdral bhl wjt`
dt`grs.
@dw wgrg t`gsg bhl dt`gr t`gkgs wdvgh jhtd t`g
tbsmsnbpgs di t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn4 Ybrjbfjajty jh t`g snbag,
ndkpdsjtjdh bhl adnbtjdh di kbhy suribng snbttgrs suoogsts
hdt eust b ljvgrsjty di nbkps bhl tbsms, fut basd b iagxjfjajty
jh t`g rdaa nbaa di ngrtbjh pabngs bhl tjkgs. Ndkkuhjtjgs
ljvjlgl bhl ndkfjhgl bt ljiigrght tjkgs di t`g ygbr, bhlt`grg wdual `bvg fggh euhnturgs bt w`jn` kgkfgrs di kdrg
t`bh dhg frdbl mjh ordup nbkg jhtd rdutjhg ndhtbnt wjt` gbn`
dt`gr. Ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh pgdpag bhl pabng wgrg basd
rgwdrmgl bnrdss oghgrbtjdhs. ^dkg sgttagkghts dr nbkps
wgrg rgturhgl td bobjh bhl bobjh, pgrsjstjho bs ldkjhbht
adnbags jh kun` t`g sbkg wby bs t`g ndbstba s`gaa kjllghs
t`bt survjvg iurt`gr td t`g hdrt`. Jh b vbrjgl, fut ditgh
`gbvjay wddlgl abhlsnbpg, dt`gr pabngs wgrg sgt bpbrt,
sggjho dhay spdrbljn usg fy rgabtjvgay skbaa hukfgrs di
pgdpag. ^trgtn`gl bnrdss tjkg bs kun` bs spbng, t`gsg
pbttgrhs di rdutjhg bntjvjty prdvjlgl irbkgs bnrdss w`jn`
vbrjdus t`gkgs bhl vbaugs ndual fg kbppgl. Idr gxbkpag,
rdutjhg sgpbrbtjdh irdk t`g ndkkuhjty kby `bvg fggh mgygl
jhtd ndhngpts di rjtgs di pbssbog, bhl jhtd t`g hgodtjbtjdhdi t`g t`rgs`dals t`bt sgpbrbtgl t`g yduho irdk t`g dal.
Bt dt`gr tjkgs, b pbrtjnuabr tbsm dr rgsdurng frduo`t pgdpag
tdogt`gr jh abrogr bhl kdrg vbrjgl ndkfjhbtjdhs. Bhtjnjpbtgl
bs pbrt di bh bhhuba nynag, t`gsg gvghts nrgbtgl pdtghtjbas
idr t`g rgbajsbtjdh di sdnjba rgabtjdhs t`bt strgtn`gl fgydhl
t`g fduhlbrjgs di jkkgljbtg dr nadsg mjhs`jp.
\rbljtjdhba nynags di bntjvjty basd frduo`t pgdpag jhtd
rdutjhg ndhtbnt wjt` gvjlghng idr t`g pbst t`bt aby fg`jhl
t`gjr bntjdhs bhl, bt tjkgs, idr t`g prgsghng di dt`grs. Idr
gxbkpag, frdwsjho ndhljtjdhs nrgbtgl fy ijrjho wdual `bvg
agit b tbhojfag trbng td fg sggh fy dt`grs. @grg wbs b pabng
t`bt `bl fggh s`bpgl fy dt`grs. _`d wgrg t`gy4 _`bt `bl
t`gy ldhg4 @dw adho `bl t`gy stbygl4 ^un` ndhljtjdhs basdhgglgl td fg kbjhtbjhgl. Nagbrgl abhl nbh rgoghgrbtg jh b
`bhliua di ygbrs bhl gvgh bh bhhuba rduhl wdual frjho
n`bhogs jh t`g p`ysjnba bppgbrbhng di b pbrtjnuabr pabng. Ajm
dt`gr idrks di wddlabhl kbhbogkght, t`g rdutjhg, nynajnba
prdngss di ‐tghljho td abhl' wdual `bvg rgjtgrbtgl t`g tjgs
t`bt fduhl pgdpag bhl pabng (Nrdhdh 2:0>= @gbl 2::<).
\`g rgturh td b nbkp di t`g prgvjdus ygbr jhvdavgl t`g
nagbrbhng di adw ndvgr bhl bh bnqubjhtbhng wjt` t`g trbngs
di pbst bntjvjty. Gvgh adho vbnbtgl nagbrjhos wdual `bvg
fggh rgndohjsbfag bs pabngs wjt` b `jstdry, gvgh ji t`bt
`jstdry `bl fgndkg faurrgl bhl suiiusgl wjt` kyt`. Ditgh
rddtgl jh drba trbljtjdh, t`g sjohjijnbhng t`bt pgdpag bttbn`gl
td pbrtjnuabr brgbs wdual `bvg fggh s`bpgl fy t`gjr
ghnduhtgr wjt` t`gsg trbngs. \`js ‐brn`bgdadojnba' gvjlghng
prdvjlgl nugs idr hbrrbtjvgs t`bt ajhmgl pbst td prgsght bhl
pgdpag td gbn` dt`gr.
_g nbh idaadw t`gsg jlgbs jh t`g gvjlghng di stdhg tdda
bssgkfabogs bhl nbh fgojh wjt` t`g stdhg jtsgai. Jh rbw
kbtgrjba tgrks, Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bssgkfabogs ditgh rgiagnt t`g
ndhsjstght sgagntjdh di oddl qubajty stdhg. \`js js pbrtjnuabray
gvjlght jh brgbs sun` bs t`g Sgbm Ljstrjnt, w`grg b rbhog di
kbtgrjbas wgrg bvbjabfag. @grg, oddl qubajty iajht bhl ijhg
orbjhgl lbrm n`grts ldkjhbtg bssgkfabogs td t`g vjrtuba
gxnausjdh di pddrgr stdhg. _g ditgh gxpabjh t`js tghlghny fy
suoogstjho t`bt kdfjag ordups hggl oddl stdhg fgnbusgkdvgkght jhvdavgs b strgss dh tjkg bhl rgsdurngs (\drrghng
2:0:). Dh dnnbsjdh, wg basd usg rbw kbtgrjba n`brbntgrjsb-
tjdh td tbam jh tgrks di t`g snbag bhl ljrgntjdh di kdfjajty jh
ljiigrght brgbs. _`bt nbh basd fg sbjl js t`bt t`gsg pbttgrhs d
prdnurgkght rgiagnt b ndhsjstght usg di pbrtjnuabr sdurngs dr
sdurng brgbs dvgr oghgrbtjdhs. Jh t`g ndursg di t`gjr ajvgs,
pgdpag fujat up mhdwaglog di w`grg t`g oddl stdhg aby, bhl
232 K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH
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di `dw td rgbl b rjvgr fbhm, najii dr trgg-t`rdw jh t`g sgbrn`
idr kdrg kbtgrjba. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, t`gy agbrht di t`g
bhngstrba pbst t`bt aby fg`jhl pbrtjnuabr sdurngs, bhl di t`g
ndhvghtjdhs t`bt lgtgrkjhgl w`d ndual vjsjt bhl wdrm bhl
w`d ndual hdt. Bhl jh t`js wby t`gy basd agbrht bfdut
t`gksgavgs, bhl bfdut t`gjr pabng jh wdral. \`g usg di b
ibkjajbr sdurng rghgwgl t`g oghgbadojnba bhl kyt`jnndhhgntjdhs t`bt fduhl pgdpag td pbrtjnuabr pbrts di t`g
abhlsnbpg bhl td t`gjr mjh. @grg wbs b pabng t`bt `bl bawbys
fggh t`grg, s`bpgl, pgr`bps, fy bhngstdrs. Oghgrbtjdhs fgidrg
`bl ndkg td t`js pabng, bhl t`g kbrms di t`gjr prgsghng wgrg
baa brduhl „ dal `gbrt`s, snbttgrs di stdhg bhl rgoghgrbtgl
trggs. Bs kun` b pbrt di hbturg bs b prdlunt di `jstdry, t`gsg
sdurngs ghlurgl. Dh dnnbsjdh, sgbsdhba vjsjts td sdurngs, bhl
t`g `gbrjho di stdrjgs, kjo`t `bvg fggh uhlgrtbmgh dhay
w`gh b pgrsdh `bl rgbn`gl b ngrtbjh bog. Jt js basd ajmgay t`bt
sdkg sdurng brgbs „ pdnmgts di naby-wjt`-iajhts dr ijhg
orbjhgl n`grt dutnrdps „ wgrg vjsjtgl fy fdt` mjh bhl rgabtjvg
strbhogrs. Whlgr t`gsg njrnukstbhngs, t`g hgodtjbtjdh di
bnngss bhl dt`gr, kdrg n`bhng, ghnduhtgrs nrgbtgl b kgljukt`rduo` w`jn` rgabtjdhs fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs wgrg rghgwgl
bhl rgwdrmgl dvgr tjkg.
Jt kby `bvg fggh uhlgr ndhljtjdhs sun` bs t`gsg t`bt t`g
ljstjhntjvg n`grt di t`g Jsag di Sdrtabhl wbs nbrrjgl jhtd
Nghtrba bhl _gstgrh Ghoabhl (Frblagy 2:0<= Lbrvjaa 2:0?).
Yjsjts td t`gsg adho mhdwh dutnrdps kby `bvg fggh sjohba
gvghts w`grg kbhy kgt, bhl w`grg t`g frdblgr dutajhgs di
t`g sdnjba abhlsnbpg wgrg frduo`t jhtd s`brpgr rgajgi.
@dwgvgr, t`g brn`bgdadojnba ljstrjfutjdh di t`js kbtgrjba kby
basd rgiagnt t`g pbssbog di stdhg fgtwggh pgdpag. Eust bs
kbhy trbhn`gt bxgs wgrg ljstrjfutgl bwby irdk t`g n`bam
w`grg t`gy wgrg kblg, sd ndrgs bhl gvgh rbw kbtgrjbas
kby `bvg kdvgl fgtwggh, bs wgaa bs wjt`, ndkkuhjtjgs
(Nbrg 2:?:= 2:06). ^un` trbhsbntjdhs kby `bvg ditgh `bl b
prbokbtjn bspgnt. Fut pgrsjstght trbljho pbrthgrs`jps nrgbtgl
abstjho fdhls fgtwggh ordups. Dt`gr gxn`bhogs wgrg nrunjba
idr t`g rgprdluntjdh di tjgs di mjhs`jp, biijajbtjdh bhl gvgh
dfajobtjdh. _`grg gxn`bhog wbs basd kgbhs di jhiajntjho
lgft, t`g prbntjng di ‐mggpjho w`jag ojvjho‚ (_gjhgr 2::6)
pabygl bh jkpdrtbht rdag jh rgprdlunjho rgabtjdhs fgtwggh
mjh ordups bhl fgtwggh galgrs bhl t`gjr sufdrljhbtgs.
Iurt`gr lgtbjas di Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bssgkfabogs diigr naugs
bs td t`g wbys jh w`jn` t`g prbntjnba bhl t`g sdnjba wgrg
jhtgrwdvgh. Bakdst fy lgijhjtjdh, bssgkfabogs ljspaby b
ndhsjstght gkp`bsjs updh t`g ndhtrdaagl wdrmjho di skbaafablg ndrgs bhl t`g nrgbtjdh bhl usg di skbaa, ‐ogdkgtrjn',
kjnrdajt`s (Ebndfj 2:?9= Sjtts/Ebndfj 2:?:). \`gsg wgrg ditgh
t`g prdlunts di bnnustdkgl `bhls. _`jag t`g rgtdun`jho di b
kjnrdajt` js sjkpag jh jtsgai, jt js b tbsm t`bt ndkgs bt t`g ghl
di b ndkpagx bhl pdtghtjbaay vbrjgl n`bjh di dpgrbtjdhs t`bt
fgojhs wjt` t`g sgagntjdh di stdhg. Sabtidrks hggl td fg
prgpbrgl bhl kbjhtbjhgl, bhl iabmjho ditgh rgqujrgs
prgnjsjdh, bhtjnjpbtjdh bhl b sykpbt`y fgtwggh `bhl bhl
stdhg. @dkdoghdus rbw kbtgrjbas aghl t`gksgavgs td t`js
wby di wdrmjho, bhl t`js js dhg rgbsdh w`y wg sgg
ndhsjlgrgl pbttgrhs di sgagntjdh bhl prdnurgkght.
@grg bobjh, wg `bvg tghlgl td gxpabjh t`gsg n`brbntgrjstjns
bs b iuhntjdh di kdfjajty. Jh njrnukstbhngs w`grg pgdpag
kdvg dh b rdutjhg fbsjs, trbljtjdhs di wdrmjho w`jn` ibvdur pdrtbfjajty bppgbr td ndhigr ngrtbjh blvbhtbogs. Fy t`g sbkg
adojn, kjnrdajt`s brg tbmgh td rgiagnt bh giijnjght wby di usjho
stdhg, bhl, fgnbusg di `jo` ndkpdhght rgluhlbhny, b adw
rjsm strbtgoy jh ‐ogbrjho up' idr `uhtjho trjps. Bs Hyrgg
Ijhaby `bs hdtgl, t`js sdrt di gxpabhbtjdh fgtrbys sdkgt`jho
di b ‐fdys bhl brrdws' fjbs, pabyjho ldwh t`g usg di
kjnrdajt`s jh b kun` wjlgr rbhog di tbsms (Ijhaby pgrs
ndkk). _`bt jt basd pabys ldwh js t`g jlgb t`bt t`gsg
pbrtjnuabr wbys di wdrmjho bhl usjho stdhg wgrg kgs`gl jhtd
dt`gr ndhngrhs. \`gsg trbljtjdhs ghlurgl idr kbhy
oghgrbtjdhs bhl brn`bgdadojnbaay, t`gy strgtn` bnrdss abrog
pbrts di t`g nduhtry. \`gy rgiagnt t`g pgrsjstghng di spgnjijn
idrks di mhdwaglog bhl tgn`hjqug „ pbrtjnuabr wbys di wdrmjho bkdhost kbhy batgrhbtjvgs. \`js suoogsts t`bt t`g
bnt di wdrmjho wbs jtsgai bh dfegnt di ljsndursg „ b kgljuk
t`rduo` w`jn` jlgbs bfdut jlghtjty bhl ndkkuhjty wgrg
bllrgssgl.
\`js jlgb js hdt ghtjrgay drjojhba. Idr sdkg, rgojdhba
ljiigrghngs jh kjnrdajt` typdadojgs `bvg fggh tbmgh bs
gvjlghng t`bt t`gsg jtgks wgrg lrbwh updh td sjohba ordup
jlghtjty td dt`grs. Nbrrjgl bhl usgl jh sgbsdhba rdutjhgs,
t`gsg tdda ndkpdhghts prdvjlgl b p`ysjnba gxprgssjdh di
ljstjhntjdhs fgtwggh pgdpag bt b rgabtjvgay frdbl sdnjba snbag.
\`js broukght `bs jts bttrbntjdhs. Fut jt kby fg t`bt wg `bvg
kjssgl fdt` t`g t`gkgs t`bt t`gsg jtgks bllrgssgl bhl t`g
pbrtjnuabr kbhhgr jh w`jn` t`js prdngss dpgrbtgl. \d fgojh
wjt`, t`gsg rgojdhba trbljtjdhs brg kdrg t`bh b ajttag faurrgl.
_g ndual gxpabjh t`js bwby bs b prdlunt di tjkg lgpt`.
Fut t`js faurrjho kby bntubaay jhljnbtg t`bt t`g fduhlbrjgs di
ljiigrght sdnjba trbljtjdhs wgrg ibr irdk stbtjn. \`gy kby
`bvg s`jitgl fbnm bhl idrt` t`rduo` pbttgrhs di gxdobkdus
kbrrjbog, t`rduo` t`g hgodtjbtjdh di vbrjgl sdnjba
rgabtjdhs`jps, bhl bs b rgsuat di n`bhogs jh t`g idrtuhgs di
ljiigrght oghgrbtjdhs di mjh. Jh blljtjdh, jt js uhajmgay t`bt
ljiigrghngs jh t`g trjkkjho di tjhy fablgagts prdvjlgl b
kgljuk idr gxpajnjt gxprgssjdhs di ordup jlghtjty,
pbrtjnuabray sjhng t`gy wgrg kduhtgl, bhl kdrg dr agss
`jllgh, jh ndkpdsjtg tddas. Jhstgbl, ‐rgojdhba' kjnrdajt`trbljtjdhs kby rgiagnt b kdrg tbnjt ndhsghsus, sustbjhgl dvgr
tjkg, rgobrljho t`g nustdkbry kbhhgr jh w`jn` sun`
brtgibnts wgrg td fg kblg. Kun` t`g sbkg kjo`t fg sbjl di
t`g strunturgl rdutjhgs di iabmjho fduhl up jh t`g nrgbtjdh
bhl wdrmjho di fablg ndrgs t`gksgavgs.
_`bt t`gkgs wgrg sustbjhgl fy t`gsg trbljtjdhs4 Frdbl
sjkjabrjtjgs jh wbys di wdrmjho kby `bvg diigrgl qujgt
236 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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ndhijrkbtjdh di t`g tjgs t`bt strgtn`gl fgtwggh ljiigrght
ordups. Fut mhdwaglog di pbrtjnuabr rdutjhgs wdual `bvg
fggh bnqujrgl t`rduo` dfsgrvbtjdh bhl prbntjng bt b rgabtjvgay
adnba snbag. Agbrhjho wdual `bvg rgqujrgl jhstruntjdh, bhl
irdk t`bt prdngss wdual `bvg ndkg b adnbajsgl sghsg di
pdsjtjdh bhl, pgr`bps, di prdorgssjdh bnrdss t`g t`rgs`dals
t`bt lgijhgl ljiigrght stbogs jh t`g ajig di b pgrsdh. Jh dt`gr wdrls, t`g bnqujsjtjdh di tgn`hjnba mhdw-`dw kby `bvg fggh
mgygl jhtd t`g rgprdluntjdh di qujtg fbsjn sdnjba nbtgodrjgs,
irdk nadsg mjhs`jp td ljstjhntjdhs di bog bhl oghlgr. Lurjho
t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn, t`g wdrmjho di ndrgs bhl t`g prdluntjdh
bhl usg di kjnrdajt`s kby `bvg fggh jkpdrtbht kgljb
t`rduo` w`jn` t`gsg ibngts di b pgrsdh's jlghtjty wgrg ojvgh
gxprgssjdh.
\`gsg dfsgrvbtjdhs kby hdt tbmg us vgry ibr. @dwgvgr,
t`gy ld suoogst t`bt t`g abhlsnbpg wbs bargbly jhsnrjfgl wjt`
sdnjba bhl `jstdrjnba sjohjijnbhng prjdr td w`bt wg nbaa t`g
Hgdajt`jn. \`g abhl bhl jts rgsdurngs `bl tbmgh dh ndkpagx
bssdnjbtjdhs wjt` pbrtjnuabr ordups di pgdpag, bhl hgtwdrms
di ndhtbnt bhl ndkkuhjnbtjdh nut fbnm bhl idrt` bnrdssrgojdhs. Bs rgabtjdhs wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh mjh ordups s`jitgl
dvgr tjkg, sd t`dsg bssdnjbtjdhs bhl hgtwdrms wgrg
t`gksgavgs rgwdrmgl. Bt t`g sbkg tjkg, pbrtjnuabr trbljtjdhs
di prdnurjho bhl wdrmjho stdhg sggk td `bvg fggh s`bpgl bs
kun` fy ndhngpts di jlghtjty bhl ndkkuhjty bs fy prbntjnba
lgkbhl. \jgs di dfajobtjdh bhl biijajbtjdh wgrg rgwdrmgl
t`rduo` t`g gxn`bhog di trbhn`gt bxgs bhl pgr`bps dt`gr
kbtgrjbas. Nustdkbry pbttgrhs di sdurng usg `gapgl sustbjh
nadsg mjhs`jp bhl bh biijhjty wjt` pbrtjnuabr pabngs. Bhl ndrg
wdrmjho jtsgai ndhtrjfutgl td t`g rgprdluntjdh di fbsjn sdnjba
nbtgodrjgs. Jt js bobjhst t`js vbrjgl fbnmorduhl t`bt wg nbh
turh td t`g tbsmsnbpgs di t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn, bhl td t`g jlgb
t`bt t`g trbhsjtjdh jhvdavgl fdt` ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog jh t`g
n`brbntgr di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng.
_g nbh fgojh wjt` t`g gvjlghng di ndhtjhujtjgs jh t`g
frdbl pbttgrh di pgdpag's lbjay bhl sgbsdhba ajvgs. ^d ibr bs
wg nbh tgaa, kun` di ^dut`grh Frjtbjh sbw dhay ajkjtgl
wddlabhl nagbrbhng bt t`js tjkg, wjt` kbhy sjtgs gstbfajs`gl
jh nagbrjhos dr dh t`g kbrojhs di wddlabhl. Bnrdss vbaagys
bhl upabhls, t`g abhl tddm t`g idrk di b vbrjgl bhl s`jitjho
pbtn`wdrm. Vbt`gr t`bh b trbljtjdh di kjxgl borjnuaturg wjt`
baa t`bt t`js ghtbjas, ndkkuhjtjgs idaadwgl rdutjhgs di b
ljiigrght n`brbntgr, t`gjr pbttgrh sdkgtjkgs vbryjho irdk dhg
rgojdh td bhdt`gr. _`grg prbntjngl, nuatjvbtjdh oghgrbaay tddm
t`g idrk di ‐obrlgh padt' `drtjnuaturg, bhl t`js wbs ditgh bhbleuhnt td t`g `usfbhlry di bhjkbas bhl t`g `uhtjho bhl
ndaagntjho di wjal rgsdurngs fy skbaa ordups. Kdrg ditgh
t`bh hdt, t`dsg ordups prdfbfay ndkprjsgl nadsg mjh. Bs jh
t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn, baa t`bt ditgh rgkbjhs di t`g sgttagkghts
bhl nbkps di t`g gbray idurt` kjaaghjuk brg suribng snbttgrs
t`bt vbry jh t`gjr snbag, adnbtjdh bhl jhtgrhba n`brbntgrjstjns.
_`grg gxnbvbtgl, igw prdlung igbturgs jhljnbtjvg di
sufstbhtjba strunturgs, bhl jt js ndkkdh td ijhl sjtgs lgijhgl
fy t`g prgsghng di b igw fdwa-s`bpgl pjts. Kbhy di t`gsg
pjts s`dw sjohs di purpdsjvg ijaajho, jhvdavjho t`g nbrgiua
lgpdsjtjdh di pdttgry, tddas, kjllgh kbtgrjba bhl, dh
dnnbsjdh, irbokghts di pgdpag (\`dkbs 2::3). Hd lduft
dt`gr sjtgs rgkbjh td fg ljsndvgrgl, jh t`g fdttdk di rjvgr
vbaagys dr fghgbt` pgbt dr `jaawbs`. _g kust basd baadw t`btstbmg `dags bhl dt`gr s`baadw igbturgs `bvg fggh adst jh
kbhy nbsgs. Hgvgrt`gagss, kbhy di dur snbttgrs ijt uhgbsjay
wjt`jh b kdlga di kjxgl borjnuaturg bhl stbfag rgsjlghng.
\`gy vbry ndhsjlgrbfay bhl jt js t`js vbrjbfjajty t`bt wg hggl
td bnmhdwaglog.
^dkg snbttgrs brg skbaa jhlggl. Jlghtjijgl t`rduo`
ijgalwbamjho, t`gy nbh fg hd kdrg t`bh twghty dr t`jrty
kgtrgs jh ljbkgtgr, ndkprjsjho ndrgs bhl wbstg, ghlsnrbpgrs
fablgs bhl hbrrdw iabmgs. Bh Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn prgsghng nbh
gvgh fg kbrmgl fy hd kdrg t`bh dhg dr twd tddas „ ditgh t`g
agbi-s`bpgl brrdw`gbls t`bt bppgbr bt t`js tjkg. Ljstrjfutjdhs
sun` bs t`gsg rgiagnt t`g ajkjtgl bhl spdrbljn usg di
pbrtjnuabr adnbtjdhs5 skbaa nbkps gstbfajs`gl idr b sgbsdh, drpabngs t`rduo` w`jn` pgdpag pbssgl. Dt`gr snbttgrs ljspaby
ljiigrght n`brbntgrjstjns. ^dkg tbmg t`g idrk di kdrg
gxtghsjvg sprgbls, t`gjr ljstrjfutjdh fgjho baa t`bt survjvgs di
sgttagkghts ndkprjsjho dhg dr twd strunturgs t`bt pgrsjstgl
idr pgr`bps b oghgrbtjdh. Jh sgttjhos sun` bs t`gsg, t`g rbhog
di brtgibnts nbh basd fg gxtghlgl. Ndrgs bhl wbstg dnnur
wjt` furht iajht, snrbpgrs, sgrrbtgl iabmgs bhl dt`gr rgtdun`gl
pjgngs „ b rbhog t`bt suoogsts b wjlg brrby di tbsms bhl b
sghsg di lurbtjdh (Idrl 2:0?= Obrljhgr 2:0<= @daobtg 2:00=
Vjn`brls 2::3= _ddlwbrl 2::3). ^dkgtjkgs t`g wbstg jtsga
wjaa jhljnbtg spgnjijn bnts= t`g t`jhhjho, s`bpjho bhl
kbjhtghbhng di bxgs dr blzgs, t`g wdrmjho di ndrgs, dr t`g
ibs`jdhjho di brrdw`gbls bhl aburga agbvgs.
Dt`gr snbttgrs brg abrogr stjaa. Bt pabngs ajmg Frddkg @gbt`
jh Hdridam dr \bttgrs`baa \`drpg jh Ajhndahs`jrg, gxnbvbtjdh
`bs rgvgbagl gvjlghng idr kdrg gxtghsjvg naustgrs di pjts,
stbmgs `dags bhl dt`gr igbturgs, bhl b ndrrgspdhljhoay abrogr
vdaukg di wdrmgl stdhg (Frblagy gt ba. 2::>=
_bjhwrjo`t/Adhowdrt` 2:?6). ^jkjabray, badho t`g ^hbja
Ybaagy jh Nbkfrjlogs`jrg, survgy `bs jlghtjijgl bh gxtghsjvg
ygt ljsndhtjhudus sprgbl di Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn tddas bhl wbstg
Gn`djho pbttgrhs sggh gasgw`grg, t`g sprgbls di kbtgrjba
badho t`js vbaagy sggk td idaadw t`g pbt` di b hdw rgajnt rjvg
n`bhhga, `jllgh uhtja rgnghtay fy b fabhmgt di grdljho pgbt.
\`gsg abrogr snbttgrs nbh fg jhtgrprgtgl jh b hukfgr di wbys.Dh t`g dhg `bhl, t`g snbag di b ‐sjtg' kby rgiagnt t`g
gxjstghng di b sgttagkght t`bt ndkprjsgl b `bhliua di
gxtghlgl ibkjajgs. Batgrhbtjvgay, t`g ljstrjfutjdh di igbturgs
bhl brtgibnts kby fg b prdlunt di tjkg lgpt`5 \`gsg kby
`bvg fggh pabngs td w`jn` pgdpag rgturhgl, gbn` p`bsg di
dnnupbtjdh blljho td t`g sghsg di bttbn`kght t`bt jt `gal idr
bh gxtghlgl ibkjay.
23> K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH
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Iduhl jh b vbrjgty di sgttjhos, irdk rjvgr vbaagys, ighs bhl
ndbsts td kdlgrh ldwhs bhl kddrs, pbttgrhs wjt`jh bhl
fgtwggh Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn snbttgrs jhvjtg sgvgrba jhtgrprgtb-
tjdhs. Dh t`g dhg `bhl, t`gy prdkpt t`g suoogstjdh t`bt
kbhy ndkkuhjtjgs rgtbjhgl b kgbsurg di kdfjajty. Vbt`gr
t`bh fgjho pgrkbhghtay ijxgl td b spgnjijn adnbtjdh, pgdpag
idaadwgl rdutjhgs w`jn` ditgh tddm t`gk fgtwggh upabhlsbhl adwabhls bhl fgtwggh ljiigrght pabngs (Fbrhbtt 2::9).
Kbhy prbntjngl w`bt wbs jh gssghng, b adho ibaadw systgk
badhosjlg t`g `grljho di stdnm, bhl t`js kgbht t`bt
dnnupbtjdh ndual s`jit dh b sgbsdhba fbsjs bhl bt t`g tjkg
snbag di oghgrbtjdhs. Ljiigrghngs jh t`g snbag bhl
ndkpdsjtjdh di snbttgrs basd pdjht td vbrjbtjdhs jh t`g rdaa nbaa
di ljiigrght pabngs5 s`drt tgrk nbkps idr b `bhliua di
pgdpag= sgttagkghts dnnupjgl fy bh gxtghlgl ibkjay, bhl
pabngs w`grg ibkjajgs obt`grgl, pgr`bps idr b sgbsdh, pgr`bps
idr b oghgrbtjdh dr kdrg. Fgydhl t`gsg pabngs ajg t`g
pbajkpsgsts di kbtgrjba nrgbtgl bt sdkg di t`g ijgal
kdhukghts t`bt gkgrogl lurjho t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn „
tdkfs, prdkjhght stdhg sdurngs bhl ngrgkdhjba ghnadsurgst`bt wgrg vjsjtgl pgrjdljnbaay.
_g s`baa rgturh td t`gsg pabngs abtgr dh, fut ijrst wg s`dual
bnmhdwaglog t`bt kbhy di t`gsg n`brbntgrjstjns rgnbaa t`g
frdbl pbttgrhs jlghtjijgl bnrdss Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn abhlsnbpgs.
@grg tdd, jt sggks t`bt t`g strunturg di lbjay bhl sgbsdhba
gxpgrjghng frduo`t pgdpag td ljiigrght pabngs bhl jhtd
ljiigrght ndkfjhbtjdhs. \`js nrgbtgl t`g pdtghtjba idr t`g
rgprdluntjdh di rgabtjdhs wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs di
nadsg mjh. Bhl bobjh, wg kust baadw t`bt t`g vbrjgl
pbtn`wdrm di wddlabhls, nagbrgl orduhl bhl pbt`s prdvjlgl
gvjlghng idr t`g pbst bhl prgsght drlgr di t`g sdnjba
abhlsnbpg (Odw 2::7= Mb`h 2::3= Mun`agr 2::>). \`gsg
pbrbaagas objh orgbtgr lgpt` w`gh wg rgndohjsg t`bt rdutjhgs
di kdvgkght bhl bntjdh frduo`t pgdpag td pabngs t`bt `bl b
adho bhngstry. ^nbttgrs ndhtbjhjho fdt` Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bhl
Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn kbtgrjba `bvg fggh jlghtjijgl jh kbhy brgbs.
Jh sdkg nbsgs, t`g dvgrabp js kbrmgl fy hd kdrg t`bh b
`bhliua di tddas. Jh dt`grs, jt js gvjlghngl fy t`g pabnjho di b
tdkf dh b nbkp gstbfajs`gl adho fgidrg (Mjhhgs 2::6=
^bvjaag 2::3). Sbttgrhs di rbw kbtgrjba sgagntjdh jh b hukfgr
di rgojdhs basd rgkbjhgl rgabtjvgay uhn`bhogl. Ndkkuhjtjgs
idaadwgl adho-stbhljho trbljtjdhs di sgagntjdh t`bt frduo`t
t`gk fbnm bobjh bhl bobjh td pbrtjnuabr sdurngs „ td fgbn`
najiis, rjvgrs, dutnrdps bhl pdnmgts di oddl iajht.
\`gsg bppbrght ndhtjhujtjgs ijhl gn`dgs jh trbljtjdhs di stdhgwdrmjho t`gksgavgs. Kjnrdajt`s bppgbr td `bvg ibaagh
dut di usg fy t`g ghl di t`g ijit` kjaaghhjuk FN, fut
pbttgrhs di ndrg wdrmjho jh t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn ljspaby b
pgrsjstght ndhngrh wjt` t`g prdluntjdh di fablgs bhl hbrrdw
iabmgs. \`js tdd `bs fggh tbmgh bs gvjlghng idr t`g ndhtjhugl
jkpdrtbhng di rdutjhg pbttgrhs di kdfjajty bkdhost Gbrajgr
Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs (Frblagy 2:0?= Glkdhls 2:0?). J ld
hdt wjs` td n`baaghog t`js broukght `grg. ^jkjabrjtjgs jh rbw
kbtgrjba sgagntjdh bhl jh ndrg wdrmjho trbljtjdhs fgtwggh t`g
twd pgrjdls ld suoogst frdbl ndhtjhujtjgs jh t`g pbttgrh di
pgdpag's ajvgs. @dwgvgr, nadsg jhspgntjdh suoogsts t`bt wg
nbhhdt bawbys ndkpbrg ajmg wjt` ajmg. \dogt`gr wjt` t`g
ljsbppgbrbhng di kjnrdajt`s, trbljtjdhs di ndrg wdrmjho ld
ljspaby sdkg n`bhogs bhl t`gsg brg hd agss jkpdrtbht. Idr gxbkpag, t`g jhvghtdrjgs di stdhgwdrmjho wbstg jh Gbrajgr
Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs nbh fg qujtg vbrjgl. ^dkgtjkgs t`js
rgiagnts t`g prdluntjdh di ljiigrght nabssgs di brtgibnt, sun` bs
t`dsg t`bt rgqujrgl pbttgrhs di fjibnjba wdrmjho (Furtdh
2:03). Jh dt`gr nbsgs, t`grg js b orgbtgr lgorgg di vbrjbfjajty
wjt`jh t`g prdlunts bhl fy-prdlunts di ndrg wdrmjho jtsgai.
Kbhy sjhoag bhl dppdsgl pabtidrk ndrgs wgrg nbrgiuaay
wdrmgl td prdlung hbrrdw iabmgs bhl fablgs. Fut sjzg rbhogs
brg wjlgr t`bh fgidrg, bhl iabmg kdrp`dadoy b ajttag kdrg
jrrgouabr (Sjtts/Ebndfj 2:?:). Lgspjtg sjkjabrjtjgs jh t`g ghl
prdlunt, t`g mhbppjho rdutjhgs t`bt prdlungl kbhy iabmgs
bhl fablgs jh t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn wgrg hdt bs tjo`tay
strunturgl bs t`gy `bl fggh jh t`g Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn. \`gsgrbt`gr suftag n`bhogs jh ndrg tgn`hdadoy brg ljiijnuat td
uhlgrstbhl. @dwgvgr, t`gy kby rgiagnt b orbluba s`jit di
gkp`bsjs bwby irdk ndrg wdrmjho, bhl pgr`bps t`g nrgbtjdh
bhl usg di kjnrdajt`s, bs kgljb t`rduo` w`jn` fbsjn ndhngpts
di sdnjba jlghtjty wgrg nbrrjgl idrwbrl.
_`bt ndhljtjdhs obvg rjsg td t`gsg n`bhogs4 Dhg rgspdhsg
wdual fg td tbmg lgvgadpkghts jh stdhgwdrmjho, ajmg t`g ijrst
bppgbrbhng di pdttgry, pdajs`gl tddas bhl kdhukghts, bs fy-
prdlunts di b lrbkbtjn gndhdkjn trbhsidrkbtjdh. Zgt kbhy
igbturgs di t`g tbsmsnbpg sggk td `bvg rgkbjhgl rgabtjvgay
stbfag bnrdss t`g trbhsjtjdh. Bs bh batgrhbtjvg, wg kjo`t
idaadw t`g broukght t`bt t`gsg n`bhogs rgprgsght t`g
jhtrdluntjdh di hgw wbys di t`jhmjho bfdut t`g sgai bhl
bfdut sdnjgty (@dllgr 2::3= \`dkbs 2:00). \`js `bs jts
bttrbntjdhs. Fut wg bntubaay sby vgry ajttag sd adho bs wg paby
ldwh twd jssugs. Ijrst, jlgbs bfdut ‐fgjho Hgdajt`jn‚ ljl hdt
sjkpay iadbt jh t`g gt`gr. \`gy wgrg orduhlgl jh kbtgrjba
trbljtjdhs, sdkg di w`jn` `bl b adho bhl ndkpagx bhngstry.
^gndhl, t`g Hgdajt`jn wbs hdt b tjo`tay lrbwh dr uhjtbry
jlgdadojnba pbnmbog bhy kdrg t`bh jt wbs b sjkpag gndhdkjn
trbhsidrkbtjdh. Jh dt`gr wdrls, jt kby fg uhwjsg td tbam jh
tgrks di b sjhoag wby di t`jhmjho dr b hgw, sjhouabr,
lgijhjtjdh di nuaturg bhl hbturg. \`gsg brg dvgray sjkpag
rbtjdhbajsbtjdhs di b ibr kdrg ndkpagx prdngss t`bt vbrjgl
irdk dhg pabng bhl tjkg td bhdt`gr. Vbt`gr t`bh idaadw t`btajhg, wg s`dual baadw t`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn ndhsjstgl di b sgrjgs
di gagkghts, lrbwh updh jh ljiigrght wbys uhlgr ljiigrght
`jstdrjnba bhl kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs. Jt wbs hdt t`g sbkg t`jho
irdk dhg pabng dr tjkg td bhdt`gr (sgg Fbrrgtt t`js vdaukg=
Saunnjghjm jh prgss= \`dkbs 2::9= _`jttag 2::9= Uvgagfja
jh prgss). Jh t`g ibng di tghsjdhs wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh
ndkkuhjtjgs, qugstjdhs di bnngss, tghurg, stbhljho dr rghdwh
23< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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wgrg bllrgssgl wjt` rgigrghng td hgw jlgbs bhl hgw
rgsdurngs. \`g nrgbtjdh di bhngstrba `dusgs, t`g `grljho di
nbttag, t`g prdluntjdh bhl ndhsukptjdh di pdttgry bhl
pdajs`gl stdhg tddas5 Gbn` prdvjlgl hgw pdtghtjbas idr t`g
rgprdluntjdh di ndhngpts di jlghtjty, ndkkuhjty bhl
but`drjty.
Vgsdavjho jtsgai dvgr sgvgrba nghturjgs bhl jh ljiigrghtwbys irdk dhg rgojdh td bhdt`gr, t`js prdngss frduo`t wjt` jt
ndhsgqughngs idr t`g tbsmsnbpg t`bt wgrg hd agss prdiduhl
idr fgjho uhidrsggh. Nbttag, idr gxbkpag, `bl bh jkpbnt t`bt
wght ibr fgydhl t`gjr vbaug bs b sdurng di prdtgjh. @bvjho
`grls nrgbtgl hgw kgljb idr t`g gxprgssjdh di jlghtjty bhl
t`g hgodtjbtjdh di stbhljho. Nbttag ndual fg dwhgl bhl
gxn`bhogl jh hdvga wbys, bhl t`js jhtrdlungl b hgw lyhbkjn
jhtd rgabtjdhs t`bt strgtn`gl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs. \`gy basd
prdvjlgl b rjn` hgw sdurng di kgtbp`drs= t`g ndhstjtutjdh di
`grls diigrjho nugs idr pgdpag's uhlgrstbhljhos di t`gjr pabng
jh t`g sdnjba abhlsnbpg. Jhnausjdh di nbttag fdhgs jh ngrtbjh
tdkfs basd suoogsts t`bt t`gy kby `bvg sdkgtjkgs `bl t`g
nbpbnjty td stbhl idr pbrtjnuabr qubajtjgs di pgdpag. Bt t`gsbkg tjkg, t`g r`yt`ks di `grljho frduo`t wjt` t`gk hgw
pbttgrhs di kdvgkght bhl hgw prbntjngs t`rduo` w`jn` td
lrbw ljstjhntjdhs sun` bs t`dsg t`bt sgpbrbtgl t`g yduho bhl
t`g dal. \`g sgbsdhba rduhl nbrrjgl pgdpag td bhl irdk t`g
abhl di t`gjr fjrt`, t`gjr iggt jh stgp wjt` t`g `ddvgs di t`gjr
skbaa `grls. Hd lduft t`gsg edurhgys wgrg ditgh kblg fy baa,
fut t`grg wdual `bvg fggh euhnturgs bt w`jn` trjps td
pbsturgs wgrg kblg fy dhay b igw.
_jt` nbttag basd nbkg t`g ndhsdajlbtjdh di pbt`wbys, t`g
pgrsjstghng di orbssabhls bhl hgw tghsjdhs fgtwggh
ndkkuhjtjgs. Rugstjdhs di bnngss bhl tghurg rgkbjhgl
jkpdrtbht. Fut t`g suftag rgwdrmjho di t`g abhl t`bt nbttag
ghtbjagl wdual `bvg ghoghlgrgl nabjk, nduhtgr nabjk, bhl
dh dnnbsjdh, pgr`bps gvgh rustajho. Bhl nbttag, ajmg dt`gr
ldkgstjnbtgs, ghndurbogl t`g rglgijhjtjdh di bttjtulgs
tdwbrls t`g hbturba wdral (@dllgr 2::3). Jt kby `bvg fggh
t`g pdtghtjbas diigrgl fy t`g dwhgrs`jp bhl `grljho di nbttag
t`bt ndhtrjfutgl td n`bhogs jh stdhgwdrmjho trbljtjdhs.
\rbljtjdhba bttjtulgs bhl wbys di wdrmjho wgrg iurt`gr
grdlgl fy jkpdrtbht n`bhogs jh t`g jhvghtdrjgs di Gbrajgr
Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs. Agbi s`bpgl brrdw`gbls bhl sjnmags
suoogst b ndhngrh wjt` `uhtjho, `brvgstjho bhl pgr`bps
ijo`tjho, `dwgvgr orblgl bhl rjtubajsgl t`g abttgr kby `bvg
fggh (Glkdhls/\`dkbs 2:0?). Fut ajmg aburga agbvgs, t`gy
basd fgtrby bh jhnrgbsgl ndhngrh wjt` t`g gxgnutjdh di nbrgiua pbttgrhs di fjibnjba wdrmjho, prgssurg iabmjho bhl
jhvbsjvg rgtdun` t`bt ditgh wght ibr fgydhl t`g sbtjsibntjdh
di prbntjnba rgqujrgkghts. \`g prdluntjdh bhl t`g usg di
t`gsg tddas kby `bvg gkgrogl bs hgw kgljb idr t`g
lgijhjtjdh di pgdpag.
Fgydhl t`gsg jtgks, t`g Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn basd sbw t`g
gkgroghng di ljsnrgtg bhl ditgh prdkjhght sdurngs „ iajht
kjhgs bhl upabhl stdhg qubrrjgs t`bt sbw b ljstjhnt bhl
sustbjhgl gkp`bsjs updh bxg prdluntjdh. Ditgh sgt bpbrt
irdk sgttagkght, kbhy wgrg gstbfajs`gl jh nagbrjhos dr bfdvg
t`g trggajhg, t`gjr gxpadjtbtjdh tbmjho t`g idrk di pgrjdljn
vjsjts fy skbaa ordups. ^dkgtjkgs t`gsg vjsjts wght jh stgp
wjt` t`g kdvgkght di nbttag. Bs wjt` sdkg gbrajgr sdurngs,
t`gsg wgrg pabngs bhl tjkgs bt w`jn` kgkfgrs di ljiigrghtmjh ordups kjo`t bhtjnjpbtg kggtjho. S`ysjnbaay kbrojhba td
ibkjajbr sgttagkghts, t`gy kby `bvg basd fggh sdnjbaay
ajkjhba, t`gjr usg `gapjho td strunturg fbsjn ndhngpts di
jlghtjty t`bt `bl dhng fggh sustbjhgl jh dt`gr wbys. Bs
Ygrhb Nbrg `bs pdjhtgl dut, iabmgl bxgs wgrg bargbly fgjho
prdlungl bhl pgr`bps njrnuabtgl fgtwggh pgdpag lurjho t`g
Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn (Nbrg 2:?:). \`js sggks td suoogst b
kgbsurg di ndhtjhujty jh b spgnjijn brgb di sdnjba prbntjng=
iurt`gr suppdrt prdvjlgl fy t`g ibnt t`bt b igw orduhl stdhg
bxgs `bvg fggh rgndvgrgl jh Abtgr Kgsdajt`jn ndhtgxts
(Lbvjl 2:0:). @dwgvgr, wg s`dual hdt paby ldwh t`g
n`bhog jh prbntjng dnnbsjdhgl fy t`g lgvgadpkght di kbedr
kjhgs bhl qubrrjgs. \`gsg wgrg kdhukghts eust bs kun` bst`g ijrst tdkfs bhl ngrgkdhjba ghnadsurgs. \`dsg pgrkjttgl
td wdrm bt t`gsg sjtgs bt ngrtbjh tjkgs luo hdt eust idr stdhg,
fut idr tdmghs di t`gjr jlghtjty. Jhlggl, t`g vgry bnt di
sjhmjho b s`bit dr najkfjho td b prgnjpjtdus najii ibng wbs
jtsgai b kgljuk t`rduo` w`jn` t`gsg t`gkgs wgrg nbrrjgl
idrwbrl. Bhl bs pgdpag wdrmgl bhl agbrhgl jh vbrjgl
ndkfjhbtjdhs, t`gy sbt bkdho t`g snbrs di dal s`bits bhl
wdrmjho ibngs „ tgstbkghts td t`g oghgbadojnba bhl bhngstrba
pbst t`bt aby fg`jhl t`gjr bntjdhs (Glkdhls 2::9).
_jt` tjkg, vjsjts td sdurngs kby `bvg n`bhogl jh t`gjr
sjohjijnbhng. Brtgibnts t`bt ndual fg lrbwh updh bs tdmghs di
jlghtjty wgrg basd njrnuabtgl bs tdmghs di vbaug. Vjn` jh
fjdorbp`jnba bssdnjbtjdhs, t`g `jstdrjgs di t`gsg tddas wgrg
gkfgaajs`gl bs t`gy pbssgl irdk `bhl td `bhl, bhl gvgh
irdk dhg oghgrbtjdh td bhdt`gr. Nbrrjgl, usgl bhl ljspabygl,
t`gy sgrvgl bs rgkjhlgrs di t`g stbhljho di ngrtbjh pgdpag,
bhl t`gjr pabng wjt`jh hgtwdrms di mjhs`jp bhl dfajobtjdh.
Bhl bs gxn`bhog wbs jhnrgbsjhoay lrbwh updh jh t`g
hgodtjbtjdh di t`dsg hgtwdrms, sd t`g sjohjijnbhng bnndrlgl
td prdnurgkght bhl prdluntjdh wjt`jh pbrtjnuabr rgojdhs
orblubaay n`bhogl (Frblagy/Glkdhls 2::>). Bnngss td
sdurngs fgnbkg b kdrg `jo`ay n`brogl ljsndursg „ bh brghb
jh w`jn` rgabtjdhs fgtwggh ordups wgrg bntjvgay hgodtjbtgl.
Srdkjhght kduhtbjhs dr `jaasjlgs objhgl b pbtjhb di kyt`
bhl gvgh lbhogr, bhl wdrmjho kby `bvg tbmgh dh bllglqubajtjgs bs bh gvght w`jn` s`bpgl t`g fbsjn jlghtjty di b
pgrsdh. \`js kby fg w`y wg ijhl b n`bhog t`rduo` tjkg, bt
dhg upabhl sdurng bt agbst, tdwbrls kdrg `jo`ay strunturgl
iabmjho rdutjhgs bhl t`g usg di prgnjpjtdusay adnbtgl qubrrjgs
(jfjl).
Jh stgp wjt` t`gsg n`bhogs nbkg dt`gr s`jits jh bttjtulg bhl
prbntjng. @grg wg nbh rgturh td t`g pjts t`bt ditgh ajg fghgbt`
237 K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH
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snbttgrs di frdmgh stdhg. Sjts bhl t`gjr ndhtghts ditgh ljspaby
bh drlgr w`jn` js ljiijnuat td gxpabjh bs t`g rbhldk bhl
orbluba bnnukuabtjdh di ruffjs`, `dwgvgr wg n`ddsg td
lgijhg t`g tgrk (\`dkbs 2::3). Sdttgry s`grls kby s`dw
ndhsjlgrgl sgagntjdh bhl pabngkght, bs nbh wdrmgl stdhg,
bhl kbtgrjba irdk kjllghs dr gpjsdlgs di ndhsukptjdh js hdt
uhndkkdh. _`bt wgrg t`g ndhljtjdhs uhlgr w`jn` t`gsgigbturgs wgrg nrgbtgl4 _`bt purpdsgs wgrg sgrvgl fy t`g
pabnjho di t`gsg kbtgrjbas jh t`g gbrt`4 _g wjaa hgvgr nbtn`
t`g iuaa sjohjijnbhng t`bt t`gsg bnts kby `bvg `gal idr
spgnjijn pgdpag. Fut ojvgh t`gjr ndhtgxt, t`gsg gssghtjbaay
adnba rjtgs kby `bvg prdvjlgl b kgljuk t`rduo` w`jn`
ndkkuhjtjgs rghgwgl t`gjr sghsg di tghurg wjt` pbrtjnuabr
pabngs. \`js kby `bvg fggh di orgbt jkpdrtbhng w`grg
sgbsdhba bhl gvgh oghgrbtjdhba nynags jhvdavgl kdvgkght
bwby irdk dhg sgttjho td bhdt`gr. Bhl jt jhnrgbsgl jh
jkpdrtbhng bs hgw idrks di rgabtjdhs`jp, wjt` abhl bhl wjt`
dt`grs, wgrg ghoghlgrgl fy n`bhogs jh t`g n`brbntgr di
rdutjhg prbntjngs. Idr t`dsg w`d wgrg prgsght, t`g obt`grjho
tdogt`gr di ijrgl naby, wdrmgl stdhg, iddl rgkbjhs, bhlsdkgtjkgs irbokghts di t`g lgbl, lrgw bttghtjdh td t`g
prbntjnba bhl oghgbadojnba tjgs t`bt fduhl ndkkuhjtjgs td
spgnjijn adnbags. \`gsg wgrg t`g trbngs di pbrtjnuabr bnts,
bssdnjbtgl wjt` pbrtjnuabr pgdpag bhl gvghts. Nrgbtgl bs
pgdpag agit idr b sgbsdh, dr pgr`bps idr dt`gr rgbsdhs, t`g
ijaajho di pjts, ajmg t`g pabhtjho di nrdps, diigrgl t`g `dpg di
rghgwba bhl rgturh. Idr t`dsg w`d rgturhgl bhl rgkgkfgrgl,
t`gsg igbturgs prdvjlgl khgkdhjns idr t`g pbst t`bt aby
fg`jhl bh dal nagbrjho dr nbkp.
\`g prgsghng di irbokghts di t`g lgbl jh pjts bhl pgr`bps
jh kjllghs basd frjhos us fbnm td ndhtgkpdrbry tdkfs.
Vgojdhba ljiigrghngs nbh fg sggh jh t`g idrks bhl `jstdrjgs
di t`gsg sjtgs bhl t`js rgkjhls us t`bt wg brg lgbajho wjt`
vbrjgl adnba trbljtjdhs. \`gsg `jstdrjgs basd rgvgba t`bt t`g
n`brbntgr bhl sjohjijnbhng di spgnjijn sjtgs ljl hdt od
uhn`bhogl dvgr tjkg. Zgt kbhy tdkfs s`brg ndkkdh
igbturgs bhl t`gjr usg ditgh suoogsts bh bnmhdwaglogkght di
ndkkdh prjhnjpags. \`gsg wgrg t`g `dusgs di t`g bhngstdrs.
Ditgh gkfgaajs`gl dvgr oghgrbtjdhs, tdkfs wgrg irbkgs
w`jn` ndual `dal t`g fdhgs di t`g lgbl bhl `brhgss t`dsg
rgajns td pbrtjnuabr pabngs.
_`bt sjohjijnbhng ljl t`g ajvjho bttbn` td t`g lgbl bt t`gsg
sjtgs4 Jh kbhy nbsgs, t`g fdhgs di t`g lgbl brrjvgl bargbly
strjppgl di t`gjr iags`. Gxpdsgl dr bntjvgay lgiags`gl
gasgw`grg, `ukbh fdhgs wgrg ditgh frduo`t td tdkfs td rgstbkdhost t`g rgkbjhs di gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs. \`js prjvjagog
kby hdt bawbys `bvg fggh dpgh td baa, bhl fdhgs ndual fg
rgkdvgl irdk tdkfs idr lgpdsjtjdh gasgw`grg dr td njrnuabtg
bkdhost t`g ajvjho. _jt`jh t`gjr fduhls `dwgvgr, jt wbs b
ndkkdhpabng t`bt t`g frdmgh rgkbjhs di b pgrsdh wgrg
jhndrpdrbtgl wjt` t`g eukfagl rgkhbhts di t`dsg adho lgbl.
Jt js jh t`js gkp`bsjs dh t`g ndaagntjvg dvgr t`g jhljvjluba
t`bt wg nbh trbng b ndhngrh wjt` bhngstrba idrngs. \`gsg
ndkkuhjtjgs di fdhgs ndhtbjhgl mjh w`d wgrg rgkgkfgrgl
bhl kdurhgl. Fut t`g nustdkbry frgbmjho bhl rg-drlgrjho di
t`gjr fdljgs suoogsts b lgsjrg td sgg t`g lgbl pbss dh jhtd t`g
bhngstrba rgbak= b rgbak w`jn` fduhl t`g ndkkuhjty di t`g
ajvjho td gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs bhl td t`g tjkg di kyt`. Igw
wgrg sjhoagl dut idr spgnjba trgbtkght wjt`jh t`gsg sjtgs, bhlidr t`g kdst pbrt, wg ijhl ajttag gvjlghng idr t`g prdvjsjdh di
lurbfag oddls wjt` spgnjijn pgdpag. ^`rdulgl jh kyt` bhl
pgr`bps wbtn`gl dvgr fy spjrjts, t`gsg wgrg pabngs td w`jn`
pgdpag rgturhgl dh kbhy dnnbsjdhs. ^dkgtjkgs t`bt rgturh
frduo`t irbokghts di t`g hgway lgngbsgl, fut vjsjts wgrg
ditgh bs kun` jh stgp wjt` sgbsdhba bhl bhngstrba rjtgs bs
t`gy wgrg wjt` t`g lgkjsg di b spgnjijn pgrsdh. Ghtjrg
ndkkuhjtjgs kby `bvg obt`grgl jh t`g s`bldw di t`gjr
bhngstdrs bt ngrtbjh tjkgs. Bt dt`grs, bttghlbhng bhl
dfsgrvbhng kby `bvg fggh t`g prjvjagog di kdrg sgagnt
ordups.
\`g kgbhjhos t`bt pgdpag bttbn`gl td t`gsg bhngstrba
`dusgs wbs prdfbfay bs vbrjgl bs t`g brn`jtgnturg t`bt wg trytd nbpturg jh dur pabhs bhl sgntjdhs. \`gsg wgrg pabngs
w`grg pgrsdhba adss ndual fg bnmhdwaglogl bhl w`grg b
sghsg di mjhs`jp bhl ndkkuhjty ndual fg orduhlgl jh bh
bhngstrba bhl ndskdadojnba drlgr. \`gy wgrg pabngs w`grg
rgajns wgrg oghgrbtgl td njrnuabtg bkdhost t`g ajvjho,
kbhy diigrjho hd kdrg t`bh b tgkpdrbry rgstjho pabng
idr t`g fdhgs di t`g lgbl. Bssdnjbtgl wjt` pdwgriua idrngs,
t`gy wgrg basd pabngs td w`jn` pgdpag nbkg td bsm idr
jhtgrvghtjdh bhl suppdrt, bhl bs sun`, t`gy wgrg ndhtgxts
w`grg sdkg kjo`t ndkg td `dal but`drjty dvgr dt`grs.
Srdxjkjty td t`g bhngstdrs kby jtsgai `bvg fggh tbmgh bs bh
jhlgx di t`g stbhljho di pbrtjnuabr pgdpag. \`g rjo`t td
diijnjbtg kby `bvg fggh t`g prgrdobtjvg di ibkjay `gbls dr di
s`bkbhs, bhl t`grg kby `bvg fggh tjkgs w`gh bnngss td t`g
idrgndurts dr jhtgrjdr di tdkfs wbs rgstrjntgl td dhay b igw.
Dut di t`gsg ljstjhntjdhs nbkg b sghsg di t`g drlgr di
rgabtjdhs bkdhost t`g ajvjho, bh drlgr w`jn` sggkgl baa t`g
kdrg jhgvjtbfag w`grg jts rddts ndual fg trbngl jhtd t`g
bhngstrba pbst.
\`g ndkkuhjtjgs di fdhgs t`bt aby wjt`jh ndual paby bh
jkkgljbtg bhl jkpdrtbht pbrt jh t`js prdngss. Jhnausjdh kby
`bvg ditgh fggh b prjvjagog di mjhs`jp bhl pdsjtjdh, bhl dhng
jhsjlg, t`g pabngkght bhl rg-drlgrjho di fdhg kby `bvg
frduo`t ngrtbjh ndhngpts bhl vbaugs jhtd s`brp rgajgi. \`g
ndhiusjdh di ljsbrtjnuabtgl bhl lgnbyjho rgkbjhs ndual fgrgbl bs b kgtbp`dr idr t`g ndaagntjvg fdhls di mjhs`jp, bhl
t`js `bs fggh b ndkkdh t`gkg jh jhtgrprgtbtjdh. Bt tjkgs,
t`js sghsg di ndkkdhbajty kby `bvg fggh kdrg ijntjvg t`bh
rgba, t`g agvgajho jh lgbt` ndhngbajho ljvjsjdhs bkdhost t`g
ajvjho (^`bhms/\jaagy 2:06). Fut uhtja dur orbsp di oghgtjn
jhidrkbtjdh jkprdvgs, wg nbh dhay suoogst t`bt t`gsg
ljvjsjdhs idaadwgl ajhgs lgijhgl fy kbrrjbog bhl lgsnght.
239 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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_`bt js nagbr js t`bt t`gsg irbkgs ndual fg usgl td jlgbajzg
kdrg fbsjn ljstjhntjdhs. ^dkgtjkgs t`g fdhgs di t`g galgrs
bhl di n`jalrgh wgrg sgpbrbtgl, lrbwjho bttghtjdh td t`g
but`drjty t`bt sgt dhg oghgrbtjdh bpbrt irdk bhdt`gr. _dkgh
ndual basd fg ljstjhoujs`gl irdk kgh. \`gsg ljstjhntjdhs
wgrg frduo`t jhtd idnus bs ngrtbjh pgdpag `bhlagl bhl
drlgrgl smgagtba rgkbjhs= rjtgs w`jn` prdfbfay jhvdavgl t`gtgaajho di stdrjgs bfdut t`g bhngstrba pbst bhl t`g ajvgs di
gbrajgr oghgrbtjdhs. \`dsg hbrrbtjvgs kby `bvg gvgh tbmgh
nugs irdk t`g brn`jtgnturg di t`g tdkfs t`gksgavgs (Fbrrgtt
2::<). \`g brrbhogkght di n`bkfgrs bhl lgpdsjts aght bh
drlgr td t`g ghnduhtgr t`bt pgdpag `bl wjt` t`gsg rgajns, bhl
t`js baadwgl rgabtjdhs bkdhost t`g ajvjho td fg kbhjpuabtgl
bhl pabngl fgydhl qugstjdh.
Jh b abhlsnbpg ndkpdsgl di pabngs bhl pbt`s, w`bt sdrt di
ghnduhtgr ljl pgdpag `bvg wjt` t`gsg sjtgs4 _`bt jssugs
wgrg bllrgssgl t`rduo` t`gjr iduhlbtjdh bhl gabfdrbtjdh dvgr
tjkg4 Vjtgs ndhluntgl bt t`gsg sjtgs `bl jkpdrtbht
ndhsgqughngs idr rgabtjdhs bkdho t`dsg w`d pbrtjnjpbtgl,
bhl t`dsg w`d ndual dhay stbhl bhl wbtn`. Fut t`gsjohjijnbhng di tdkfs wght fgydhl t`g irbokghts di t`g lgbl
t`bt t`gy ndhtbjhgl, bhl t`js rgturhs us td t`g tbsmsnbpg.
\`g sgttjhos di tdkfs brg vbrjgl jh t`g gxtrgkg, fut kbhy
brg iduhl jh prdkjhght adnbtjdhs „ bt vbaagy `gbls, dh rjlog
tdps bhl badho ajmgay pbt`s di bnngss. ^dkg wgrg iduhlgl jh
skbaa nagbrjhos, dh turi, dr dh gbrt` t`bt `bl fggh nuatjvbtgl.
B hukfgr gvgh sgba trbngs di abtgr Kgsdajt`jn bhl Gbrajgr
Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght, dr bajoh t`gksgavgs dh prdkjhght
abhlsnbpg igbturgs t`bt `bl adho prdvjlgl b idnus idr `ukbh
bntjvjty (Fbrrgtt 2:00= \jaagy 2::<). Kdrg ditgh t`bh hdt,
t`gy wgrg iduhlgl jh pabngs t`bt `bl b spgnjijn nuaturba pbst.
_g ndual ljskjss t`gsg pbttgrhs bs ndjhnjlghngs, fut b
kdrg ndkkdh rgspdhsg js td nbst t`gsg sjtgs bs tgrrjtdrjba
kbrmgrs= bs stbtgkghts di prdpgrty rjo`ts kblg fy pbrtjnuabr
ndkkuhjtjgs (Frblagy 2:0<= Vghirgw 2:?>). \`js jlgb sggks
td ‐kbmg sghsg' td us, fut jt bntubaay sbys vgry ajttag jh jtsgai.
\d fgojh wjt`, jt kjssgs t`g lrbkbtjn rgwdrmjho di t`g
sjohjijnbhng di b pabng t`bt t`g iduhlbtjdh di b tdkf
gstbfajs`gl. Bh dal nbkp dr nagbrjho, b pbtn` di orbzjho, dr
bh brgb t`bt `bl sggh vjsjts fy oghgrbtjdhs di `uhtgrs bhl
`grlgrs hdw `bl bhngstrba dnnupbhts, idrngs td fg rgspgntgl
bhl pgr`bps gvgh igbrgl. \`g purpdsgs t`bt wgrg sgrvgl fy
t`gsg iduhlbtjdhs wgrg prdfbfay bs vbrjgl bs t`gy brg
ljiijnuat td spgnjiy. Fut jt kby fg usgiua td t`jhm di t`g
tghsjdhs t`bt gxjstgl fdt` wjt`jh bhl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs5broukghts dvgr t`g but`drjty di t`g galgrs dr ndkpgtjtjdh idr
adnba ldkjhbhng fgtwggh ljiigrght mjh ordups. Hd lduft
t`grg wgrg tjkgs w`gh t`gsg broukghts rgvdavgl brduhl
qugstjdhs di bnngss= td orbzjho dr td dal sgttagkght brgbs, dr
pgr`bps td pbrtjnuabr sdurngs di stdhg. \`js kby fg pbrt di
t`g rgbsdh w`y adho fbrrdws dh Nrbhfdrhg N`bsg ajg nadsg td
pdnmgts di naby wjt` iajhts (Fbrrgtt gt ba. 2::2= Glkdhls
2::9). Ditgh `dwgvgr, jt wbs t`g bhngstdrs bhl t`gjr pdwgrs
t`bt wgrg t`g idnus di bttghtjdh. _`grg prdxjkjty bhl t`g
rjo`t td spgbm dh t`gjr fg`bai ndual fg bh jkpdrtbht
gxprgssjdh di but`drjty, t`gsg `dusgs di t`g lgbl bhl t`gjr
ndhtghts ndual fgndkg dfegnts di ljsndursg jh t`gjr dwh
rjo`t. _`grg t`dsg jhvdavgl jh t`g iduhlbtjdh di b tdkf wgrg
fduhl fy tjgs di mjhs`jp, t`g `dusjho di t`g bhngstdrs wbs bkgbhs fy w`jn` t`gy bttbn`gl t`gksgavgs td b pabng. _`bt
wbs jkpdrtbht wbs t`bt t`js bttbn`kght ditgh orgw dut di b
nynajnba pbttgrh di ajig t`bt tddm pgdpag td bhl irdk t`gsg
pabngs. Yjsjtgl bt mgy euhnturgs bhl sggh dr pbssgl jh t`g
ndursg di t`g sgbsdhba rduhl, t`g iduhlbtjdh bhl gpjsdljn usg
di tdkfs prdvjlgl b pdwgriua kgljuk t`rduo` w`jn` pgdpag
rghgwgl b sghsg di tghurg wjt` pbrtjnuabr adnbags. Vgturhjho
bobjh bhl bobjh, bhl blljho td t`g ibfrjn bs wgaa bs t`g
ndhtght di tdkfs, t`gy orduhlgl t`bt bttbn`kght jh t`g
bhngstrba pbst bhl prdegntgl jt jhtd t`g iuturg.
Dvgr tjkg, t`g stbtgkghts kblg t`rduo` sjkpag kdrtubry
strunturgs wgrg gkfgaajs`gl t`rduo` t`g blljtjdh di gbrt` dr
stdhg= t`rduo` t`g gxtghsjdh di kduhls dr t`g ndhstruntjdhdi idrgndurts bhl ibnblgs. \`gsg p`ysjnba n`bhogs fgtdmgh
s`jits jh t`g sjohjijnbhng bttbn`gl td t`gsg pabngs bhl t`g
kbhhgr jh w`jn` t`gy wgrg lrbwh updh dr bpprdprjbtgl fy
t`g ajvjho. Bs dhg oghgrbtjdh obvg wby td bhdt`gr, t`dsg w`d
rgturhgl bllgl td t`g idrk bhl `jstdrjnba bssdnjbtjdhs di
t`gsg sjtgs. Jh ldjho sd, t`gy rghgwgl bhl rglgijhgl t`gjr
fdhls di mjhs`jp bhl t`gjr fbsjn sghsg di ndkkuhjty. \`gsg
wgrg `dusgs t`bt ghlurgl, fut t`gy wgrg basd rgsdurngs t`bt
ndual fg kbhjpuabtgl.
Ojvgh t`gjr tbsmsnbpg ndhtgxts, t`g rgldaghngs di pjts dr
tdkfs kby `bvg fggh fgst bpprgnjbtgl bt b adnba snbag fy b
rgabtjvgay skbaa hukfgr di ndkkuhjtjgs. Zgt ajmg pdttgry bhl
stdhg tddas, t`gsg igbturgs wgrg nrgbtgl wjt` rgigrghng td
trbljtjdhs t`bt strgtn`gl b ndhsjlgrbfag ljstbhng bnrdss t`g
nduhtry bhl t`rduo` tjkg. Eust bs orduhl bhl pdajs`gl bxgs
nbh fg iduhl irdk hdrt`grh ^ndtabhl td Ndrhwbaa, dr
sjkjabrjtjgs jh ndrg wdrmjho trbngl fgtwggh Zdrms`jrg bhl
_jats`jrg, sd ndhvghtjdhs surrduhljho t`g trgbtkght di pjts d
t`g vghgrbtjdh di bhngstdrs brg s`brgl fgtwggh rgojdhs. Jh
dt`gr wdrls, wg nbh sgg ndkkdh t`gkgs bhl ndhngrhs, gvgh
t`duo` t`gsg kby `bvg fggh lrbwh updh jh ljiigrght wbys
irdk dhg sgttjho td bhdt`gr.
\`gsg pbttgrhs kby fg pbrtay b prdlunt di dur dwh
prgndhngptjdhs, bhl dur lgsjrg td ijhl bh drlgr t`bt wg nbh
nbaa hbtjdhba. Fut t`gy `jo`ajo`t w`bt bt ijrst oabhng bppgbrstd fg b pbrbldx. @dw ld wg rgndhnjag sjkjabrjtjgs bt t`gsg
frdblgr snbags wjt` t`g jlgb t`bt t`g abhlsnbpg wbs ljspgrsgl
irbokghtgl bhl ditgh sgbsdhba jh jts rdaa nbaa4 _g kjo`t
kbmg rgigrghng td rdutjhg kdfjajty pbttgrhs pabygl dut bhl
rgwdrmgl dvgr oghgrbtjdhs, bhl td ndhngpts di gxdobky bhl
dvgrabppjho adnba trbljtjdhs. \`gsg brg, di ndursg, nrunjba.
Fut wg kust basd baadw t`bt t`gsg frdblgr wgfs di sdnjba
23? K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH
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rgabtjdhs wgrg `uho updh spgnjijn pdjhts jh tjkg bhl spbng.
^tdhg sdurngs dr brgbs sgbsdhbaay rjn` jh obkg `bl adho
sgrvgl bs ndhtgxts jh w`jn` ghnduhtgrs wjt` mjh bhl rgabtjvg
strbhogrs kjo`t fg bhtjnjpbtgl. \`rduo` t`gsg kggtjhos,
oddls, pgdpag bhl jlgbs pbssgl fgtwggh ndkkuhjtjgs. Jt kby
`bvg fggh uhlgr t`gsg njrnukstbhngs t`bt t`g pdssjfjajty di
n`bhogs jh prbntjng wgrg rgbajzgl. _jt` t`g Hgdajt`jn nbkgt`g jlgb di kdrg nagbray lgkbrnbtgl brghbs jh w`jn` t`dsg
ghnduhtgrs ndual fg sn`gluagl bhl uhlgrtbmgh. Brjsjho dut
di t`g nddpgrbtjvg abfdr di b rbhog di mjh ordups,
nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs sgrvgl bs ajkjhba pabngs „ sgt bpbrt
irdk t`g wdral di lby-td-lby bntjvjty „ w`grg t`g kdrg
gxtghsjvg qubajtjgs di t`g sdnjba abhlsnbpg wgrg puaagl jhtd
s`brpgr idnus (Glkdhls 2::>).
Adho gstbfajs`gl dh t`g ndhtjhght, t`g jlgb di ghnadsurgs
wbs lrbwh updh jh vbrjdus wbys irdk dhg pbrt di Hdrt`-
_gstgrh Gurdpg td bhdt`gr (Furogss gt ba. 2:00). ^dkg
idrkgl fduhlbrjgs t`bt wgrg bllgl td sgttagkghts w`jast
dt`grs `bl nadsg tjgs wjt` t`g lgbl dr wjt` pbrtjnuabr
rgsdurngs (Frblagy jh prgss= Sgtrgqujh gt ba. Jh prgss= _`jttag2::9). \`js jlgb wbs lrbwh updh jh gqubaay vbrjgl wbys
fy ordups di ndkkuhjtjgs jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh. Ajmg sdkg
prdkjhght stdhg sdurngs, kbhy wgrg jhjtjbaay ghnduhtgrgl
dh bh gpjsdljn, pgr`bps sgbsdhba fbsjs, t`gjr usg gkfgllgl
jh frdblgr rdutjhgs di nbttag `usfbhlry. Jh brgbs sun` bs
t`g ^dut`-_gst, b igw wgrg gstbfajs`gl bs kdrg dr agss
pgrkbhght sgttagkghts, fut t`gsg rgkbjh gxngptjdhs w`jn`
ndhijrk t`g strghot` di adho stbhljho rgojdhba trbljtjdhs.
Ditgh pbssgl dr gvgh usgl bs nbkps jh t`g ndkpbhy di
bhjkbas bhl nadsg mjh, t`gsg pabngs pgrjdljnbaay wjthgssgl t`g
ndkjho tdogt`gr di b abrogr hukfgr bhl b wjlgr rbhog di
pgdpag. @grls wgrg frduo`t tdogt`gr jh t`gjr ghvjrdhs, bhl
pgdpag nbkpgl, nddmgl, bhl wdrmgl t`g abhl brduhl t`gk jh
nadsg prdxjkjty td dt`grs. Bt b tjkg w`gh t`g ndkkdh
pbttgrh di ndhtbnt strgssgl nadsg mjh, t`gsg wgrg sjohba
gvghts. B idnus idr rjtgs di pbssbog, bhl idr prdluntjdh bhl
gxn`bhog, t`gsg obt`grjhos nrgbtgl b sykfdajnbaay n`brogl
ndhtgxt jh w`jn` kbhy t`gkgs ndual fg bllrgssgl5 igrtjajty
bhl rghgwba= bnngss bhl bhngstry= mjhs`jp bhl dfajobtjdh=
gvgh ndhiajnt bhl ndkpgtjtjdh. \`rduo` bhngstrba rjtgs, t`g
ojvjho di igbsts bhl orblgl trbhsbntjdhs, pgdpag wdrmgl bhl
rgwdrmgl t`gjr pdsjtjdh jh frdbl hgtwdrms di mjhs`jp,
dfajobtjdh bhl but`drjty. Whlgrstddl ljiigrghtay fy t`dsg
w`d ndual pbrtjnjpbtg bhl t`dsg rgstrjntgl td t`g kbrojhs,
t`gsg gvghts basd ndhijrkgl t`g stbhljho di pgdpag bkdhostt`gjr nadsg mjh.
Ghnadsurgs kby `bvg ditgh fggh rgobrlgl bs sdnjbaay
ajkjhba, gvgh lbhogrdus pabngs. Fut ajmg tdkfs, t`gsg brghbs
di vbaug wgrg hdt ndhstruntgl bhl usgl jh b vbnuuk. ^dkg
wdual `bvg fggh ghnduhtgrgl dh b rgouabr fbsjs= pbssgl bs b
ibkjay kdvgl wjt` t`gjr nbttag, dr lurjho `uhtjho, bhl sggh
bs pgdpag tghlgl nrdps bhl obt`grgl dt`gr rgsdurngs. Ngrtbjh
ghnadsurgs gvgh aby dh dr nadsg td dutnrdps di stdhg t`bt `bl
fggh jh usg adho fgidrg t`g ijrst ljtn` wbs luo. Ljstjhntjvg
trbhn`gt iabmgs jh suribng snbttgrs hgbr Mhbp @jaa jh t`g Ybag
di Sgwsgy pdjht td b ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh pgdpag bhl pabng
t`bt gxtghlgl fbnm jhtd w`bt wg nbaa t`g Kgsdajt`jn. ^jkjabr
pbttgrhs nbh fg sggh jh ^ussgx (Obrljhgr 2:0<) bhl bt
Kbjlgh Nbstag jh Ldrsgt, adnba sdurngs di stdhg wgrg bsjkpdrtbht td Gbrajgr Hgdajt`jn ndkkuhjtjgs bs t`gy `bl fggh
td t`gjr idrfgbrs. _g s`dual hdt paby ldwh t`g lrbkb di
‐batgrjho t`g gbrt`' fduhl up jh t`g ndhstruntjdh bhl
gabfdrbtjdh di ghnadsurgs. Fut gvgh `grg, wg s`dual
rgndohjzg t`bt t`g iduhlbtjdh di t`gsg sjtgs ditgh jhvdavgl
t`g rgwdrmjho di adho `jstdrjgs bttbn`gl td pbrtjnuabr
nagbrjhos, `jaatdps bhl sdurngs di stdhg. Dhng gstbfajs`gl,
t`gy tdd fgnbkg rgsdurngs wjt` t`g pdtghtjba td fg lrbwh
updh jh t`g sbtjsibntjdh di sgntjdhba jhtgrgsts.
>. Ndhnausjdh
\`js ljsnussjdh `bs rgkbjhgl bt b rgabtjvgay oghgrba agvga,
bhl t`js frjhos wjt` jt ngrtbjh prdfagks. @dwgvgr, J `dpg J`bvg s`dwh t`bt b ndhngrh wjt` t`g luaa ndkpuasjdh di
pgdpag's ajvgs, bhl wjt` t`g n`bhojho ndhijourbtjdh di t`g
tbsmsnbpgs t`bt t`gy dnnupjgl, nbh bll kun` td dur
uhlgrstbhljho. _g nrgbtg b fgttgr ndhtgxt jh w`jn` td sgt dur
stuljgs di pbrtjnuabr kdhukghts dr kdhukght ndkpagxgs
w`gh wg ndhsjlgr t`g ndhljtjdhs uhlgr w`jn` t`gsg
pbrtjnuabr tjkgs bhl pabngs wgrg dnnupjgl. Bhl jh trbnjho
t`gsg tbsmsnbpgs, wg nbh basd gxpadrg `dw t`g n`brbntgr bhl
tgkpd di rdutjhg tbsms wbs jtsgai nbuo`t up jh t`g
rgprdluntjdh di t`g sdnjba wdral. Jh dt`gr wdrls, wg baadw
t`bt ndkkjtkghts td pabng bhl td dt`grs kby fg, qujtg
ajtgrbaay, ‐wdrmgl t`rduo`' jh ljiigrght wbys t`rduo` ljiigrght
brgbs di prbntjng.
\`gsg oghgbadojgs di sgttagkght bhl stdhgwdrmjho
trbljtjdhs nbst b s`brp ajo`t dh sdkg di t`g tbmgh-idr-orbhtgls
fg`jhl kdlgas di t`g trbhsjtjdh. Jh pbrtjnuabr, t`gy strgss t`g
jkpdrtbhng di trgbtjho t`js p`bsg jh prg`jstdry bs b sjtubtgl
`jstdrjnba prdngss uhidaljho t`rduo` t`g bntjdhs di pgdpag.
Ji t`grg js b oghgrba dfsgrvbtjdh td fg lrbwh irdk baa di t`js,
jt js t`bt t`js prdngss jhvdavgl fdt` ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog jh
t`g n`brbntgr di rdutjhg gxpgrjghng. Bat`duo` rgsdurngs bhl
jlgbs wgrg lrbwh irdk ndkkuhjtjgs bnrdss t`g wbtgr, t`g
abhlsnbpgs di ^dut`grh Frjtbjh wgrg hdt b tbfuab rbsb updh
w`jn` Hgdajt`jn ndadhjsts ndual kbmg t`gjr kbrm. Fy t`g
sbkg tdmgh, ndhngrh wjt` t`g lgijhjtjdh di mjh bhl hdh mjh=di wdkgh bhl kgh= di t`g galgrs bhl t`gjr sufdrljhbtgs, ljl
hdt gkgrog wjt` t`g ijrst nrdp di ndrh. Hdr ljl qugstjdhs di
tghurg bhl rghdwh. _dvgh jhtd rdutjhg prbntjng bhl gxpajnjt
jh vbrjgl rjtgs, t`gsg bhl dt`gr t`gkgs `bl fggh jkpdrtbht idr
kbhy oghgrbtjdhs. _`bt `bppghgl bnrdss w`bt wg rgndohjsg
bs t`g trbhsjtjdh wbs b rgwdrmjho di t`g prbntjngs t`rduo`
w`jn` pgdpag uhlgrstddl bhl bllrgssgl t`gsg jssugs.
230 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Bhngstrba rjtgs, t`g prdluntjdh bhl usg di pdttgry bhl
pdajs`gl tddas, prdnurgkght, gxn`bhog bhl t`g usg di
ldkgstjnbtgs5 baa prdvjlgl kgljb t`rduo` w`jn` ndhngpts di
jlghtjty, ndkkuhjty bhl but`drjty ndual fg nbrrjgl idrwbrl.
\bmgh up jh vbrjgl wbys bhl bt ljiigrght tjkgs irdk dhg
rgojdh td bhdt`gr, t`gsg prbntjngs, jh t`gjr turh, n`bhogl t`g
wbys jh w`jn` pgdpag t`duo`t bfdut t`g abhlsnbpg, t`gjr pbst,bhl t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps wjt` dt`grs. _g ld ajttag eustjng td t`g
ndkpagx qubajtjgs di t`js prdngss w`gh wg rglung jt td t`g
sunngssjdh di brn`gtypgs.
rgigrghngs
Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2:00. \`g ajvjho, t`g lgbl, bhl t`g bhngstdrs5 Hgdajt`jn
bhl Gbray Frdhzg Bog kdrtubry prbntjngs. Jh5 E.N. Fbrrgtt &
J.B. Mjhhgs (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di ndhtgxt jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl
Frdhzg Bog Frjtbjh, ^`giijgal, >3-<2.
Fbrrgtt, E. 2::<. Irbokghts irdk bhtjqujty, Dxidrl.
Fbrrgtt, E., V. Frblagy & K. Orggh 2::2. Abhlsnbpg kdhukghts bhl
sdnjgty5 t`g prg`jstdry di Nrbhfdrhg n`bsg, Nbkfrjlog.
Fbrhbtt, E. 2::9. Kdvjho fgydhl t`g kdhukghts5 pbt`s bhl pgdpag
jh t`g Hgdajt`jn abhlsnbpgs di t`g Sgbm Ljstrjnt , Hdrt`grh
Brn`bgdadoy vda 2>.
Fbssd, M. 2:0<. ^tbamjho wjt` stdrjgs5 hbkgs, pabngs bhl kdrba
hbrrbtjvgs bkdho t`g wgstgrh Bpbn`g. Jh5 G. Fruhgr (gl.)\gxt, paby
bhl stdry, Jaajhdjs, xxx-xxx.
Fghlgr, F. 2:?0. Obt`grgr-`uhtgr td ibrkgr5 b sdnjba pgrspgntjvg,
_dral Brn`bgdadoy, 63<-666.
Frblagy, V. gt ba. 2::>. Gxnbvbtjdhs dh Vglobtg @jaa, ^agbidrl.
Frblagy, V. 2::>. Batgrjho t`g gbrt`, ^dnjgty di Bhtjqubrjgs di
^ndtabhl Kdhdorbp` 0, Gljhfuro`.
Frblagy, V. 2:0<. \`g sdnjba iduhlbtjdhs di prg`jstdrjn Frjtbjh, Adhldh.
Frblagy, V. 2:0?. Iajht tgn`hdadoy bhl t`g n`brbntgr di Hgdajt`jn
sgttagkght. Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn bhbaysjs bhl abtgr
Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 296, 202-207.
Frblagy, V.E. & K. Glkdhls 2::>. Jhtgrprgtjho t`g bxg trblg,
Nbkfrjlog.
Frblagy, V.E. jh prgss. Jhtgrprgtjho ghnadsurgs. Jh5 K. Glkdhls &
N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di
Hdrt` _gst Gurdpg, Oabsodw.
Furogss, N., S. \dppjho, N. Kdrlbht & K. Kblljsdh (gls.) 2:00.
Ghnadsurgs bhl lgighngs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di _gstgrh Gurdpg,
Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts, Jht. ^grjgs <3>.
Furtdh, E. 2:03. Kbmjho sghsg di wbstg iabmgs, Edurhba di
Brn`bgdadojnba ^njghng ?, 2>2-2<0.
Nbrg, Y. 2:?:. \`g prdluntjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di Kgsdajt`jn bxgs jh
^dut`grh Ghoabhl, Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg jstdrjn ^dnjgty <7, :>-236.
Nbrg, Y. 2:06. \`g ndaagntjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di ajt`jn rbw kbtgrjb
lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn pgrjdls jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh,Dxidrl Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy 2 (>), 69:-607.
Nbsjkjr, K. E. 2::6. \`g ljkghsjdhs di tgrjtdrjbajty5 bh
jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5 K.E. Nbsjkjgr & B. Vbd (gls.) Kdfjajty bhl
tgrrjtdrjbajty. ^dnjba bhl spbtjba fduhlbrjgs bkdho idrbogrs, ijs`grs
pbstdrbajsts bhl pgrjpbtgtjns, Dxidrl.
Nrdhdh. _. E. 2:0>. N`bhogs jh t`g abhl5 Jhljbhs, ndadhjsts bhl t`g
gndadoy di Hgw Ghoabhl, Hgw Zdrm.
Lbrvjaa, \.N. 2:0?. Srg`jstdrjn Frjtbjh, Adhldh.
Lbvjl, B. 2:0:. ^dkg bspgnts di t`g `ukbh prgsghng jh wgst _bag
lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.) \`g Kgsdajt`jn jh Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, 6<2-67>.
Glkdhls, K. 2:0?. Vdnms bhl rjsm5 prdfagks wjt` ajt`jn
prdnurgkght strbtgojgs. Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn
bhbaysjs bhl abtgr Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnb
Vgpdrts 296, 277-2?:.
Glkdhls, K. 2::>. Jhtgrprgtjho nbusgwbygl ghnadsurgs jh t`g
prgsght bhl t`g pbst. Jh5 N. \jaagy (gl.) Jhtgrprgtbtjvg Brn`bgdadoy,
Dxidrl, ?<-::.
Glkdhls, K. 2::9. _rjttgh jh t`g fdly. Jh5 E. Fbrrgtt &
N. Vjn`brls (gls.) Gkfdljkght jh nuaturba pgrspgntjvg, Adhldh,
xxx-xxx.
Glkdhls, K. & E. \`dkbs 2:0?. \`g brn`grs5 bh gvgrylby stdry d
nduhtry idam., Dxidrl, Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn
bhbaysjs bhl abtgr Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, Dxidrl, Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnb
Vgpdrts 296, 20?-2::.
Idrl, ^. 2:0?. N`rdhdadojnba bhl iuhntjdhba bspgnts di iajht
bssgkfabogs. Jh5 B. Frdwh & K. Glkdhls (gls.) Ajt`jn bhbaysjs
bhl abtgr Frjtjs` prg`jstdry, FBV 296, Dxidrl, 9?-09.
Obrljhgr, E. 2:0<. Ajt`jn ljstrjfutjdhs bhl Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght
pbttgrhs jh Nghtrba sdut`grh Ghoabhl. Jh5 V.E. Frblagy & E. Obrljhg
(gls.) Hgdajt`jn stuljgs5 b rgvjgw di sdkg nurrght rgsgbrn`, Dxidrl
Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts (Frjtjs` ^grjgs) 2>>, 27-<3.
Ogaa, B. 2:07. @dw td rgbl b kbp5 rgkbrms dh t`g prbntjnba adojn d
hbvjobtjdh, Kbh 63 (6), 6?2-609.
Odw, S. 2::7. Abhl, pgdpag bhl pdwgr jh _gstgrh Bkbzdhjb. Jh5
G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh (gls.) Fgtwggh spbng bhl pabng5
abhlsnbpg jh nuaturba pgrspgntjvg, Dxidrl, <>-96.
23: K. GLKDHL^ „ \B^M^NBSG, \GN@HDADOZ BHL \VBLJ\JDH
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@bylgh, F. 2:0:. Hjkrdls pjsnbtdrs, paunmgrs bhl pabhtgrs5 t`g
gkgroghng di iddl prdluntjdh, Edurhba di Bht`rdpdadojnba
Brn`bgdadoy :, >2-9:.
@gbl, A. 2::<. Abhlsnbpgs sdnjbajsgl fy ijrg5 pdst ndhtbnt n`bhogs
jh bfdrjojhba ijrg usg jh hdrt`grh bustrbajb bhl jkpajnbtjdhs idr
prg`jstdry, Brn`bgdadoy jh Dngbhjb 6:, 2?6-202.
@dllgr, J. 2::3. \`g ldkgstjnbtjdh di Gurdpg, Dxidrl.
@daobtg, V. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn sgttagkght di t`g \`bkgs Fbsjh, Dxidrl,
Frjtjs` Brn`bgdadojnba Vgpdrts 2:<.
Jhodal, \. 2:06. @uhtgrs, pbstdrbajsts bhl rbhn`grs, Nbkfrjlog.
Jhodal, \. 2:09. \`g bpprdprjbtjdh di hbturg, Kbhn`gstgr.
Jhodal, \. 2::>. \`g tgkpdrbajty di abhlsnbpg,_dral Brn`bgdadoy
67 (6), 276-?<.
Ebndfj, V. K. 2:?9. Frjtbjh jhsjlg bhl dutsjlg Kgsdajt`jn Gurdpg,
Srdnggljhos di t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty <6, 9?-0<.
Ebndfj, V.K. 2:?:. Gbray iabhlrjbh `uhtgrs jh t`g sdut` wgst. Jh5
Srg`jstdrjn Lbrtkddr jh jts ndhtgxt, Lgvdh Brn`bgdadojnba ^dnjgty
>?, <0-:>.
Mb`h, K. 2::3. ^tdhg ibngl bhngstdrs5 \`g spbtjba bhn`drjho di
kyt` jh _bkjrb, Sbpub Hgw Oujhgb, Gt`hdadoy 6:, 72-99.
Mjhhgs, J.B. 2:00. \`g nbttags`jp Sdtgkmjh. Jh5 E. Fbrrgtt &
J.B. Mjhhgs (gls.) \`g brn`bgdadoy di ndhtgxt jh t`g Hgdajt`jn bhl
Frdhzg Bog Frjtbjh, ^`giijgal, 6-0.
Mjhhgs, J.B. 2::6. Hdh-kgobajt`jn adho fbrrdws bhl baajgl
strunturgs jh t`g Frjtjs` Hgdajt`jn, Frjtjs` Kusguk dnnbsjdhba pbpgr
76, Adhldh.
Mun`agr, ^. 2::>. Abhlsnbpg bs kgkdry5 t`g kbppjho di prdngss
bhl jts rgprgsghtbtjdh jh b Kgabhgsjbh ^dnjgty. Jh5 F. Fghlgr (gl.)
Abhlsnbpg pdajtjns bhl pgrspgntjvgs, Dxidrl, 07-239.
Kdrp`y, @. 2::7. Abhlsnbpg bhl t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g bhngstrba
pbst. Jh5 G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh (gls.) Fgtwggh spbng bhl pabng5
Abhlsnbpg jh nuaturba pgrspgntjvg, Dxidrl, 207-63:.
Kygrs, B.K. 2:0:. Vgajbfag bhl kbjhtbjhbfag tgn`hdadojnba
strbtgojgs jh t`g Kgsdajt`jn di kbjhabhl Frjtbjh. Jh5 V. \drrghng
(gl.) \jkg ghgroy bhl stdhg tddas, Nbkfrjlog,?0-:2.
Sêtrgqujh, S., B.K. Sêtrgqujh, I. Eguly, N. Eguhgssg, E-A. Kdhhjgr,
E. Sêagorjh J. & Srbul jh prgss. Irdk t`g rbw kbtgrjba td t`gHgdajt`jn stdhg bxg5 n`bëhgs dpêrbtdjrgs bhl sdnjba ndhtgxt. Jh5
K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog jh
t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt` _gst Gurdpg, Oabsodw.
Sjtts, K. _. & V.K. Ebndfj 2:?:. ^dkg bspgnts di n`bhog jh iabmgl
stdhg jhlustrjgs di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh.
Edurhba di Brn`bgdadojnba ^njghng 9, 29>-??.
Saunjghhjm, K. jh prgss. Lgndhstruntjho ‐\`g Hgdajt`jn' jh t`g
Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh. Jh5 K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls
(gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt` _gst
Gurdpg, Oabsodw.
Vghirgw, N. 2:?>. Kdhukghts, kdfjajsbtjdh bhl sdnjba drobhjsbtjdh
jh Hgdajt`jn _gssgx. Jh5 N. Vghirgw (gl.) \`g gxpabhbtjdh di
nuaturg n`bhog5 kdlgas jh prg`jstdry, Adhldh, 7>:-770.
Vjn`brls, E. 2::3. \`g ^tdhg`ghog ghvjrdhs prdegnt , Adhldh.
^bvjaag, B. 2::3. B Kgsdajt`jn iajht bssgkfabog irdk @bzgatdh,
Oadungstgrs`jrg, Ghoabhl bhl jts jkpajnbtjdhs. Jh5 N. Fdhsbaa (gl.)
\`g Kgsdajt`jn jh Gurdpg, Gljhfuro`, 670-69>.
^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:06. Jlgdadoy, sykfdajn pdwgr bhl rjtuba
ndkkuhjnbtjdh5 b rgjhtgrprgtbtjdh di Hgdajt`jn kdrtubry prbntjngs.
Jh5 J. @dllgr (gl.) ^ykfdajn bhl strunturba brn`bgdadoy,
Nbkfrjlog, 26:-27<.
\bndh, S. 2::2. \`g pdwgr di stdhg5 sykfdajn bspgnts di stdhg usg
bhl tdda lgvgadpkght jh _gstgrh Brh`gk Abhl, Bustrbajb, Bhtjqujty
97, 2:6-63?.
\`dkbs, E. 2:00. Hgdajt`jn gxpabhbtjdhs rgvjsjtgl. Srdnggljhos di
t`g Srg`jstdrjn ^dnjgty 7<, 7:-99.
\`dkbs, E. 2::3. Vgt`jhmjho t`g Hgdajt`jn, Nbkfrjlog.
\`dkbs, E. 2::9. \jkg, nuaturg bhl jlghtjty, Adhldh.
\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg, Dxidrl.
\drrghng, V. 2:0:. \jkg ghgroy bhl stdhg tddas, Nbkfrjlog.
_bjhwrjo`t, O. & J. Adhowdrt` 2:?6. Lurrjhotdh _baas5
gxnbvbtjdhs 2:99-2:90, Adhldh.
_gjhgr, B. 2::6. Jhbajghhbfag pdssgssjdhs , Fgrmgagy.
_`jttag, B. _. V. 2::9. Gurdpg jh t`g Hgdajt`jn5 t`g kbmjho di Hgw
_drals, Nbkfrjlog.
_ddlwbrl, S. E. 2::3. \`g ^dut` Ldrsgt Vjlogwby. ^urvgy bhl
gxnbvbtjdhs 2:??-2:0<, Ldrsgt Hbturba @jstdry bhl Brn`bgdadoy
Kdhdorbp` 0.
Uvgagfja, K. jh prgss. _`bt's jh b hbkg5 \`g Kgsdajt`jn, t`g
Hgdajt`jn bhl sdnjba n`bhog bt t`g Kgsdajt`jn-Hgdajt`jn trbhsjtjdh.
Jh5 K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls.) ^dnjba ajig bhl sdnjba n`bhog
jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt` _gst Gurdpg, Oabsodw.
Kbrm Glkdhls
Lgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy bhl Srg`jstdry
Whjvgrsjty di ^`giijgal
Hdrt`obtg @dusg, _gst ^trggt
WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal
223 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
\`js pbpgr `bs twd rgabtgl purpdsgs. Dhg js td frjgiay
lgsnrjfg sdkg di t`g drobhjzbtjdhba igbturgs t`bt
n`brbntgrjzgl t`g skbaa butdhdkdus ndkkuhjtjgs di t`g
sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh, njrnb 6,333 FN, jh t`g pgrjdl
jkkgljbtgay prjdr td t`g gkgroghng di ndkpagx sdnjba idrks
jh t`g Nbrpbt`jbh Fbsjh. \`g sgndhl odba js td suoogst t`g
rbhog di bht`rdpdadojnba jssugs t`bt nbh fg bllrgssgl usjho
brn`bgdadojnba kdrtubry stuljgs bhl, fy sd ldjho, td fgojh td
bhswgr t`g qugstjdh, ‑_`bt mjhl di bht`rdpdadoy di t`g pbstnbh brn`bgdadoy `dpg td bn`jgvg4"
6. Fbnmorduhl
\`g sdnjgty J wjaa fg lgsnrjfjho lbtgs td t`g ‐lbwh' di t`g
Gbray Frdhzg Bog dh t`g sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh. Bt sdkg
pdjht fgtwggh >,333 bhl 6,733 FN (nbajfrbtgl) t`g frdbl
`dkdoghgjty di t`g prgngljho Ndppgr Bog js frdmgh fy t`g
rbpjl nrystbaajzbtjdh di b sgrjgs di qujtg ljstjhntjvg rgojdhba
nuaturgs (ni. Fbhmdii/_jhtgr 2::3= Idrghfb`gr 2::>). Srjdr
td t`g blvght di kbedr 2<N sgqughngs jh t`g rgojdh, t`g
bntuba n`brbntgr di t`js nrystbaajzbtjdh wbs hdt iuaay
bpprgnjbtgl, bhl t`g ljspbrbtg bhl ndhtrbstjvg rgojdhba styags
wgrg bttrjfutgl td b sgqughng di n`rdhdadojnba p`bsgs(ni. Fþhb 2:97). Bfsdautg lbtjho hdw kbmgs qujtg nagbr t`bt
kbhy di t`gsg rgojdhba styags brg jh ibnt ndhtgkpdrbry, bhl
t`bt t`g rgojdhba kdsbjn t`gy idrk js b wgaa lgijhgl bhl
fduhlgl trjfba abhlsnbpg (D'^`gb 2::2= Vbnzmy gt ba. 2::>).
Dhng t`js nrystbaajzbtjdh di skbaa bhl ljsnrgtg rgojdhba
nuaturgs `bs tbmgh pabng, t`gy pgrsjstgl idr rduo`ay 033
ygbrs, bt w`jn` tjkg, t`gy bppbrghtay brg bobjh bfsdrfgl jhtd
kun` abrogr snbagl sdnjba ghtjtjgs (D'^`gb 2::2). \`g idnus
di t`g rgsgbrn` J wjaa fg lgsnrjfjho tdlby js dh dhg di t`gsg
ljstjhnt rgojdhba nuaturgs, w`jn` js vbrjdusay mhdwh jh t`g
ajtgrbturg bs t`g ^zùrgo, Kdmrjh/^zùrgo, dr Kbrds ordup
(ni. Fbhhgr 2:>2= Fþhb 2:?7= Ojrjn 2:0?= ^bhldr-
N`jnjlgbhu/N`jnjlgbhu 2:0:= \bsjn 2:?6). \`g abttgr tgrk js
t`g dhg usgl `grg. \`g Kbrds ordup js b sufsgt di t`g abrogr
Sgreâkds Nuaturg, lgijhgl fy Y.O. N`jalg jh t`g 2:63's,
bitgr t`g typg sjtg di Sgreâkds (Sgrjbk) jh sdut`wgstgrh
Vdkbhjb (N`jalg 2:6:).
\`g sjtgs di t`g Kbrds ordup dnnur prjkbrjay jh t`g adw,
swbkpy bhoag idrkgl fy t`g ndhiaughng di t`g Vjvgrs \jszb
bhl Kbrds, b rgojdh w`jn` jhnaulgs sdut`gbstgrh @uhobry, b
wgaa bs t`g hdrt`grh Ydevdljhb jh Zuodsabvjb bhl wgst
nghtrba Vdkbhjb (ijo. 2). \`g ajkjts di t`g Kbrds rgojdh brg
rgabtjvgay s`brpay lgijhgl td t`g _gst, fy t`g Vjvgr \jszb
jtsgai, bhl td t`g Hdrt` fy t`g ajkjts di t`g Kbrds iaddl
pabjh. Hd sjkjabray s`brp fduhlbrjgs brg iduhl td t`g Gbst dr
^dut`. \`g ghvjrdhkght di t`js rgojdh gxgrnjsgl b vgry
strdho jhiaughng dh Kbrds sgttagkght pbttgrh bhl rgojdhba
drobhjzbtjdh, fgjho fdt` swbkpy bhl sufegnt td sgvgrg
bhhuba iaddljho. Kbrds sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs tghl tdfg adnbtgl dh jsdabtgl pbtn`gs di `jo`gr orduhl w`jn`, prjdr
td rjvgr n`bhhbajzbtjdh bhl lrbjhbog, ndhstjtutgl jsabhls
surrduhlgl fy wgtabhls.
\`g Kbrds ordup gx`jfjts sgvgrba igbturgs t`bt kbmg jt
jlgba bs b ndhtgxt idr lgtbjagl sdnjba rgndhstruntjdh. Ijrst, bhl
pgr`bps idrgkdst, js t`g ibnt t`bt t`g Kbrds ordup prdlungl
abrog jh`ukbtjdh ngkgtgrjgs, bhl t`bt t`gjr prbntjngs idr t`g
ljspdsba di t`g lgbl `bppghgl td fg `jo`ay strunturgl bhl
ljiigrghtjbtgl. J usg t`g tgrk `bppghgl qujtg lgajfgrbtgay
sjhng t`grg js hd hgngssbry rgbsdh t`bt bhy nuaturg kust
gxprgss sdnjba ljiigrghngs t`rduo` t`gjr prdorbk di kdrtubry
ljspdsba, hdr t`bt sun` ljiigrghtjbtjdh, ji prgsght, hgngssbrjay
fg jh b idrk t`bt wdual fg gjt`gr vjsjfag dr rgndohjzbfag tdbrn`bgdadojnba jhqujry. Jh blljtjdh td t`g abrog bhl strunturgl
ngkgtgrjgs, t`grg js ndkpagkghtbry gvjlghng irdk Kbrds
sgttagkghts. \`grg js basd t`g sgai lgijhgl bhl fduhlgl
n`brbntgr di t`g Kbrds ndkkuhjtjgs rgabtjvg td dt`gr
ndhtgkpdrbry pdpuabtjdhs dh t`g sdut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh.
\bmgh tdogt`gr, t`gsg ibntdrs pgrkjt t`g ndhijlght bppajnbtjdh
di b kuatj-sjtg rgojdhba bpprdbn`. Bs sun`, t`g pbttgrhs di
kdrtubry ljiigrghtjbtjdh, rgndohjzgl bt dhg sjtg, kby fg
ndkpbrgl wjt` t`dsg bt dt`gr ngkgtgrjgs, bhl t`g jhigrrgl
pbttgrhs di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh kby ajmgwjsg fg ndkpbrgl
td jhlgpghlght gvjlghng irdk dt`gr brn`bgdadojnba ndhtgxts.
>. Kgt`dls
_`jag b iuaa ljsnussjdh di t`g tgn`hjqugs di iuhgrbry bhbaysjs
dr jts t`gdrgtjnba uhlgrpjhhjhos js fgydhl t`g sndpg di t`g
prgsght pbpgr (ni. N`bpkbh gt ba. 2:02= Fgnm 2::7), t`g
oghgrba bpprdbn` nbh fg sukkbrjzgl qujtg sunnjhntay. _`gh
vjgwgl irdk bh brn`bgdadojnba pgrspgntjvg, b ngkgtgry
rgprgsghts b rgpgbtgl sgt di fg`bvjdrs dr bntjdhs fy t`g ajvjho
Ed`h K. D‚^`gb B pdrtrbjt di bhnjght sdnjgty dh t`g ^dut` @uhobrjbhSabjh
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Ijourg 2. Kbp di t`g Kbrds rgojdh di sdut`gbst @uhobry bhl blebnght pdrtjdhs di Zuodsabvjb bhl Vdkbhjb, s`dwjho t`g adnbtjdh di kbedr Kbrds
sgttagkghts bhl ngkgtgrjgs.
sdnjgty, rgabtjvg td t`g lgbl. Bssukjho t`bt dt`gr
lgpdsjtjdhba bhl pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba prdngssgs `bvg fggh
ndhtrdaagl idr, pbttgrhs dfsgrvbfag jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrl wjaa rgprgsght t`g ndhsjstght rgpgtjtjdh di t`gsg
fg`bvjdrs fy t`g ajvjho sdnjgty (w`jn` brjsg irdk prgsnrjptjvg
bhl prdsnrjptjvg hdrks dr ruags wjt`jh t`g sdnjgty t`bt wgrg
bntubaay idaadwgl). \`g rgigrghts di sun` pbttgrhs= idr
gxbkpag, t`g sjzg di t`g ordup rgngjvjho b ngrtbjh trgbtkght,
jts bog bhl sgx ndkpdsjtjdh, jts spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh, bhl t`g
rgabtjvg giidrt jhvgstgl jh kbrmjho, baadw us td lgsnrjfg (ji
hdt td spgnjijnbaay hbkg) t`g mjhl di sdnjba uhjt dr stbtus
fgjho rgprgsghtgl. Iurt`grkdrg, eust bs bhy jhljvjluba wjaa
`bvg fgadhogl td hukgrdus sdnjba ordups bhl `gal kuatjpag
stbtusgs jh ajig, sd t`g ljiigrght ljkghsjdhs di ljiigrghtjbtjdh
gxprgssgl t`rduo` t`g iuhgrbry prdorbk brg gxpgntgl td
nrdssnut t`g kdrtubry pdpuabtjdh, wjt` gbn` ljkghsjdh
fadnmjho dut jts dwh uhjqug sgt di kgkfgrs bhl ndhtrbst
sgts. \`g kdlga di t`g pbajkpsgst, jh w`jn` bhbaysjs jhvdavgs
t`g pgbajho fbnm di supgrjkpdsgl abygrs di trgbtkght bhl
sykfdajsk, js kun` nadsgr td rgbajty t`bh t`g hgbt ndrpdrbtg
pyrbkjl dr lghlrdorbk.
Jh prbntjng, bhbaysjs jhvdavgs ijrst spajttjho up t`g
dfsgrvbfag iuhgrbry ljiigrghtjbtjdh jhtd jts vbrjdus bhl
dvgrabppjho ndhstjtught ordups, bhl t`gh rgbssgkfajho t`g
ljiigrghtjbtgl sufuhjts jhtd b nd`grght w`dag. Sgr`bps t`g
sjhoag kdst usgiua bspgnt di trgbtjho iuhgrbry ljiigrghtjbtjdh
bs b nuaturbaay kgljbtgl sykfdajn systgk js t`g bfjajty td
bssukg t`bt t`g gagkghts wjaa gx`jfjt nd`grghng. Bt t`g sbkg
tjkg, t`g kgt`dl ldgs hdt rgqujrg gabfdrbtg bhbadojgs td t`g
gt`hdorbp`jn prgsght idr gjt`gr jts t`gdrgtjnba iduhlbtjdhs dr
eustjijnbtjdh. Dhg hggl kbmg hd bssukptjdhs bfdut t`g stbtg
di kjhl di pgdpag jh t`g pbst, hdr bfdut t`gjr jhtghts.
226 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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^jkjabray, dhg's rgsuats brg hdt ajkjtgl fy gxjstjho
gt`hdorbp`jn mhdwaglog.
Ojvgh t`g ajkjtbtjdhs di spbng, t`g prgsght ljsnussjdh wjaa
idnus prjkbrjay dh dhg di t`gsg abrog jh`ukbtjdh ngkgtgrjgs,
t`g ngkgtgry di Kdmrjh, w`jn` wbs gxnbvbtgl uhlgr t`g
ljrgntjdh di Lr. Kjadrbl Ojrjn, di t`g Hbrdlhj Kusguk, jh
Mjmjhlb (Ojrjn
2:?2= \bsjn
2:?6). \`g ljsnussjdh di t`gpbttgrhs di sdnjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh bt Kdmrjh wjaa lrbw updh
pbrbaaga pbttgrhs dfsgrvgl jh dt`gr di t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs
bhl dh dt`gr nabssgs di brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng bvbjabfag idr
t`g Kbrds ordup. _`jag t`g lgsnrjptjdhs di fdt` rgsuats bhl
kgt`dls `grg brg hgngssbrjay sukkbry= b iuaagr trgbtkght js
prdvjlgl jh D'^`gb (2::7, 2::9).
<. \`g drobhjzbtjdh di t`g Kbrds iuhgrbry
prdorbk
\`g fbsjn hdrkbtjvg gagkghts di t`g Kbrds iuhgrbry prdorbk
sgrvgl td prdvjlg b nagbr frgbm wjt` fdt` gbrajgr Ndppgr Bog
pbttgrhs di furjba (ni. Fdohâr-Mutzjâh 2:9>= Sbtby 2:?0),
bhl b strjmjho bhl uhbkfjoudus ndhtrbst wjt` t`gndhtgkpdrbry bhl hgjo`fdrjho Hboyrêv ordups, jh w`jn`
nrgkbtjdh wbs t`g ldkjhbht kdlg di kdrtubry ljspdsba
(Fþhb 2:9>, 2:?7). \`g gagkghts di t`g hdrkbtjvg prdorbk
jhnaulgl furjba jh abrog kuatj-ndkkuhjty ngkgtgrjgs,
pabngkght di t`g fdly jh b iagxgl pdsturg drjghtgl badho b
hdrt`-sdut` bxjs, wjt` t`g fdly ‐ibngl' tdwbrl t`g gbst. \`js
wbs t`g fbsjn trgbtkght t`bt bhy kgkfgr di t`g ndkkuhjty
rgngjvgl, fut t`grg wgrg sgvgrba hdtbfag gxngptjdhs. Jhibhts
yduhogr t`bh bfdut < ygbrs di bog wgrg hdt jhtgrrgl jh t`g
ngkgtgrjgs. Gxnbvbtjdhs bt Kbrds sgttagkght sjtgs, `dwgvgr,
`bvg rgvgbagl t`bt bt agbst sdkg di t`gsg jhibhts wgrg furjgl
wjt`jh sgttagkghts (D'^`gb h.l.). ^jhng t`gsg jhtgrkghts
sdkgtjkgs jhnaulgl orbvg diigrjhos, jt nbh fg iurt`gr
ndhnaulgl t`bt sun` jhtgrkghts ljl hdt rgprgsght bh
gxpgljght trgbtkght idr b ‐vbaugagss' fgjho, fut rbt`gr
ndhstjtutgl b ljstjhnt, bog-spgnjijn, batgrhbtjvg prdorbk di
ljspdsba. \`g sgndhl nbtgodry di jhljvjlubas hdt rgngjvjho
t`g hdrkbtjvg trgbtkght wbs yduho bluat kbags. Jhljvjlubas
di t`js bog wgrg sjohjijnbhtay uhlgrrgprgsghtgl jh t`g Kbrds
ngkgtgrjgs. _`jag b hukfgr di pdtghtjba gxpabhbtjdhs kjo`t
fg diigrgl td bnnduht idr t`gsg jhljvjlubas, t`g kdst ajmgay
gxpabhbtjdh js t`bt t`gy rgprgsght kgh t`bt ljgl bwby irdk
t`g vjaabog bhl w`dsg rgkbjhs wgrg hdt rgndvgrgl idr furjba.
Ojvgh t`g kbhy jhljnbtjdhs di ghlgkjn wbribrg bhl rbjljho
jh t`g rgojdh (lgighsjvg wdrms bt sgttagkghts, trdp`ypghlbhts ibs`jdhgl irdk `ukbh pbtgaabg, bhl t`g ndkkdh
dnnurrghng di nrbhjba trgpbhbtjdh, bh dpgrbtjdh ditgh
bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g trgbtkght di `gbl wduhls) jt js qujtg
pabusjfag t`bt t`gsg yduho kbags rgprgsght jhljvjlubas adst jh
rbjljho gxpgljtjdhs.
Fgydhl t`g hdrkbtjvg iuhgrbry prdorbk, b hukfgr di
ljkghsjdhs wgrg rgouabray utjajzgl td ljstjhoujs` kbedr
ljvjsjdhs wjt`jh t`g Kbrds pdpuabtjdh. Sgr`bps t`g kdst
usgiua irdk t`g pgrspgntjvg di brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs wbs
t`g hdrkbtjvg kbrmjho di oghlgr. \`g Kbrds iuhgrbry
prdorbk kbrmgl hdrkbtjvg oghlgr vjb t`g drjghtbtjdh di t`g
fdly= igkbags wgrg pabngl dh t`gjr rjo`t sjlg wjt` t`gjr
`gbls tdwbrl t`g sdut`, w`jag kbags wgrg pabngl dh t`g agit
wjt` t`gjr `gbls tdwbrl t`g hdrt`. Oghlgr wbs b kbedr drobhjzjho prjhnjpag jh Kbrds sdnjgty bhl t`js kbrmjho di
oghlgr vjb drjghtbtjdh jhsurgl t`bt gvgry jhljvjluba wbs
kbrmgl. Brn`bgdadojnbaay t`js js usgiua sjhng jt baadws t`g
ndkpbrjsdh di fjdadojnba sgx wjt` t`g nuaturbaay bssjohgl
oghlgr. Jt basd ghbfags t`g ndkpbrjsdh di ljiigrghtjba
trgbtkght di kbag bhl igkbag sufbluats, b vjgw t`bt nbhhdt
fg suppajgl fy fjdadojnba jhljnbtdrs badhg. _`jag t`grg brg
dt`gr nbtgodrjgs di kbtgrjba oddls t`bt brg ajkjtgl jh t`gjr
ljstrjfutjdh td igkbags dr kbags, t`g spgnjijn kbrmjho di
oghlgr fy kgbhs di fdly drjghtbtjdh jhsurgs t`bt baa
jhljvjlubas wgrg kbrmgl, uhagss t`grg wbs bh jhtghtjdhba
giidrt hdt td ld sd. Jt js idr t`js rgbsdh t`bt t`g tgrk
hdrkbtjvg oghlgr js bppajgl. Fdly prgpbrbtjdh, trgbtkght bhldrjghtbtjdh wgrg basd usgl td gxprgss hdh-hdrkbtjvg
n`brbntgrjstjns w`jn`, jh kbhy jhstbhngs rgprgsghtgl
pbrtjnuabr lgbt` stbtusgs, rgiagntjho spgnjijn njrnukstbhngs dr
bfhdrkbajtjgs di lgbt`, rbt`gr t`bh uhjqug sdnjba stbtusgs
bntubaay `gal jh ajig.
\`g pabngkght di brtjibnts wjt` t`g lgbl prdvjlgl t`g
kbedr bvghug idr t`g gxprgssjdh di sdnjba ljiigrghngs bkdho
t`g lgbl. Brtjibnts jhnaulgl vbrjdus nbtgodrjgs di drhbkghts
wdrh fy t`g lgbl, badho wjt` jkpagkghts bhl ngrbkjns
pabngl jh t`g orbvg. \`gsg ljiigrjho nbtgodrjgs di jtgks basd
tghlgl td ndhvgy ljiigrjho mjhls di sdnjba kgbhjhos. \`g
bhbaysjs di ljiigrghtjba trgbtkghts jh t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs
wbs ibnjajtbtgl fy t`g `jo` lgorgg di sjtg bhl jhtgr-sjtg
ndhsjstghny jh t`g dvgrbaa Kbrds iuhgrbry prdorbk.
\bmjho Kdmrjh bs b nbsg jh pdjht, b wjlg brrby di sdnjba
ljiigrghngs wbs gxprgssgl t`rduo` t`g ndkfjhbtjdh di fdly
pabngkght bhl brtjibnt jhnausjdh (tbf. 2). \`gsg jhnaulgl b
sgrjgs di `grgljtbry pdajtjnba diijngs `gal fy kbags bhl
igkbags rgspgntjvgay, badho wjt` bt agbst twd vgry ljstjhnt
rgprgsghtbtjdhs di jhljvjluba bhl ndaagntjvg wgbat` bhl sdnjba
stbhljho, dhg tjgl td ldkgstjn prdluntjdh bhl t`g dt`gr
ajhmgl td adho ljstbhng trblg. Hdt surprjsjho, oghlgr bobjh
wbs b kbedr drobhjzjho prjhnjpag jh t`g gxprgssjdh dr ljspaby
di t`gsg twd ljkghsjdhs di sdnjba stbhljho.
_jt` t`js vgry frjgi fbnmorduhl jhtd t`g sdnjba nbtgodrjgsojvgh kbtgrjba gxprgssjdh jh t`g Kdmrjh ngkgtgry, t`g hgxt
stgp jh t`g bhbaysjs js td ndhsjlgr t`gsg vbryjho gagkghts di
kdrtubry trgbtkght bs bspgnts di sdnjba ljstjhntjdhs t`bt
gxjstgl wjt`jh t`g dhng ajvjho ndkkuhjty. Idr purpdsgs di
jaaustrbtjdh J wjaa idnus dh twd spgnjijn jssugs= 2) `dw sdnjba
diijng bhl sdnjba stbhljho/wgbat` wbs bnqujrgl bhl
trbhsigrrgl bnrdss oghgrbtjdhs= bhl 6) td ndhsjlgr `dw t`js
22> E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH
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brrby di sdnjba stbtusgs bhl diijngs wdual `bvg bppgbrgl bt
bhy ojvgh tjkg wjt`jh t`g ajvjho sdnjgty (bs dppdsgl td t`g
nukuabtjvg vjgw prgsghtgl jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba ndhtgxt).
\d gvbaubtg t`g bnqujsjtjdh di sdnjba pdsjtjdhs, bhl
pbrtjnuabray nrdss oghgrbtjdh nynajho di sdnjba stbhljho, jt js
hgngssbry td blbpt b idrk di nd`drt bhbaysjs td brn`bgdadoy.
Kun` bs b lgkdorbp`gr trgbts t`g bog ljstrjfutjdh di b ajvjho
ndkkuhjty bs t`duo` jt rgprgsghtgl t`g prdorgssjvg bojho di
b sjhoag nd`drt di jhljvjlubas, sd nbh wg addm bt t`g
ljstrjfutjdh di ljiigrght bogl jhljvjlubas wjt`jh b kdrtubry
pdpuabtjdh bhl t`g ljstrjfutjdh di sdnjba diijngs bnrdss t`gsg
bog nbtgodrjgs td kdlga t`g ajig `jstdry di b sjhoag nd`drt di
ajvjho jhljvjlubas. \d ld sd, di ndursg, rgqujrgs t`bt wg fg
bfag td ljstjhoujs` fgtwggh ajig bhl lgbt` stbtusgs
rgprgsghtgl jh t`g iuhgrbry prdorbk, bhl t`bt wg ndhtrda idr
t`g bog spgnjijn lgkdorbp`jn ibntdrs t`bt strunturg t`g
dfsgrvbfag kdrtubry pdpuabtjdh.
Bt agbst idur kbedr sdnjba diijngs brg kbrmgl jh t`g
Kdmrjh iuhgrbry prdorbk, baa di w`jn` bppgbr td `bvg fggh
trbhskjttgl badho `grgljtbry ajhgs (ijo. 6). \`gjr pbttgrhs di
trbhskjssjdh bhl bnqujsjtjdh brg hdt jlghtjnba, `dwgvgr. \`g
diijngs kbrmgl fy wgbpdhs bhl fy `gbl drhbkghts bkdho
kbags wgrg fdt` `grgljtbrjay bsnrjfgl, fut fdt` rgqujrgl bluat
stbtus idr bh jhljvjluba td bntubaay `dal t`g diijng. Orbvg 29
bt Kdmrjh, t`bt di bh bldagsnght kbag, js rgvgbajho dh t`js
sndrg sjhng t`g jhljvjluba js kbrmgl bs `bvjho b rjo`t td fdt`
di t`gsg diijngs. Zgt, jt js gqubaay nagbr t`bt t`g jhljvjluba ljl
hdt ygt dnnupy gjt`gr diijng. Idr gxbkpag, t`g `gbl drhbkght
22< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag 2. Nabssjijnbtjdh di Kbedr Iuhgrbry Ljstjhntjdhs bt Kdmrjh
Ljiigrghtjbtjdh Kbrmgr Hukfgr ^gx Bog Jhigrrgl dnjba Nbtgodry
\ypg
Hdrkbtjvg Ndkkuhjty Kgkfgrs`jp
Furjba jh Ngkgtgry " "
Iagxgl Furjba Sdsturg " "
Gbstwbrl Ibnjho " "
Ygrtjnba
_gbpdh 22 Kbag Bluat @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng
Kbag @gbl Drhbkght 27 Kbag Bluat @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng
Fdhg Hgglag 2: Igkbag hdhg @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng
Fgblgl bs` 2> Igkbag Bluat @grgljtbry dnjba Diijng
Igkbag @gbl Drhbkght >0 Igkbag Bluat Bssdnjbtjvg dnjba Sdsjtjdh
Fdly Drhbkght 0? hdhg hdhg Gxdtjn _gbat`, Bssdnjbtjvg
Ngrbkjns Bssgkfabog h/b hdhg hdhg ^ufsjstghng _gbat`, Bssdnjbtjvg
^kbaa Jkpagkghts 2: hdhg hdhg Nrbit pgnjbaty
@drjzdhtba
Drjghtbtjdh (hdrt`-sdut`) hdhg hdhg Hdrkbtjvg oghlgr
Adnbtjdh (hdrt`-sdut`) hdhg hdhg ^dnjba gokght, vjaabog4Adnbtjdh (gbst-wgst) hdhg hdhg ^dnjba gokght, sdlbajty4
^pgnjba ^tbtus
_gst Ibnjho ? Bluat Dppdsjtjdhba
_gst Drjghtgl 2 Jhibht Dppdsjtjdhba
HG Drjghtgl 7 Kbag hdhg
H_ Drjghtgl > Kbag Bluat
^G Drjghtgl 27 Igkbag hdhg
Batgrhbtjvg Sdsturg 0 hdhg hdhg Dppdsjtjdhba
Kuatjpag Furjba < (:) hdhg Bluat Njrnukstbhngs di lgbt`.
wjt` N`jal
Nrgkbtjdh > Dppdsjtjdhba
^ykfdajn 7 Njrnukstbhng di lgbt`
Kutjabtjdh <3 hdhg hdhgHdh-Furjba 2 Jhibhts Bog stbtus
Hdh-Furjba 6 ~63 Kbags Zduho Njrnukstbhng di lgbt`
Bluats
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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Ijourg 6. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g ljstrjfutjdh di brtjibnt nabssgs fy bog ordups idr kbags bhl
igkbags bt Kdmrjh.
227 E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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wbs jhnaulgl jh t`g orbvg, fut hdt wdrh. Jhstgbl, jt wbs
idalgl bhl pabngl bt t`g jhljvjluba's mhggs.
\wd pbrbaaga `grgljtbry stbtusgs wgrg dfsgrvgl bkdho
igkbags. Dhg, kbrmgl fy t`g dnnurrghng di fdhg hgglags
(w`jn` kby `bvg fggh bh gagkght jh b abrogr ibfrjn nbpg),
wbs `grgljtbrjay bsnrjfgl bhl bppbrghtay wbs `gal irdk gbray
n`jal`ddl. \`g jhljvjluba rgtbjhgl t`g diijng gvgh jhtd dalbog. Fy ndhtrbst, t`g dt`gr igkbag diijng, kbrmgl fy b
fgblgl sbs`, wbs bobjh `grgljtbrjay bsnrjfgl, fut, ajmg kbag
`gbl drhbkghts, rgqujrgl bluat`ddl td `dal t`g diflng.
B hukfgr di sufbluat igkbags wgrg iduhl wjt` t`g sbs`gs
idalgl bhl pabngl gjt`gr jh t`gjr `bhls dr bt t`gjr iggt. Whajmg
t`g kbag sdnjba diijngs, `dwgvgr, t`js stbtus wbs rgajhqujs`gl
w`gh b wdkbh rgbn`gl dal bog. Jh giignt, t`g sdnjba diijng
wbs `gal fy b prgsnrjfgl wdkgh lurjho `gr bluat`ddl, dr
pdssjfay rgprdluntjvg bog, bhl wbs t`gh nynagl dh td b hgw
pdtghtjba diijng `dalgr. \`js pbttgrh di oghgrbtjdhba nynajho
di sdnjba stbtusgs bhl t`gjr kbrmgrs, rbt`gr t`bh furjba wjt`
t`g lgbl, wjaa fg sggh bobjh w`gh dt`gr ljkghsjdhs di sdnjba
stbhljho bhl wgbat` brg ndhsjlgrgl.B t`jrl jkpdrtbht igkbag stbtus, kbrmgl fy `gbl
drhbkghts, wbs basd dfsgrvgl bt Kdmrjh, bat`duo` jt dpgrbtgl
uhlgr vgry ljiigrght ruags irdk t`dsg odvgrhjho kbag `gbl
drhbkghts. @gbl drhbkghts bkdho wdkgh wgrg hdt
`grgljtbry, fut rbt`gr bppgbr td rgprgsght bh bssdnjbtjvg
stbtus, w`jn` spgnjijn wdkgh bnqujrgl fy vjrtug di t`gjr
ndhhgntjdh td `jo` rbhmgl kbags. \`g wby jh w`jn` sun` bh
bssdnjbtjvg stbtus wbs bnqujrgl bhl `gal wjaa fg iurt`gr
nabrjijgl fy t`g ljsnussjdh di qubhtjtbtjvg kgbsurgs di
stbhljho bhl wgbat` bt Kdmrjh.
Jh t`g prgsght ljsnussjdh, t`g tgrks sdnjba stbhljho bhl
wgbat` brg usgl bs vjrtuba gqujvbaghts, wjt` fdt` fgjho
ljstjhnt irdk qubajtbtjvgay lgijhgl sdnjba diijngs dr stbtusgs.
\`g rbtjdhbag idr trgbtjho sdnjba stbhljho bhl wgbat` bs
gqujvbaght rgsts wjt` t`g wby t`gsg twd ndhngpts brg rgabtgl
oghgrbaay wjt`jh trjfba sdnjgtjgs. Jh giignt, wgbat` bhl sdnjba
stbhljho brg twd sjlgs di t`g sbkg ndjh. ^jhng t`grg js hd
trug nbs` dr nurrghny (Lbatdh 2:??), wgbat` js kgbsurgl jh
t`g bnqujsjtjdh bhl bkbssjho di t`jhos, fg jt stdrgl iddl,
nbttag, lrjgl ijs`, stdhg bxgs dr ndppgrs. ^jkjabray, sdnjba
stbhljho wjt`jh trjfba sdnjgtjgs js kdst typjnbaay objhgl fy
t`g ljstrjfutjdh dr ljspdsba di wgbat` (ni. ^b`ajhs 2:?6 ).
\`grg brg, di ndursg, dt`gr bvghugs td sdnjba stbhljho=
frbvgry jh wbribrg bhl rbjljho, ljstbht trbvgas, vjsjdh qugsts,
gtn. Zgt gvgh t`gsg batgrhbtjvg rdutgs ditgh `bvg bs b fyprdlunt t`g bnqujsjtjdh bhl ljstrjfutjdh di oddls. Irdk bh
jhljvjluba's pgrspgntjvg, oddls (dr wgbat`) brg oghgrbtgl bs b
kgbhs td bn`jgvg `jo`gr sdnjba stbhljho. ^jhng t`grg js hd
pgrkbhghny di vbaug jh t`gsg oddls, jt js b adojnba strbtgoy
idr t`g jhljvjluba, w`jag bt t`g sbkg tjkg dpgrbtjho bs b
agvgajho kgn`bhjsk td lbkpgh sgrjdus gndhdkjn jhgqubajty
bkdho ndkkuhjty kgkfgrs. \`js bppgbrs td fg t`g mjhl di
fg`bvjdr t`bt oghgrbtgs t`g ljstrjfutjdh di ljiigrght wgbat`
kbrmgrs jh t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs.
\wd hdh-rgluhlbht qubhtjtbtjvg ljkghsjdhs di wgbat` bhl
stbhljho wgrg dfsgrvbfag bt Kdmrjh, w`jn` ljstjhoujs`gl
kbag bhl igkbag sp`grgs di bntjvjty bhl lgnjsjdh kbmjho.
Gbn` wbs agss b pgrsdhba stbtus bhl kdrg b stbtgkght
ndhngrhjho t`g wgbat` bhl stbhljho di t`g lgngbsgl's`dusg`dal bhl jkkgljbtg mjhlrgl. \`g ijrst di t`gsg js
tgrkgl `grg gxdtjn wgbat`, bhl jhnaulgs b rbhog di kgtba bhl
ibjghng brtjibnts t`bt wgrg gjt`gr dftbjhgl, dr t`gjr rbw
kbtgrjbas prdnurgl, t`rduo` adho ljstbhng trbvga bhl trblg.
_`jag jhljvjlubas di fdt` oghlgrs wdrg dr ljspabygl gxdtjn
wgbat`, jt bppgbrs td `bvg fggh oghgrbtgl bs b rgsuat di kbag
bntjvjtjgs, bhl bt b ljstbhng irdk t`g Kbrds vjaabogs. \`g
sgndhl ljkghsjdh js tgrkgl ldkgstjn wgbat`, bhl bppgbrs td
`bvg fggh bh jhljnbtdr di t`g sufsjstghng stbhljho, bhl
pbrtjnuabray t`g stdrgs, di t`g lgngbsgl's jkkgljbtg
`dusg`dal. Whajmg gxdtjn wgbat`, w`jn` ndhsjstgl di
drhbkghts t`bt wgrg wdrh jh ajig, t`g ljspaby di sufsjstghng
wgbat` bppgbrs td `bvg dnnurrgl vjb t`g kgljuk di t`giuhgrbry rjtuba jtsgai, qujtg pdssjfay jh t`g gabfdrbtghgss di
t`g iuhgrbry igbst. \`g gabfdrbtghgss di t`g iuhgrbry igbst
fgjho, jh turh, rgiagntgl jh t`g n`brbntgr di t`g ngrbkjn
bssgkfabog pabngl wjt` t`g lgngbsgl jh t`g orbvg.
^ufsjstghng wgbat` bppgbrs td `bvg fggh prjhnjpbaay t`g
prdlunt di igkbag abfdr wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal. Lgnjsjdhs,
sun` bs `dw gabfdrbtg b igbst s`dual fg prdvjsjdhgl, bhl t`g
fbabhnjho di t`js gxpghljturg di iddl stdrgs bobjhst bhtjnjpbtgl
iuturg hggls, wbs basd jh t`g `bhls di t`g `dusg`dal's wdkgh.
Jh giignt, t`g twd qubhtjtbtjvg ljkghsjdhs di stbhljho bhl
wgbat` prgsght t`g jhtgrpaby di kbag bhl igkbag sp`grgs di
bntjvjty wjt`jh jhljvjluba `dusg`dals.
_`gh t`g bog pbttgrhs di wgbat` ljstrjfutjdh brg ndhtrbstgl
idr kbags bhl igkbags, ndhsjlgrbfag jhsjo`t jhtd t`g dpgrbtjdh
di t`g systgk js biidrlgl. Bkdho kbags, jhibhts bhl n`jalrgh
brg iduhl wjt` ndhsjlgrbfag qubhtjtjgs di kgtba drhbkghts
(qubhtjtjgs t`bt brg gqujvbaght td sjkjabr bogl igkbags). Dh
rgbn`jho bluat`ddl, `dwgvgr, t`js pbttgrh lrbstjnbaay n`bhogs.
Bluat kbags dhay rbrgay `bvg kgtba drhbkghts, bhl dalgr
bluat kbags `bvg hd kgtba drhbkghts bt baa. \`js jhvgrts t`g
gxpgntgl pbttgrh idr t`g orbluba bnnukuabtjdh di oddls
lurjho bh jhljvjluba's ajig tjkg bhl jhstgbl suoogsts t`bt
2) w`gh kbags rgbn`gl bluat`ddl, t`gy ngbsgl t`gjr rdag bs
‐ljspabygrs' di wgbat`, bs t`gy bssukgl t`g rdag di ‐prdnurgr'
di wgbat`, bhl 6) kbag n`jalrgh rgngjvgl kgtba drhbkghtst`rduo` t`gjr bssdnjbtjdh wjt` bluat kbags. \`g ndkpagtg
bfsghng di kgtba drhbkghts bkdho dalgr kbags suoogsts t`bt
bkdho kbags, kgtba drhbkghts wgrg gvghtubaay nynagl fbnm
jhtd t`g `dusg`dal.
\`g pbttgrh di ljstrjfutjdh bkdho igkbags js sdkgw`bt
ljiigrght. Bkdho igkbag sufbluats, bobjh, b frdbl rbhog di
kgtba drhbkghts brg iduhl. \`g prdpdrtjdh di jhljvjlubas
229 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
7/22/2019 Ideology and Social Structure of Stone Age Communities in Europe. Also including: Wateringen 4 & Acquiring a taste
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wjt` drhbkghts jhnrgbsgs bs wdkgh rgbn` bluat`ddl bhl bh
blljtjdhba sgt di typgs, spgnjijnbaay brn`gl pjhs bhl hgnm
rjhos w`jn` brg rgstrjntgl jh t`gjr ljstrjfutjdh td bluats, brg
hdw wdrh. _dkgh ndhtjhug td ljspaby t`gsg gabfdrbtg sgts di
drhbkghts uhtja t`gy rgbn` dal bog. Dhng t`gy rgbn` dal bog,
baa di t`g kdrg gabfdrbtg kgtba drhbkghts brg rgajhqujs`gl,
bhl t`g dal wdkgh ljspaby drhbkght sgts t`bt brg sjkjabr, ji agss irgqught bhl gabfdrbtg, td t`dsg iduhl bkdho igkbag
sufbluats.
\`g ndhtrbstjvg pbttgrh bkdho kbags bhl igkbags prdvjlgs
w`bt js prdfbfay t`g nrjtjnba naug td uhlgrstbhljho t`g Kbrds
wgbat` ljspaby systgk. Whlgr t`js systgk, t`g wgbat` di b
`dusg`dal js lghdtgl fy t`g kbh's bfjajty td prdnurg gxdtjn
kgtba drhbkghts (dr t`g rbw kbtgrjba idr t`gjr prdluntjdh)
w`jn` js ljspabygl, hdt dh t`g kbag, fut dh t`g wdkgh bhl
n`jalrgh di t`g `dusg`dal. Bhl w`jag t`grg js nagbr gvjlghng
t`bt t`js ljspaby wbs ndkpgtjtjvg, jt wbs hgvgrt`gagss
fduhlgl fy ruags odvgrhjho t`g ‐tbstgiua' wgbrjho di
drhbkghts, sun` t`bt hd jhljvjluba wdrg, dr wbs furjgl, wjt`
orgbtgr qubhtjtjgs di bhy drhbkght typg t`bh ndual prdpgrayfg wdrh bt dhg tjkg. \`g nrjtjnba trbhsjtjdh idr kbags wbs
bluat`ddl w`gh t`gy ngbsgl td wgbr t`g gabfdrbtg drhbkghts.
Jt js hdt nagbr w`bt `bppghgl td bh jhljvjluba's drhbkghts
w`gh t`js dnnurrgl. Jh baa prdfbfjajty t`gy wgrg gjt`gr
rgnynagl wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal, dr t`gy kby `bvg idrkgl t`g
iduhlbtjdh idr t`g yduho kbh's dwh bnnukuabtjdh, pgr`bps
idr sdkg usg sjkjabr td t`g jhstjtutjdh di frjlg prjng. Igkbags
ljl hdt uhlgrod t`js s`brp trbhsjtjdh jh rdag, bt agbst hdt uhtja
t`gy rgbn`gl dal bog. Jt sggks nagbr t`bt t`g `dusg`dal's
bluat igkbags wgrg t`g prjhnjpba idnus di t`g ndkpgtjtjvg
ljspaby, wjt` n`jalrgh di gjt`gr sgx bs b sgndhlbry idnus. Jt js
pdssjfag, bobjh, t`bt bogl igkbags rgnynagl t`gjr drhbkghts td
yduhogr igkbags wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal. Fut dh fbabhng, jt
sggks kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`gy ndhtrjfutgl jt tdwbrl t`g sdh (dr
orbhlsdh's) jhjtjba bnnukuabtjdh. ^un` b pbttgrh di oghgrbtjdhba
nynajho wdual `bvg `bl t`g bllgl blvbhtbog di tghljho td
mggp t`g wgbat` wjt`jh t`g `dusg`dal ajhgbog, gvgh bs t`g
drhbkghts wgrg fgjho ljspabygl dh dfajobtgl biijhgs.
Irdk b kdrg oghgrba pgrspgntjvg, b nrjtjnba igbturg di t`g
kdrtubry ljspaby js t`g ibnt t`bt jt rgprgsghts bh bssdnjbtjvg
stbtus, t`bt js, b stbtus t`bt bh jhljvjluba `gal hdt jh t`gjr
dwh rjo`t fut fy vjrtug di t`gjr rgabtjdh td bhdt`gr jhljvjluba
dr ordup, jh t`js nbsg, t`g `dusg`dal.
B pbrtjnuabray rgvgbajho jhstbhng bt Kdmrjh jaaustrbtgs `dw
t`gsg vbrjdus ruags bhl bssdnjbtjdhs wgrg hgodtjbtgl td kggtjhljvjluba sjtubtjdhs. Orbvg 23 ndhtbjhs b vgry rdfust, sghjag
bogl kbag. Zgt t`g jhljvjluba wbs trgbtgl jh gvgry wby bs b
oghlgrgl igkbag. \`js jhnaulgl hdt dhay b sdut`grh
drjghtbtjdh n`brbntgrjstjn di hdrkbtjvg igkbag stbtus, fut basd
b iuaa brrby di bluat bhl igkbag rgstrjntgl drhbkghts. Jhlggl,
t`js jhljvjluba `bl t`g sjhoag kdst gabfdrbtg bssgkfabog di
kgtba drhbkghts iduhl jh bhy di t`g Kbrds ngkgtgrjgs. Bhl
t`js js w`bt kbmgs t`g nbsg pbrtjnuabray jhtgrgstjho. _dkgh,
w`gh t`gy rgbn` dal bog, hdrkbaay rgajhqujs` t`gjr kdrg
gabfdrbtg kgtba drhbkghts td yduhogr jhljvjlubas. Zgt t`js js
hdt t`g nbsg idr orbvg 23. Ljl t`g dvgr gabfdrbtg orbvg
bssgkfabog sgrvg td kbrm t`js jhljvjluba bs sdkg kbhhgr di
‐supgr wdkbh'4 Dr, ljl t`g uhndkkdh kjx di oghlgr bhl
sgx rgsuat jh b sjtubtjdh w`grg t`grg sjkpay wbs hdbpprdprjbtg `gjr idr t`g drhbkghts4 Jh gjt`gr nbsg, t`g
gxbkpag `jo`ajo`ts fdt` t`g jhtghtjdhba bhl t`g hgodtjbtgl
n`brbntgr di t`g lgnjsjdh kbmjho prdngss= bs t`g ajvjho
bttgkptgl td kbtn` qujtg jhljvjluba njrnukstbhngs td b
frdblay s`brgl sgt di nuaturba hdrks ljntbtjho bpprdprjbtg
iuhgrbry trgbtkght.
_jt` t`js uhlgrstbhljho di trbhskjssjdh bhl bnqujsjtjdh di
sdnjba pdsjtjdh bhl stbhljho, jt js hdw pdssjfag td ndhsjlgr
t`g syhn`rdhjn n`brbntgr di t`g Kbrds vjaabogs t`bt prdlungl
t`g ngkgtgrjgs. Jh gssghng t`js kdlgajho prdngss jhvdavgs
ijrst ijttjho t`g ndrrgntgl kdrtbajty strunturg di t`g ngkgtgry
pdpuabtjdh td bh jlgbajzgl kdlga ajig tbfag irdk w`jn` wg
nbh oghgrbtg bh gstjkbtg di t`g ajvjho pdpuabtjdh strunturg(ni. _gjss 2:?>). \`js js t`gh kbtn`gl wjt` gvjlghng rgabtjho
td t`g lurbtjdh di usg di t`g ngkgtgry w`jn`, idr Kdmrjh,
wbs rduo`ay 273 ygbrs (D'^`gb 2::2). Ojvgh t`js sjzg bhl
strunturg di t`g ajvjho pdpuabtjdh, t`g rgabtjvg prdpdrtjdhs di
ljiigrjho sdnjba nbtgodrjgs dfsgrvgl fy bog bhl sgx jh t`g
kdrtubry pdpuabtjdh nbh t`gh fg prdegntgl fbnm dhtd t`g
kdlgagl ajvjho pdpuabtjdh. \`g rgsuat di t`js kdlgajho
prdngss idr dhg di t`g vjaabogs bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g Kdmrjh
ngkgtgry js prgsghtgl `grg (ijo. >).
Sgr`bps t`g kdst strjmjho igbturg di t`js kdlga js t`g skba
sjzg di t`g adnba ndkkuhjty. \`g bvgrbog ndkkuhjty `grg js
sdkgw`grg fgtwggh <3 bhl 73 pgdpag tdtba, frdmgh ldwh jhtd
sjx td gjo`t `dusg`dals. \`g sgndhl strjmjho igbturg js t`g
suoogstgl jhtghsjty di adssgs td wbribrg (rgkgkfgrjho tdd t`bt
t`gsg brg t`g jhljvjlubas' w`dsg fdljgs wgrg hdt rgturhgl, bhl
hdt t`g tdtba hukfgr di lgbt`s lug td wbribrg bhl rbjljho).
Di t`g kbedr sdnjba pdsjtjdhs, t`grg js b lgijhjtg pbrbaagajho
di kbag bhl igkbag diijngs, wjt` dhay b sjhoag diijng `dalgr
bt bhy dhg tjkg jh bhy di t`g idur pdsjtjdhs. \`g ‐ldufajho'
di t`g hukfgr di igkbag `gbl drhbkghts iurt`gr suppdrts t`g
bssdnjbtjvg, rbt`gr t`bh `grgljtbry, n`brbntgr di t`js kbrmjho.
Jh tgrks di t`g ljspaby di wgbat` bhl stbhljho, t`g ijourg
bobjh `jo`ajo`ts t`g ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g bnqujsjtjdh bhl
ljspaby di gxdtjn wgbat`. Jt basd js jhtgrgstjho td hdtg t`g
jkpgrignt ndrrgabtjdh fgtwggh gxdtjn bhl sufsjstghng wgbat`.\`g s`bljhos ojvg b oghgrba sghsg di t`g stbtg di ljiigrght
`dusg`dal gndhdkjgs jh t`g Kbrds vjaabog, bat`duo` jt js
ajmgay t`bt sufsjstghng stbhljho wbs uhstbfag dvgr tjkg. \`js
ljstrjfutjdh js smgwgl upwbrl tdwbrls `jo` sufsjstghng
stbhljho. \`g ljborbk basd fgojhs td `jht bt sdkg di t`g
ndkpagx fbabhnjho bhl lgnjsjdh kbmjho t`bt odvgrhgl t`g
gabfdrbtghgss di t`g iuhgrbry igbst.
22? E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH
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Ijourg >. B syhn`rdhjn kdlga di b ajvjho Kbrds ndkkuhjty, fbsgl dh t`g lgkdorbp`jn strunturg bhl iuhgrbry trgbtkghts di t`g Kdmrjh ngkgtgry.
\`g bpprdxjkbtg ljstrjfutjdh di gndhdkjn stbhljho js rgprgsghtgl fy t`g ljstrjfutjdh di ngrbkjn bssgkfabog typgs irdk t`g ngkgtgry. Lbs`gl
ajhgs wjt` brrdw `gbls kbrm stbtusgs t`bt wgrg rgtbjhgl fy jhljvjlubas bnrdss kbedr bog nbtgodrjgs.
Dvgrbaa, t`g typjnba Kbrds vjaabog ndhtbjhgl sjx td gjo`t`dusg`dals bhl rgndohjzgl bt agbst idur ljstjhnt `grgljtbry
diijngs wjt` jkpdrtbht pdajtjnba bhl rjtuba iuhntjdhs. ^dkg
`dusg`dals wgrg fgttgr dii t`bh dt`grs, jh tgrks di t`g
prdwgss di t`g kbags bt adho ljstbhng trblg bhl wbribrg, dr jh
t`g `dusg`dal's sunngss jh t`g ljvgrsg rbhog di sufsjstghng tbsms
t`bt n`brbntgrjzgl t`g adnba Kbrds gndhdky. \d b ngrtbjh gxtght
t`grg wbs b ndhvgroghng fgtwggh t`g `daljho di `grgljtbry
diijng bhl t`g `dusg`dal's gndhdkjn stbhljho, ygt t`js stbhljho
wbs bppbrghtay bawbys vdabtjag bhl ndual fg uhlgrkjhgl fy
wbribrg, fbl `brvgsts, dr gxngssjvg sdnjba dfajobtjdhs. Zgt,
gvgh bs `grgljtbry bhl gndhdkjn jhgqubajty gxjstgl bkdho t`g
kgkfgrs di t`js ndkkuhjty, t`g snbag di t`g sdnjgty wbs sjkpay
tdd skbaa td pgrkjt b orgbt lgba di sdnjba ljstbhng fgtwggh
jts kgkfgrs. Baa stjaa fgadhogl td b sjhoag ndkkuhjty, dwgl
baagojbhng bhl lutjgs di lgighsg bhl sdajlbrjty td t`gjr
vjaabog, bhl uatjkbtgay baa s`brgl t`g sbkg ngkgtgry jh lgbt`.
Bt b abrogr snbag, Kbrds sdnjgty bppgbrs td fg kblg up di
b sgrjgs di skbaa, fut butdhdkdus ndkkuhjtjgs, bhl nbh
prdfbfay fgst fg t`duo` di bs b addsg ndhiglgrbny dr trjfg
di skbaa vjaabogs. \`gy wgrg fduhl tdogt`gr fy b s`brgljlghtjty, b ndkkdh drobhjzbtjdhba pabh, bhl b sgrjgs di nrdss-
nuttjho jhtgr-ndkkuhjty sdlbajtjgs. Jh blljtjdh td sdnjba
fdhls, kbrrjbog tjgs bhl s`brgl ngkgtgrjgs bhl iuhgrbry
nustdk, t`g vjaabogs wgrg fdhl fy t`g hggls idr kutuba
suppdrt bhl lgighsg jh w`bt bppbrghtay wbs b rgabtjvgay
`dstjag bhl lbhogrdus wdral.
7. Ndhnausjdh
@dpgiuaay, t`js hgngssbrjay smgtn`y vjgw di ndkkuhjty
drobhjzbtjdh dh t`g ^dut` @uhobrjbh Sabjh suoogsts
sdkgt`jho di w`bt wg nbh gxpgnt irdk brn`bgdadojnba
rgsgbrn` bs wg bttgkpt td ld bht`rdpdadoy jh t`g pbst.
Brn`bgdadoy `bs fdt` t`g t`gdry bhl t`g kgt`dls hgngssbry
td uhlgrtbmg b trug bht`rdpdadojnba stuly di t`g pbst, dhg t`bt
js nbpbfag di ljsndvgrjho sdnjba idrks uhprgnglghtgl jh t`g
gt`hdorbp`jn prgsght, bhl dhg t`bt js fg`dalgh td hgjt`gr t`g
stgrjag prdngss di nuaturg-tbxdhdkjn nbtgodrjzbtjdh, hdr td t`g
jhtgaagntubaay fbhmrupt ‐brn`bgdadoy di jkbojhjhos' diigrgl
fy pdst-kdlgrhjst bpprdbn`gs.
220 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Whajmg t`g 2:93's w`gh t`g dhay `dpg idr ndhstruntjho
jkbogs di pbst sdnjgtjgs wbs fy kbtn`jho t`gk td nuaturg-
gvdautjdhbry sadts (t`gksgavgs rghlgrgl dut di t`g ajkjtgl
bhl fjbsgl gt`hdorbp`jn prgsght), brn`bgdadoy hdw `bs t`g
kgbhs td kdhjtdr ljrgntay kbhy bspgnts di pbst sdnjba
drobhjzbtjdh bhl fg`bvjdr, irdk lgkdorbp`y bhl sufsjstghng
t`rduo` td sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhgqubajty, oghlgr rdags, bhlgvgh ndkkuhjty strunturg. _jt` t`g jhnrgbsjho bfjajty td
kdhjtdr t`gsg lgnjsjvg sdnjba ljkghsjdhs, brn`bgdadoy hd
adhogr hggls td rgay dh strgtn`gl gt`hdorbp`jn pbrbaagas,
sjhng wg nbh fujalup ndhvjhnjho ndhstrunts di t`g sdnjgtjgs
t`gksgavgs. Jhlggl, fy dur bfjajty td vjgw kbhy kdrg
gxbkpag di sdnjgtba drobhjzbtjdh, bhl pbrtjnuabray gxbkpags
di sdnjgtjgs hdt tdun`gl fy ndadhjba stbtgs bhl gkpjrgs,
brn`bgdadoy nbh frjho td oghgrba bht`rdpdadoy b rgirgs`jhoay
frdblgr pjnturg di t`g vbrjgty di `ukbh nuaturba drobhjzbtjdh.
rgigrghngs
Fbhmdii, @. & I. _jhtgr 2::3. \`g Abtg Bghgdajt`jn jh sdut`gbstgrh
Gurdpg, Bkgrjnbh Edurhba di Brn`bgdadoy :<(6), 2?7-2:2.
Fbhhgr, E. 2:>2. B Kbrdsvjlêm frdhzmdrj zsuodrëtdtt tgkgtmgzê-
sgjhgm sërkgaaêmagtgj, Ldaodzbtdm ^zgogl YJJ, 2-7>.
Fgnm, A. (gl.) 2::7. Vgojdhba bpprdbn`gs td kdrtubry bhbaysjs,
Hgw Zdrm.
Fdohâr-Mutzjâh, J. 2:9>. \`g Ndppgr Bog ngkgtgry di \jszbpdaoâr-
Fbsbtbhyb, Fulbpgst.
Fþhb, J. 2:9>. \`g ngkgtgrjgs di t`g Hboyrêv Nuaturg, Bafb Vgojb
6->, 22-6>.
Fþhb, J. 2:97. \`g pgdpags di sdut`grh drjojh di t`g Gbray Frdhzg
Bog jh @uhobry, J. \`g Sjtvbrds Ordup, Bafb Vgojb <-7, 2?-9>.
Fþhb, J. 2:?7. Ljg Kjttagrg Frdhzgzgjt Whobrhs uhl j`rg sñlùst-
ajn`gh Fgzjg`uhogh, Fulbpgst.
N`bpkbh, V., Mjhhgs, J., & M. Vbhlsfdro (gls.) 2:02. \`g
brn`bgdadoy di lgbt`, Nbkfrjlog.
N`jalg, Y.O. 2:6:. \`g Lbhufg jh prg`jstdry, Dxidrl.
Lbatdh, O. 2:??. Bfdrjojhba gndhdkjgs jh stbtgagss sdnjgtjgs. Jh5
\. Gbrag & E. Grjnsdh (gls.) Gxn`bhog systgks jh prg`jstdry, Hgw
Zdrm, 2:2-626.
Idrghfb`gr, ^. 2::>. Vbljdnbrfdh lbtgs bhl bfsdautg n`rdhdadoy d
t`g nghtrba Gurdpgbh Gbray Frdhzg Bog, Bhtjqujty 9?, 620-679.
Ojrjn, K. 2:?2. Kdmrjh, t`g Gbray Frdhzg Bog Hgnrdpdajs, vda 2,
Ljssgrtbtjdhgs gt Kdhdorbp`jbg PJ.
Ojrjn, K. 2:0?. Hbsgaeb Kdrjsmg Muaturg, Vblb Ydevd∆bhsmdo
Kuzgeb >3, ?2-06.
D'^`gb, E. 2::2. B rbljd-nbrfdh fbsgl n`rdhdadoy idr t`g Kbrds
Ordup di ^dut`gbst @uhobry, Bhtjqujty 97, :?-236.
D'^`gb, E. 2::7. Kdrtubry nustdk jh t`g Frdhzg Bog di
^dut`gbstgrh @uhobry5 Ljbn`rdhjn bhl syhn`rdhjn pgrspgntjvgs.
Jh5 A. Fgnm (gl.) Vgojdhba bpprdbn`gs td kdrtubry bhbaysjs,
Hgw Zdrm, 267-2<7.
D'^`gb, E. 2::9. Yjaabogrs di t`g Kbrds. B pdrtrbjt di bh Gbray
Frdhzg Bog ^dnjgty, Hgw Zdrm.
Sbtby, S. 2:?0. Lbs Mupigrzgjtajn`g Orìfgrigal vdh \jszbvbam-
Mghlgriùal, Idhtgs Brn`bgdadojnj @uhobrjbg , Fulbpgst.
Vbnzmy, S., G. @grtgaghlj, & I. @drvât` 2::>. Uur bfsdautgh
Lbtjgruho lgr frdhzgzgjtajn`gh \gaa-Muaturgh jh Whobrh. Jh
_. Kgjgr-Brghlt bhl J. Idldr (gls.) Frdhzgzgjt jh Whobrh5
Idrsn`uhogh jh \gaa-^jglauhogh bh Ldhbu uhl \`gjss, Irbhmiurt,
<6-<?.
^b`ajhs, K. 2:?6. ^tdhg bog gndhdkjns, Adhldh.
^bhldr-N`jnjlgbhu, K. & J. N`jnjlgbhu 2:0:. Uu lgh Orìfsjttgh lg
Sgrjbk-Sgnjnb Muatur, Lbnjb PPPJJJ (2-6), 7->0.
\bsjn, H. 2:?6. \`g Kdmrjh hgnrdpdajs bhl jts pdsjtjdh jh t`g
lgvgadpkght di t`g Gbray Frdhzg Bog jh Ydjvdljhb. Jh5 H. \bsjn
(gl.) Kdmrjh, \`g Gbray Frdhzg Bog Hgnrdpdajs, vda. 6,
Ljssgrtbtjdhgs gt Kdhdorbijbg PJJ, :-60.
_gjss, M. 2:?>. Lgkdorbp`jn kdlgas idr bht`rdpdadoy, ^dnjgty idr
Bkgrjnbh Brn`bgdadoy Kgkdjr 6?.
Ed`h K. D'^`gb
Kusguk di Bht`rdpdadoy
Whjvgrsjty di Kjn`jobh
Bhh Brfdr, Kjn`jobh <023:
W^B
22: E. D'^@GB „ BHNJGH\ ^DNJG\Z DH \@G ^DW\@ @WHOBVJBH SABJH
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2. Jhtrdluntjdh
@dw nbh wg uhlgrstbhl b pbst w`jn` wg nbh hgvgr dfsgrvg4
_`bt js t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh dur prbntjng bs brn`bgdad-
ojsts bhl t`g prbntjngs di t`dsg w`dsg ajvgs, w`jn` bat`duo`
hdw gxtjhnt, wg stjaa `dpg td uhlgrstbhl4
Jkbojhg. Jkbojhg t`bt t`g lby `bs pbssgl bs b wbam, bt
ijrst fgsjlg b rjvgr w`dsg wjhtgr iaddls `bvg rgnglgl agbvjho
t`g fbhms sndurgl bhl jh s`brp rgajgi bobjhst t`g iadw di t`g
wbtgrs. Srdorgss `bs fggh sadw. \`grg brg dt`grs wjt` ydu,
bhl b n`jal js fgjho nbrrjgl. _ddlabhl ghnrdbn`gs updh t`gwbtgr's glog bhl bt tjkgs ydu agbvg t`g fbhms td nut badho b
wgaa gstbfajs`gl fut dvgrordwh pbt` fgtwggh t`g trggs. \`g
trggs brg jh ful bhl t`g skgaa di rgnght rbjhibaa js baa brduhl
ydu. Gvghtubaay t`g pbt` pjnms up bobjh fut hdw jt fgojhs b
najkf w`jn` ydu `bvg kblg kbhy tjkgs fgidrg. Zdu brg
`uhory bhl tjrgl, fut ydu mhdw t`bt ydu wjaa rgbn` ydur
lgstjhbtjdh t`bt gvghjho. Gvghtubaay t`g orduhl agvgas dut.
\`g abhlkbrms brg ibkjajbr, b orgbt uprddtgl trgg, b hbrrdw
strgbk. Bhl t`gh t`g trggs ojvg wby td dpgh orduhl, b `uog
oghtay sadpjho brgb w`jn` `bl fggh furht fut w`jn` js hdw
lggp jh orbss bhl irdk w`ghng jt js pdssjfag td addm ldwh
tdwbrls t`g frdbl gxpbhsg di t`g ndbst. \`g sgb js frjo`t jh
t`g abtg bitgrhddh suh bhl, td t`g sdut`, t`g rjvgr w`jn` `bls`brgl ydur gbrajgr pbt`, frgbms t`g ajhg di t`g s`drg. Vgstjho
`grg ajttag js sbjl. Kun` di t`g edurhgy `bs fggh jh sjaghng idr
t`g wdral brduhl gxjsts wjt`dut ndkkght bs jt `bs bawbys
ldhg. Hdw, mggpjho t`g ndbst jh sjo`t bhl agbvjho t`g rjvgr
fg`jhl, t`g pbng qujnmghs bhl fgidrg t`g suh `bs nadsgl
updh t`g sgb ydur lgstjhbtjdh js rgbn`gl. Fgsjlg b adw
dutnrdp di w`jtg rdnm ydu bhl ydur ndkpbhjdhs edjh wjt`
dt`grs, bhl bt abst ydu nbh rgst. \`grg js sdkg lrjgl kgbt bhl
t`grg js tbam. ^kbaa ordups `ullag tdogt`gr, t`grg brg ijrgs
bhl t`grg wjaa fg s`gatgr. \`g hgxt igw lbys wjaa fg spght jh
t`js ndkpbhy. @grg stdrjgs wjaa fg tdal bhl kgkdrjgs
rgnbaagl. Iddl wjaa fg ndaagntgl bhl s`brgl, bhl jh t`g `gbrt
di t`gsg bntjvjtjgs b n`jal, t`g n`jal nbrrjgl `grg, wjaa ljg.
Js t`grg bh brn`bgdadoy di tbam4 Jt sggks uhajmgay. \bam
agbvgs hd kbrm idr us td rgndvgr, hd trbng td bnt bs jts rgndrl.
Bhl ji wg ndhtjhug td dpgrbtg wjt` t`g jlgb t`bt t`g
brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl js t`g dhay kgljuk fy w`jn` t`g
kgbhjhos di t`g pbst brg trbhskjttgl td t`g prgsght, t`gh t`bt
rgndrl sggks sd irbokghtbry bhl sd ndbrsg orbjhgl t`bt t`g
kdkghts ji hdt t`g adnbajtjgs di tbam „ s`drt tgrk bhl ibng td
ibng „ sggk idr gvgr adst. Jh t`gjr pabng brn`bgdadojsts sggm b
oghgrba drlgr jh t`g kbtgrjba, kjtjobtjho t`g bppbrghtay
jhndkpagtg hbturg di t`g rgndrl fy rgndohjzjho pbttgrhs
gxtghljho dvgr `uog ogdorbp`jnba ljstbhngs bhl abstjho idr
adho pgrjdls di tjkg. \`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl t`grgidrg
bppgbrs gssghtjbaay t`g rgndrl di adho tgrk prdngss. _`gh,
irdk t`js pgrspgntjvg, wg sby t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg gkfdljgs
kgbhjho jt js b kgbhjho w`jn` sggks td fg kutgay
gxprgssgl. Jt js bs ji t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`g pbttgrhsndhtbjhgl jh t`g rgndrl ajgs jh t`gk fgjho rgprgsghtbtjvg di
sdkgt`jho, rbt`gr t`bh gxprgssjvg di kgbhjhos w`jn` wgrg
dhng ajvgl bhl tbamgl bfdut. \`gsg brg hdt t`g kgbhjhos
ghuhnjbtgl, ndhsjlgrgl, bhl brougl dvgr jh tbam sd kun` bs
kgbhjhos w`jn` dhng strgtn`gl dut dvgr lgnblgs bhl ndvgrgl
tgrrjtdrjgs w`jn` hd sjhoag pgrsdh ndual gvgr trbvgrsg. \`gsg
kgbhjhos, w`jn` brn`bgdadojsts rgigr td bs ‐trbljtjdhs',
‐ndskdadojgs' dr ‐jlgdadojgs', sggk sdkg wby rgkdvgl irdk
t`g prbntjnbajtjgs di ogttjho dh wjt` ajig. Zgt jt wbs pgdpag
w`d wgrg ogttjho dh wjt` ajig w`d kblg, usgl, bhl ljsnbrlgl
t`g kbtgrjbas wg hdw stuly.
\d bssgrt t`bt kbtgrjba nuaturg js kgbhjhoiuaay ndhstjtutgl
js t`grgidrg dhg t`jho, td uhlgrstbhl `dw t`dsg kgbhjhoswgrg nrgbtgl bhl dpgrbtgl `jstdrjnbaay, bhl td gstbfajs` t`g
kgbhs fy w`jn` brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs nbh gxpadrg sun`
jssugs, js qujtg bhdt`gr. Jh t`js ndhtrjfutjdh J wbht td
ljstjhoujs` fgtwggh t`g kgbhjhos w`jn` brn`bgdadojsts
rgndohjzg bs fgjho adnbtgl jh t`g adho tgrk strunturba
rgabtjdhs`jps w`jn` brg ljrgntay dfsgrvbfag jh t`g
brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng (sun` kgbhjhos bppgbr td fg
dfegntjijgl jh t`g rgndrl di t`g pbst) bhl t`g kgbhjhos w`jn`
wgrg rgprdlungl bhl dfegntjijgl fy t`g prbntjngs di t`dsg
pgdpag w`d nrgbtgl bhl ajvgl bkdhost t`g kbtgrjbajtjgs
w`jn` wg rgndvgr brn`bgdadojnbaay.
Jt js wrdho, bs J `dpg td s`dw, td trgbt strunturg bhl
prbntjng bs sgpbrbtg bhl t`us batgrhbtjvg ldkbjhs di bhbaysjs
t`g ibnt t`bt t`gy `bvg fggh sd rgobrlgl js t`g prdfagk.
Ybrjdus bttgkpts `bvg fggh kblg td gstbfajs` b lubajty di t`
twd, bat`duo` t`gsg bttgkpts brg ditgh gxprgssgl sd
bfstrbntay t`bt t`gy bppgbr ibr rgkdvgl irdk t`g `jstdrjnbaay
spgnjijn wbys `ukbh ajig `bs fggh ajvgl. \`g gbsjgst rdutg
t`rduo` w`bt `bs fgndkg b ndkpagx t`gdrgtjnba broukght js
Ed`h N. Fbrrgtt ^tdhg bog jlgdadojgs
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vjb t`g ndhngpt di `ukbh boghny. \`g ndhngpt di boghny
sjkpay gstbfajs`gs t`g jlgb t`bt `ukbhjty js bfag td
uhlgrstbhl t`g wdrals jt dnnupjgs, td bnt updh t`dsg wdrals
jh pursujt di bjks bhl lgsjrgs, bhl td kdhjtdr t`g rgsuats di
t`dsg bntjdhs.
Baa `ukbh boghny js sjtubtgl= jt `bs bvbjabfag td jt
ljiigrght sgts di rgsdurngs, jt `bs gxpgntbtjdhs bs td t`gsjohjijnbhng bhl vbaug di t`dsg rgsdurngs, bhl fy hgngssjty jt
bnts wjt` rgigrghng td ljiigrght lgkbhls bhl ndhtrdas w`jn`
brg pabngl updh jt. Boghny basd dpgrbtgs tgkpdrbaay, jt
kdvgs t`rduo` ajig bs b sgqughng di gxpgrjghngs, b sgqughng
puhntubtgl tgkpdrbaay bhl kbrmgl spbtjbaay fy ljspabngkght.
Bh gxbkpag di t`js wdual fg t`g sgqughng di gxpgrjghngs
ghnduhtgrgl jh b wbam. \`g `ukbh boght t`grgidrg
gxpgrjghngs t`gjr dwh ajig fy pbssjho t`rduo` tjkg jh w`jn`
dnnurs b sgrjgs di gvghts. \`gsg gvghts kby fg ‐frbnmgtgl
dii' irdk dhg bhdt`gr fy sun` sjkpag lgvjngs bs kdvjho
irdk dhg pabng td bhdt`gr, dr fy turhjho t`g fdly td ibng
bwby irdk dhg pabng bhl tdwbrls bhdt`gr. \`gsg fdljay
gxpgrjghngs idrk pbrt di bh jhljvjluba's fjdorbp`y. Boghny,`dwgvgr, ldgs kdrg t`bh kgrgay gxpgrjghng ajig, jt basd
kbmgs sghsg di jt.
Jt js jh kbmjho sghsg t`bt boghts ljsndvgr kgbhjho jh t`g
wdral brduhl t`gk bhl jh t`gjr dwh bntjdhs. Kgbhjho js
sdkgt`jho w`jn` js fdt` tbmgh irdk t`g wdral w`gh jt js t`g
prdlunt di jhtgrprgtbtjdh bhl uhlgrstbhljho, bhl jt js
sdkgt`jho ojvgh td t`g wdral bs t`g prdlunt di bntjdh.
Boghts t`grgidrg rgndohjzg b nd`grghny bhl kgbhjhoiua
drlgr jh t`g wdral bhl t`gy bnt, dh t`g fbsjs di t`bt pgrngjvgl
drlgr, td bn`jgvg ngrtbjh ghls. \`bt sun` bnts bppgbr
giigntjvg gstbfajs`gs t`g gkpjrjnba vbajlbtjdh di t`g drjojhba
jhtgrprgtbtjdhs updh w`jn` t`gy brg fbsgl, bhl t`rduo` sun`
bnts t`g boght js bfag td uhlgrstbhl t`gjr dwh pabng bhl
fgjho jh t`g wdral. Kgbhjho js t`grgidrg nrgbtgl t`rduo`
jhtgrprgtbtjdh, bntjdh bhl ndkkuhjnbtjdh= jt ldgs hdt rgsjlg
jh sdkg kgssbog dr sykfdajn strunturg fut `bs td fg
rglggkgl fy bh bntjvg prdngss di jhtgrprgtbtjdh bhl
hgodtjbtjdh.
\`js pdjht js di nghtrba jkpdrtbhng td us, jt wjaa fg t`g
kgbhs fy w`jn` wg wjaa uhjtg t`g ndhngpts di prbntjng bhl
strunturg, idrkuabtg b nrjtjqug di nurrght brn`bgdadojnba
bpprdbn`gs tdwbrls t`g ‐jlgdadojgs' di ^tdhg Bog sdnjgtjgs,
bhl gstbfajs` t`g hbturg di brn`bgdadojnba rgsgbrn` jhtd t`gsg
pgrjdls.
6. \`g brn`bgdadoy di brn`bgdadoy
_g fgobh wjt` b s`drt, jkbojhbry, edurhgy. Fgidrg wg nbh
rgturh td t`g mjhls di gxpgrjghngs ghnduhtgrgl t`grg wg wjaa
`bvg td uhlgrtbmg bhdt`gr edurhgy, t`js tjkg t`rduo` t`g
kdrg ghtbhoagl uhlgrordwt` di brn`bgdadojnba rgbsdhjho.
Dur odba wjaa fg td rgbn` b pdsjtjdh irdk w`ghng wg nbh
qugstjdh t`g adojn di b orgbt lgba di t`g rgnght jhtgrprgtjvg
wdrm jlghtjijgl bs ‐pdstprdngssuba brn`bgdadoy'. \`g
rgkbrmbfag ibjaurg w`jn` typjijgs t`js wdrm js t`bt w`jast
‐boghny' `bs fggh bldptgl bs t`g dfegnt di bhbaysjs jh b
ndkkjtkght td wrjtg jhtd `jstdry t`g gxjstghng di b
mhdwaglogbfag `ukbhjty, bhl t`us gstbfajs` b frgbm wjt`
prdngssuba brn`bgdadoy, t`g prbntjngs fy w`jn` t`bt boghny
fdt` objhgl bhl usgl jts mhdwaglog brg rbrgay ljsnussgl.Ndhsgqughtay t`g boghnjgs kdst dfvjdusay prgsght jh t`g
wrjtjho di ^tdhg Bog brn`bgdadojgs brg hdt t`dsg di ^tdhg
Bog pgdpags fut di brn`bgdadojsts t`gksgavgs.
_g kust ngrtbjhay fgojh fy bnngptjho t`bt t`g `jstdrjgs di
t`g ^tdhg Bog brg t`g prdlunts di dur wrjtjhos. \`gy brg
t`grgidrg t`g prdlunts di dur ghqujry jhtd t`g pbst rbt`gr t`bh
fgjho t`g ljrgnt rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g pbst jtsgai. \`bt sun` bh
ghqujry dh dur pbrt js pdssjfag, bhl t`bt t`g `jstdrjgs w`jn` jt
prdlungs brg dpgh td gvbaubtjdh, brg fgnbusg b oghgrba
ndhsghsus gxjsts bkdho brn`bgdadojsts t`bt hdt dhay ldgs b
abrog fdly di gvjlghng gxjst idr t`g pbst, fut t`bt wg brg
nbpbfag di gstbfajs`jho t`g sjohjijnbhng di t`bt gvjlghng.
\`g gvjlghng ndkprjsgs b ndkpagx di kbtgrjba rgkbjhs,bhl w`gh wg gstbfajs` b kgbhjho idr t`dsg rgkbjhs, jh tgrks
di sdkg `jstdrjnba sjohjijnbhng, wg nrgbtg bh uhlgrstbhljho
di `jstdry. \wd ndkpagx jssugs brg gkfgllgl jh t`js
sggkjhoay jhhdnght stbtgkght= t`g wbys `ukbhs uhlgrstbhl
t`gjr wdral, bhl t`g hbturg di t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh t`g
uhlgrstbhljhos dt`grs dhng `bl di t`gjr wdral bhl t`g
uhlgrstbhljhos di t`g pbst nrgbtgl fy brn`bgdadojsts.
_g `bvg bargbly tdun`gl updh t`g ijrst. @ukbhs
uhlgrstbhl t`g wdral fy uhlgrstbhljho t`gjr pabng wjt`jh jt=
t`gy rgbl t`g wdral brduhl t`gk bhl ljsndvgr t`grgjh bh
drlgr dr adojn w`dsg utjajty js lgkdhstrbfag t`rduo` prbntjng.
Srbntjng rg-jhsnrjfgs t`bt uhlgrstbhljho di drlgr updh t`g
wdral. Jt js t`grgidrg t`rduo` prbntjngs w`jn` sggk td
bn`jgvg lgsjrgl bjks t`bt t`g kgbhjho di t`g wdral js
rgbajzgl bhl ojvgh sdkg sdrt di gkpjrjnba vbajlbtjdh.
Srbntjngs brg, idr t`g kdst pbrt, jh`grghtay sdnjba idr hdt dhay
ld t`gy kbmg sghsg td t`g prbntjtjdhgr fut t`gy basd kbmg
sghsg td dt`grs „ t`gy brg b sdnjba ljsndursg. Srbntjngs
t`grgidrg bn`jgvg sdkg di t`g bjks w`jn` brg `dpgl idr, t`gy
brg oghgrbaay uhlgrstbhlbfag, bat`duo` t`gy kby basd ojvg
rjsg td ndhsgqughngs w`jn` wgrg uhjhtghlgl. Srbntjng js t`g
kgbhs di jhtgrrdobtjho t`g wdral w`grgfy prgvjdus
gxpgrjghngs bhl uhlgrstbhljhos brg s`dwh td fg vbajl bhl
blgqubtg td t`g tbsms bt `bhl.
Vjndgur lgkdhstrbtgs `dw b ndhsnjdus boghny kdvgsfgtwggh ljiigrght tgkpdrbajtjgs= bh bwbrghgss di dhg's dwh
sgai js fujat jh rgabtjdh td bh bwbrghgss di t`g orbhlgr
ndskdadojnba drlgrjho di t`g wdral vjb t`g prbntjngs dr
hbrrbtjvgs fy w`jn` sgai-bwbrghgss js sggh td `bvg b prbntjnba
vbajljty jh rgabtjdh td t`bt sggkjhoay n`bhogagss ndskdadoy
(Vjndgur 2:00). \`g kgbhjhos fdt` rgbl irdk bhl jhsnrjfgl
updh t`g wdral brg rgabtjvgay dpgh. B hukfgr di vjgws kby
266 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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fg gxprgssgl di b pbrtjnuabr ndhljtjdh, dr b hukfgr di
jhtgrprgtbtjdhs diigrgl di b sjhoag gvght. \`g trbhsidrkbtjvg
pdwgr di boghny, bs jt bnts dh t`g wdral fy ndhvghtjdh,
nrgbtgs hgw ndhljtjdhs w`jn` t`dsg ndhvghtjdhs t`gh `bvg td
bnndkkdlbtg. \`g wbys bntjdhs jhtgrprgt bhl jkpbrt
kgbhjho kby bawbys gsnbpg t`g gxpgntbtjdhs di ndhvghtjdh.
\`js js hdt td sby t`bt bhyt`jho nbh od, ndkpgtght sdnjbaboghts ld rgqujrg td fg uhlgrstddl idr t`gjr bntjdhs td fg
giigntjvg= t`gy kust kbmg sdkg rgigrghng td w`bt js bargbly
gxpgntgl di t`gk fy dt`grs bhl td w`bt js bargbly tbmgh idr
orbhtgl, `dwgvgr rbljnba t`gjr dwh prdhduhngkghts updh t`g
wdral kjo`t fg.
\`g gkp`bsjs pabngl updh boghny, t`rduo` w`dsg
jhtgrprgtbtjdhs bhl bntjdhs t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt
dnnupjgs brg rgndohjzgl, rgoghgrbtgl, bhl trbhsidrkgl,
kgbhs t`bt t`dsg strunturba ndhljtjdhs nbhhdt fy t`gksgavgs
lgtgrkjhg t`g trbegntdry di `jstdry. ^trunturba ndhljtjdhs ld
hdt ndhtbjh sdkg hgngssbry ljrgntjdh= t`gy ld hdt gkfdly b
tgagdadoy. \`gy pbrtay lgijhg t`g kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs jh
w`jn` pgdpag ijhl t`gksgavgs ajvjho bhl t`g trbljtjdhs di mhdwaglog updh w`jn` pgdpag lrbw td uhlgrstbhl bhl td
rg-wdrm t`dsg ndhljtjdhs, fut t`g pbt` wg sgg `jstdry tbmjho
js ndhtjhoght fdt` updh dur dwh bntjdhs bs `jstdrjbhs bhl
updh t`g lgsjrgs, kdtjvbtjdhs, bhl bntjdhs di boghts w`d kby
bawbys `bvg bntgl dt`grwjsg bhl idr w`dk t`g ndhsgqughngs
di t`gjr bntjdhs kby bawbys `bvg gsnbpgl t`gjr jhtghtjdhs.
^trunturba ndhljtjdhs ngrtbjhay n`bhog, bhl wjt` sun` n`bhog
t`g sndpg di dppdrtuhjtjgs bvbjabfag td boghts kby batgr, fut
t`g ljrgntjdhs boghny tbmgs jh nrgbtjho hgw strunturba
ndhljtjdhs js hdt lgtgrkjhgl jh t`g ijhba jhstbhng.
Whngrtbjhty bhl jhlgtgrkjhbny ajg bt t`g `gbrt di ajig.
Srdngssuba brn`bgdadoy jh pbrtjnuabr pabys b sjkpag ndheurjho
trjnm w`gh jt fy-pbssgs boghny bhl prgsghts bs b nbusg idr
strunturba n`bhog, jts ndhsgqughngs. Bs Fgttjhogr `bs hdtgl, b
t`gdry di ndhsgqughngs nbhhdt fg prgsghtgl bs b t`gdry di
prdngss, b adojnba ibjaurg w`jn` prdngssuba brn`bgdadoy `dals
jh ndkkdh wjt` baa iuhntjdhbajst bhbaysgs (Fgttjhogr 2::2,
629). Srdngss rgigrs td oghgrbtjvg bntjdh bhl t`g abttgr, bs wg
`bvg brougl, dhay ajgs jh t`g `bhls di boghny.
Kbtgrjba nuaturg js jtsgai t`g kgljuk bhl t`g ndhsgqughng
di prbntjng. Ji t`g `ukbh boght dnnupjgs b wdral w`jn` js
strunturgl fy hbturba bhl `ukbh boghny, t`gh gxjstjho
kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs kby bppgbr td t`dsg w`d jh`bfjt t`gk td
rgvgba t`g ndskdadojnba drlgrjho di t`g wdral. Fut t`g boght
basd rgwdrms t`dsg kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs fy rg-jhsnrjfjho bhbrrbtjvg di t`gjr dwh prgsghng jh t`bt wdral updh t`gk.
^un` rg-jhsnrjptjdh n`bhogs t`g hbturg di t`g wdral w`jn`
kby t`gh fg rg-jhtgrprgtgl. _g kust fg bwbrg t`bt hdt dhay
ldgs kbtgrjba nuaturg `bvg kdrg t`bh dhg kgbhjho, fgnbusg
jt nbh fg rgbl irdk b hukfgr di ljiigrght pgrspgntjvgs, fut
t`bt jt basd dpgrbtgs twd ljkghsjdhbaay jh t`g wdral, bs t`g
bargbly ojvgh kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs di ajig, bhl bs t`g kgbhs
bhl ndhsgqughngs di jts rgwdrmjho. Boghny js sjtubtgl fgtwggh
t`gsg twd ljkghsjdhs, jt fdt` dnnupjgs bhl jhtgrprgts t`bt
kbtgrjba, w`jast basd nrgbtjho jt.
\`g sgndhl jssug kust bnngpt t`g oghgrbajty di t`g pdjhts
kblg `grg= t`gy bppay td dur prbntjng bs brn`bgdadojsts bhl
jhidrk t`g wbys jh w`jn` wg nrgbtg `jstdrjgs eust bs kun` bs
t`gy dhng bppajgl td t`dsg w`dsg ajvgs wg `dpg td stulyt`rduo` brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs. \`g brn`bgdadojst js
jhvdavgl jh t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di `gr dr `js dwh wdral bhl jh
t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di dt`gr pgdpag's wdrals w`jn` hd adhogr
gxjst. Ojllghs `bs brougl t`bt w`bt ljstjhoujs`gs t`g sdnjba
snjghtjst irdk t`g hbturba snjghtjst js t`bt t`g abttgr lgbas wjt`
bh dfegnt wdral w`jn` ‐ldgs hdt bhswgr fbnm' bhl w`jn`
ldgs hdt ndhstrunt bhl jhtgrprgt t`g kgbhjho di jts dwh
bntjvjtjgs. \`g sdnjba snjghtjst, dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, jhtgrprgts b
wdral w`jn` dt`grs `bvg basd jhtgrprgtgl bhl w`grg b vbajl
uhlgrstbhljho di t`dsg dt`gr sdnjba wdrals kust bnndkkd-
lbtg t`g mhdwaglog di t`dsg w`d sustbjhgl t`gk (Ojllghs
2:06, 2>). \`g pbst ldgs hdt ajtgrbaay ‐bhswgr fbnm' fut t`g
prjhnjpag rgkbjhs. ^`bhms bhl \jaagy lgvgadpgl t`jsrgbsdhjho fy suoogstjho t`bt brn`bgdadojnba prbntjng jhvdavgs
b ‐iduridal `grkghgutjn' (2:0?, 230). \`js kby nadul t g
kdrg sjkpag pdjht= t`g mhdwaglog kbjhtbjhgl fy t`dsg
dt`grs w`d sustbjhgl t`g ajig wdrals wg jhvgstjobtg kust
igbturg jh dur uhlgrstbhljhos di t`dsg wdrals (ni. ^`bhms/
@dllgr 2::7, 23). ^`bhms bhl \jaagy suoogst t`bt pbrt di t`g
`grkghgutjn pbrtjnuabr td brn`bgdadoy js t`g brn`bgdadojst's
bttgkpt td ‑uhlgrstbhl bh bajgh nuaturg jhvdavjho kgbhjho
irbkgs rbljnbaay ljiigrght td `js dr `gr dwh‛ (2:0?, 230 ky
gkp`bsjs). _`bt ndhngrhs kg js t`g vboughgss di t`g tgrks
w`jn` J `bvg gkp`bsjzgl.
Brn`bgdadojsts brg hdt prjvjagogl td dfsgrvg t`g pgdpag
w`dsg ajvgs t`gy wjs` td stuly, jhstgbl t`gy wdrm wjt` t`g
rgsjlugs di t`g kbtgrjbajtjgs t`dsg ajvgs dhng jh`bfjtgl.
Lgspjtg t`js, bhl ojvgh t`g hggl td jhnaulg jh dur wrjtjhos bh
uhlgrstbhljho di t`g mhdwaglog fy w`jn` t`dsg hdw gxtjhnt
ajvgs dpgrbtgl, t`grg `bs fggh b tghlghny td rgjiy sun`
mhdwaglog jh t`g survjvjho kbtgrjba rgsjlugs. \`gsg rgsjlugs
brg dfsgrvgl td fg pbttgrhgl bhl td ndhtbjh drlgr bhl bs sun`
brg tbmgh td rgprgsght t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` t`g
brn`bgdadojst sggms td uhlgrstbhl. \`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh di
`ukbhay nrgbtgl ‐kbtgrjba nuaturg' js bssukgl td rgvgba t`g
idrks di mhdwaglog jkpajnbtgl jh jts nrgbtjdh. Jh dt`gr wdrl
t`g strunturg di kbtgrjba nuaturg suppdsglay ghndlgs dt`gr
pgdpags' mhdwaglog, bhl t`js js sdkgt`jho dpgh tdbrn`bgdadojnba ljsndvgry. Brn`bgdadojnba prbntjng t`us stbhls
fgtwggh t`g strunturgl bhl uhn`bhojho kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di
t`g pbst bhl t`g bssukptjdhs bhl kdtjvbtjdhs di ndhtgkpd-
rbry brn`bgdadoy. Ky pdjht js t`bt t`g mhdwaglog nrgbtgl
uhlgr t`gsg ndhljtjdhs hggl `bvg ajttag td ld wjt` `dw t`dsg
w`d dhng rgwdrmgl sdkg skbaa sgokght di t`bt kbtgrjba
uhjvgrsg sbw jt idr t`gksgavgs.
26> E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^
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J fgajgvg t`js pdjht td fg di nrunjba jkpdrtbhng, hdt sjkpay
fgnbusg jt lgijhgs b hgngssbry ljiigrghng fgtwggh dur
brn`bgdadojnba mhdwaglog di t`g vbrjdus pbsts w`jn` dhng
gxjstgl bhl t`g mhdwaglog di t`dsg w`d jh`bfjtgl t`dsg
pbsts, fut fgnbusg jt basd rgkjhls us t`bt t`g prdpgr dfegnt di
brn`bgdadojnba bhbaysjs js hdt kbtgrjba nuaturg fut t`g
jh`bfjtbtjdh di kbtgrjba nuaturg.\d rgjtgrbtg5 `ukbh prbntjng js hgjt`gr lgtgrkjhgl fy, hdr
js jt rglunjfag td, t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt jh`bfjts.
Kbtgrjba nuaturba rgsjlugs w`jn` brg rgndvgrgl brn`bgdadoj-
nbaay brg pbrt di t`g ndhtgkpdrbry ndhljtjdhs wjt`jh w`jn`
brn`bgdadojsts wdrm. Sbst `ukbh prbntjngs wgrg sjtubtgl
qujtg ljiigrghtay jh sdkg skbaagr pdrtjdh di t`gsg kbtgrjba
ndhljtjdhs. Brn`bgdadojsts s`dual stuly t`g wbys dt`gr
`ukbhs dhng dnnupjgl t`gjr wdrals, b prbntjng t`rduo` w`jn`
brn`bgdadojsts basd uhlgrstbhl t`gjr ndhtgkpdrbry wdral.
Jh pdstprdngssuba brn`bgdadoy t`g idrkgr js ditgh idrodttgh bt
t`g gxpghsg di t`g abttgr.
\`g gkp`bsjs updh b ldkjhbht brn`bgdadojnba
uhlgrstbhljho di ndhtgkpdrbry kbtgrjba nuaturg js rgabtjvgaygbsy td ldnukght. Jhtgrprgtbtjdh, wrjtgs \jaagy, js sdkgt`jho
wg dhay `bvg td ld ‑ji wg brg puzzagl dr johdrbht bfdut
sdkgt`jho ... wg jhtgrprgt dhay ji t`jhos brg hdt dfvjdus td
us‛ (\jaagy 2::>, 6 gkp`bsjs rgkdvgl). Jhtgrprgtbtjdh js b
prdngss jh w`jn` wg brg bntjvgay jhvdavgl bhl js b idrk di
‐kbmjho sghsg' di t`jhos w`jn` jhjtjbaay puzzag us. _g kbmg
sghsg di t`jhos gjt`gr fgnbusg wg nbh ijhl b wby di ijttjho
t`gk jhtd dur prgndhngptjdhs dr fgnbusg, kdrg rbljnbaay, wg
`bvg td rgt`jhm dur prgndhngptjdhs.
_`bt t`gh js jt jh brn`bgdadoy w`jn` puzzags us4 \jaagy
suoogsts t`bt ‑jh rgabtjdh td t`g ndhtgkpdrbry bnt di
brn`bgdadoy wg brg jhtgrgstgl jh t`g kbhhgr jh w`jn` ngrtbjh
kgbhjho giignts di kbtgrjba nuaturg brg gkp`bsjzgl fy
jhljvjluba but`drs bhl wdvgh jhtd jhtgrprgtbtjvg bnnduhts.
_`y js t`js kgbhjhoiua dr jkpdrtbht td t`g brn`bgdadojsts4‛
(\jaagy 2::>, 7 gkp`bsjs rgkdvgl). \`us, w`jast ‑baa
brn`bgdadoy jhvdavgs t`g bldptjdh di jhtgrprgtbtjvg
prdnglurgs t`bt jt duo`t td fg pdssjfag td jlghtjiy bhl
lgsnrjfg‛ bhl jh w`jn` t`g jhtghtjdh js ‑td jlghtjiy t`g
giignts sjohjijnbht kgbhjho `bs dh jts dfsgrvgrs bhl rgblgrs
fdt` jh t`g pbst bhl t`g prgsght‛ (\jaagy 2::>), jt fgndkgs
baa td gbsy td jkpdsg ndhtgkpdrbry kgbhjho giignts updh t`g
boghny di t`g pbst. Bh gxbkpag kby suiijng.
\`dkbs bhl \jaagy `bvg diigrgl bh jhtgrprgtbtjdh di t`g
‐sykfdajn strunturgs' di t`g Hgdajt`jn jh Frjttbhy. Jt js bhjhtgrprgtbtjdh w`jn` brdsg irdk b wggm adho ijgal nabss td t`g
rgojdh jh 2::2. Hgjt`gr but`dr `bl vjsjtgl t`g brgb prgvjdusay
bhl t`g jkpbnt di t`g kdhukghts updh t`gk wbs pdwgriua.
Bs t`g wggm prdorgssgl t`gy iduhl t`bt ‑baa t`g jhtgrprgtb-
tjdhs wg wgrg kbmjho wgrg jhtgrajhmgl bhl sggkgl
jhnrgbsjhoay td kbmg kdrg bhl kdrg sghsg di t`g kdhukghts
bhl t`g brtjibnts jh t`g kusguk gx`jfjtjdhs bs wg vjsjtgl
t`gk‛ (\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, 667). \`g rgwdrmjho di t`gsg
‐dh t`g spdt' dfsgrvbtjdhs baadwgl t`g but`drs td ‑kbmg b
sgrjgs di jhtgrprgtbtjvg rgkbrms wjt` rgabtjdh td t`g ghtjrgty
di t`g Frgtdh Hgdajt`jn, bttgkptjho td ndvgr b pgrjdl w`jn`
spbhs rduo`ay 6733 ygbrs‛ (\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, 66?). \`gsg
rgkbrms t`grgidrg lrbw updh t`g survjvjho bhl nukuabtjvg
lgfrjs rgsuatjho irdk twd bhl b `bai kjaaghhjb di `ukbhbntjvjty, lgfrjs w`jn` wg nbh brrbhog jhtd b sgqughng di
typgs bhl idrks, sun` bs ‑kgh`jrs bhl t`g lgvgadpkght di
bxg sykfdajsk‛ (\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, 66:), w`jn` sggks td
ljspaby sdkg jhtgrhba adojn. \`g dhay `ukbh boghny w`jn`
stbhls bkdhost t`js lgfrjs js t`bt di t`g twd but`drs. \`g
wby t`bt t`gjr prbntjngs brg sjtubtgl jh b ndhtgkpdrbry
bnblgkjn ljsndursg js gxprgssgl jh t`g snbag di t`gjr vjsjdh
„ t`g ghtjrgty di t`g Frgtdh Hgdajt`jn „ bhl jh t`g rdutjhgs di
wrjttgh bhl jaaustrbtjvg ljsndursg. _`d gasg wdual ndkpbrg
t`g orduhl pabh di Fbrhghgz, t`g smgagtba `ukbh rjf-nbog
bhl dhg di t`g rdnm ghorbvgl kdtjis irdk Ags Sjgrrgs Sabtgs
(\`dkbs/\jaagy 2::>, ijo. 9.22), dt`gr t`bh sdkgdhg w`d `bs
spght tdd adho jh b ajfrbry4 Ji t`g boghny di bh ‐dt`gr' gxjstsjh sun` bh bnnduht t`gh jt js dhay ljkay rgndohjzbfag.
\`g idrgorduhljho di t`g bnt di brn`bgdadojnba
jhtgrprgtbtjdh jh t`g wrjtjho di `jstdry rgkjhls us t`bt
wg nrgbtg t`dsg `jstdrjgs bhl wjt` t`bt nrgbtjdh ndkgs
rgspdhsjfjajty. Brn`bgdadoy js b ‑kbtgrjba prbntjng jh t`g
prgsght‛, wjt` ‑hd ijhba bhl lgijhjtjvg bnnduht di t`g pbst
bs jt wbs‛, fut rbt`gr ‑b paurbajty di brn`bgdadojnba
jhtgrprgtbtjdhs sujtgl td ljiigrght purpdsgs, hggls, lgsjrgs‛
(^`bhms/@dllgr 2::7, 7). \`g ndhtgxts di brn`bgdadojnba
jhtgrprgtbtjdh ‑jhnaulg t`g jhtgrprgtjho brn`bgdadojst(s) bhl
t`g qugstjdhs bsmgl bhl ghtjtjgs gxjstjho jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrl‛ (\jaagy 2::>, :). \`grg js hd pbst w`jn` gxjsts
jhlgpghlghtay di us bhl bobjhst w`jn` wg nbh gvbaubtg t`g
vgrbnjty di dur `jstdrjnba wrjtjhos. \`bt sbjl, sdkg idrk di
bssgsskght js pdssjfag idr t`grg brg oddl bhl t`grg brg fbl
brn`bgdadojgs. Fut ji wg trgbt kbtgrjba nuaturg bs bh dpgh
tgxt, ghlagssay bvbjabfag td dur rg-jhtgrprgtbtjdhs, `dw brg
sun` eulokghts td fg kblg4 J wdual suoogst t`bt kun`
lgpghls updh t`g wby jh w`jn` wg wgandkg b `ukbhjty
dt`gr t`bh dur dwh jhtd dur `jstdrjgs.
\`js rbt`gr luaa prgbkfuabtjdh t`rduo` brn`bgdadojnba
t`gdry `bs rgbn`gl jts odba= td ljstjhoujs` fgtwggh strunturg
bhl boghny bhl td rgndohjzg t`bt t`g kbtgrjba wdral js fdt`
t`g ndhtgxt bhl t`g ndhsgqughng di `ukbh prbntjng.
^trunturgs brg t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn` gxjst bhl w`jn` `ukbhsrgndohjzg bs rgsdurngs wjt` w`jn` t`gy nbh wdrm. Boghny
uhlgrstbhls t`dsg rgsdurngs, jt rgbls t`gk bhl rgndohjzgs
t`bt sdkg di jts dwh lgsjrgs nbh fg bn`jgvgl t`rduo` bntjdh
bhl ljsndursg w`jn` usg t`gk, boghny ijhls b pabng idr jtsgai
jh t`g wdral. ^trunturg bhl boghny ld hdt idrk b lubajty
fgnbusg gbn` jhtgrpghgtrbtgs t`g dt`gr t`rduo` t`g
ndhsnjdushgss di boghny. \`g drlgrgl pbttgrh di kbtgrjba
26< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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rgsjlugs, ajmg t`g drlgr di sdnjba bhl gndhdkjn jhstjtutjdhs,
brjsgs bs b ndhsgqughng di t`js jh`bfjtbtjdh di t`g wdral.
_g kby trgbt sun` ndhsgqughngs bs t`g systgkjn brrbhogkght
di t`jhos dr di sdnjba jhstjtutjdhs. Fgttjhogr `bs lgbat jh lgtbja
wjt` bh broukght sjkjabr td t`g dhg pursugl `grg w`grg `g
lgkdhstrbtgs t`bt hgd-iuhntjdhbajsk bhl Kbrxjst t`gdry fdt`
bssukg t`bt ‐nuaturg prdngss' dnnurs fy kgbhs di systgkstrbhsidrkbtjdh (Fgttjhogr 2::2).
\`g ljsghtbhoajho dh t`g dhg `bhl di t`g jhtgrpghgtrbtjdh
di strunturba ndhljtjdhs wjt` boghny, w`jn` js t`g rgba
ndhljtjdh di `jstdry, irdk dh t`g dt`gr jts systgkjn
ndhsgqughngs, kgbhs t`bt wg brg jh b pdsjtjdh td bvdjl
bhbaysjs w`jn` sggms td gxpabjh systgkjn n`bhog fy rgigrghng
td t`g systgk jtsgai. \d nabjk idr gxbkpag t`bt sdnjba dr
gndhdkjn systgks brg ljrgntay rgprgsghtgl jh t`g pbttgrhs di
brn`bgdadojnba rgsjlugs, bs Vghirgw `bs ldhg, jkkgljbtgay
rgkdvgs t`g pdssjfjajty di sjtubtjho `jstdrjnba boghny wjt`jh
jts kbtgrjba bhl strunturba ndhljtjdhs (Vghirgw 2::<). \d od
iurt`gr bhl nabjk t`bt t`g sdnjba dr gndhdkjn systgk gxjstgl
td fg blbptjvg bhl t`bt systgkjn n`bhog js td fg gxpabjhgl bsbh blbptjvg rgspdhsg td sdkg gxtgrhba stjkuaj js trjvjba. Bs
Fgttjhogr ndkkghts ‑kdst fg`bvjdurs `bvg bt agbst sdkg
pdtghtjbaay fghgijnjba giignts‛ (2::2, 7>), sjkpay fy pabnjho
t`gksgavgs jh t`g wdral pgdpag oghgrbaay blbpt td jt wjt` b
ngrtbjh lgorgg di giijnjghny.
Jt js tjkg td rgturh td t`g pgdpag w`dsg ajvgs wg s`dual fg
stulyjho bhl td t`g mjhls di gxpgrjghngs wjt` w`jn` wg
fgobh t`js pbpgr. \`js kgbhs, bkdho dt`gr t`jhos, t`bt wg hd
adhogr wrjtg bh brn`bgdadoy di t`g Kgsdajt`jn dr Hgdajt`jn bs
ji t`gsg systgkjn drlgrjhos di kbtgrjba bhl jhstjtutjdhbajzgl
prbntjngs wgrg t`gksgavgs t`g idrngs di `jstdry, idr t`gy wgrg
hdt. Jt js t`us pdjhtagss td sggm bh gxpabhbtjdh idr t`g
trbhsidrkbtjdh fgtwggh dhg sun` systgk bhl bhdt`gr jh
tgrks di t`dsg systgks t`gksgavgs.
>. \`g brn`bgdadoy di jh`bfjtbtjdh
Ndhsjlgr t`g lgbl n`jal. _`bt mjhl di fgjho wbs t`js4 _bs
sun` b ajig uhlgrstbhlbfag, idr w`grg ljl jt ijhl jts pabng bhl
`dw ndual t`js lgbt` fg frduo`t jhtd b ndhidrkjty wjt` t`g
wdral bs jt wbs4 Sgr`bps t`g n`jal ndual fg hbkgl, pabngl
bkdho t`g ajvjho ndkkuhjty, dr pgr`bps t`g ajig `bl fggh sd
iaggtjho bs td rghlgr jt jhsufstbhtjba, trbhsjght. \`g sullgh
bhl uhgxpgntgl lgbt` ndual pgr`bps, fy rgbsdh, fgndkg
uhlgrstbhlbfag. Brn`bgdadojsts ld hdt ajstgh td t`g stdrjgs fy
w`jn` dt`grs tbamgl t`rduo` t`g adojn di sun` b sjtubtjdh,gstbfajs`jho w`bt wbs rgqujrgl td `dal sdkg skbaa pdrtjdh di
t`g wdral tdogt`gr, dr td tgbr bsuhlgr t`g jhbpprdprjbtg
ndhljtjdhs w`jn` obvg rjsg td t`g gvghts w`jn` t`gy t`gh
pgrngjvgl. Fut brn`bgdadojsts ld stuly t`g ndhljtjdhs w`jn`
`gapgl td rghlgr sun` tbam pdssjfag, bhl t`gy ld dfsgrvg t`g
ndhsgqughngs di bntjdhs w`jn` bnndkpbhjgl t`g prbntjng di
sun` tbam.
\d tbam bh uhlgrstbhljho di t`g wdral jhtd fgjho, td fg
bfag td ndkprg`ghl t`g pbssjho di b ajig, dr td fg bfag td
ndhtbjh t`g jkpajnbtjdhs di t`bt lgbt`, js td gxprgss b sghsg d
vjsjdh w`jn` sggs `dw t`g wdral js bhl gstbfajs`gs t`g pabng
wjt`jh jt idr sun` bh gvght. _g usg t`g tgrkjhdadoy di vjsuba
pgrngptjdh td lgsnrjfg bh uhlgrstbhljho di tgkpdrba
ndhtjhujty, t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh gvght bhl strunturg. \`gjlgb di sggjho dr sghsjho dhg's pabng frjhos us fbnm td t`g
wbys t`g prbntjngs di jh`bfjtbtjdh kbmg sghsg di ajig. \jkg
bhl pabng ndkfjhg jh t`g wby wg gxpgrjghng t`g wdral. _g
kby pbss tjkg bt dhg pabng bhl wg sgpbrbtg ljiigrght pbrngas
di tjkg bs wg kdvg fgtwggh pabngs, b kdvgkght t`rduo`
tjkg bhl spbng. \`g abhlsnbpg t`grgidrg gkfdljgs t`g
tgkpdrba bspgnts di dur jh`bfjtbtjdh di jt. Fut bs sun` jt kus
ndhtbjh kdrg t`bh dhg mjhl di tgkpdrbajty. \d t`jhm bnrdss
tjkg, td ajhm t`g tjkg di dhg's dwh ajig dr di t`g ajig di
bhdt`gr td t`g tjkg di b abrogr ndskdadojnba drlgr rgqujrgs
t`bt, t`rduo` t`g prbntjng di jh`bfjtjho t`g wdral, wg brg bfag
td frjho t`dsg ljiigrght tgkpdrbajtjgs tdogt`gr jh t`g dhg
wdral w`jn` wg ghnduhtgr.@jrsn` brougs t`bt t`rduo` jh`bfjtbtjdh t`g abhlsnbpg js
frduo`t ‐jhtd vjgw' fy t`g ljsndvgry di jts ibkjajbrjty
(@jrsn` 2::7, > sgg basd Nbrtgr 2:0?). \`g wby t`js wdrms js
fgtwggh bh dnnupjgl ‐idrgorduhl' di jkkgljbtg gxpgrjghng
bhl b ‐fbnmorduhl' di pgrngjvgl pdtghtjbajty, t`g abttgr fgjho
t`rdwh jhtd rgajgi irdk t`g pdjht di vjgw di t`g idrkgr
(@jrsn` 2::7, >). \`g rgabtjdhs`jp kust fg fdt` spbtjba bhl
tgkpdrba. \`g idrgorduhl js t`g ‐`grg bhl hdw' w`jast t`g
fbnmorduhl js hdt kgrgay t`g ‐`drjzdh' fut basd ‐t`g tjkg di
abw', b pabng di nrgbtjdh bhl `jstdry, t`g adnbtjdh di sdkg
dt`gr jlgba stbtg. \`g fbnmorduhl js t`grgidrg b ljspabngl
tgkpdrbajty, b abhlsnbpg w`jn` t`g sufegnt sggs bs sgpbrbtg
irdk t`gksgavgs, nrgbtjho t`g sjtubtjdh di t`g spgntbtdr, fut b
abhlsnbpg w`grgjh t`gy tdd ndual ijhl b pabng. ^un`
abhlsnbpgs gxprgss w`bt ^kjt` lgsnrjfgs bs ‐t`g pagbsurg di
lgtbn`kght' t`rduo` w`jn` ‐sdkgt`jho drljhbry js kblg
gxtrbdrljhbry' (^kjt` 2::>, ?: & 02).
\`g fbnmorduhl js t`grgidrg t`g `jstdrjnba dr trbhsnghlgh-
tba spbng td w`jn` prbntjng bspjrgs, bhl wg kust mggp `dal d
t`g nghtrbajty di prbntjng bs t`g kgbhs fy w`jn` t`g
fbnmorduhl js rgvgbagl dr frduo`t jhtd vjgw. @dwbrl
Kdrp`y `bs lgsnrjfgl t`g wby Hbrrjtyjh Kbykuru, b Zdahou
irdk hdrt`-gbst Brh`gk Abhl wbs bfag td rgndohjzg, dr frjho
jhtd vjgw, t`g abhlsnbpg brduhl t`g ^hdwy Kduhtbjhs dh
t`g fdrlgr fgtwggh Hgw ^dut` _bags bhl Yjntdrjb w`jn`hgjt`gr di t`gk `bl gvgr vjsjtgl fgidrg. \`bt abhlsnbpg wbs
rgndohjzbfag jh tgrks di bhngstrba tjkg bhl ndual t`grgidrg
fg sggh bhl tbamgl bfdut (Kdrp`y 2::7, 20<). Kdrp`y
gxprgssgs t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh t`g fdly's dwh
gxpgrjghngs, t`g idrgorduhlgl prbntjngs di jh`bfjtbtjdh bhl
tbam, bhl t`g fbnmorduhl di `jstdrjnba tjkg t`us frduo`t jhtd
vjgw bs t`g ‐trjbljn rgabtjdhs`jp' fgtwggh ‐t`g jhljvjluba',
267 E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^
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‐t`g wdral jh w`jn` `g dr s`g ajvgs', bhl ‐t`g bhngstrba wdral
di t`g pbst' (2::7, 20?). Idr t`g Bfdrjojhba pgdpag di
Bustrbajb t`g Lrgbkjho ‑rgprgsghts b strunturg ... w`jn` `bs
jh pbrt fggh ajvgl bhl `bs, bs b ndhsgqughng, ndhhdtbtjdhs.
Jt `bl jts drjojhs jh t`g pbst, jh jts sgpbrbtjdh irdk t`g iadw
di Lrgbktjkg gvghts. Jt `bs objhgl jts ndhhdtbtjdhs t`rduo`
jts jhndrpdrbtjdh jh sufsgqught `jstdry, t`rduo` fgjhorgprdlungl jh b idrk w`jn` ghbfagl jt td bnndkkdlbtg td
t`g gxjoghnjgs di `jstdrjnba gvghts‛ (Kdrp`y 2::7, 200).
Bhngstrba tjkg wbs trbhsidrkgl jhtd pabng w`gh t`g kdkght
di t`g bhngstrba prgsghng wbs irdzgh jhtd t`g idrk bldptgl
fy t`g pabng. \gkpdrba sgqughngs di bhngstrba gvghts t`us
fgnbkg spbtjbaay sgorgobtgl pabngs idr t`g `ukbh dfsgrvgr
w`grg ‑w`bt rgkbjhs js t`g ljstbhng fgtwggh pabngs rbt`gr
t`bh t`gjr tgkpdrba ljstbhng fgtwggh gvghts‛ (Kdrp`y 2::7,
200). Jt js t`rduo` t`gjr jh`bfjtbtjdh di t`g abhlsnbpg t`bt t`g
jhljvjluba rgwdrms t`g rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh t`g tgkpdrba
gxpgrjghngs di t`gjr dwh fdly bhl jts prbntjngs, bhl t`g
tgkpdrba rgabtjdhs`jps gxprgssgl fy t`g gvghts di bhngstrba
tjkg. ‑\`g drlgrgl, irdzgh wdral di t`g bhngstrba pbstfgndkgs pbrt di t`g sufegntjvg gxpgrjghng di t`g jhljvjluba,
t`rduo` t`g bnqujsjtjdh di mhdwaglog jh t`g bhngstrba pbst bs
`g dr s`g kdvgs t`rduo` t`g wdral‛ (Kdrp`y 2::7, 20:).
\`g jhljvjluba rgndhtgxtubajsgs t`gjr gxpgrjghngs fy ajitjho
t`gjr gygs irdk t`g idrgorduhlgl drljhbry gvght td sgg t`g
fbnmorduhl `drjzdh di gxtrbdrljhbry, sbnrgl dr `jstdrjnba
drlgr. \`g prbntjngs fy w`jn` sun` drlgr js frduo`t jhtd
vjgw, bhl fy w`jn` t`g drljhbry ajig fgndkgs gkfgllgl
wjt`jh jt, brg tbamgl bfdut bs t`g ljsndursg di ‐fgjho jh t`g
wdral'. \jaagy wrjtgs t`bt td ‑uhlgrstbhl b abhlsnbpg truay jt
kust fg igat, fut td ndhvgy sdkg di t`js iggajho td dt`grs jt
`bs td fg tbamgl bfdut‛ (\jaagy 2::<, >2), bhl `g ajhms t`g
prdngss di rgabtjho dhg pabng td bhdt`gr vjb b sgrjba
kdvgkght badho b pbt` bs b ‐hbrrbtjvg uhlgrstbhljho'.
Gvghts bhl pabngs brg ojvgh kgbhjho fy ajhmjho t`gk bs b
pbrtjnuabr sgqughngs di idrgorduhlgl gxpgrjghngs td t`g
fbnmorduhl di oghgrbajtjgs. \`g pbrtjnuabr r`gtdrjnba
drobhjzbtjdh di b hbrrbtjvg wdrms dh us fgnbusg wg s`brg bh
uhlgrstbhljho di fdt`, wg sgg `dw t`g pbrtjnuabr rgabtgs td
t`g oghgrba, jh giignt wg s`brg t`g sbkg abhlsnbpg. \`us
‑b nrjtjnba uhlgrstbhljho di spbtjba hbrrbtjvg rgqujrgs t`bt wg
jhvgstjobtg prgnjsgay w`y wg prgigr sdkg padts dr
ndhijourbtjdhs di t`jhos rbt`gr t`bh dt`grs. Jh dt`gr wdrls
bttghtjdh kust fg pabygl (sjn) td t`g kbhhgr jh w`jn` t`g
stdry js nrgbtjvgay drn`gstrbtgl, `dw jt oujlgs, bhl w`bt jtpbssgs t`rduo`‛ (\jaagy 2::<, >6).
Ji wg bnngpt t`bt b iuhlbkghtba rgabtjdhs`jp gxjsts
fgtwggh abhlsnbpg, uhlgrstbhljho bhl abhoubog t`gh wg
s`dual basd fg jh b pdsjtjdh td rgndohjzg t`bt bh brn`bgdadoy
di prbntjng, di t`g boght's jh`bfjtbtjdh di t`g wdral, js basd
bh brn`bgdadoy di tbam. Ogaa bhl dt`grs `bvg wrjttgh di t`g
pdgtjns di t`dsg w`d jh`bfjt t`g lghsgay idrgstgl `jo`abhls
di Hgw Oujhgb. Ogaa's ndhngrh wjt` t`g jssug di ajhoujstjn
jndhjnjty agbls `jk td ljstjhoujs` syhtbntjn jndhjnjty, s`brgl
fy baa abhoubogs bhl ndvgrjho t`g ruags w`jn` odvgrh t`g
brrbhogkght di t`g kbjh bhl sufsjljbry nabusgs wjt`jh b
sghtghng, bhl sghtghng kgbhjho, irdk p`dhdadojnba jndhjsk
w`jn` ndhngrhs t`g ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh t`g ‑sduhl-
sufstbhng di jhljvjluba wdrls bhl kdrp`gkgs bhl t`gjr kgbhjhos‛ (Ogaa 2::7, 6><). Ogaa prdpdsgs t`bt ‑t`g prjkbry
idrgst ghvjrdhkght jkpdsgs b rgdrobhjzbtjdh di sghsjfjajty,
sun` t`bt t`g wdral js pgrngjvgl jh b kbhhgr w`jn` ojvgs
prjlg di pabng td t`g buljtdry (bhl bhdt`gr sghsg wg `brlay
gvgr usg, daibntjdh ...), bhl t`bt t`js trbhsidrkgl sghsjfjajty
`bs kbhjidal ndhsgqughngs jh t`g ldkbjh di ndohjtjdh
tghljho td prdkdtg p`dhdadojnba jndhjnjty jh abhoubog‛
(Ogaa 2::7, 6>7). Jh b wdral w`grg t`g abhlsnbpg js mhdwh
prjkbrjay t`rduo` sduhl bhl skgaa, w`grg t`grg brg hd dpgh
vjstbs ajhmjho t`g kdkght bhl pabng td b ibr `drjzdh, Ogaa
ijhls b nuaturba gxprgssjdh di ‐sykpbt`y' jh t`js ‐jhtjkbtg,
ndhnrgtg bhl tbntjag wdral' w`jn` kbjhtbjhs b p`dhdadojnba
jndhjnjty jh jts abhoubogs wjt` jts usg di b wjlg rbhog di dhdkbtdpdgjbs. Jh ndhtrbst t`g ldkjhbhng di b p`dhdadojnba
jndhjnjty kby ibaa bwby jh ndhljtjdhs w`grg b vjsuba
gxpgrjghng di t`g ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh abhlsnbpg igbturgs
prgldkjhbtgs bhl b kdrg ‐brfjtrbry' abhoubog gkgrogs w`grg
‐sjoh bhl kgbhjho fgadho td ghtjrgay sgpbrbtg ndlgs' (Ogaa
2::7, 6>7).
\`rduo` prbntjng t`g ndhhgntjdhs brg kblg fgtwggh t`g
idrgorduhlgl gxpgrjghngs di drljhbry ajig, jts rdutjhgs bhl
surprjsgs, bhl t`g fbnmorduhl `drjzdhs di oghgrbajty, `jstdry
bhl drlgr. \`g gxpgrjghng di b pbrtjnuabr abhlsnbpg wjaa ijhl
wjt`jh jt b pbrtjnuabr ajhm fgtwggh t`g twd spbtjbaay bhl
tgkpdrbaay, bhl fy b ngrtbjh idrk di hbrrbtjvg t`g ajhms brg
tbamgl bfdut bhl uhlgrstddl. \`g gxpgrjghng di t`g
abhlsnbpg t`grgidrg kbmgs ngrtbjh hbrrbtjvgs bpprdprjbtg= t`g
nadsgl bhl jhtjkbtg sykpbt`jgs di t`g idrgsts dr t`g ajhgba
hbrrbtjvgs w`jn` bllrgss t`g gxpgrjghngs di wbamjho t`rduo`
dpgh nduhtry. Jh t`g wbam wjt` w`jn` t`js ndhtrjfutjdh fgobh
bhdt`gr pdssjfjajty dnnurrgl, td gkgrog irdk b adnba bhl
nadsgl pbt` dhtd bh upabhl vjstb. ^un` b wbam ndual hdt `bvg
tbmgh pabng bhyw`grg jh pdst-oabnjba Gurdpg, jt wbs hdt b
wbam dvgr b frdbl adwabhl gxpbhsg dr b ndbstba pabhg. \`dsg
w`d pbssgl t`rduo` t`bt dpgh bhl uhluabtjho abhlsnbpg
ndual tgaa t`g stdrjgs di t`gjr dwh edurhgys, t`g rgkgkfgrgl
hbrrbtjvgs di pabngs vjsjtgl jh turh, fut t`gy ndual basd addm
dut irdk bh upabhl vbhtbog pdjht bhl objh, bt t`bt kdkght, bnagbr vjgw di t`g ljstbht `drjzdh bhl di t`g pabngs w`jn` aby
fgtwggh t`gk bhl t`bt `drjzdh. ^un` b vbhtbog pdjht obvg
vdjng td t`g pdssjfjajty di b hbrrbtjvg vjsjdh di abhlsnbpg
w`jn` wbs bvbjabfag dhay td t`dsg w`d stddl pbrtay dutsjlg
bhl addmgl bnrdss jt bhl sbw, irdk t`gjr pgrspgntjvg, jts
ndhhgntjdhs. Irdk sun` b pdjht tjkg bhl spbng kjo`t sggk
td ndaabpsg jhtd b sjhoag syht`gsjs, b sgt di iuhlbkghtba
269 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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prjhnjpags w`jn` gvdmgl t`g pbttgrh di t`g abhl sggh wjt` b
nabrjty di vjsjdh w`jn` wbs dhay bvbjabfag jh bh gxtghsjvgay
nagbrgl abhlsnbpg di uhluabtjdhs bhl s`brp rgajgi (ni. Fadn`
2::7). Gxbntay `dw sun` b syht`gsjs kjo`t fg gstbfajs`gl,
t`g hbturg di t`g prjhnjpags jt gkpadygl, brg hdt lgtgrkjhgl
fy t`g p`ysjnba ndhljtjdhs jt usgs, fut t`dsg ndhljtjdhs kbmg
sun` b syht`gsjs pdssjfag.Jh `js B S`ghdkghdadoy di Abhlsnbpg \jaagy (2::<) vjsjts
t`rgg rgojdhs jh sdut`grh Frjtbjh= t`g ndbstajhg di sdut`-wgst
_bags, t`g Fabnm Kduhtbjhs di sdut`-nghtrba _bags, bhl t`g
n`bam ldwhabhl di sdut`grh _gssgx. \jaagy gvdmgs t`g
n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g tdpdorbp`y di gbn` di t`gsg rgojdhs.
\`rduo` t`js tdpdorbp`y bh jhtgrpaby js gstbfajs`gl fgtwggh
t`g abhlsnbpg bhl t`g kdhukght, bh jhtgrpaby w`jn` jtsgai
lgpghls updh t`g kdvgkght, vjsjdh bhl gxpgrjghngs di t`g
`ukbh fdly. \`g ndhsnjdus fdly, w`jn` js bfsght irdk
bakdst baa brn`bgdadojnba tgxts, js t`g boghny t`rduo` w`jn`
pabng, kdhukght bhl abhlsnbpg nbh fg rgndohjzgl jh rgabtjdh
dhg wjt` t`g dt`gr. \`g rgabtjdhs`jp, gxprgssgl bs b hbrrbtjvg,
js hgvgr di dhg idrk, bhl sd t`g stdrjgs brg hdt rgpgtjtjvg(sgg basd Irbsgr 2::7). ^dkgtjkgs t`g hbrrbtjvg js bfdut t`g
bpprdbn` tdwbrls t`g kdhukght bhl t`g abhlsnbpg pdsjtjdh
wjt`jh w`jn` jt js sgt bhl t`rduo` w`jn` t`g boght pbssgs, bt
dt`gr tjkgs jt kby ndhngrh t`g wby t`g pabng bhl t`g
kdhukght dpgrbtg bs b pdjht di rgigrghng idr t`g abhlsnbpg
fgydhl. ^un` hbrrbtjvgs rgqujrg t`g bfjajty td hbkg pabngs
bhl uhlgrstbhl b wby di rgabtjho t`gk. \`us \jaagy suoogsts
‑t`bt jt wbs prgnjsgay fgnbusg t`g ndbst prdvjlgl fdt` rjn`
gndhdkjn rgsdurngs bhl b wgbat` di hbkgl bhl ljstjhntjvg
hbturba tdpdorbp`jn kbrmgrs t`bt jt wbs sd sykfdajnbaay
jkpdrtbht td fdt` Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn pdpuabtjdhs‛
(2::<, 09). Fut t`g wbys di rgabtjho t`gsg hbkgl kbrmgrs js
t`rduo` t`g jhtgrpaby di idrgorduhl bhl fbnmorduhl.
Fgtwggh t`gsg t`g kdhukght bhl dt`gr abhlsnbpg igbturgs
sajp wjt` rgigrghng td t`g pdsjtjdh bhl kdvgkght di t`g fdly
bs wgaa bs t`g fjdorbp`y di gxpgrjghngs w`jn` t`g fdly
nbrrjgs wjt` jt.
Kdhukghts gxprgssgl b ngrtbjh wby di tbamjho bfdut b
pbrtjnuabr rbhog di abhlsnbpg gxpgrjghngs= t`gy kblg sghsg
w`gh sjtubtgl jh t`g gxpbhsjvg vjstbs di t`g rgabtjvgay dpgh
bhl tdpdorbp`jnbaay ljstjhntjvg abhlsnbpg idrks w`jn` t`gy
bllrgssgl. Sgr`bps wg nbh hdw fgojh td `gbr t`g wbys
hbrrbtjvgs ndual `bvg fggh ndhstruntgl jh t`g tdpdorbp`jnbaay
vbrjgl abhlsnbpgs di Btabhtjn Gurdpg. Bs t`g vgogtbtjdh wbs
jhnrgbsjhoay nagbrgl td rgvgba t`g ljstbht idrks di t`gsgabhlsnbpgs sd jt fgnbkg pdssjfag td sgg bh jhtgorbtjdh
fgtwggh ljstbht pabngs bhl pabngs bargbly ghnduhtgrgl. \`g
hbrrbtjvgs di t`bt jhtgorbtjdh, jh t`gjr vbrjdus kbhjigstbtjdhs,
ditgh s`brgl b r`gtdrjnba ndhngrh wjt` `ukbh furjba bhl
bhngstrba vghgrbtjdh. Jh t`js wby pbst bhl prgsght wgrg
frduo`t tdogt`gr bt dhg pabng bhl t`us t`g pbssjho di `ukbh
ajig ndual fg baadnbtgl b sjohjijnbhng jh b n`bhogagss wdral.
Jh `js bnnduht \jaagy js ndhngrhgl td kbjhtbjh, ji
sdkgw`bt ljiijlghtay, b ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh t`g Kgsdajt`jn
bhl t`g Hgdajt`jn kbrmgl fy t`g gkgroghng di kdhukght
fujaljho jh t`g Hgdajt`jn. \`js wbs t`g prdngss, bnndrljho td
\jaagy, ‑fy w`jn` t`g abhl fgnbkg ghnuaturbtgl bhl
uatjkbtgay trbhsidrkgl jhtd brn`jtgnturba idrk lurjho t`g
Hgdajt`jn, w`gh t`grg brjsgs b hggl td nbpturg bhl ndhtrdaw`bt t`g abhlsnbpg js bfdut t`rduo` t`g kgljuk di
abhlsnbpg kdrp`dadoy‛ (2::<, ?>). \`g ljstjhntjdh sggks
dvgr pabygl. \`g sbkg pabngs rgkbjhgl jkpdrtbht, bhl
sjkjabr hbrrbtjvgs di t`g abhlsnbpg kby `bvg fggh tdal,
ghsurjho t`bt t`g obt`grgr-`uhtgr abhlsnbpg wbs bs lghsgay
ghnuaturbtgl bs bhyt`jho w`jn` idaadwgl. \`g trbhsidrkbtjdh
di pabng fy t`g grgntjdh di stdhgs „ kdhukght fujaljho „
kby kgrgay `bvg fggh ndhtjhoght updh t`g hukfgrs di
pgdpag prgsght bt bhy dhg tjkg bhl t`g hbturg di bntjvjtjgs
bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g hbrrbtjvgs di t`g pabng. Jt wbs t`g ndhtgxt
di t`g pabngs jh w`jn` t`dsg hbrrbtjvgs fgnbkg pdssjfag
w`jn` obvg t`dsg kdhukghts t`gjr sjohjijnbhng, w`jn` kblg
t`gh kgbhjhoiua. \jaagy diigrs bh gvdautjdhbry sn`gkg tbmjhous dut di t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl jhtd t`g Hgdajt`jn vjb t`g
bpprdprjbtjdh di t`g bhngstrba pdwgrs bhl kgbhjhos di t`g
abhlsnbpg fy jhljvjlubas bhl ordups w`d ndhstruntgl bhl
usgl t`g vbrjdus n`bkfgrgl tdkfs, adho nbjrhs bhl adho
fbrrdws (\jaagy 2::<, 636). Idr `jk jt wbs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn
t`bt ‑tdkfs prgsghngl bhl kbrmgl dut t`g fdhgs di t`g
bhngstrba lgbl jh t`g abhlsnbpg. Jh sd ldjho t`gy vjsjfay
frduo`t t`g prgsghng di t`g bhngstrba pbst td ndhsnjdushgss.
... ]\`g[ sgttjho di pabng fgnbkg kun` kdrg bhn`drgl. \`g
fujaljho di t`g kdhukghts prgvghtgl t`g rjtuba bhl
kyt`dadojnba sjohjijnbhng di pbrtjnuabr pabngs fgjho adst bhl
idrodttgh. \`gy stbfjajzgl fdt` nuaturba kgkdry di pabng bhl
ndhhgntjdhs fgtwggh pabngs‛ (\jaagy 2::<, 636-<). Fut t`gsg
bssgrtjdhs sggk td ndhiusg t`g adhogvjty di survjvba di t`g
brn`bgdadojnba kdhukght wjt` t`g stbfjajty di jts kgbhjho.
Ngrtbjhay t`g brn`jtgnturba idrks rgprgsghtgl fy t`gsg
kdhukghts ibnjajtbtgl t`g ndkpagx drobhjzbtjdh di t`g rjtub
prbntjngs w`jn` usgl t`gk. Ndjhnjlghtbaay t`js kjo`t `bvg
iurt`gr gkp`bsjzgl ljstjhntjdhs fgtwggh stbtusgs di
prbntjtjdhgr fy gstbfajs`jho nagbr agvgas di spbtjba
sgorgobtjdh w`jn` gbn` stbtus kjo`t dnnupy (Fbrrgtt 2::<).
Fut t`gsg brrbhogkghts hd kdrg stbfjajzg dr bpprdprjbtg
kgbhjho t`bh ldgs t`g vghgrbtjdh di b rdnm dutnrdp= w`bt
kbttgrs js t`bt idr gjt`gr t`g tdkf dr t`g dutnrdp td `bvg
dfegntjijgl b ngrtbjh sgt di vbaugs t`gh t`g hbrrbtjvgs w`jn`sgt t`dsg vbaugs jh pabng `bl td fg tdal bhl uhlgrstddl, t`gy
`bl td fg ajvgl bs b wby di kbmjho sghsg di pgdpags'
gxpgrjghngs.
_g kust surgay bnngpt t`g ghdrkdus adhogvjty di ngrtbjh
abhlsnbpg hbrrbtjvgs w`jn` gvdavgl, bs t`g abhlsnbpg di
Btabhtjn Gurdpg jtsgai gvdavgl, jh t`g pdst-oabnjba pgrjdl. Jh
t`g tgaajho di t`dsg stdrjgs ngrtbjh bnts di ndhstruntjdh tddm
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pabng w`jn` `bl iurt`gr ndhsgqughngs idr t`g wbys jh w`jn`
t`g abhlsnbpg ndual fg vjgwgl. \`gsg ndhstruntjdhs, t`g
kdhukghts idr furjba bhl di bhngstrba vghgrbtjdh, ld hdt
kbrm t`g trbhsjtjdh irdk dhg bog td bhdt`gr, hdr ld t`gy
hgngssbrjay kbrm t`g gkgroghng di b kdrg stbfag
uhlgrstbhljho di t`g abhlsnbpg. Kdhukghts wgrg sjkpay t`g
prdlunt di pgdpag ndhtjhujho td rgwdrm t`g trbljtjdhbahbrrbtjvgs di t`gjr abhlsnbpgs fut uhlgr n`bhojho kbtgrjba
ndhljtjdhs. \`gsg n`bhojho ndhljtjdhs, jhnauljho t`g
nagbrbhng di vgogtbtjdh, t`g jhtrdluntjdh di hgw rgsdurngs
bhl jhnrgbsgl agvgas di pdpuabtjdh, ld hdt ‐gxpabjh' w`y
t`gsg pbrtjnuabr kdhukghts wgrg fujat fut sjkpay rgprgsght
t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs uhlgr w`jn` t`gy fgnbkg pdssjfag.
<. Ndhnausjdh
\`rduo` tbam gxpgrjghng js s`brgl bhl uhlgrstbhljhos di
t`g wdral brg gxprgssgl. Brn`bgdadojsts ld hdt `gbr t`g tbam
di t`dsg w`dk t`gy stuly, fut t`gh hdr ld kdst `jstdrjbhs.
\bam js jhtjkbtg, b adnba prbntjng w`jn` kbmgs sghsg
fgnbusg bssukptjdhs bfdut t`g wdral bhl gxpgrjghngs di t`g wdral brg s`brgl. Jt gxprgssgs t`g gkfdljgl hbturg di
`ukbh boghny t`rduo` w`jn` t`g wdral js jh`bfjtgl. \`g
fdly kdvgs t`rduo` t`g wdral, bhl t`g gxpgrjghngs jt
ghnduhtgrs dh t`g wby brg iduhl td fg ndkprg`ghsjfag bhl
nbh fg bntgl updh fgnbusg t`gy brg sggh bobjhst t`g wjlgr
`drjzdh di b sdnjbaay ndhstjtutgl bhl drlgrgl uhjvgrsg.
Boghny js t`grgidrg sjtubtgl wjt`jh pbrtjnuabr strunturba
ndhljtjdhs w`jn` jt ndkprg`ghls bhl t`rduo` w`jn` jt js
bfag td bnt bhl td ndkkuhjnbtg t`g fbsjs di t`bt
ndkprg`ghsjdh.
Brn`bgdadoy `bs tghlgl td ndhiusg t`g jssug fy rgobrljho
jts rdag bs fgjho td jhtgrprgt dr td gxpabjh bhnjght pbttgrhs di
kbtgrjba nuaturg rbt`gr t`bh td uhlgrstbhl `dw dt`grs dhng
dnnupjgl t`g strunturba ndhljtjdhs w`jn` t`gy pgrngjvgl td
odvgrh t`gjr ajvgs. \`js js b qugstjdh di t`g gxtght td w`jn`
brn`bgdadojsts brg prgpbrgl td rgajhqujs` t`g prjkbny di t`gjr
dwh `drjzdhs di gxpgntbtjdh bhl sggm jhstgbl batgrhbtjvg
`drjzdhs w`jn` dt`grs kby `bvg usgl td oujlg t`g pbssbog di
t`gjr dwh ajvgs. _g kby ngrtbjhay ijhl b kgbhjho idr ngrtbjh
pbttgrhs di kbtgrjba nuaturg w`gh wg lrbw ndkpbrjsdhs
rgprgsghtbtjvg di gxtghsjvg ogdorbp`jnba bhl n`rdhdadojnba
ljvgrsjty, fut sun` ndkpbrjsdhs brg gxprgssjvg di t`g wby wg
brg sjtubtgl wjt`jh dur bnblgkjn ljsndursg. \`grg `bvg fggh
dt`gr wbys t`js kbtgrjba wbs dnnupjgl, bhl jt js t`js w`jn`
s`dual jhtgrgst us.\`g Hgdajt`jn wbs hdt b sgt di kbtgrjba rgsdurngs w`jn`
sprgbl irdk sdut`-wgst Bsjb t`rduo` Gurdpg, hdr wbs jt b sgt
di bfstrbnt nbtgodrjgs w`jn` wgrg trbhskjttgl jhtd ljiigrght
gndadojnba bhl sdnjba ndhtgxts bnrdss Gurdpg, bat`duo` di
ndursg t`bt js gxbntay w`bt t`g Hgdajt`jn js idr abrog hukfgrs
di brn`bgdadojnba ndkkghtbtdrs. Hdr js t`g Hgdajt`jn td fg
gxpabjhgl bs b s`jit jh t`g systgkjn blbptbtjdh di `ukbh
sdnjgtjgs bwby irdk obt`grgr-`uhtjho w`jn` wbs frduo`t
bfdut gjt`gr fy ghvjrdhkghtba n`bhog dr fy adho ajvgl bhl
gssghtjbaay bfstrbnt sdnjba prdngssgs. Kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs
ngrtbjhay n`bhogl, fut t`g Hgdajt`jn js bfdut t`g wbys t`dsg
n`bhojho ndhljtjdhs wgrg jh`bfjtgl, uhlgrstddl bhl tbamgl
bfdut, t`us baadwjho t`g kdkghtbry gxpgrjghngs di ajig td fg
sgt bobjhst b fbnmorduhl di pgrngjvgl drlgr. \`g kgobajt`jnbhl hdh-kgobajt`jn brn`jtgnturg di t`g Btabhtjn sgbfdbrl
gxprgssgs b hukfgr di wbys di sjtubtjho t`g sufegntjvg
gxpgrjghngs di kdvgkght bhl t`g ghnduhtgrs wjt` pabng
wjt`jh b wjlgr abhlsnbpg ndhtgxt. \`gsg wbys di tbamjho
wgrg kblg pdssjfag fy t`g vgry hbturg di t`g abhlsnbpg jtsgai
jh w`jn` sdkg kdhukghts gvghtubaay frjlogl t`g spbng
fgtwggh t`g dnnupjgl idrgorduhl bhl t`g fbnmorduhl di
lgsjrgl bhl drlgrgl pdssjfjajtjgs, fgtwggh sufegntjvg
gxpgrjghng bhl t`g ndskdadojnba ngrtbjhtjgs w`jn` kblg t`g
wdral t`g wby jt wbs.
rgigrghngs
Fbrrgtt, E.N. 2::<. Irbokghts irdk bhtjqujty5 bh brn`bgdadoy di
sdnjba ajig jh Frjtbjh, 6:33-2633 FN, Dxidrl.
Fgttjhogr, V.A. 2::2. @uhtgr obt`grgrs5 brn`bgdadoy bhl
gvdautjdhbry t`gdry, Adhldh.
Fadn`, K. 2::7. Sgdpag jhtd pabngs5 Ubijkbhjry ndhngpts di nabrjty.
Jh5 G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh (gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di
abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs dh pabng bhl spbng, Dxidrl, 9>-??.
Nbrtgr, S. 2:0?. \`g rdbl td Fdtbhy Fby5 bh gssby jh spbtjba
`jstdry, Adhldh.
Irbsgr, ^.K. 2::7. S`ysjnba, sdnjba bhl jhtgaagntuba abhlsnbpgs jh
t`g Hgdajt`jn5 ndhtgxtubajsjho ^ndttjs` bhl Jrjs` kgobajt`jn
brn`jtgnturg, Whjvgrsjty di Oabsodw uhpufajs`gl S`L t`gsjs.
Ogaa, B. 2::7. \`g abhoubog di t`g idrgst5 abhlsnbpg bhl
p`dhdadojnba jndhjsk jh Wkglb. Jh5 G. @jrsn` & K. D'@bhadh
(gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs dh pabng bhl
spbng, Dxidrl, 6>6-67<.
Ojllghs, B. 2:06. Srdijags bhl nrjtjqugs jh sdnjba t`gdry, Adhldh.
@jrsn`, G. 2::7. Abhlsnbpg5 fgtwggh pabng bhl spbng. Jh5 G. @jrsn`
& K. D'@bhadh (gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs
dh pabng bhl spbng, Dxidrl, 2->3.
Kdrp`y, @. 2::7. Abhlsnbpg bhl t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g bhngstrba
pbst. Jh5 G. @jrsn` bhl K. D'@bhadh (gls.) \`g bht`rdpdadoy di
abhlsnbpg5 pgrspgntjvgs dh pabng bhl spbng, Dxidrl, 20<-63:.
Vghirgw, N. 2:0<. Bpprdbn`gs td sdnjba brn`bgdadoy, Gljhfuro`.
260 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Vjndgur, S. 2:00. \jkg bhl hbrrbtjvg vda. >, N`jnbod.
^`bhms, K. & J. @dllgr 2::7. Srdngssuba, pdstprdngssuba bhl
jhtgrprgtjvg brn`bgdadoy. Jh5 J. @dllgrgt ba. (gls.) Jhtgrprgtjho
brn`bgdadoy, Adhldh, >-6:.
^`bhms, K. & N. \jaagy 2:0?. Vgndhstruntjho brn`bgdadoy5 t`gdry
bhl prbntjng, Nbkfrjlog.
^kjt`, E. 2::>. \`g ajg t`bt fjhls5 lgstbfjajzjho t`g tgxt di
abhlsnbpg. Jh5 E. Luhnbh & L. Agy (gls.) Sabng/ Nuaturg/
Vgprgsghtbtjdh, Adhldh, >:-79.
\`dkbs, E. & N. \jaagy 2::>. \`g bxg bhl t`g tdrsd5 sykfdajn
strunturgs jh t`g Hgdajt`jn di Frjttbhy. Jh5 N. \jaagy (gl.)
Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, 667->69.
\jaagy, N. 2::>. Jhtgrprgtbtjdh bhl b pdgtjns di t`g pbst. Jh5 N. \jaag
(gl.) Jhtgrprgtbtjvg brn`bgdadoy, Dxidrl, 2->3.
\jaagy, N. 2::<. B p`ghdkghdadoy di abhlsnbpg5 pabngs, pbt`s bhl
kdhukghts, Dxidrl.
Ed`h N. Fbrrgtt
Lgpbrtkght di Brn`bgdadoy bhl Srg`jstdry
Whjvgrsjty di ^`giijgal
Hdrt`obtg @dusg, _gst ^trggt
WM-^2 <G\ ^`giijgal
26: E. FBVVG\\ „ ^\DHG BOG JLGDADOJG^
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^jhng … dhay t`g gvghts bhl hdt t`gjr jhigrrgl rgabtjdhs`jps brg
gkpjrjnbaay lgkdhstrbfag jh bhy stuly lgbajho wjt` kbh‚s pbst, t`g
ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g brn`gdadojnba, ldnukghtbry, bhl
gt`hdorbp`jn rgndrls js kgrgay dhg di lgorgg, hdt di mjhl, bhl t`g
brn`gdadojsts s`dual hdt ndhsjlgr t`bt t`g ajkjtbtjdhs di t`gjr ijhls
jkpdsg jhtgrprgtjvg strjnturgs updh t`gk bhy kdrg t`bh updh dt`gr
stulghts lgbajho wjt` pbst bntubajty. Wp td t`g ajkjts di t`gjr
gvjlghng, t`gjrs brg t`g sbkg prjvjagogs bhl t`g sbkg dfajobtjdhs
t`bt jkpjhog updh gt`hdadojsts bhl `jstdrjbhs.
„ _batgr _. \byadr, B ^tuly di Brn`gdadoy (2:9? ]2:<0[)
2. Jhtrdluntjdh
Jh t`g bnblgkjn ygbr 2::>-2::<, Lr. Kbrgm Uvgagfja bhl J
iduhl dursgavgs tdogt`gr bs Igaadws jh t`g Hgt`grabhls
Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl ^tuly jh t`g @ukbhjtjgs bhl ^dnjba
^njghngs, t`g dhay rgprgsghtbtjvgs di brn`bgdadoy bhl sdnjba
bht`rdpdadoy, dur rgspgntjvg ljsnjpajhgs, jh t`g HJB^
igaadws`jp t`bt ygbr. Sgr`bps idr wbht di b kdrg qubajijgl
pgrsdh nadsg td `bhl, J wbs jhvjtgl td sgrvg bs b ljsnussbht
idr b twd-lby ndhigrghng dh Jlgdadoy bhl ^dnjba ^trunturg di
@uhtjho, Obt`grjho, bhl Ibrkjho Ndkkuhjtjgs jh ^tdhg Bog
Gurdpg. _jt` b rgkbrm di Srjhng N`brags-Edsgp` lg Ajohg
(2?>7-202<) jh kjhl (‐\`js js b sufegnt dh w`jn` J mhdw
bfsdautgay hdt`jho5 J s`dual wrjtg b fddm dh jt‚) bhl sdkg
kjsojvjhos, J bnngptgl t`g jhvjtbtjdh.
J bk hgjt`gr bh brn`bgdadojst hdr prg`jstdrjbh fut, bs b
sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst, J `bvg nbrrjgl dut adho-tgrk ijgalwdrm
dh t`g jsabhl di Iadrgs jh gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb w`grg, bkdho b
pgdpag w`d nbaa t`gksgavgs t`g Btb \bhb ‚Bj, J `bvg
jhvgstjobtgl sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh, rgajojdh, kyt`, abhoubog,
bhl t`g `ukbh gndadoy di t`g \bhb ‚Bj vbaagy. \`g tdpjn di
t`g HJB^ ndhigrghng, w`jn` ghndkpbssgl jlgdadoy bhl
sdnjba strunturg, wbs t`us bttrbntjvg td kg bhl J wbs vgry
nurjdus td agbrh w`bt ky Gurdpgbh ndaagbougs jh brn`bgdadoy
bhl prg`jstdry `bl td sby dh t`gsg sufegnts. J wbs hdt
ljsbppdjhtgl. Hdt dhay wgrg t`g pbpgrs prgsghtgl jh t`gndhigrghng vgry jhtgrgstjho jh t`gksgavgs, fut bs t`g
ndhigrghng uhidalgl jt fgnbkg nagbr t`bt jts pbrtjnjpbhts
s`brgl b ndkkdh sgt di prdfagks, bpprdbn`gl t`dsg
prdfagks wjt` b ndkkdh bhl nd`grght bssgkfabog di
kgt`dls, bhl wgrg broujho bfdut nrunjba bhl hdh-trjvjba
kbttgrs fgbrjho dh t`gjr kbjh ndhngrhs5 Kgsdajt`jn `uhtjho
bhl obt`grjho, Hgdajt`jn ibrkgrs, bhl gbray Frdhzg Bog
sdnjgty, bhl `dw wg kjo`t lgtgrkjhg sdkgt`jho iuhlbkghtb
bfdut t`g pgdpag di t`dsg bhnjght sdnjgtjgs jh Gurdpg w`d
agit fg`jhl kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di t`gjr bntjvjtjgs.
Ojvgh t`g pbrtjnuabr bhl `brl-wdh mhdwaglog bhl
gxpgrtjsg t`bt brn`bgdadojsts frjho td t`gjr sufegnt, dhg nbh
rgbsdhbfay bsm w`bt b sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst kjo`t ndhtrjfutg
td b ljsnussjdh di ajig jh t`g prg`jstdrjn sdnjgtjgs di Gurdpg.
Jh rgpayjho td t`js qugstjdh J wjs` td kbmg jt nagbr bt t`g
fgojhhjho t`bt kdst di w`bt J hdw mhdw bfdut t`js sufegnt
J agbrhgl jh twd lbys bt HJB^. J tddm bwby irdk t`g HJB^ndhigrghng t`g jkprgssjdh t`bt jts pbrtjnjpbhts wgrg vjtbaay
jhtgrgstgl jh t`g wbys jh w`jn` t`g sdnjba strunturg bhl
jlgdadoy, j.g., t`g nuaturg, di Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn
Gurdpgbh pgdpags kjo`t fg n`brbntgrjzgl dh t`g fbsjs di lbtb
suppajgl irdk t`g stuly di t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di t`gjr
fg`bvjdr bhl bntjvjtjgs, bhl kdst gspgnjbaay, irdk t`g trbngs
di t`gjr sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs. \`gsg ndhngrhs brg hdt tdd ibr
rgkdvgl irdk t`dsg di sdnjba bht`rdpdadojsts, w`d
jhvgstjobtg fg`bvjdr bhl fdt` jhljvjluba bhl ordup bntjvjtjgs
bafgjt bkdho pgdpag stjaa bajvg bhl ndkkuhjtjgs stjaa gxtbht.
\`g kbhy pdjhts bt w`jn` t`gsg pbpgrs rbjsg bhl bllrgss
prdfagks s`brgl fy brn`bgdadojsts bhl bht`rdpdadojsts
jhljnbtg t`g lgorgg di biijhjty fgtwggh t`g twd ijgals.\`g pbrtjnjpbhts jh t`g HJB^ ndhigrghng wgrg bssgkfagl
td ndhsjlgr t`rgg qugstjdhs5
2. _`bt ld wg mhdw bfdut t`g sdnjba drobhjzbtjdh bhl
jlgdadoy di t`g `uhtgr-obt`grgr bhl ibrkjho ndkkuhjtjgs
di stdhg bog Gurdpg4
6. @dw nbh wg usg brn bgdadojnba gvjlghng bhl dur
ndhngptuba irbkgwdrms td mhdw di t`g sdnjba ldkbjhs di
t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn sdnjgtjgs4
>. _`bt pbttgrhs di n`bhog jh t`g sdnjba ldkbjh nbh fg
dfsgrvgl jh tjkg lurjho t`g Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn4
Sgr`bps t`g kdst jhtrbntbfag js t`g prdfagk di jhigrrjhosdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy irdk t`g kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di
fg`bvjdr. \`js qugstjdh js basd t`g dhg di t`g t`rgg t`bt b
sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst js fgst gqujppgl td bllrgss, bhl jt js t`us
td t`js prdfagk t`bt J wjaa bllrgss t`g rgkbrms jh t`js gssby.
Jh gssghng, t`g qugstjdhs ljsnussgl fy t`g HJB^
ndhigrghng rglung td t`js5 wjt` rgspgnt td lgvgadpkghts jh
Gurdpg jh t`g abtg Kgsdajt`jn bhl Hgdajt`jn grbs, `dw ld wg
G.L. Agwjs Vgkbrms dh t`g prdfagk di jhigrrjho jlgdadoy bhlsdnjba strunturg irdk t`g brtjibnts di `ukbh bntjdh2
\d Srdigssdr Vdlhgy Hggl`bk
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rgbl t`g bht`rdpdadojst‚s ‐nuaturg‚ irdk t`g ‐brn`bgdadojst‚s
‐nuaturg4‚ Fut eust w`bt ‐nuaturg‚ js idr bh bht`rdpdadojst,
t`bt js td bsm, w`bt jt js t`bt sdnjba bhl nuaturba bht`rdpdad-
ojsts stuly, `bs hgvgr fggh sgttagl sbtjsibntdrjay. Jt wbs b
prdfagk jh 2:76, w`gh Mrdgfgr bhl Maunm`d`h pufajs`gl
Nuaturg5 B Nrjtjnba Vgvjgw di Ndhngpts bhl Lgijhjtjdhs, bhl
jt rgkbjhs b prdfagk hdw. J s`baa jh t`js gssby (pgr`bpssdkgw`bt uhsbtjsibntdrjay) ijrst sby w`bt J t`jhm nuaturg js
hdt (jt js hdt stbtjn, jt js hdt b nbusba ghtjty, bhl jt nbhhdt fg
rgajbfay jhigrrgl irdk fg`bvjdr dr t`g kbtgrjba prdlunts di
fg`bvjdr) bhl irdk t`grg pdjht td ljiijnuatjgs bhl, kdrg
pdsjtjvgay, td pdssjfjajtjgs idr brn`bgdadojsts w`d wdrm irdk
brtjibnts tdwbrl nuaturg bs b ndhngpt w`jn` jhnaulgs pgdpags‚
jlgbs bhl pbttgrhs di sdnjba strunturg.
6. \`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh
_`jag hdt johdrjho b nghtury di lgfbtg bfdut t`g sufegnt jh
t`g sdnjba bhl fg`bvjdrba snjghngs, J wjaa `grg tbmg bs
fg`bvjdr bhyt`jho J nbh dfsgrvg b pgrsdh ldjho. Fut, bs b
sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst, J bk oghgrbaay kdrg jhtgrgstgl jhbntjdh t`bh jh sjkpag fg`bvjdr. \`g ljiigrghng fgtwggh
fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh js t`bt bntjdh js jhtghtjdhba fg`bvjdr , fy
w`jn` J kgbh t`bt jt `bs sdkg odba, purpdsg, dr rbtjdhbag t`bt
kbmgs jt jhstrukghtba dr kgbhjhoiua. ^hggzjho js fg`bvjdr,
w`grgbs nagbrjho b pbtn` di idrgst js bntjdh. Ji J bsm bh
jhidrkbht, ‐_`y ljl ydu shggzg4‚ `g kjo`t wgaa rgpay,
‐J ldh‚t mhdw.‚ Fut bhy jhidrkbht wjaa rgpay, ditgh bt aghot`,
bfdut w`y `g nagbrs b pbtn` di idrgst. Bs bh bht`rdpdadojst J
bttghl kdst td t`g abttgr fgnbusg J bk jhtgrgstgl jh t`g
pbttgrhs bhl rgouabrjtjgs t`bt `ukbh bntjdh prdlungs, gjt`gr
bs bh jhtghlgl odba dr bs bh uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughng di
bntjdh. Ljstjhoujs`jho jhtghlgl bntjdh bs b pbrtjnuabr mjhl
di fg`bvjdr irdk fg`bvjdr tbmgh oghgrbaay bhl iurt`gr
ljstjhoujs`jho t`g jhtghlgl odbas di bntjdh irdk t`g
uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughngs di jhtghtjdhba bntjdh agbl td
uhsuspgntgl ndkpagxjtjgs jh bht`rdpdadoy.
Jh t`g \bhb ‚Bj rgojdh di gbstgrh Iadrgs, idr gxbkpag,
pgdpag nagbr idrgst td kbmg obrlghs, bhl t`gy kbmg obrlghs
jh w`jn` td pabht nrdps, bhl t`gy pabht nrdps jh drlgr td ogt
iddl. \`us, nagbrjho b idrgst js bh jhtghtjdhba bntjvjty.
Bat`duo` bntjdh js jhtghtjdhba, jt hgvgrt`gagss nbh agbl td
uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughngs. Idr gxbkpag, w`gh addmjho bnrdss
t`g \bhb ‚Bj vbaagy irdk jts wgstgrh wbaa td t`g vbaagy‚s
gbstgrh sadpgs, t`g kdsbjn di nagbrgl obrlgh abhl bhl
rgordwt` idrgst js t`g sjhoag kdst dfvjdus igbturg di t`gabhlsnbpg di t`g rgojdh. _jt`dut rgigrghng di bhy mjhl td
kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty, dhg ndual kbp t`g obrlghs
bhl idrgsts bhl, jh ldjho sd, ndual ljsndvgr bh uhjhtghlgl
drlgr jh t`g abhlsnbpg. Fy uhjhtghlgl, J kgbh t`bt, s`dual
ydu bsm \bhb ‚Bj `drtjnuaturbajsts bfdut jt, t`gy kjo`t hdt
jkkgljbtgay rgndohjzg w`bt jt js ydu brg tbamjho bfdut bhl,
iurt`grkdrg, kjo`t hdt (jhlggl, kdst ajmgay wdual hdt) njtg
frjhojho bfdut t`bt drlgr jh t`g abhlsnbpg bs bh jhtghlgl
ndhsgqughng di nagbrjho idrgst bhl pabhtjho obrlghs t`g wby
t`gy ld. _jt` dr wjt`dut t`gjr jhtghljho jt td fg sd, t`g drlgr
js hdhgt`gagss t`grg. Bhl jt js b wdrt`y dfegnt di
uhlgrstbhljho bhl gxpabhbtjdh.
Fgidrg t`g brrjvba di Gurdpgbhs, t`g vbaagy di t`g Kurrby
Vjvgr, Bustrbajb‚s abrogst nbtn`kght bhl rjvgrjhg systgk, wbsrgpagtg wjt` idrgsts di Gunbayptus. Gunbaypts, dr ouk trggs,
brg gxngaaght wbtgr pukps. Bkdho trggs, t`gy gxnga bt
lrbwjho orduhl wbtgr t`rduo` t`gjr rddts bhl bspjrbtjho jt
jhtd t`g btkdsp`grg t`rduo` t`gjr agbvgs. Kbturg Gunbayptus
idrgsts t`us rgouabtg orduhl wbtgr agvgas, bs t`gy dhng ljl jh
kun` di t`g Kurrby Vjvgr fbsjh. Dvgr kdrg t`bh b nghtury,
Gurdpgbhs tddm blvbhtbog di t`g rjn` sdjas di t`g vbaagy idr
borjnuaturg. \`js bntjvjty rgqujrgl igaajho bhl nagbrjho t`g
vbaagy‚s idrgsts td kbmg ijgals bhl pblldnms. _jt` t`g trggs
odhg, t`g wbtgr tbfag jh t`g vbaagy fgobh td rjsg. Bs jt rdsg,
t`g wbtgr nbrrjgl wjt` jt ljssdavgl sbats. \dlby, t`bt sbat `bs
ndkg td t`g suribng jh kbhy pbrts di t`g vbaagy, t`us kbmjho
borjnuaturg jhnrgbsjhoay ljiijnuat. \`g sbatjho di t`g KurrbyVjvgr vbaagy js bh uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughng di jhtghtjdhba
`ukbh bntjdh.
Dhg di t`g bjks di brn`bgdadoy js td gxpabjh brtjibnts bhl
bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts jh tgrks di t`g fg`bvjdr di t`gjr
kbmgrs. \`us, bs bhbaysjs nbh rgvgba bh drlgrajhgss jh
brtjibnts bhl bssgkfabogs, jt js rgbsdhbfag td bssukg t`bt t`js
drlgr rgiagnts bh drlgrajhgss jh t`g fg`bvjdr di t`dsg w`d
prdlungl t`gk bhl w`d wgrg rgspdhsjfag idr t`gjr
lgpdsjtjdh. Fut ji t`g bjks di brn`bgdadoy jhnaulg t`g
rgndhstruntjdh di t`g nuaturg di t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bhl
lgpdsjtgl bh bssgkfabog di brtjibnts, t`gh wg rgqujrg b
kgbhs idr gstbfajs`jho kdrg t`bh b sjkpag ndrrgabtjdh di
brtjibnt bhl fg`bvjdr. \d rgndhstrunt b pbst nuaturg wg hggl,
bkdho dt`gr t`jhos, td fg bfag td jhigr t`g jlgdadoy bhl
sdnjba strunturg di t`dsg w`d agit fg`jhl b pbrtjnuabr
bssgkfabog. Bhl, jh drlgr td agbrh sdkgt`jho di jlgdadoy
(b kdrg dr agss sgai-ndhsjstght sgt di jlgbs bfdut t`g hbturg di
t`g uhjvgrsg bhl bpprdprjbtg `ukbh bntjdh jh jt) bhl sdnjgty,
wg hggl b wby di sdrtjho t`g jhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh irdk
t`g uhjhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh w`jn`, fy t`gjr hbturg,
nbhhdt rgiagnt bh jlgdadoy. Jt wdual, bitgr baa, fg jhndrrgnt td
try td gxpabjh w`y Gurdpgbhs nut ldwh t`g Gunbayptus
idrgsts jh t`g Kurrby Vjvgr Ybaagy fy sbyjho t`bt t`g jlgbs
t`gy `bl jh kjhl wgrg td kbmg t`g vbaagy borjnuaturbaay hdh-
prdluntjvg bhl t`bt t`gy bn`jgvgl t`js odba fy bntjdhs w`jn`nbusgl t`g sdjas td sbat up.
Fdt` borjnuaturg bhl t`g sbatjho di t`g Kurrby sdjas wgrg
ndhsgqughngs di t`g jhtghtjdhba nagbrjho di idrgsts bhl fdt`
wdual fg sggh jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl di `ukbh bntjvjty
jh t`g Ybaagy. Fut dhay dhg di t`gsg rgsuats (borjnuaturg)
wdual s`gl ajo`t dh t`g jlgdadoy di t`g pgdpag w`d nagbrgl
t`g idrgsts. \`g prdfagk js t`js5 `dw nbh wg ljstjhoujs` t`g
2>6 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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jhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh irdk t`g uhjhtghlgl rgsuats4 Bhl,
t`grg js b iurt`gr prdfagk5 dhng wg gajkjhbtg t`g uhjhtghlgl
rgsuats di bntjdh irdk ndhsjlgrbtjdh bs b purpdsg di bntjdh,
wg kby fg dhay kbrojhbaay nadsgr td mhdwaglog di t`g
jlgdadoy di ibrkgrs jh t`g Kurrby Ybaagy sjhng kdrg t`bh dhg
jlgdadoy nbh bnndkkdlbtg borjnuaturg bs b kdlg di bntjdh.
_`y js t`js qugstjdh jkpdrtbht4 Agt us bssukg, idr t`gsbmg di broukght, t`bt t`grg js sdkg rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh
sdkg jlgdadojgs bhl sdkg bntjdhs (j.g., jhtghtjdhba bntjdh, hdt
sjkpag fg`bvjdr). \d t`g gxtght t`bt t`js js t`g nbsg, t`gh jt
kbmgs oddl sghsg idr bh brn`bgdadojst td trbng t`g rgabtjdh-
s`jps fgtwggh brtjibnts bhl bntjdh, bhl fgtwggh bntjdh bhl
jlgdadoy. \`g sbkg nbh fg sbjl di bh bttgkpt td trbng t`g
rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh brtjibnts, bntjdh, bhl sdnjba strunturg.
_`jag brtjibnts nbh fg tbmgh td fg sjohs di bntjdh dr
fg`bvjdr, brtjibnts ld hdt ljrgntay jhlgx bhy pbrtjnuabr bntjdh
dr bhy pbrtjnuabr idrk di bntjdh. Idr t`js rgbsdh, t`g kgt`dls
gkpadygl jh gstbfajs`jho b rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh brtjibnts
(dr bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts) bhl t`g bntjdh t`bt prdlungl
t`gk rgqujrg jhigrghng. Jh t`js uhlgrtbmjho, bh brn`bgdadojstnbh jhnaulg jh t`g jhigrghtjba prdngss fdt` brtjibnts t`bt brg
t`g rgsuats di jhtghtjdhba bntjdh bhl t`dsg t`bt brg t`g
uhjhtghlgl rgsuats di bntjdh. Jh prdnggljho irdk bntjdh td
jlgdadoy, jhigrghng js dhng bobjh rgqujrgl. Fut, dhng bobjh,
wg nbhhdt bssukg t`bt bhy pbrtjnuabr bntjdh js bh jhlgx di
bhy pbrtjnuabr jlgdadoy. \`g rgbsdh idr t`js js t`bt, td rgnbaa
t`g nbsg di borjnuaturg bhl t`g sbatjho di sdjas jh t`g Kurrby
Vjvgr Ybaagy, borjnuaturg jhvdavgs jhtghtjdhba bntjdh w`grgbs
t`g sbatjho di sdjas, w`jag b rgsuat di jhtghlgl bntjdh, wbs hdt
t`g jhtghlgl rgsuat di t`bt bntjdh. Jhsdibr bs jt js rgbsdhbfag
td bssukg t`bt, w`btgvgr t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh jlgdadoy
bhl bntjdh, jlgdadojgs ld hdt ghndkpbss t`g uhjhtghlgl
rgsuats di bntjdh, td jhigr jlgdadoy irdk bntjdh kgbhs wg ijrst
hggl b kgbhs di ljsnrjkjhbtjho jhtghlgl irdk uhjhtghlgl
brtjibnts. \`us, ji wg brg td jhigr t`g jlgdadoy di t`g Kurrby
Vjvgr borjnuaturbajsts, wg wjaa hggl td mggp jh kjhl t`bt t`g
prdluntjdh di iddl nrdps wbs t`g rgsuat di bh jhtghlgl bntjdh
w`grgbs t`g sbatjho di sdjas wbs bh uhjhtghlgl brtjibnt di
igaajho idrgsts idr borjnuaturg. \`g bntjdhs bhl bntjvjtjgs di
pgdpag ghobogl jh borjnuaturg brg jh bnndrl wjt` sdkg
jlgdadojgs w`grgbs bh bntjdh jhtghlgl td prdlung sdja
lgorblbtjdh wdual fg jh bnndrl wjt` b ljiigrght jlgdadoy
(dr jlgdadojgs). Iurt`grkdrg, bntjdh t`bt prdlungl bs bh
uhjhtghlgl ndhsgqughng t`g sbatjho di sdjas js ndhsjstght wjt`
bh jlgdadoy bssdnjbtgl wjt` bntjdh t`bt bjkgl bt borjnuaturg,fut wdual hdt `bvg fggh jhtghtjdhba bntjdh jh t`g sghsg J bk
gkpadyjho t`g tgrk. \`us, brtjibnts t`bt brg t`g uhjhtghlgl
rgsuats di bntjdh wdual hdt ljrgntay tgaa us kun` bfdut jlgdadoy.
\`g ndhsjstghny dr ndkpbtjfjajty di bh jlgb dr sgt di jlgbs
(bh jlgdadoy) wjt` bh bntjdh dr bntjdhs js hdt t`g sbkg t`jho
bs nbusbajty. \`us, bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh dfsgrvg bhl rgndrl
tgxtubaay bntjdhs bhl `g nbh rgbsdhbfay jlghtjiy jhtghtjdhba
bntjdhs bs t`dsg t`bt `js jhidrkbhts t`gksgavgs gxpabjh jh
tgrks di b sgt di jlgbs (fgbrjho jh kjhl t`bt jt js sbigst td
trgbt t`g vgrfba gxprgssjdh di bh jlgb jtsgai bs bh bntjdh).
Bhl s`dual `g ndkg up wjt` b `ypdt`gtjnba ajhmbog fgtwggh
dfsgrvgl bntjdh bhl b rgndrlgl jlgb, `g nbh rgigr `js
`ypdt`gsjs td jhidrkbhts fy wby di b qugry. Jh dt`gr wdrls,
bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh dfsgrvg t`g bntjdh t`bt `g trjgs td ajhmtd t`duo`t dr jlgdadoy bhl `g nbh ndhhgnt t`g twd jh b sjhoag
jhigrghtjba stgp (sgg Agwjs 2::?).
Jh t`js rgspgnt, bh brn`bgdadojst js bt b ljsblvbhtbog5 t`g
bntjdh t`bt prdlungs bh brtjibnt nbhhdt fg ljrgntay dfsgrvgl,
fut kust fg jhigrrgl irdk t`g idrk bhl (jhsdibr bs jt nbh fg
mhdwh) t`g iuhntjdh di t`g brtjibnt jtsgai bhl irdk t`g
brtjibnt‚s ndhtgxtuba rgabtjdhs`jps td dt`gr brtjibnts. \`us,
bntjdh jhtgrvghgs fgtwggh brtjibnt bhl jlgdadoy bhl, idr t`g
brn`bgdadojst, b sgqughng di bt agbst twd jhigrghtjba stgps js
rgqujrgl td ogt irdk brtjibnt td jlgdadoy5
Brtjibnt↖ fg`bvjdr5 jhigrghng b
fg`bvjdr↖
jlgdadoy5 jhigrghng f
Jhsdibr bs bh jhigrghng nbh nbrry dhay b lgorgg di ngrtbjhty
(dr b prdfbfjajty di fgjho ndrrgnt), t`g sgqughng di jhigrghngs
fgtwggh brtjibnt bhl jlgdadoy js sufegnt td b ndkpduhlgl
prdfbfjajty di ndrrgnthgss (dr ibasjty). Ji t`g prdfbfjajty di bh
jhigrghng, b, irdk bh brtjibnt td t`g bntjdh di jts kbmgr (‐J bk
03% ngrtbjh t`bt t`js brtjibnt wbs prdlungl fy tgn`hjqug x , d
js bh gagkght di bssgkfabog y, dr wbs gkpadygl jh prdngss
z‚) js 3.0 bhl t`g prdfbfjajty di t`g sufsgqught jhigrghng,
f, irdk t`g bntjdh di jts kbmgr td jts kbmgr‚s jlgdadoy js 3.9
t`gh t`g jhigrghtjba sgqughng irdk brtjibnt td bntjdh bhl irdk
bntjdh td jlgdadoy yjgals b prdfbfjajty (dr ngrtbjhty) di agss
t`bh 3.7, w`jn` js hdt vgry sbtjsibntdry.\`g brn`bgdadojst kust irgqughtay jkbojhg t`g sdrts di fgajgis
lgsjrgs, odbas, jhtghtjdhs, jlgbs, bhl mhdwaglog pgdpag kjo`t
`bvg `bl t`bt wdual `bvg agl t`gk td bnt jh wbys t`bt wdual
`bvg frduo`t bfdut t`g brtjibnts dfsgrvbfag jh bh brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrl. Irgqughtay b hukfgr di jlgbs bhl odbas t`bt agl td
bntjdhs t`bt kjo`t bnnduht idr b sjhoag rgsuat brg pdssjfag, fu
sdkg wjaa fg kdrg rgbsdhbfag t`bh dt`grs w`gh ljrgnt, jhljrgnt
dr ndaabtgrba gvjlghng „ dr pabjh ndkkdh sghsg „ js tbmgh
jhtd bnnduht. \`us, jh stulyjho t`g Gurdpgbhs‚ gxpadjtbtjdh
di t`g Kurrby Vjvgr Ybaagy, sdkg iuturg brn`bgdadojst ndual
ljsnduht t`g idaadwjho bs ajmgay jlgbs dr jhtghtjdhs t`bt agl td
bntjdhs t`bt frduo`t bfdut t`g sbatjho di sdjas5
2. t`g Gurdpgbhs jhtghlgl td frjho sbat td t`g suribng bhl
igaagl t`g Gunbayptus idrgsts td frjho bfdut t`g
lgorblbtjdh di t`g vbaagy‚s sdjas=
6. t`g gunbaypts wgrg bfluntgl fy bajghs=
>. t`g Gurdpgbhs nut ldwh dr rjho-fbrmgl bs kbhy trggs bs
pdssjfag jh t`g s`drtgst pdssjfag tjkg fgnbusg t`gy `btgl
trggs.
2>> L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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Fbsgl dh ndkpbrjsdhs wjt` dt`gr ndhtgkpdrbry bhl prg`jstdrjn
nbsgs di borjnuaturg agbljho td rbljnba bhl lgagtgrjdus
batgrbtjdhs td bh ghvjrdhkght, dhg dr kdrg di t`g idaadwjho
kdtjvbtjdhs bhl jlgdadojgs brg kdrg ajmgay td fg trug5
2. t`g Gurdpgbhs bttgkptgl td rgnrgbtg bh borjnuaturg bargbly
ibkjajbr td t`gk irdk t`gjr Gurdpgbh gxpgrjghng bhl ljl
hdt mhdw (dr tbmg jhtd bnnduht) t`g pgnuajbrjtjgs di t`gBustrbajbh ghvjrdhkght=
6. t`g Gurdpgbhs vjgwgl t`g Bustrbajbh ghvjrdhkght bs bh
gxpghlbfag rgsdurng w`jn`, ndupagl wjt` bh ght`usjbsk
idr nbpjtbajstjn jlgdadoy, jhnajhgl t`gk td johdrg t`g
sbatjho di t`g vbaagy jh ibvdr di b qujnm rgturh dh b
kjhjkba jhvgstkght di abfdr=
>. t`g nagbrjho di t g vbaagy wbs bh gxprgssjdh di b
Gurdpgbh jlgdadoy t`bt pdsjtjvgay vbaugl kbh‚s
ldkjhbtjdh dvgr hbturg.
Jh wgjo`jho batgrhbtjvg jhigrghngs, brn`bgdadojsts brg irgg td
tbmg gvjlghng irdk bhyw`grg t`gy nbh ijhl jt bhl td tbmg
jhspjrbtjdh irdk t`g ijhljhos di dt`gr brn`bgdadojnba stuljgsdi sjkjabr bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts bhl sjkjabr sjtubtjdhs,
irdk gt`hdorbp`jn rgpdrts di ndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs, irdk
`jstdrjnba rgndrls, bhl t`g ajmg.
B ndhnrgtg gxbkpag di t`g ljiigrghngs fgtwggh
brn`bgdadoy bhl bht`rdpdadoy jh t`js rgobrl kby `gap nabrjiy
ky pdjht. Jh 2:03 J dfsgrvgl bhl rgndrlgl jh lgtbja
(jhnauljho rgojstrbtjdh dh 29 kk sduhl-syhn`rdhdus ijak)
t`g orgh kb`ê rjtgs jh \bhb _bj Frbkb.6 Lurjho t`gsg rjtgs,
t`g Btb \bhb ‚Bj sabuo`tgrgl kdrg t`bh >33 odbts bhl pjos
bs sbnrjijngs td t`gjr lgjty bhl bhngstrba spjrjts. Bitgr
lgnbpjtbtjdh wjt` b ngrgkdhjba swdrl, t`g sgvgrgl `gbls di
t`g odbts wgrg t`gh ruffgl dh t`g kb`ê batbr, w`jn` js b
frbhn`jho trgg truhm surrduhlgl fy kdhdajt`s sgt jh b
nagbrjho jh b skbaa pbtn` di prjkbry idrgst. \`g bhjkbas‚
dwhgrs t`gh lrboogl t`g nbrnbssgs dii jhtd t`g idrgst
surrduhljho t`g kb`ê batbr bhl futn`grgl t`gk. Gxngpt idr
t`g ebws di t`g pjos, t`g fdhgs di t`gsg sbnrjijnjba bhjkbas
wgrg agit bt t`g futn`grjho sjtgs. Ijhljho t`gsg fdhgs,
brn`bgdadojsts di t`g iuturg kjo`t wgaa bssdnjbtg t`gk wjt`
t`g kdhdajt`s, t`g hgbrgst brtjibntuba igbturg di t`g abhlsnbpg
bhl, ji t`gy brg aunmy, t`gy kjo`t basd ijhl t`g rgkbjhs di t`g
frbhn`jho batbr. \`gy kjo`t t`gh jhigr t`bt t`g sbnrjijng di
pjos bhl odbts wbs pbrt di b rjtuba ndkpagx bkdho t`g
bhnjght pgdpag di \bhb ‚Bj. Fut ndual bhyt`jho jh t`g
bssgkfabog di kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di t`gsg rjtgs sgrvg bsgvjlghng idr t`g jlgbtjdhba ndhtght di t`g rgajojdus fgajgis
t`bt bhjkbtgl t`g rjtgs bhl aght rbtjdhbajty td t`gk4 _jt`
rgspgnt td sdnjba strunturg, wdual bhyt`jho jh t`g rgkbjhs di
t`g sbnrjijngs pdjht td t`g ndkpagx jhtgrrgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh
t`g kb`ê rjtgs bhl t`g prgnglghng di t`g ldkbjh‚s nabhs,
jtsgai ghndlgl jh kyt`jn `jstdrjgs di t`g ldkbjh w`dsg
hbrrbtjdhs wgrg basd bh gssghtjba gagkght jh t`g orgh kb`ê 4
Bhl wdual t`g brn`bgdadojsts ougss t`bt t`g kjssjho pjos‚
ebws wgrg sjohjijnbht4 Ji sd, wdual t`grg fg bhyt`jho jh t`g
brn`bgdadojnba rgndrl t`bt wdual agbl t`gk td spgnuabtg
bfdut t`g rdag di t`g ebws di pjos (bhl hdt di odbts) jh
gxn`bhogs fy w`jn` biijhba rgabtjdhs`jps di pgdpag jh t`g
ndkkuhjty wgrg rgbiijrkgl4
Bs bh bht`rdpdadojst, J wbs jh t`g rgabtjvgay idrtuhbtgpdsjtjdh di wjthgssjho bhl rgndrljho t`g bntjdhs t`bt agl td
t`g lgpdsjtjdh di w`bt, ibr jh t`g iuturg, wdual fg ljsngrhjfag
bs b pbttgrhgl bssgkfabog di brtjibnts. Bh brn`bgdadojst di
t`g iuturg wdual hdt fg jh t`js pdsjtjdh bhl wdual t`us fg
dhg, adhogr stgp rgkdvgl irdk fgjho bfag td rgndhstrunt t`g
‐jlgdadoy‚ di t`g pgdpag rgspdhsjfag idr t`g lgpdsjtjdhs.>
Brn`bgdadojsts stuly brtjibnts (jhnauljho fujaljhos) bhl
abhlsnbpgs t`bt `bvg fggh batgrgl irdk t`gjr hbturba stbtg fy
`ukbh fg`bvjdr. _`jag jt kjo`t fg t`duo`t t`bt b sdnjba
bht`rdpdadojst `bs kdrg ljrgnt bnngss td t`g jlgdadoy di t`g
pgdpag `g stuljgs t`bh ldgs bh brn`bgdadojst, t`js js bh
dvgrsjkpajijnbtjdh wjt` w`jn` J wdual tbmg jssug. Dh
rgiagntjdh, jt nbh fg sggh t`bt bht`rdpdadojsts basd stulybrtjibnts di fg`bvjdr. B sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst jh t`g ijgal nbh
wjthgss fg`bvjdr, jhnauljho t`g bntjdhs di jhljvjlubas bhl
ordups di jhljvjlubas. \`gsg bntjdhs idrk pbrt di t`g lbtb idr
gt`hdorbp`y. Jh blljtjdh, t`g bht`rdpdadojst nbh jhtgrrdobtg
kgkfgrs di b ndkkuhjty uhlgr stuly bfdut t`gjr jhtghtjdhs
bhl kdtjvbtjdhs idr bntjho bs t`gy ld, bhl nbh gvgh ljsnuss
wjt` t`gk jlgbs t`gy `dal bfdut t`gjr bntjdhs bhl t`gjr
jhtghtjdhs w`jag t`gy wgrg bntjho. Fut t`gsg jhtghtjdhs bhl
kdtjvbtjdhs bhl t`g stbtgs di bntdrs‚ kjhls w`jag t`gy bntgl
jh ngrtbjh wbys brg hdt ljrgntay bnngssjfag td bh bht`rdpdad-
ojst. _`jag bntdrs‚ bnnduhts di t`gjr jhtghtjdhs nbh fg
rgndrlgl bitgr t`g ibnt, sun` bnnduhts brg hdt t`gksgavgs
jhtghtjdhs. \`g lbtb wjt` w`jn` b sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst
ndhstrunts bh gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduht di b ndkkuhjty bhl t`g
ajvgs di jts kgkfgrs lgrjvg jh pbrt irdk sun` tgxts. \`gsg
tgxts kby fg ijgal hdtgs, sduhl rgndrljhos, vjlgd dr ijak
rgojstrbtjdhs di fg`bvjdr (t`bt js, pgdpag ldjho t`jhos dr
tbamjho bfdut t`g t`jhos t`gy `bvg ldhg), bhl, jh sdkg nbsgs,
t`g bht`rdpdadojst‚s kgkdry di gvghts bhl w`bt pgdpag ljl
w`gh t`gy pbrtjnjpbtgl jh t`gk.< Fut t`dsg tgxts di
jhidrkbhts‚ rgndaagntjdhs, rgiagntjdhs dh, bhl bnnduhts di
jhtghtjdhs nbh fg tbmgh td fg dhay jhljrgnt gvjlghng idr
bntdrs‚ stbtgs di kjhl.
\gxts di t`g abst sdrt brg gspgnjbaay jhtgrgstjho fgnbusg, bs
lgsnrjptjdhs di jlgdadoy t`bt kjo`t sgrvg bs fbsgs idr gxpabhbtjdhs di bntjdh, t`gy brg rgabtgl td bntjdh jh kun` t`g
sbkg wby bs brn`bgdadojnba brtjibnts brg rgsjlugs di bntjdh5
fdt` brg s`bpgl fy bntjdh, fut hgjt`gr brg t`gksgavgs bntjdh.
Hgjt`gr brn`bgdadojsts hdr bht`rdpdadojsts nbh dfsgrvg
jlgdadoy ljrgntay. \d t`g gxtght t`bt bh bht`rdpdadojst lrbws
dh rgndrls di t`js sdrt bs b sdurng di lbtb, t`gh t`g prjkbry
sdurngs di lbtb jh fdt` bht`rdpdadoy bhl brn`bgdadoy brg
2>< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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lgrjvbtjvgs bt agbst dhg dhtdadojnba stgp rgkdvgl irdk t`g
bntjdh t`bt s`bpgl t`gk bhl b sgndhl stgp rgkdvgl irdk
jlgdadoy. \`us, brn`bgdadoy bhl bht`rdpdadoy brg sjkjabr jh
tgrks di t`g hbturg di t`g gvjlghng dh w`jn` t`gy lrbw td
ndhstrunt pbst sdnjba ajig, gvgh w`gh tbmjho jhtd bnnduht t`bt
t`g pbst di t`g sdnjba ajig stuljgl fy t`g bht`rdpdadojst kby
fg kgbsurgl jh ygbrs w`grgbs t`g pbst sdnjba ajig stuljgl fybh brn`bgdadojst kjo`t fg kgbsurgl jh nghturjgs dr kjaaghhjb.
>. Dh fbnmfgbrjho irdk brtjibnts, td fg`bvjdr,
td sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy
Idr b sdnjba bht`rdpdadojst, sdnjgty ndhsjsts di jhljvjlubas
fut, kdrg jkpdrtbhtay, sufsjsts jh t`g rgabtjdhs`jps di ordups
di jhljvjlubas td dhg bhdt`gr, rgabtjdhs`jps t`bt brg
rgprdlungl bhl t`us pgrsjst t`rduo` tjkg. Jh dt`gr wdrls,
sdnjgty nbh fg lgijhgl bs t`g pbttgrhs di rgabtjdhs`jps t`bt
ajhm ordups di pgdpag. Ordups brg nbtgodrjgs di pgdpag bhl
t`g ordups t`bt kbjhtbjh dh-odjho rgabtjdhs wjt` dhg bhdt`gr
jh sdnjgty t`us ndhstjtutg b systgk di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh.
\`g gxn`bhogs di kbtgrjba oddls jh w`jn` jhljvjlubas bhlordups ghobog jh sdnjba ajig brg jhljngs di t`g rgabtjdhs`jps di
nbtgodrjgs di pgdpag bhl t`gsg rgabtjdhs`jps nbh fg bhbayzgl
td n`brt fdt` t`g rgabtjdhs`jps bhl t`gjr hbturg.
\`grg brg twd jkpdrtbht pdjhts bfdut sdnjgtjgs di t`g mjhl
J `bvg stuljgl jh gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb. \`g ijrst js t`bt, bs jh baa
sdnjgtjgs, t`grg brg ordups t`bt brg gxdobkdus, w`jn` kgbhs
t`bt t`g kgkfgrs di gbn` ordup kust kbrry dut di t`g ordup
bhl t`bt gbn` ordup js lgpghlght updh t`g dt`grs idr jts dwh
rgprdluntjdh. Jh fdt` di t`g sdnjgtjgs di Iadrgs jh w`jn` J
`bvg wdrmgl, t`g kgkfgrs di t`gsg ordups `dal jh ndkkdh
ndhtrda dvgr bhl rjo`ts td ngrtbjh prdluntjvg rgsdurngs sun`
bs obrlghs, padts di idrgst, bhl ndndhut pabhtbtjdhs, hdhg di
w`jn` fgadho td jhljvjlubas di t`g ordup. Jh blljtjdh td
fgjho gxdobkdus, t`gsg ordup brg, jh bht`rdpdadojnba tgrks,
ndrpdrbtg. Jh gxn`bhojho pgdpag jh kbrrjbog, t`g
rgprdluntjdh di jhljvjlubas, t`g rgprdluntjdh di t`g ordups,
bhl t`g rgprdluntjdh di sdnjgty jtsgai brg baa bn`jgvgl
sjkuatbhgdusay. Ji t`dsg bhnjght pgdpags lgsnrjfgl jh t`g
pbpgrs di t`js vdaukg `bl sdnjgtjgs sun` bs t`gsg, t`gh jt
wdual fg nrunjba td ljsndvgr bs kun` bs pdssjfag bfdut
kbrrjbog bhl t`g kbtgrjba gxn`bhogs w`jn` bnndkpbhy jt jh
drlgr td fg bfag td sby bhyt`jho kgbhjhoiua bfdut t`g
strunturgs di t`dsg sdnjgtjgs.
B sgndhl igbturg di sun` sdnjgtjgs bnndrls wjt` t`g ijrst5
jh skbaa snbag sdnjgtjgs, t`dsg t`bt Aêvj-^trbuss nbaagl ‐ndal‚sdnjgtjgs, gvgrydhg js rgabtgl td gvgrydhg gasg bs mjh. \`js
kgbhs t`bt pgdpag bakdst bawbys kbrry b mjhswdkbh dr b
mjhskbh. @grg t`g systgk di nabssjijnbtjdh updh w`jn`
sdnjgty js iduhlgl lgkbhls ndhsjlgrbtjdh. Bssukjho t`bt
rgprdluntjdh usubaay dnnurs wjt`jh b oghgrbtjdh rbt`gr t`bh
fgtwggh oghgrbtjdhs, bh jhljvjluba‚s n`djng di b pbrthgr jh
kbrrjbog kust fg kblg fgtwggh sjfajhos bhl ndusjhs.
Bakdst uhjvgrsbaay jh ndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs di t`js mjhl,
sjfajhos (j.g., t`g n`jalrgh di b pbrtjnuabr wdkbh) brg
nabssjijgl bs uhkbrrjbogbfag. Di t`g idur pdssjfag dppdsjtg
sgx ndusjhs w`jn` b pgrsdh kjo`t `bvg (IFL/^, IUL/^,
KUL/^, KFL/^),7 dhg dr kdrg kjo`t fg trgbtgl bs sjfajhos
bhl nabssjijgl bs uhkbrrjbogbfag w`grgbs t`g rgkbjhlgr brg
nabssjijgl bs pdtghtjba spdusgs.Fy t`g jhtgrsgntjdh di t`gsg twd sjkpag ygt gagobht jlgbs,
gxdobky bhl t`g nabssjijnbtjdh di sjfajhos bhl ndusjhs, t`g
sjkpagst pdssjfag sdnjgty js dhg kblg up di twd ordups w`d
gxn`bhog pgdpag jh kbrrjbog bhl ljvjlg kdrg dr agss gqubaay
t`g diisprjho di t`dsg kbrrjbogs. Jh sun` ‐sykkgtrjnba‚
systgks, sjfajhos brg nabssjijnbtdrjay kgrogl wjt` pbrbaaga
ndusjhs (t`g n`jalrgh di sbkg-sgx sjfajhos) bhl brg nabssjijgl
bs prd`jfjtgl jh kbrrjbog w`grgbs t`g n`jalrgh di nrdss-sgx
sjfajhos (j.g., nrdss-ndusjhs) nbh kbrry. \`g jhtgrpdsjtjdh di
t`js sjkpag nabssjijnbtdry ruag js suiijnjght td jhsurg fdt` t`g
rgprdluntjdh di t`g twd ordups bhl di sdnjgty.
Di orgbtgr pdssjfjajtjgs brg systgks t`bt gxnaulg irdk t`g
nbtgodry di kbrrjbogbfag ndusjhs dhg dr t`g dt`gr di t`gnrdss-ndusjhs w`jag baadwjho kbrrjbog wjt` t`g rgkbjhjho
nrdss-ndusjh. ^un` systgks brg iduhl bkdho t`g wdral‚s
ndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs bhl nbh, jh prjhnjpag, bnndkkdlbtg b
abrog hukfgr di ordups, frjhojho t`gk baa jhtd b sjhoag
sdnjgty iduhlgl dhng bobjh updh t`g jlgbs t`bt gbn` ordup js
lgpghlght updh bhdt`gr idr rgprdluntjdh bhl t`bt sdnjgty
sufsjsts jh t`g systgk di gxn`bhog t`us nrgbtgl. \`gsg
sdnjgtjgs brg mhdwh bs bsykkgtrjn systgks bhl brg
n`brbntgrjzgl fy oghgrbajzgl gxn`bhog.
Jh t`gsg sdnjgtjgs, gbn` ordup, rgobrlagss di dt`gr
iuhntjdhs jt kby iuaijaa, js b lgsnght ordup. B sjkpag wby di
ndhstjtutjho sun` b ordup js td ajkjt kgkfgrs`jp td pgdpag
w`d brg rgabtgl td gbn` dt`gr gjt`gr gxnausjvgay t`rduo` kgh
dr gxnausjvgay t`rduo` wdkgh. Jh t`g idrkgr nbsg, wg spgbm
di pbtrjajhgba lgsnght bhl jh t`g abttgr wg spgbm di kbtrjajhgb
lgsnght. \`g gxn`bhogs jh w`jn` t`gsg uhjajhgba lgsnght
ordups pbrtjnjpbtg jhnaulg hdt dhay pbrthgrs jh kbrrjbog, fut
b abrog vbrjgty di dt`gr gxn`bhogs sun` bs frjlgwgbat` ojvgh
fy b wjig-tbmjho ordup jh gxn`bhog idr b nduhtgr-prgstbtjdh
irdk t`g wjig-ojvjho ordup, gxn`bhogs bt t`g fjrt` di
n`jalrgh, gxn`bhogs bt t`g lgbt` di b spdusg, bhl kbhy
dt`grs. Bakdst uhjvgrsbaay, pgdpag jh sdnjgtjgs di t`js mjhl
ndhsjlgr wjig-ojvgrs td fg supgrjdr td wjig-tbmgrs, fut bs jt
wdrms dut, gbn` ordup js supgrjdr td sdkg dt`gr ordup dr
ordups bhl gbn` js jhigrjdr td ygt dt`grs. \`js js b mjhl di `jgrbrn`y, fut hdt dhg t`bt agbls td kbrmgl sdnjba
strbtjijnbtjdh.9
B rgbsdhbfag qugstjdh td bsm js t`js5 wgrg bhy di t`g
sdnjgtjgs di Kgsdajt`jn dr gbray Hgdajt`jn Gurdpg di t`gsg
mjhls4 B sgndhl, gqubaay jkpdrtbht qugstjdh js5 w`bt wdual
t`g brn`bgdadojnba lbtb t`bt wdual baadw us td lgnjlg t`g
qugstjdh addm ajmg4
2>7 L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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Ajhgbajty js bfdut lgsnght, t`bt js, mjhs`jp, bhl, di jtsgai,
js bfdut hdt`jho gasg. Mhdwjho t`bt jts lgsnght pbttgrh js
kbtrjajhgba dr pbtrjajhgba tgaas us prgnjdus ajttag bfdut
bhy dt`gr bspgnt di b sdnjgty bhl ldgs hdt gvgh prdvjlg
oddl nbusg idr jhigrghng bfdut dt`gr bspgnts di sdnjgty.
J nbh njtg `grg bs gxbkpags twd sdnjgtjgs jh gbst nghtrba
Iadrgs w`jn` s`brg b abhoubog, b ndkkdh prg`jstdrjnbadrjojh, bhl kbhy igbturgs di nuaturg jhnauljho bh bakdst
jlghtjnba systgk idr t`g nabssjijnbtjdh di ndusjhs. \`g Btb
\bhb ‚Bj di t`g kduhtbjhdus gbstgrh rgojdh di t`g Vgoghny
di ^jmmb dh Iadrgs nbanuabtg lgsnght t`rduo` ajhgbaay
rgabtgl wdkgh bhl b pgrsdh fgadhos td t`g lgsnght ordup
di `js dr `gr kdt`gr bhl hdt td t`g ordup di `js dr `gr ibt`gr.
Jh t`g vjaabog di ^jmmb, w`jn` js dhay bfdut 73 mjadkgtgrs
bwby irdk \bhb ‚Bj, b pgrsdh fgadhos td t`g lgsnght
ordup di `js dr `gr ibt`gr bhl lgsnght jh t`js ndkkuhjty js
t`us pbtrjajhgba. \`grg brg dt`gr ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g
twd sdnjgtjgs, sdkg di w`jn` nbh fg sukkbrjzgl bs
fgadw5
2>9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Btb \bhb ‚Bj Btb jmmb
2. kbtrjajhgba lgsnght pbtrjajhgba lgsnght
6. kbrrjbog hdt kbrmgl fy rjtuba= kbrrjbog wjt t g gxn bhog
n jal gxn bhog kbrmgl fy di ngrgkdhjba oddls bs
gxn`bhog di ngrgkdhjba frjlgwgbat` bhl
oddls nduhtgrprgstbtjdhs
>. s`jitjho nuatjvbtdrs, wjt sdkg jhtghsjvg nuatjvbtdrs, trblgrs,
`uhtjho bhl obt`grjho tgbn`grs, odvgrhkght
diijnjbas, abhladrls
<. prbntjng t g rjtgs di t`gjr adnba Nbt`dajn sjhng t g 29t` nghturyrgajojdus trbljtjdh
Srgsnrjptjdh js b ruag iduhl jh kbhy (fut hdt baa) di t`g
wdral‚s sdnjgtjgs fy w`jn` b pgrsdh s`dual kbrry b pgrsdh di
b pbrtjnuabr nbtgodry di mjh bhl td t`g gxnausjdh di pgrsdhs di
dt`gr nbtgodrjgs. @dwgvgr, Hggl`bk hdtgs t`bt prgsnrjptjdh
js bh bkfjoudus ndhngpt t`bt bntubaay rgigrs td bt agbst t`rgg
ljiigrght bspgnts di nuaturg bhl rgbaks di sdnjba ajig5
‑Jh t`g stuly di sdnjba ajig t`grg brg t`rgg kbjh bspgnts di ndaagntjvgndhlunt bhl rgprgsghtbtjdhs w`jn` nbh usgiuaay fg ljsnrjkjhbtgl5
(2) fg`bvjdr, (6) ruags, (>) nbtgodrjgs. \`g n`brbntgr di prgsnrjptjdh
nbh fg bttrjfutgl td gbn` di t`gsg bspgnts, bhl bht`rdpdadojsts `bvg
jh ibnt ldhg sd‛ (Hggl`bk 2:?>, 2?2).
Di t`gsg t`rgg bspgnts di ndaagntjvg ndhlunt bhl rgprgsghtb-
tjdh, bh bht`rdpdadojst nbh ljrgntay dfsgrvg bhl rgndrl (j.g.,
tgxtubajzg) fg`bvjdr. Vuags di fg`bvjdr nbh fg ndhstruntgl
irdk rgouabrjtjgs dfsgrvgl jh fg`bvjdr. \`gsg ruags `bvg t`g
stbtus di bhbaytjnba dr gxpabhbtdry ndhstrunts. Vuags kby basd
fg brtjnuabtgl fy kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty uhlgr stuly, jh
w`jn` nbsg t`gy `bvg b ljiigrght stbtus irdk bhbaytjnbaay
lgrjvgl ruags, fut jh fdt` nbsgs t`grg js b ljseuhntjdh fgtwgghruag bhl fg`bvjdr5 jh t`g ijrst jhstbhng, b lglungl ruag kby
fg iduhl td bppay jh dhay sdkg stbtjstjnbaay sjohjijnbht
hukfgr di nbsgs. \`us, irdk b ndrpus di oghgbadojnba lbtb
t`g bht`rdpdadojst kjo`t ijhl t`bt jh :<% di t`g kbrrjbogs jh
b ndkkuhjty jh t`rgg oghgrbtjdhs, nabssjijnbtdry KFL
kbrrjgl nabssjijnbtdry IU^. Jh t`g sgndhl jhstbhng, jt kby fg
iduhl t`bt b ruag brtjnuabtgl fy kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty
t`gksgavgs js dfsgrvgl jh dhay h% di t`g jhstbhngs jh w`jn
jt s`dual bppay. \`grg js jh fdt` nbsgs b kgbsurbfag
ljsnrgpbhny fgtwggh fg`bvjdr bhl t`g ruags t`bt brg t`duo`t
td odvgrh (dr gxpabjh) jt. Hgvgrt`gagss, bnndrljho td
Hggl`bk, idr t`g bht`rdpdadojst t`grg brg ngrtbjh blvbhtbogs
td stulyjho ruags. Ijrstay, jt js gbsjgr td spgnjiy w`bt b ruagsbys (t`bt js, w`bt jt prgsnrjfgs dr prdsnrjfgs) t`bh jt js
td lgnjlg w`gt`gr fg`bvjdr bnndrls wjt` t`g ruag jh b
stbtjstjnbaay sjohjijnbht hukfgr di jhstbhngs. ^gndhlay, t`g
ndhtghts di ruags brg bkghbfag td ndkpbrjsdh. \`jrlay, gvgh
jh t`dsg nbsgs jh w`jn` fg`bvjdr lgpbrts irdk ruags, jt js
irdk t`g ruags t`bt t`g fg`bvjdr lgpbrts bhl sd ruags kust
fg tbmgh jhtd bnnduht jh t`g lgsnrjptjdh di sdnjgty (Hggl`bk
2:?>, 2?6).
Bhdt`gr pdssjfjajty js td tbmg prgsnrjptjdh td fg, rbt`gr
t`bh b kbttgr di ruags, b ‐idrkba prdpgrty di b systgk di
nbtgodrjgs di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh‚ (Hggl`bk 2:?>, 2?<).
Hggl`bk brougs t`bt jh stulyjho prgsnrjptjdh, t`grg js bh
blvbhtbog idr t`g bht`rdpdadojst jh pbyjho bttghtjdh ijrst td
t`g nbtgodrjgs di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh. @grg `g hdtgs idur
pgrtjhght igbturgs di fg`bvjdr, ruags, bhl nbtgodrjgs. Ijrstay,
jhstjtutjdhs brg ‐ndhlghsgl‚ jh nbtgodrjgs= sgndhlay, sdnjba
bntjdh vbrjgs kdrg t`bh jts bttghlbht nabssjijnbtjdhs= t`jrlay,
t`g ndkpbrjsdh di nbtgodrjgs js kdrg igbsjfag t`bh js t`g
ndkpbrjsdh di vbrjbfag fg`bvjdrs= idurt`ay, idrks di
\`g bntjvjtjgs bssdnjbtgl wjt` igbturgs 6, > bhl < wdual
uhlduftglay agbvg kbtgrjba rgsjlugs jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgndrls di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs. Fut baa sun` bntjvjtjgs wdual fg
ndkpbtjfag wjt` fdt` bh jlgdadoy di pbtrjajhgba lgsnght bhl
bh jlgdadoy di kbtrjajhgba lgsnght. Jt idaadws t`bt jt wdual fg
ljiijnuat idr bh brn`bgdadojst td lgtgrkjhg t`g lgsnght
prjhnjpags bt wdrm jh t`gsg sdnjgtjgs kgrgay irdk t`g kbtgrjba
rgkbjhs di bntjvjtjgs rgabtjho td kbrrjbog, sufsjstghng, bhl
rgajojdh.
Vdlhgy Hggl`bk wbs t`g ijrst bht`rdpdadojst td pdjht dut
t`bt gagkghts di nuaturg sun` bs fg`bvjdr, ruags, bhl
nbtgodrjgs hggl hdt fg rgabtgl adojnbaay, nbusbaay, dr fy bhy
dt`gr hgngssjty. @g nbkg td t`js ndhnausjdh bitgr twd lgnblgs
lgvdtgl td t`g stuly di baajbhng systgks jh Jhldhgsjb bhl
gasgw`grg bhl fy t`jhmjho nbrgiuaay bfdut t`g hbturg di
prgsnrjptjdh.
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nabssjijnbtjdh brg rgabtjvgay igw bhl sjkpag ndkpbrgl td
kdlgs di bntjdh (2:?>, 2?<). Jh s`drt5
‑Fy stbrtjho irdk sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh … wg hggl fg uhlgr hd
jhnajhbtjdh td johdrg dr td uhlgrrbtg t`g bssdnjbtgl ruags bhl kdlgs
di fg`bvjdr. Jhlggl, t`js bpprdbn` bntubaay frjhos dut kdrg nagbray
t`g ibnt t`bt nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr brg jhlgpghlght
vbrjbfags‛ (2:?>, 2?<).
Ji nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr brg jhlgpghlght vbrjbfags,
bhl ji t`grg js bh blvbhtbog idr t`g bht`rdpdadojst jh
fgojhhjho t`g stuly di sdnjgty wjt` nbtgodrjgs, t`gh t`grg
idaadws b kgt`dldadojnba jkpgrbtjvg5
‑Dur prgngpt, t`gh, kust fg t`bt w`bt nbh vbry jhlgpghlghtay kust
fg bhbayzgl jhlgpghlghtay (Hggl`bk 2:?3, 677). _g s`dual
t`grgidrg ijrst kbmg b idrkba bhbaysjs di t`g tgrkjhdadoy, t`gh
gstbfajs` t`g ruags irbkgl fy t`js nabssjijnbtjdh, bhl ijhbaay padt
t`g kdlgs di sdnjba bntjdh= bt gbn` stbog jh t`g jhvgstjobtjdh wg
`bvg td gxpgnt ljspbrjtjgs‛ (Hggl`bk 2:?>, 2?<).
\`g jkpdrt di Hggl`bk‚s broukght idr fdt` bht`rdpdadojstsbhl brn`bgdadojsts js t`bt jhigrghng irdk fg`bvjdr td ruags,
irdk ruags td nbtgodrjgs, bhl irdk fg`bvjdr td nbtgodrjgs js
vgry rjsmy. Nbtgodrjgs brg pbrt bhl pbrnga di jlgdadoy bhl,
wjt` rgspgnt td prgsnrjptjdh5
‑\d prgsnrjfg js td aby ldwh b ruag, td lgnrgg bh dfajobtdry kdlg di
ndhlunt= t`bt js, t`g tgrk rgigrs prdpgray td t`g eurba rgouabtjdh di
sdnjba ajig. Fut t`g eurba igbturgs jh qugstjdh nbhhdt fg bttrjfutgl td
b idrkba strunturg, bhl t`gy brg hdt prdpgrtjgs di b rgabtjdhs`jp
tgrkjhdadoy. Srgsnrjfgl kbrrjbog js adojnbaay qujtg ljstjhnt irdk b
prgsnrjptjvg tgrkjhdadoy5 t`grg js hd hgngssbry ndrrgspdhlghng
fgtwggh nbtgodrjgs bhl sdnjba bntjdh, bhl t`grgidrg hgjt`gr nbh fg
jhigrrgl irdk t`g dt`gr ‛ (2:?>, 2??= gkp`bsjs bllgl).
J `bvg qudtgl t`gsg pdjhts di Hggl`bk‚s broukght bt aghot`
fgnbusg J bk ndhvjhngl t`gy brg wdrt`y di t`g kdst nbrgiua
ndhsjlgrbtjdh fy bhy brn`bgdadojst w`d kjo`t bttgkpt bh
jhigrghtjba fbnmfgbrjho irdk brtjibnt td jlgdadoy dr sdnjba
strunturg. \`g broukght t`bt ‐nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr
brg jhlgpghlght vbrjbfags‚ ]suprb[ js di pbrtjnuabr rgagvbhng
idr brn`bgdadojsts, idr jt tgaas us t`bt wdrmjho irdk fg`bvjdr
td ruags, bhl t`ghng td nbtgodrjgs nbhhdt fg ldhg b prjdrj
fgnbusg t`grg js hd hgngssbry ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh t`gsg t`rgg
bspgnts di ndaagntjvg ndhlunt bhl rgprgsghtbtjdhs.?
Jh blljtjdh, Hggl`bk prdpdsgs t`bt bht`rdpdadojsts s`dual
wdrm ijrst irdk jlgdadoy (nbtgodrjgs bhl nabssjijnbtjdhs), t`gh
td ruags (bhl jhstjtutjdhs), bhl t`gh td bnnduhts di fg`bvjdr,
w`jn` js vbrjbfag wjt` rgspgnt td ruags bhl nbtgodrjgs. \`js js
t`g rgvgrsg di t`g prdnglurg di brn`bgdadoy, w`jn` kust
fgojh wjt` brtjibnts bs t`g kbtgrjba rgkbjhs di fg`bvjdr bhl
wdrm t`gh tdwbrl sdnjba strunturg bhl jlgdadoy.
Bh gt`hdorbp`gr nbh dfsgrvg bhl rgndrl t`g fg`bvjdr di
ajvjho pgdpag fut, ji Hggl`bk js ndrrgnt, jt js hdt pdssjfag td
rgbl wjt` ngrtbjhty ruags w`jn` prgsukbfay odvgrh t`bt
fg`bvjdr irdk t`g fg`bvjdr jtsgai. Hdrkbaay, w`grg t`grg brg
ruags td fg iduhl, bh gt`hdorbp`gr ljsndvgrs t`gk fy
jhtgrrdobtjho ajvjho jhidrkbhts. Ajmgwjsg, t`g nbtgodrjgs di
nabssjijnbtjdh systgks, jhnauljho t`g sdnjba nbtgodrjgs w`jn`
kbmg up systgks di sdnjba nabssjijnbtjdh, brg ljsndvgrgl
t`rduo` bh gxbkjhbtjdh di abhoubog bhl t`g bntuba spggn` dijhidrkbhts, bkdho w`dk t`g gt`hdorbp`gr nbh kbmg iurt`gr
ljrgnt jhvgstjobtjdhs fy t`g sjkpag gxpgljght di ljsnussjho
wjt` t`gk t`g jlghtjijnbtjdh di nbtgodrjgs. \`us, bh
gt`hdorbp`gr ldgs hdt (fgnbusg `g nbhhdt) lgrjvg ruags irdk
fg`bvjdr, bhl t`gh iurt`gr lgrjvg t`g nbtgodrjgs di sdnjba bhl
nuaturba systgks di nabssjijnbtjdh irdk ruags. Jh gt`hdorbp`y,
gbn` di t`gsg js iduhl ljrgntay jh gkpjrjnba gvjlghng di
ljiigrght typgs bhl t`us kust fg t`g sufegnt di ljstjhntjvg
jhvgstjobtjdhs. \`g hbturg di gbn` bspgnt di nuaturg js
lgtgrkjhgl jhljvjlubaay fy rgigrghng td ajvjho kgkfgrs di
t`g ndkkuhjty uhlgr stuly bhl t`gjr bntjdhs.
\`gsg kgt`dls brg nagbray hdt bvbjabfag td brn`bgdadojsts
bhl, fgnbusg fg`bvjdr, ruags, bhl nbtgodrjgs brg jhlgpgh-lghtay vbrjbfag, lgtgrkjhjho t`gk idr pgdpag adho lgbl js b
vgry ljiijnuat uhlgrtbmjho. J wdual suoogst t`bt t`g
rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh brtjibnt, fg`bvjdr (dr bntjdh), bhl
jlgdadoy brg sjkjabray jhlgtgrkjhbtg. \`grg js b iurt`gr
prdfagk5 brtjibnts brg hdt fg`bvjdr, fut t`g prdlunts di
fg`bvjdr (J wdual sby ‐jhtghtjdhba bntjdh‚). \`g kbtgrjba t`bt
brn`bgdadojsts stuly js t`us b iurt`gr agvga rgkdvgl irdk t`g
‐nuaturg‚ (nbtgodrjgs bhl ruags dr jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba
strunturg) t`gy wjs` td n`brbntgrjzg.
<. ‐Nuaturg‚ bhl jhigrghng
Ebkgs Lggtz, w`d wbs t`g agblgr di b fbhl di ght`usjbstjn
stulghts di `jstdrjnba brn`bgdadoy w`gh J abst stuljgl t`g
sufegnt idrkbaay0 dhng wrdtg5 ‐Brn`bgdadoy sggms td agbrh
bfdut nuaturg irdk t`g irbokghtbry rgkbjhs di t`g prdlunts
di `ukbh bntjvjty‚ (2:9?, 7). \`js js b wdrt`y odba, fut
Lggtz `bl trdufag lgijhjho nuaturg “ sd kun` sd, t`bt `g
prgigrrgl td kbmg stbtgkghts bfdut jt rbt`gr t`bh lgijhjho jt
ljrgntay. \`gsg stbtgkghts jhnaulgl5 2. nuaturg js agbrhgl
fg`bvjdr= 6. nuaturg js uhjqugay `ukbh= >. nuaturg js
pbttgrhgl= bhl <. sdnjgty js t`g vg`jnag idr nuaturg. \`us,
‐nuaturg ]js[ b uhjqugay `ukbh systgk di `bfjts bhl nustdks
bnqujrgl fy kbh t`rduo` bh gxtrbsdkbtjn prdngss, nbrrjgl fy
`js sdnjgty, bhl usgl bs `js prjkbry kgbhs di blbptjho td `js
ghvjrdhkght‚ (Lggtz 2:9?, ?). Fut, jh blljtjdh,‑Nuaturg js `jo`ay pgrjs`bfag, bhl t`grgidrg nbhhdt fg gxnbvbtgl. H
dhg `bs gvgr luo up b pdajtjnba systgk, b abhoubog, b sgt di rgajojdu
fgajgis, dr b pgdpag‚s bttjtulg tdwbrl t`gjr bhngstdrs. Zgt sun` t`jho
bs pdajtjnba bhl rgajojdus fg`bvjdr, abhoubog, bhl sdnjba jhtgrbntjdh
biignt w`bt t`g brn`bgdadojst ldgs rgndvgr. \`g pbttgrhjho w`jn`
t`g brn`bgdadojst pgrngjvgs jh `js kbtgrjba js b rgiagntjdh di t`g
pbttgrhjho di t`g nuaturg w`jn` prdlungl jt. Sdts, brrdw`gbls, `dus
2>? L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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iaddrs bhl bxgs brg t`g prdlunts di nuaturg, hdt nuaturg jh
t`gksgavgs, fut t`gy brg ajhmgl td nuaturg jh b systgkbtjn kbhhgr.
Jt js t`g brn`bgdadojst‚s tbsm td ljsndvgr `dw nuaturba fg`bvjdr js
s`dwh jh jts prdlunts‛ (Lggtz 2:9?, ?).:
Jt js prgnjsgay t`g gvbhgsnghng di nuaturg jh Lggtz‚s sghsg di
t`g tgrk, paus ngrtbjh ljiijnuatjgs jh rgabtjho vbrjdus bspgnts
di jt td dhg bhdt`gr, t`bt nrgbtg prdfagks jh t`g brn`bgdadoj-nba sgbrn` idr jlgdadoy bhl sdnjba strunturg jh t`g rgkbjhs di
pbst bntjdh.
Lggtz‚s jlgbs fgbr b nadsg rgabtjdhs`jp td t`dsg di \byadr
(2:9? ]2:<0[) w`d, jh broujho idr b ‐ndheuhntjvg bpprdbn`‚
(jh ndhtrbljstjhntjdh td t`g ndkpbrbtjvg bhl tbxdhdkjn
bpprdbn`) jh t`g brn`bgdadojnba stuly di t`g pbst, iduhl jt
hgngssbry td ndhtrjvg b lgijhjtjdh di nuaturg sujtgl
spgnjijnbaay td brn`bgdadoy. Jh sd ldjho, \byadr wbs bkdho
t`g ijrst di kbhy w`d `bvg hdtgl t`g bkfjoujty di t`g tgrk
nuaturg. @g kblg t`rgg pgrtjhght pdjhts. Ijrstay, `g
ljstjhoujs`gl nuaturg bs ‐b ndhngpt w`jn` js `dajstjn bhl usgl
td ljstjhoujs` p`ghdkghb t`bt brg ‐nuaturba‚ ]j.g., ‐t`g prdlunt
di `ukbh bntjvjty‚[ irdk t`dsg t`bt brg ‐hbturba‚ irdk nuaturg
bs ‐b ndhngpt w`jn` js dh b sgndhlbry agvga di bfstrbntjdh,
w`jn` js pbrtjtjvg, w`jn` lghdtgs b sgokght di t`g `dajstjn
ndhngpt, j.g., b nuaturg.‚ @js sgndhl pdjht js t`bt ‐nuaturg js b
kghtba p`ghdkghdh, ndhsjstjho di t`g ndhtghts di kjhls, hdt
di kbtgrjba dfegnts dr dfsgrvbfag fg`bvjdr.‚23 \`jrlay, ‐b
‐trbjt‚ dr uhjt di nuaturg nbh fg gjt`gr s`brgl dr jljdsyhnrbtjn,
j.g., jt nbh fg ndkkdh td kbhy jhljvjluba kjhls dr td t`g
kjhl di b sjhoag jhljvjluba‚ (\byadr 2:9?, :9).
Jh t`gsg bhl twd iurt`gr pdjhts, \byadr wbs b`gbl di `js
tjkg (ni. _btsdh 2::7)5
‑Nuaturg, ndhsjstjho bs jt ldgs di kghtba ndhstrunts, js hdt ljrgntay
dfsgrvbfag. Jt nbhhdt, t`grgidrg, ndhstjtutg t`g gkpjrjnba lbtb di bhyljsnjpajhg. Nuaturg nbh fg stuljgl dhay t`rduo` t`g jhstrukghtbajty
di dfsgrvbfag p`ghdkghb, t`rduo` w`bt `bvg fggh nbaagl t`g
dfegntjijnbtjdhs di nuaturg5 nuaturba fg`bvjdr bhl t`g kbtgrjba bhl
hdh-kbtgrjba rgsuats di sun` fg`bvjdr. B trjfba lbhng, t`g bvdjlbhng
di b wdkbh fy `gr sdh-jh-abw, t`g jlghtjnba bppgaabtjdh usgl
fgtwggh b skbaa n`jal bhl bh dal kbh, t`g lgsjohs di b Hbvb`d
sbhlpbjhtjho, b stdhg bxg, baa t`gsg brg dfsgrvbfag p`ghdkghb.\`g
nuaturg jlgbs fg`jhl t`gk nbh dhay fg jhigrrgl ‛ (\byadr 2:9?, 230-
23:, gkp`bsgs bllgl).
\`g ljiijnuaty js t`g prdfagk di jhigrghng irdk dhg
jhlgpghlght vbrjbfag (brtjibnt dr fg`bvjdr) td bhdt`gr (sdnjba
strunturg dr jlgdadoy)._`jag jt js hdt ky purpdsg `grg td sukkbrjzg t`g `jstdry
di brn`bgdadojnba t`jhmjho bfdut nuaturg, t`g njtbtjdh di dhg
blljtjdhba jlgb irdk t`g brn`bgdadoy di t`g 2:93s bhl 2:?3s
wjaa `gap gstbfajs` ky broukght. _`gh J abst stuljgl
brn`bgdadoy, J agbrhgl t`bt t`g gqubtjdh di ‐bssgkfabog‚ wjt`
‐nuaturg‚ jh brn`bgdadoy `gal ngrtbjh t`gdrgtjnba jkpajnbtjdhs
bhl kgt`dldadojnba blvbhtbogs idr brn`bgdadojsts.22
^dkgw`bt abtgr, \rjoogr trgbtgl t`g ndhngpt di t`g bssgkfabog
nrjtjnbaay bhl jlghtjijgl jt wjt` t`g ‐`jstdrjnba pbrtjnuabrjst
ndhngptjdh, n`bkpjdhgl fy Fdbs‚ (\rjoogr 2:0:, 2:3). _`jag
J bk hdt ndkpgtght td ibuat \rjoogr‚s eulokght, J wjaa suoogst
t`bt t`g gqubtjdh di bh brn`bgdadojnba bssgkfabog wjt` b
nuaturg kby `bvg sdkg rgsjluba vbaug idr t`dsg brn`bgdadojsts
ndhngrhgl wjt` t`g gxtght td w`jn` jlgdadoy bhl sdnjbastrunturg nbh fg rgbl irdk kbtgrjba rgkbjhs.
Ky jhtghtjdh jh t`js gssby js td vdjng b wbrhjho bfdut t`g
ljiijnuatjgs di fbnmfgbrjho irdk t`g kbtgrjba rgsjlugs di
bntjdh bhl fg`bvjdr td ndohjtjdh, td pbttgrhs di ‐sdnjba‚
t`duo`t bhl bntjdh, bhl td ‐nuaturg.‚ J ndhigss td wdrrjgs
bfdut t`g rgajbfjajty di sun` n`bjhs di jhigrghng fgnbusg
(2) J borgg wjt` \byadr‚s vjgw t`bt, ji nuaturg js ndhstruntgl
kghtbaay, t`gh jt nbhhdt fg bpprg`ghlgl ljrgntay bhl
gkpjrjnbaay fy bht`rdpdadojsts dr fy bhydhg gasg, bhl
(6) J bk ndhvjhngl t`bt w`bt sdnjba bhl nuaturba bht`rdpdad-
ojsts `bvg adho nbaagl ‐nuaturg‚ js hdt b nbusba ghtjty. \`bt js
td sby, jt js hdt b idrng jh t`g uhjvgrsg w`jn` bnts updh
kbttgr dr frbjhs bhl kjhls. Ji nuaturg js hdt nbusba, t`gh t`gijrst qugstjdh t`bt brjsgs js5 nbh ‐nuaturg‚ fg gxpabhbtdry,
j.g., nbh jt fg jhvdmgl td gxpabjh `ukbh fg`bvjdr dr bntjdh4
Js jt rgbsdhbfag td sby sdkgt`jho ajmg5 ‐\`g Kukfds
(ld, sby, t`jhm, rgprgsght, fgajgvg) fgnbusg di t`gjr nuaturg‚4
\d ky kjhl t`js agbls, bt fgst, td tbutdadoy bhl bt wdrst td
kgtbp`ysjns. \`grg brg kbhy ndkpagx prdfagks `grg, fut
ngrtbjhay b vjgw ndkkdhay rgvgbagl jh pufajn ljsndursg,
bhl dhg wg ijhl `jhts di dnnbsjdhbaay jh bht`rdpdadoy,
t`bt nuaturg js nbusbaay rgabtgl td fg`bvjdr, johdrgs t`g
ljiijnuatjgs.26 Bt b kjhjkuk, nuaturg (w`btgvgr jt kjo`t fg
tbmgh td fg) js kgljbtgl fy jhljvjluba ndohjtjdh bhl n`djng
w`jn`, jh pbrtjnuabr nbsgs, kjo`t fg ajhmgl td bntjdh t`bt vbrjgs
rbljnbaay irdk t`g ‐fg`bvjdrba hdrks‚ di b sdnjba ordup.2>
\`js js bhdt`gr wby di sbyjho t`bt t`g gkpjrjnba dfegnt di
bht`rdpdadojnba stuly js hdt ‐nuaturg‚ bhl ‐sdnjgty,‚ fut
fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh. \`g ibnt t`bt pbttgrhs di jhtghtjdhba
bntjdh rgnur jh dhg `ukbh ordup bhl kby ljiigr irdk t`dsg
di dt`gr `ukbh ordups, t`bt js, t`bt t`gsg pbttgrhs kby fg
‐nuaturba,‚ ldgs hdt kgbh t`bt nuaturg jtsgai js ljrgntay
bvbjabfag idr stuly. \`js agbls td t`g qugstjdh, ji bntjdh js t`g
dfegnt di stuly, s`dual brn`bgdadoy ndhngrh jtsgai wjt`
ljsndvgrjho t`g nuaturg (dr sdnjba strunturg dr jlgdadoy) di
t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bh brtjibnt dr bssgkfabog di brtjibnts jh
t`g ijrst pabng4
Fy t`js broukght, t`g kdst jkpdrtbht igbturg di b `ukbhfgjho‚s ghvjrdhkght js hdt nuaturg, fut dt`gr `ukbh fgjhos.
\`js ibnt brjsgs irdk t`g uhjqug fjdadojnba `jstdry di dur
spgnjgs, w`jn` `bs prdlungl b nrgbturg w`d nbhhdt survjvg,
gjt`gr bs bh jhibht dr bs b kbturg drobhjsk, wjt`dut t`g nbrg
bhl nddpgrbtjdh di dt`grs di jts mjhl. \`js kust fg mgpt jh
kjhl w`gh bsmjho qugstjdhs bfdut t`g rgabtjdhs fgtwggh
bntjdh, t`g kbtgrjba ndhljtjdhs di sdnjba ajig, bhl t`g kbtgrjba
2>0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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rgsjlugs di bntjdh jh b wby t`bt bssukgs b prjdrjty di
jlgdadoy dr sdnjba strunturg.
Ji tgn`hdadojgs brg jhljngs di jlgbs, t`gy brg basd sdautjdhs
td prdfagks „ wjt` rddk idr paby bhl gxpgrjkghtbtjdh. \`g
rgabtjvg ndkpagxjty di Hgdajt`jn tgn`hdadojgs nbh fg tbmgh bs
b kdvgkght tdwbrl orgbtgr gnagntjnjsk, b kdrg oghgrbaay
bppajnbfag rgpgrtdjrg di tddas, tgn`hjqugs, bhl strbtgojgs idr t`g gxpadjtbtjdh di ghvjrdhkghts, w`jn` kust basd jhnaulg
t`g gxpadjtbtjdh di b sdnjba ghvjrdhkght. Ji t`js js sd, jt rbjsgs
jhtgrgstjho qugstjdhs, sun` bs5 td w`bt gxtght, ji bt baa, nbh
b sdnjba systgk fg vjgwgl bs bh gagkght jh b tgn`hdadoy4
_`jag t`g jhnausjdh di ‐sdnjba systgk‚ jh tgn`hdadoy kjo`t
fg b kbttgr di lgijhjtjdh, ndhsjlgrjho ‐sdnjba systgk‚ dr
‐sdnjba strunturg‚ jh t`js wby ky baadw us td bhswgr
qugstjdhs, sun` bs5 nbh b sdnjba systgk bhl t`g jlgbs `gal fy
jts kgkfgrs fg jhigrrgl irdk bh bssgkfabog di brtjibnts bhl
sufsjstghng strbtgojgs, bhl t`gjr kbtgrjba rgkbjhs4 \`js
qugstjdh rgturhs us td ky stbrtjho pdjht.
7. Nuaturg bs t`gdryJi nuaturg ldgs hdt nbusg fg`bvjdr, bhl ji jhigrghng irdk
brtjibnt td fg`bvjdr bhl t`gh td sdnjba strunturg dr jlgdadoy js
uhngrtbjh, t`gh w`bt jh t`g kgt`dls di bht`rdpdadoy kjo`t
fg di usg td bh brn`bgdadojst4
Jh frjgi, bh bht`rdpdadojst‚s lbtb brg dfsgrvbtjdhs bhl
rgndrls di fg`bvjdr kblg jh t`g ndursg di ijgal rgsgbrn`,
jhnauljho rgndrljhos di w`bt `js jhidrkbhts tgaa `jk bfdut
ruags bhl nbtgodrjgs. \`g broukght `grg kust tbmg jhtd
bnnduht t`g dhtdadojgs di t`gsg t`rgg t`jhos. Fg`bvjdr js
p`ysjnbaay kbhjigst jh t`g kdvgkght (jhtghtjdhba dr hdt) di
`ukbh fdljgs. Vuags brg prdpdsjtjdhs w`jn` brg gjt`gr
brtjnuabtgl fy jhidrkbhts dr ndhstruntgl bhbaytjnbaay fy
bht`rdpdadojsts. Jh t`g ijrst jhstbhng, t`gy kby fg tbmgh bs
gxprgssgl jkpgrbtjvgs t`bt brg t`duo`t fy jhidrkbhts td
odvgrh fg`bvjdr= jh t`g sgndhl, t`gy brg bhbaytjnba ndhstrunts
jhtghlgl td bnnduht idr fg`bvjdr. Jh fdt` nbsgs, t`gy kby fg
iduhl td bnndrl dhay stbtjstjnbaay wjt` dfsgrvgl fg`bvjdr.
Nbtgodrjgs brg idrkbaay spgnjijgl jh abhoubog. Jh dt`gr
wdrls, nbtgodrjgs, ruags, bhl fg`bvjdr brg t`jhos di ljiigrght
typgs bhl jt sggks uhrgbsdhbfag td kg t`gh td sby t`bt t`gy
kbmg up b t`jho (nuaturg) di b uhjtbry typg.
Brn`bgdadojsts `bvg b sjkjabr prdfagk5 t`g kbtgrjba
brtjibnts dr rgsjlugs di fg`bvjdr stuljgl fy brn`bgdadojsts brg
hdt fg`bvjdr, fut brg t`jhos bhl p`ghdkghb di ljiigrght
adojnba typgs irdk fg`bvjdr. \`grg kby fg kdrg t`bh dhgwby td prdlung bh brtjibnt, idr gxbkpag, b stdhg tdda. \d t`g
gxtght t`bt t`js js sd, td t`g gxtght t`bt kbhy tddas nbh fg put
td kdrg t`bh dhg usg, bhl td t`g gxtght t`bt t`g igbturgs di bh
brtjibnt kby hdt jhnaulg t`dsg t`bt nbh sgrvg bs naugs td
w`jn` dhg di t`g pdssjfag kgbhs di kbhuibnturg t`g kbmgr
bntubaay gkpadygl dr t`g usgs td w`jn` jt wbs put, t`gh nbrg
kust fg tbmgh w`gh jhigrrjho irdk t`g brtjibnt t`g fg`bvjdrs
t`bt prdlungl jt dr jhvdavgl jts usg.
Gt`hdorbp`y, bs t`g kbjh prdlunt di sdnjba bht`rdpdadoy,
kby fg njtgl bs b kdlga idr t`g ijhba rgsuats di brn`bgdadoy.
Fut bh gt`hdorbp`y js hdt b lgsnrjptjdh di b nuaturg (dr di
sdnjba strunturg dr jlgdadoy)= jt js b t`gdry di t`g rgndrlgl
lbtb bh bht`rdpdadojst bnnukuabtgs jh t`g ndursg di ijgalwdrm
bhl w`jn` brg sufegntgl td bhbaysjs td rgvgba t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps td dhg bhdt`gr. \`g bhbadoug jh brn`bgdadoy js
t`g brn`bgdadojst‚s systgkbtjn spgnjijnbtjdh di bh
brn`bgdadojnba sjtg5 lgsnrjptjdhs di t`g brtjibnts jt ndhtbjhs,
t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps td dhg bhdt`gr jh spbng bhl tjkg, bhl t`gjr
rgabtjdhs`jps td t`g ndhtgxt wjt`jh w`jn` t`gy wgrg iduhl. Jt
kby fg usgiua td t`jhm di t`bt bssgkfabog bs fgjho bssdnjbtgl
wjt` dr pbrt di b nuaturg, fut t`grg js sdkgt`jho suspjnjdusay
njrnuabr jh b syaadojsk t`bt pdsjts nuaturg bs b lgtgrkjhbht di
t`g prdluntjdh bhl usg di brtjibnts bhl t`gh prdnggls td
ljsndvgr t`bt nuaturg jh t`g bhbaysjs di bh bssgkfabog di
brtjibnts. Jt kby fg fgttgr td ndhngjvg di t`g rgsuats di t`g
bhbaysjs di bh brn`bgdadojnba sjtg bs b t`gdry t`bt gxpabjhs
t`g lgpdsjtjdh di t`g t`jhos iduhl t`grg. \`js js gxbntay w`btkdst brn`bgdadojsts ld.
Eust bs b sykfda js kgbhjhoagss jh jsdabtjdh, fut dhay tbmgs dh
kgbhjho jh rgabtjdh td dt`gr sykfdas bhl td t`g gxtght t`bt baa brg
systgkbtjnbaay rgabtgl td dhg bhdt`gr, sd, tdd, bh brtjibnt dhay
tbmgs dh kgbhjho jh rgabtjdh td dt`gr brtjibnts bhl t`g ndhtgxts jh
w`jn` t`gy brg lgpdsjtgl. \`grg kby ygt fg b ljstjhnt blvbhtbog
td fg iduhl jh t`js vjgw (w`jn` wbs hdt jhndkpbtjfag wjt` b
abrogr ndhngpt di nuaturg). Bs bh bssgkfabog ordws bhl jts
typdadoy fgndkgs kdrg ndkpagx, bhl bs t`g rgabtjdhs`jps
bkdho brtjibnts bhl fgtwggh brtjibnts bhl ndhtgxt fgndkg
kdrg ndkpagx, sd t`g ‐nuaturg‚ n`bhogs dr ogts rgijhgl. @grg
nuaturg js, jh giignt, b t`gdry di t`g bssgkfabog.
\`g brn`bgdadojst‚s ‐nuaturg‚ js t`gh bh gxpabhbtjdh „ b
t`gdry „ lgvjsgl fy t`g brn`bgdadojst td gxpabjh t`g
prdvghbhng di t`g bssgkfabog, t`g brtjibnts t`bt kbmg jt up,
t`g rgabtjdhs`jps jlghtjijbfag bkdho t`dsg brtjibnts (j.g.,
wjt`jh t`g bssgkfabog), t`g rgabtjdhs di t`g bssgkfabog td jts
ndhtgxt, bhl n`bhogs jh t`g bssgkfabog t`rduo` tjkg (w`grg
t`gsg nbh fg jlghtjijgl, dhg nbh spgbm di ‐nuaturba gvdautjdh‚
dr ‐nuaturg n`bhog‚). \`us nuaturg js hdt b t`jho bh
brn`bgdadojst jhigrs (dr bh gt`hdorbp`gr dfsgrvgs). Jt js,
rbt`gr, b t`gdry lgvjsgl td gxpabjh w`bt nbh fg dfsgrvgl bhl
lgsnrjfgl (brtjibnts, jh t`g kdst ndkprg`ghsjvg sghsg, idr
brn`bgdadojsts= bntjdh idr gt`hdorbp`grs).
\`grg brg t`us sjkjabrjtjgs fgtwggh brn`bgdadoy bhl sdnjbabht`rdpdadoy. Fdt` jhnaulg jh t`gjr prjkbry lbtb t`g rgsjlugs
di `ukbh bntjdh jh t`g wdral, bat`duo` bht`rdpdadojsts nbh
jhnaulg jh t`gjr lbtb ljrgnt dfsgrvbtjdhs di bntjdh bhl
fg`bvjdr. Jh brn`bgdadoy t`dsg lbtb brg brtjibnts,
bssgkfabogs, bhl rgs`bpgl abhlsnbpgs. Jh bht`rdpdadoy t`gy
brg tgxts di dhg idrk dr bhdt`gr. Fut t`g ijgals jhtgrrdobtg
t`gsg lbtb jh sjkjabr wbys. Fdt` bht`rdpdadojsts bhl
2>: L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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brn`bgdadojsts wbht td mhdw t`g rgbsdhs w`y b t`jho wbs
kblg bhl w`bt wbs ldhg wjt` jt, bhl, ji pdssjfag, t`g
kdtjvbtjdhs di t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bhl usgl jt= wg wbht
td mhdw w`bt t`g pgdpag w`d kblg bhl usgl t`gk t`duo`t
bfdut t`gjr nrgbtjdhs. _g fdt` wbht td mhdw w`bt t`g t`jhos
bhl t`g t`jhos ldhg wjt` t`g t`jhos kgbht. Bhl wg fdt`
wbht td mhdw w`bt nbh fg agbrhgl irdk t`g drjojhs bhlgvdautjdh di `ukbh sdnjgty fgnbusg t`dsg agssdhs wjaa tgaa us
basd bfdut dur pdtghtjba bs jhljvjlubas bhl bs b spgnjgs.
B igw di t`g mgy tgrks jh t`g ljsnussjdh di t`gsg
qugstjdhs bt HJB^ wgrg5
Nuaturg @uhtjho-obt`grjho
^dnjgty Borjnuaturg
Jlgdadoy
^dnjba strunturg
Bhl wg gxbkjhgl, jhtgr bajb5
Orbvgs
Orbvg sjtgs
^tdhg tddas
wjt` rgigrghng td5
Bhjkbas
Sabhts
Abhlsnbpgs
\`gsg brg t`jhos di ljiigrght adojnba typgs5 sdkg brg ndhnrgtg
t`jhos jh t`g p`ysjnba wdral= sdkg brg fgst lgsnrjfgl bs dpgh
bhl stdn`bstjn (j.g. gvdavjho) systgks= sdkg `bvg b luba
dhtdadoy bhl brg fdt` stdn`bstjnbaay systgkbtjn bt dhg agvga
bhl adojnba ndhstrunts bt bhdt`gr. Bhl, bs bh gvgr prgsght
lbhogr jh bht`rdpdadoy (J wjaa hdt spgbm di brn`bgdadoy),
t`gy nbh fg ndhiusgl dhtdadojnbaay. \`us, b nuaturg, w jn` js
bt fgst b t`gdry lgvjsgl td gxpabjh gt`hdorbp`jn lbtb, nbh fg
kjstbmgh idr b p`ghdkghdh t`bt `bs nbusba giijnbny w`grgfy
jt prdlungs bs brtjibnt t`bt (fg`bvjdr, bntjdh) w`jn` jt
gxpabjhs. \`js js b ldufag ibaabny di kjspabngl ndhnrgtghgss
bhl t`g bssukptjdh di b ndhnausjdh, w`jn` kbhy di us
bht`rdpdadojsts bntubaay ogt pbjl td ndkkjt. Lgpghljho updh
w`dk ydu `bvg fggh rgbljho rgnghtay, b sdnjba strunturg js
bh gkpjrjnbaay dfsgrvbfag ndhijourbtjdh di ndkkuhjnbtjho
bhl jhtgrbntjho `ukbh fgjhos dr gjt`gr b kgn`bhjnba dr
stbtjstjnba kdlga lrgbkt up fy bh bht`rdpdadojst td gxpabjh b
ndrpus di lbtb. Ji wg brg td gkpady t`gsg tgrks, wg hggl td
uhlgrstbhl t`g pdssjfag rgabtjdhs`jps fgtwggh t`g t`jhos idr
w`jn` t`gy stbhl.^dnjgtjgs ld hdt kbmg brtjibnts. Brtjibnts brg kblg fy
jhljvjluba pgdpag, sdkgtjkgs wdrmjho sjhoay, sdkgtjkgs
nddpgrbtjvgay jh ordups. Ji t`g fg`bvjdr dr bntjdh fy w`jn`
bh brtjibnt js kblg js rgabtgl jh sdkg wby td bh jlgb dr
jlgdadoy, jt js bh jlgb w`jn` js jh t`g kjhl di t`g jhljvjluba.
Jts gxjstghng nbhhdt fg sdkg kgtbp`ysjnba ‐ordup kjhl,‚ hdr
gvgh Lurm`gjk‚s ndhsnjghng ndaagntjvg. ^jkjabray, jhljvjluba
t`duo`t js hdt t`g sbkg t`jho bs ndaagntjvg t`duo`t, t`g
rgprêsghtbtjdhs ndaagntjvgs jkputgl td t`g pgdpag di b sdnjgty
fy Lurm`gjk. \`g ijrst js ndohjtjdh, b nbpbnjty di t`g
jhljvjluba kjhl, w`grgbs t`g sgndhl js sdnjba bhl, bs sun`,
nbh dhay fg jhigrrgl wjt` kdrg dr agss adojnba agojtjkbny
irdk t`g dfsgrvgl rgprgsghtbtjdhs di jhljvjlubas. Jh sgbrn`jho
idr bh ‐jlgdadoy‚ t`bt kby fg jhigrrgl irdk brtjibnts t`rduo`fg`bvjdr, fdt` brn`bgdadojsts bhl bht`rdpdadojsts wdual fg
wgaa blvjsgl td mggp nagbray jh kjhl w`dsg kjhl jt js td
w`jn` jlgbs brg bttrjfutgl dr jkputgl.
Fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh kby `bvg jkkgljbtg dr giijnjght
nbusgs jh frbjh kgn`bhjsks (w`jn` brg t`gksgavgs stjaa
jkpgrigntay uhlgrstddl). Fut bs gxpabhbtjdh idr t`dsg t`jhos
t`bt kdst bttrbnt t`g bttghtjdh di bht`rdpdadojsts bhl
brn`bgdadojsts, frbjh kgn`bhjsks brg hdt t`gksgavgs b
suiijnjght gxpabhbtjdh. Hgvgrt`gagss, t`g jhvdnbtjdh di nuaturg
(dr jlgdadoy dr sdnjba strunturg) bs bh gxpabhbtjdh di
fg`bvjdr js bt agbst jhsuiijnjght bhl js bt kdst rjljnuadus
fgnbusg nuaturg ldgs hdt nbusg fg`bvjdr. Jt nbhhdt, t`grgidrg,
fg `gal td gxpabjh kgn`bhjnbaay t`g rgouabrjtjgs, rgpgtjtjdhs,bhl pbttgrhs di bntjdh ldnukghtbfag fy bh bht`rdpdadojst hdr
t`g rgsjlugs di sun` bntjdh rgndrlbfag fy brn`bgdadojsts.
Ji nuaturg js hdt b nbusba ghtjty, bhl ji jt js hdt rgbsdhbfag
td sby t`bt sdkgdhg fg`bvgs jh sdkg wby dr ldgs sdkgt`jho
jh pbrtjnuabr fgnbusg di `js nuaturg, t`gh t`grg wjaa fg
jkpajnbtjdhs idr brn`bgdadojsts w`d brg jhtgrgstgl jh t`g ajhms
fgtwggh t`g brtjibntuba rgkbjhs di `ukbh bntjdh bhl t`g
‐jlgdadoy‚ dr ‐sdnjgty‚ dr ‐nuaturg‚ di t`g pgdpag w`d agit
t`dsg rgsjlugs fg`jhl. ^pgnjijnbaay, J bk birbjl jt js hdt
pdssjfag td rgbl ljrgntay irdk t`g idrkgr td t`g abttgr. Ji t`js
js t`g nbsg, t`gh brn`bgdadojsts kust tbmg pbrtjnuabr nbrg jh
t`g wby t`gy gxpabjh t`gjr lbtb5 nuaturg bs b t`jho (suj
oghgrjs dr Ljho bh sjn`) nbhhdt fg jhvdmgl bs gxpabhbtjdh
idr bh brn`bgdadojnba bssgkfabog.
@dwgvgr, t`js js hdt td lghy t`bt t`g pgdpag w`d nrgbtg
bssgkfabogs di brtjibnts dr w`d bnt jh pbttgrhgl wbys pdssgss
b nuaturg. B agss sbtjsiyjho, fut kun` kdrg rbtjdhba bhl, J
fgajgvg, usgiua jkpajnbtjdh idaadws5 nuaturg, ji hdt b t`jho dr
nbusbtjvg idrng, nbh fg b t`gdry. \`bt js td sby, dhg nbh
gxpabjh fg`bvjdr dr t`g rgkbjhs di jt jh tgrks di bh
gxpabhbtdry ndhstrunt t`bt wg nbh nbaa (pgr`bps idr wbht di b
fgttgr tgrk) b ‐nuaturg,‚ sd adho bs t`g gxpabhbtjdh js tgstbfag
bhl ndrrgntbfag jh ajo`t di hgw dr blljtjdhba gvjlghng, w`jn`
js bhdt`gr wby di sbyjho t`bt sun` b t`gdry kust ndhtbjh bh
`gurjstjn w`jn` agbls tdwbrl iurt`gr rgsgbrn`, bhl lbtb w`jn`kby ibasjiy t`g jhjtjba idrkuabtjdh. \`g broukght js, sjkpay,
t`bt nuaturg js b t`gdry di t`jhos, bhl hdt b t`jho jtsgai. \`bt
t`gdry kby `bvg t`g idrk di b sgqughng di jhigrghngs
(strjntay spgbmjho, `ypdt`gsgs)5
ji brtjibnt x (bhl y, z, …), t`gh jhtghtjdhba bntjdh b.
ji bntjdh b, t`gh jlgb (dr jlgdadoy) j.
2<3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Gbn` jhigrghtjba `ypdt`gsjs, td fg di usg, duo`t jh prjhnjpag
td fg tgstbfag, gjt`gr fy t`g oghgrbtjdh di iurt`gr
‐ji k, t`gh h‚ `ypdt gsgs, w`grg h nbh gjt`gr fg sduo`t
gkpjrjnbaay dr nbh fg lgnjlgl dh dt`gr rgbsdhbfag orduhls.
\`g prdnglurg js vgry kun` ajmg t`bt fy w`jn` wg sdavg
ejosbw puzzags, dhay jh t`g nbsg di brn`bgdadoy bhl
bht`rdpdadoy, pjgngs brg bawbys kjssjho. Gbn` pjgng w`jn`jhtgrbrtjnuabtgs wjt` bhdt`gr bhl t`gh bhdt`gr, td idrk b
kbss, duo`t td jhvjtg t`g ijttjho di dt`gr pjgngs. Ji, jh t`g
ghl, kdrg pjgngs (lbtb) brg agit dut t`bh brg jhndrpdrbtgl jhtd
t`g puzzag, t`gh bhdt`gr strbtgoy idr ijttjho t`gk tdogt`gr
duo`t td fg lgvjsgl.
B hukfgr di ygbrs bod J lgajvgrgl b agnturg td b nabss di
uhlgrorblubtgs jh w`jn` J suoogstgl t`bt t`g dhtdadoy di
‐nuaturg‚ js kurmjgr t`bh kdst bht`rdpdadojsts oghgrbaay
rgndohjzg bhl t`bt dhg wby di lgbajho wjt` t`g ndhngpt js td
t`jhm di b ‐nuaturg‚ bs t`g ljstjaabtjdh di b kggtjho fgtwggh
t`g gt`hdorbp`gr‚s nuaturg bhl t`g nuaturg di t`g pgdpag `g
stuljgs. J nbaagl t`js syht`gsjs bh ‐gt`hdorbp`jn nuaturg‚ bhl
sbjl t`bt w`bt jt rgbaay js, js b t`gdry di t`g gt`hdorbp`jnjhidrkbtjdh bh bht`rdpdadojst `bs bt `bhl bt b ojvgh kdkght
bhl t`bt jts kdst pdwgriua qubajty wbs bs bh `gurjstjn idr
iurt`gr rgsgbrn`.2<
^dnjba bht`rdpdadojsts nbh lrbw dh ‐hbtjvg t`gdrjgs‚ di
strunturg bhl gkpady t`gk bs lbtb= brn`bgdadojsts nbhhdt5
jhlggl, jt js t`dsg ‐hbtjvg t`gdrjgs‚ t`bt brg bkdho t`g odbas
di brn`bgdadojnba rgsgbrn`. Brn`bgdadojsts kby, t`grgidrg,
ijhl jt usgiua td mhdw di t`g prdfagks bhl ljiijnuatjgs t`bt
bht`rdpdadojsts ghnduhtgr bhl t`g kgt`dls t`gy frjho td fgbr
dh t`gk.27 Nuaturg js, t`gh, hgjt`gr b t`jho hdr b p`ghdkg-
hdh, kun` agss b idrng t`bt nbusgs bhyt`jho. Fut jt kby stjaa
fg sdkgt`jho t`bt bh bht`rdpdadojst dr brn`bgdadojst nbh
jhigr wjt` orgbtgr dr agssgr kgt`dldadojnba rjodr bhl t`gh
bhbayzg kdrg dr agss iuaay. Jt js kdst usgiuaay vjgwgl bs b
nukuabtjvg t`gdry di t`g lbtb td w`jn` bht`rdpdadojsts bhl
brn`bgdadojsts vbrjdusay bttghl5 fg`bvjdr bhl t`g rgsjlugs di
fg`bvjdr. Bh gt`hdorbp`jn lgsnrjptjdh di b ndkkuhjty di
`ukbh fgjhos bhl t`g bhbaysjs di t`g pbttgrhs di dfsgrvbfag
fg`bvjdr bhl bntjdh jh w`jn` t`gy ghobog js sun` b t`gdry.
\`g lgsnrjptjdh bhl bhbaysjs di t`g jhljvjluba gagkghts jh b
kbtgrjba bssgkfabog di brtjibnts bhl t`g ndhtgxt jh w`jn`
t`gy brg gkfgllgl bhl t`gjr rgabtjdhs`jps td dhg bhdt`gr
kby basd agbl td sun` b t`gdry.
hdtgs
2 \`js gssby fgobh ajig bs t`g hdtgs idr b ljsnussbht‚s pbpgr idr t`gNdhigrghng dh Jlgdadoy bhl ^dnjba ^trunturg di @uhtjho, Obt`grjhobhl Ibrkjho Ndkkuhjtjgs jh ^tdhg Bog Gurdpg drobhjzgl fyKbrgm Uvgagfja bhl Bhhgadu vbh Ojeh bhl spdhsdrgl fy \`gHgt`grabhls Jhstjtutg idr Blvbhngl ^tuly jh t`g @ukbhjtjgs bhl^dnjba ^njghngs, _bssghbbr, bhl t`g Jhstjtutg di Srg`jstdry,Whjvgrsjty di Agjlgh, \`g Hgt`grabhls, 60-6: Bprja 2::<. J bk
jhlgftgl td HJB^ idr b Igaadws`jp jh 2::>-:< bhl idr t`g ygbr di irggldk irdk t`g qudtjljbh biibjrs di ajig jh t`g abtg twghtjgt`nghtury uhjvgrsjty jt prdvjlgl kg. \`g hdtgs irdk w`jn` t`js pbpgrgkgrogl wgrg bssgkfagl bt HJB^ lurjho t`bt ygbr. J wdual ajmg tdt`bhm ky ndaagboug, Lr E. \jkdt`y D‚Kgbrb, di t`g Bht`rdpdadoySrdorbkkg, \`g Whjvgrsjty di Kgafdurhg, idr b t`duo`tiua bhlndhstruntjvg ljsnussjdh di t`g kbjh pdjhts di ky broukght bs t`glrbit di t`g pbpgr hgbrgl ndkpagtjdh.
6 \bhb _bj Frbkb (‐t`g Ldkbjh di _bj Frbkb‚) js dhg di sgvghngrgkdhjba ldkbjhs jhtd w`jn` t`g pgdpag di \bhb ‚Bj brg ljvjlgl.^gg Agwjs 2:00 idr bh gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduht di \bhb _bj Frbkb,jhnauljho t`g orgh kb`ê rjtgs, bhl Agwjs, Bsn` bhl Bsn` 2::>, bijak bfdut t`g orgh kb`ê .
> B ndkpbrjsdh di gt`hdorbp`jn bnnduhts di sbnrjijnjba rjtgs jhvbrjdus sdnjgtjgs di gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb wdual rgvgba t`bt rjtubandkpagxgs w`jn` kjo`t agbvg sjkjabr brn`bgdadojnba rgndrls brgbttghlgl fy qujtg ljiigrght jlgdadojgs bhl, ndhvgrsgay, t`bt sjkjabr jlgdadojgs brg bssdnjbtgl wjt` rjtuba prbntjngs w`jn` wdual agbvgqujtg ljiigrght brn`bgdadojnba rgndrls (bs, idr gxbkpag, t`dsg di Iadrghgsg pgdpags w`d sbnrjijng wbtgr fuiibadgs bhl t`dsg w`dsbnrjijng dt`gr bhjkbas) (sgg Agwjs 2::9 bhl t`g dt`gr gssbys jh
@dwgaa ]gl.[ 2::9).
< J jhnaulg jh t`g sgt di sun` gvghts t`dsg w`jn ndhsjst di bhbht`rdpdadojst ljsnussjho wjt` bh jhidrkbht sdkg qugstjdh di fgajgkdtjvbtjdh, jhtghtjdh, dr ‐jlgdadoy.‚ \`gsg gvghts fgndkgtgxtubajzgl w`gh t`g bht`rdpdadojst rgndrls b ndhvgrsbtjdh wjt` bhjhidrkbht dr kjhutgs t`bt ndhvgrsbtjdh jh ijgalhdtgs.
7 Bht`rdpdadojsts gkpady b sjkpag s`drt-`bhl idr jlghtjiyjhooghgbadojnba rgabtjdhs`jps5 I ; ibt`gr, K ; kdt`gr, F ; frdt`gr,U ; sjstgr, L ; lbuo`tgr, ^ ; sdh.
9 \`grg js ygt bhdt`gr kbedr nabss di sdnjgtjgs, t`dsg jh w`jnmjhs`jp (j.g., lgsnght) js lgtgrkjhgl hgjt`gr t`rduo` kgh hdr t`rduowdkgh gxnausjvgay. Bht`rdpdadojsts rgigr td t`g mjhs`jp bhl lgsnghpbttgrhs di t`gsg sdnjgtjgs bs ndohbtjn. Jh t`gk, baa jhljvjlubasrgndohjzg gqubaay t`gjr mjhs`jp wjt` t`gjr kdt`grs‚ bhl t`gjr ibt`grsmjh. Jt js pgr`bps wdrt` pdjhtjho dut t`bt bakdst baa di t`gndhtgkpdrbry sdnjgtjgs di Gurdpg brg di t`js nabss. Idr t`bt bhlkbhy dt`gr oddl rgbsdhs, bh brn`bgdadojst sggmjho td jlghtjiy bprg`jstdrjn sdnjgty jh tgrks di jts mjhs`jp bhl lgsnght pbttgrhs kustndhsjlgr t`g pdssjfjajty t`bt jt wbs ndohbtjn.
? Jh Fgajgi, Abhoubog bhl Gxpgrjghng Hggl`bk tbmgs up_jttoghstgjh‚s prdpdsjtjdh5 ‐Bh ‑jhhgr prdngss‛ stbhls jh hggl di dutwbrl nrjtgrjb‚ (_jttoghstgjh 2:7>, sgn. 703) wjt` rgspgnt td fgajgbhl brougs pgrsubsjvgay t`bt, ‐jh t`g nbsg di fgajgi t`gsg brg eustw`bt wg nbhhdt ljsndvgr jh bhy idrk di bntjdh‚ (Hggl`bk 2:?65236). Jh bh broukght t`bt fgbrs ljrgntay dh t`g prdfagks di bht`rdpdadoy bhl brn`bgdadoy, Hggl`bk ndhnaulgs t`bt t`bt ‐t`grjs hd hgngssbry dr oghgrba ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh fgajgi bhl bntjdh,‚
bhl, fgnbusg t`js js sd, bntjdh nbhhdt fg b nrjtgrjdh di fgajgi (2:?65 233). Eust bs baa kgh t`jhm, fut t`grg js hd ndrrgspdhljhofdljay p`ghdkghdh fy w`jn` t`duo`t kby fg jhtujtgl (Hggl`bk2:?65 2<<), sd tdd wjt` fgajgi, w`jn` ghtbjas hd hgngssbry fdljayjhlgx. Ji Hggl`bk js ndrrgnt jh `js nrjtjnjsk di _jttoghstgjh bhl j`js broukght js gxtghljfag td jlgdadoy, t`gh t`g sgbrn` idr jlgdadoy jh t`g rgkbjhs di bntjdh wjaa agbl td kbhy di t`g sbkgprdfagks bs bttgkptjho td lgtgrkjhg b pgrsdh‚s fgajgis irdk `jsbntjdhs.
2<2 L. AG_J^ „ JHIGVVJHO JLGDADOZ BHL ^DNJBA ^\VWN\WVG
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0 Jh t`g Lgpbrtkght di Bht`rdpdadoy, Frdwh Whjvgrsjty, jh 2:?>-?<.
: \`g ‐nuaturg ndhngpt‚ `bs fggh lgijhgl jh vbrjdus wbys jhbrn`bgdadoy jh t`g W.^.B. _btsdh (2::7) prdvjlgs b sunnjhnt survgydi t`g `jstdry di t`g ndhngpt.
23 Dh t`js pdjht, \byadr bhl Lggtz bppbrghtay ljsborgg, idr Lggtzsbys di nuaturg t`bt jt js ‐agbrhgl fg`bvjdr‚ (ni. suprb).
22 Ni. N`brl (2:9:5 6>)5 ‐_`gh b]h[ … bssgkfabog rgnurs rgpgbtglay
bt b hukfgr di sjtgs, wg brg lgbajho wjt` b nuaturg. Gbn` brn`bgdadojnba
nuaturg js t`duo`t td rgprgsght b sdnjgty bhl td rgiagnt t`g pbttgrhs di fg`bvjdr ndkkdh td t`g kgkfgrs di sun` b abrogr ordupjho.‚
26 \`us, td sby ‐Edg lrjhms fggrfgnbusg di `js nuaturg,‚ t bt js, tdsby t`bt Edg‚s pbrtjnuabr fg`bvjdur dr bntjdhs brg nbusgl fy `jsnuaturg, js td uttgr hdhsghsg. \`js vjgw js ljstjhntay ndhtrbry td t`gpdpuabr ndhngptjdh di t`g lyhbkjns di nuaturg bhl t`g wbys jhw`jn` jt jhiaughngs fg`bvjdr, bt agbst jh Bustrbajb, b hbtjdh w`dsgodvgrhkght pdajny gxpajnjtay prdkdtgs ‐kuatjnuaturbajsk.‚ Hdt tddadho bod, Vbljd Hbtjdhba, t`g Bustrbajbh pufajn rbljd sgrvjng,frdblnbst b ljsnussjdh di kuatjnuaturbajsk jh t`g abw ndurts. Dhgnbsg njtgl jh t`g prdorbk wbs t`bt di b kbh w`d `bl kjorbtgl tdBustrbajb irdk b kjllag gbstgrh nduhtry bhl w`d stddl bnnusgl di
p`ysjnbaay bfusjho `js wjig. \`g ndkkghtbtdrs jh t`g prdorbkndhsjlgrgl t`g qugstjdh di w`gt`gr dr hdt t`g kbh‚s ‐nuaturbafbnmorduhl‚ (w`jn`, jt wbs jkpajgl, jhnaulgl wjig-fgbtjho bs b‐nuaturbaay sbhntjdhgl‚ idrk di bntjdh) kjo`t dr kjo`t hdt fg bkjtjobtjho ibntdr jh `js nbsg fgidrg abw. \`g prdpdsgl broukghtsggkgl td fg5 ‐B`kgl fgbt `js wjig fgnbusg jh B`kgl‚s nuaturgwjig-bfusg js hdrkba,‚ j.g., B`kgl‚s ‐nuaturg‚ kblg `jk fgbt `jswjig. \`us B`kgl‚s ‐nuaturg‚ s`dual fg ndhsjlgrgl b kjtjobtjhoibntdr jh `js fg`bvjdr bhl jt kjo`t fg iduhl t`bt B`kgl wbs hdtghtjrgay rgspdhsjfag idr `js bntjdh= `ghng jt kjo`t hdt fg prdpgr tdijhl `jk oujaty di t`g n`brog abjl bobjhst `jk.
2> ^gg Irggkbh (2:?0, 2:02) idr bh gagobht gxpdsjtjdh di prgigrghtjba n`djng bs b lgijhjho n`brbntgrjstjn di `ukbh fg`bvjdr.^gg basd D‚Kgbrb (2::?) idr bh gxpdsjtjdh di t`g nbusba giijnbny di
jlgbs, fgajgis, bhl vbaugs.
2< J t`duo`t J bl ajitgl t`g jlgb ljrgntay irdk Vdy _bohgr (2:02),fut jh rg-rgbljho `js fddm J ld hdt ijhl t`js p`rbsg, bat`duo`t t`gjlgbs w`jn` agbl td jt brg nagbray t`grg.
27 ^gg Agwjs 2::?
rgigrghngs
N`brl, N.^. 2:9:. Kbh jh prg`jstdry, Hgw Zdrm.
Lggtz, E. 2:9?. Bh jhvjtbtjdh td brn`bgdadoy, Obrlgh Njty, Hgw Zdrm.
Irggkbh, L. 2:?0. B Srgnursdry vjgw di t`g bht`rdpdadoy di n`djng,
uhpufajs`gl sgkjhbr pbpgr, Lgpbrtkght di Bht`rdpdadoy, Vgsgbrn`
^n`dda di Sbnjijn ^tuljgs, \`g Bustrbajbh Hbtjdhba Whjvgrsjty, Nbhfgrrb.
Irggkbh, L. 2:02. \`g bht`rdpdadoy di n`djng5 bh BHUBB^
prgsjlghtjba bllrgss ojvgh jh Bunmabhl, Hgw Ugbabhl dh 6< Ebhubry
2:?:, Nbhfgrrb Bht`rdpdadoy < (2), 06-233.
@dwgaa, ^. (gl.) 2::9. Idr t`g sbmg di dur iuturg5 sbnrjijnjho jh
Gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb, Kdhdorbp`s di t`g Nghtgr idr Hdh-_gstgrh
^tuljgs, Agjlgh.
Mrdgfgr, B. A. & N. Maunm`d`h 2:76.Nuaturg5 b nrjtjnba rgvjgw di
ndhngpts bhl lgijhjtjdhs, Sbpgrs di t`g Sgbfdly Kusguk idr
Brn`bgdadoy bhl Gt`hdadoy <? (2), Nbkfrjlog, Kbssbn`usgtts.
Agwjs, G.L. 2:00. Sgdpag di t`g sdurng5 t`g sdnjba bhl ngrgkdhjba
drlgr di \bhb _bj Frbkb dh Iadrgs, Ygr bhlgajhogh vbh `gt
Mdhjhmajem Jhstjtuut vddr \bba-, Abhl- gh Ydamghmuhlg 2>7,
Ldrlrgn`t, @daabhl bhl Srdvjlghng, V`dlg Jsabhl.
Agwjs, G.L. 2::9. Jhvdnbtjdh, sbnrjijng, bhl prgnglghng jh t`gOrgh
Kb`ê Vjtgs jh \bhb _bj Frbkb, Iadrgs. Jh5 ^. @dwgaa (gl.) Idr t`g
sbmg di dur iuturg5 sbnrjijnjho jh Gbstgrh Jhldhgsjb, Kdhdorbp`s di
t`g Nghtgr idr Hdh-_gstgrh ^tuljgs, Agjlgh, 222-2>2.
Agwjs, G.L. 2::?. Ndhvgrsbtjdhs wjt` Kd'bh Mdb5 ndaabfdrbtjdh jh
gt`hdorbp`jn ljsndvgry jh \bhb _bj Frbkb,Nbhfgrrb Bht`rdpdadoy
63 (2 bhl 6).
Agwjs, G.L., \. Bsn` & S. Bsn` (Nd-prdlungrs) 2::>. B ngagfrbtjdh
di drjojhs, Ldnukghtbry Glunbtjdhba Vgsdurngs, Jhn. 29 kk ijak.
<? kjhutgs, sduhl syhn`, ndadr, _btgrtdwh, Kbssbn`usgtts.
Hggl`bk, V. 2:?3. Ghlg`. JJ5 \gst bhl Ndhijrkbtjdh, Fjelrbogh tdt
lg \bba-, Abhl- gh Ydamghmuhlg 269, 6<9-70.
Hggl`bk, V. 2:?6. Fgajgi, abhoubog, bhl gxpgrjghng, N`jnbod.
Hggl`bk, V. 2:?>. Srgsnrjptjdh, Dngbhjb <>, 299-202.
D'Kgbrb, \. 2::?. Nbusbtjdh bhl t`g struooag idr b snjghng di
nuaturg, Nurrght Bht`rdpdadoy >0 (>), >::-<20.
\byadr, _._. 2:9? (2:<0). B stuly di brn gdadoy, Nbrfdhlbag, Jaajhdjs.
\rjoogr, F. O. 2:0:. B `jstdry di brn`bgdadojnba t`duo`t , Nbkfrjlog.
_bohgr, V. 2:02. \`g jhvghtjdh di nuaturg, Vgvjsgl bhl gxpbhlgl
gljtjdh, N`jnbod.
_btsdh, S.E. 2::7. Brn`bgdadoy, bht`rdpdadoy, bhl t`g nuaturg
ndhngpt, Bkgrjnbh Bht`rdpdadojst :? (<), 90>-9:<.
_jttoghstgjh, A. 2:7>. S`jadsdp`jnba jhvgstjobtjdhs, Hgw Zdrm.
G.L. Agwjs
Bht`rdpdadoy Srdorbkkg
Ibnuaty di Brts
\`g Whjvgrsjty di Kgafdurhg
Sbrmvjaag, Yjntdrjb >376
Bustrbajb
2<6 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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\`g wgaa-prgsgrvgl rgkbjhs di t`g Kjllag-Hgdajt`jn
^gttagkght _btgrjhogh < ojvg lgtbjagl jhidrkbtjdh di b
`jt`grtd uhmhdwh gbray p`bsg di ndbstba dnnupbtjdh, prjdr td
t`g wgaa-mhdwh sjtgs di t`g Yabbrljhogh Ordup. \`js Kjllag-
Hgdajt`jn sjtg di t`g @bzghldhm > Ordup wbs jh`bfjtgl
brduhl >733 nba FN. Jt js ndhnaulgl t`bt t`g sjtg wbs
prdfbfay dnnupjgl dh b ygbr-rduhl fbsjs= idrbojho bhl ibrkjho wgrg fdt` jkpdrtbht.
2. Jhtrdluntjdh L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs
2.2. @J^\DVZ DI \@G VG^GBVN@
Whtja rgnghtay, t`g rgkbjhs di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn F
Yabbrljhogh Ordup ndhstjtutgl t`g gbrajgst mhdwh gvjlghng
idr t`g prgsghng di Hgdajt`jn kbh jh t`g Lutn` ndbstba brgb.
\`g bfsghng di dalgr dnnupbtjdh rgkbjhs wbs bttrjfutgl td
t`g lyhbkjn hbturg di t`g ndbstba brgb5 jt wbs fgajgvgl t`bt
bhy dalgr dnnupbtjdh rgkbjhs wdual gjt`gr `bvg ljsbppgbrgl
dwjho td grdsjdh dr t`gy wdual `bvg fgndkg furjgl fghgbt`
t`jnm lgpdsjts, prgnauljho t`gjr rgndvgry (Aduwg Mddjekbhs
2::>, ijo. 9.22). \`js vjgw ndual stjaa fg kbjhtbjhgl jh 2::>,w`gh rgkbjhs di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B @bzghldhm > Ordup
nbkg td ajo`t dh t`g sadpgs di twd luhgs lurjho abrog-snbag
jhirbsntrunturba wdrm jh t`g kuhjnjpbajty di Vjeswjem
(prdvjhng di Uujl-@daabhl). \`gsg luhgs `bl ijrst fggh
ndvgrgl wjt` b abygr di sgljkghts wjt` b tdtba t`jnmhgss di
bpprdxjkbtgay >.7 kgtrgs, bitgr w`jn`, jh t`g Jrdh Bog, abrog
pbrts di t`js abygr `bl fggh grdlgl fy b nrggm systgk mhdwh
bs t`g Obhtga (@gssjho 2::<b, <27= Mddt 2::<, 27-6>).
@dwgvgr, t`js trbljtjdhba vjgw `bl td fg bfbhldhgl w`gh
t`g VBBS iduhlbtjdh ljsndvgrgl t`g _btgrjhogh < sjtg jh t`g
ndursg di b ndrjho nbkpbjoh ndkkjssjdhgl fy t`g prdvjhnjba
but`drjtjgs di Uujl-@daabhl td gvbaubtg t`g brn`bgdadojnba
rgkbjhs jh bh brgb w`grg b rdbl wbs td fg ndhstruntgl (ijo. 2).
\`g VBBS's bhbaysjs rgvgbagl t`g prgsghng di b sdja jh t`g
tdp pbrt di b luhg, w`jn` wbs jhtgrprgtgl bs b prg`jstdrjn
‐nuaturg abygr', pdssjfay lbtjho irdk t`g Hgdajt`jn dr t`g
Frdhzg Bog. VBBS rgndkkghlgl ljoojho b trjba trghn` td
lgtgrkjhg t`g n`brbntgr bhl bog di t`g sjtg (Mdagh/Fdskbh
2::6, 6<).
\`g VDF ( Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgk-
dhlgrzdgm , t`g Lutn` ^tbtg ^grvjng idr Brn`bgdadojnba
Jhvgstjobtjdhs) t`gh luo b trjba trghn` jhtd t`g luhg. \`js
trghn` yjgalgl pdttgry s`grls, irbokghts di fdhg bhl furht
iajht brtgibnts, w`jn` wgrg lbtgl td t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn B
@bzghldhm > pgrjdl (@gssjho 2::<f, <>?). \`g uhgxpgntgl
ljsndvgry di t`gsg wgaa-prgsgrvgl Kjllag Hgdajt`jn rgkbjhswbs nbusg idr bh gxtghsjvg gxnbvbtjdh, w`jn` wbs nbrrjgl
dut fy t`g JSA ( Jhstjtuut vddr Srg`jstdrjg, Vjemsuhjvgrsjtgjt
Agjlgh, Jhstjtutg idr Srg`jstdry, Agjlgh Whjvgrsjty). \`g JSA
ndhluntgl t`js jhvgstjobtjdh dut di snjghtjijn jhtgrgst, fut basd
fgnbusg jt wbs bfag td stbrt t`g gxnbvbtjdh di t`g sjtg wjt`jh b
s`drt spbng di tjkg.
2.6. \@G GPNBYB\JDH
\`g `jo` orduhlwbtgr agvga bhl t`g ndhsjlgrbfag lgpt` di
t`g brn`bgdadojnba rgkbjhs (ldwh td twd kgtrgs fgadw t`g
suribng) hgngssjtbtgl t`g jhstbaabtjdh di b lrbjhbog systgk.
\d kjhjkjsg t`g ndsts jhvdavgl jh jhstbaajho t`js lrbjhbog
systgk, ndrg sbkpags wgrg ijrst ndaagntgl wjt`jh b orjl di tgh-fy-tgh kgtrgs td lgtgrkjhg t`g dptjkuk adnbtjdh idr t`g
lrbjhs. \`g dutndkg di t`js ndrjho nbkpbjoh wbs b lgtbjagl
kbp di t`g idssja luhg suribng, jhljnbtjho t`g t`jnmhgss bhl
gxtght di t`g ijhl abygr bhl t`g prgsghng/bfsghng di n`brndba
dh t`g fbsjs di w`jn` t`g lrbjhs wgrg sufsgqughtay jhstbaagl.
\`js ghbfagl us td gxnbvbtg t`g tdp di t`g luhg, w`grg t`g
ijhl abygr wbs t`jnmgst bhl ndhtbjhgl t`g kdst n`brndba, bhl
abrog pbrts di t`g luhg's sadpgs.
\`g rdbl ndhstruntjdh wdrm wbs sn`gluagl td fgojh bitgr
gjo`t wggms, bhl jt ndual hdt fg pdstpdhgl. _g t`grgidrg
lgnjlgl td gxnbvbtg t`g sjtg dh b abrog snbag fy s`dvga,
wjt`dut usjho sjgvgs, jh uhjts di dhg squbrg kgtrg, td
kjhjkjsg t`g bkduht di blkjhjstrbtjdh. Kdst igbturgs wgrg
ljsndvgrgl jh t`g abst wggms di t`g gxnbvbtjdh, sd bh
gxnbvbtjdh dh b skbaagr snbag wdual `bvg agl td b fgttgr
uhlgrstbhljho di t`g pgrjp`grba pbrts di t`g sgttagkght sjtg,
fut t`g nghtrg di t`g sgttagkght wdual hdt `bvg fggh
gxnbvbtgl. ^trbtjorbp`jn sgqughngs wgrg dfsgrvgl jh t`g
sadpgs dh fdt` sjlgs di t`g luhg (sgg fgadw). @grg t`g ijhls
L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs _btgrjhogh <5 B ^gttagkght di t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jnN.N. Fbmgas @bzghldhm > Ordup jh t`g Lutn` Ndbstba BrgbF. Fggrgh`dut
B.A. vbh Ojeh
M. @ìhhjhgh
^. Kdaghbbr
L. Sbbakbh
K. Ygrfruoogh
N. Ygrkggrgh
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2<< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 2. \`g sjtubtjdh di t`g
_btgrjhogh < gxnbvbtjdh jh rgabtjdh
td t`g pabhhgl rdbl (ldufag
jhtgrkjttght ajhgs) bhl t`g fujat-up
brgb di t`g tdwh di _btgrjhogh
(sdajl orgy). \`g ijgal fduhlbry js
jhljnbtgl bs wgaa.
Ijourg 6. ^n`gkbtjn nrdss-sgntjdh di
t`g _btgrjhogh < sjtg. Dhay t`g
gxnbvbtgl pbrt di t`g luhg js
lgpjntgl. ^bkpag hukfgrs rgigr td2<N sbkpags.
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wgrg ndaagntgl pgr strbtjorbp`jn uhjt. Dh tdp di t`g luhg,
`dwgvgr, t`g ijhls wgrg ndaagntgl pgr squbrg.
Kdst igbturgs nbkg td ajo`t bitgr t`g ijhl abygr `bl fggh
luo bwby. \`gy wgrg baa lrbwh bhl sgntjdhgl. ^dkg igbturgs
wgrg hdt nagbray vjsjfag bt t`js lgpt`, prdfbfay dwjho td
`dkdoghjzjho giignts di sdja idrkbtjdh. \`grgidrg bhdt`gr abygr
di 23-63 nk wbs rgkdvgl wjt` t`g bjl di b kgn`bhjnba s`dvga.
\`js agl td t`g ljsndvgry di bfdut 63 kdrg igbturgs, jhnauljho
t`g hdrt`grh `bai di b `dusg pabh (Vbgkbgmgrs 2::?).
6. Ogdadojnba ndhtgxt K. Ygrfruoogh
6.2. AJ\@D^\VB\JOVBS@Z
^gvgrba lggp fdrjhos bhl twd trghn`gs rgvgbagl sjx ajt`d-
strbtjorbp`jn uhjts bt lgpt`s di fgtwggh 2.< bhl 0.6 kgtrgs
fgadw HBS (sgg ijo. 6). \`g adwgst uhjt (Whjt 2) ndhsjstgl
di nbanbrgdus, wgaa-sdrtgl, iabt-fgllgl, ijhg-orbjhgl sbhls
batgrhbtjho wjt` abygrs di naby wjt` t`jnmhgssgs di up td
6 nk. \`g abygrs ndhtbjhgl kbhy aghsgs di kdaausn s`gaas
( Kbndkb fbat`jnb) t`bt `bl fggh wbs`gl tdogt`gr.
Whjt 6 ndhsjstgl di wgaa-sdrtgl uhstrbtjijgl ijhg sbhls. \`g
tdp di t`js uhjt s`dwgl b luhg kdrp`dadoy. Bfdut b `uhlrgl
fdrjhos rgvgbagl twd ^G-H_ drjghtgl rjlogs wjt` wjlt`s
di 03 bhl 63 kgtrgs rgspgntjvgay, wjt` b s`baadw lgprgssjdh
jh fgtwggh. \`g brgb di t`g frdblgst bhl `jo`gst rjlog wbs
gxnbvbtgl= hd dnnupbtjdh rgkbjhs `bl fggh iduhl dh t`g
sgndhl rjlog lurjho t`g ndrjho nbkpbjoh. \wd typgs di sdja
wgrg dfsgrvgl jh t`g tdp pbrt di Whjt 6. \ypg 2, b lbrm orgy
B2 `drjzdh, wbs dfsgrvgl fghgbt` Whjt > bhl jh abrog aukps
di sgljkght iduhl jh t`g uhajhgl wgaas t`bt `bl fggh luo
jhtd Whjt 6. \ypg 6, b fabnm, 23-nk-t`jnm B `drjzdh, `bl
lgvgadpgl dh t`g `jo`gr pbrts di t`g sbhl rjlog (sgg fgadw).
Whjt >, b t`jh abygr di pgbt, `bl idrkgl jh t`g lgprgssjdhfgtwggh t`g twd rjlogs bhl t`g luhg's sdut`gbstgrh sadpg.
B nagbr ljstjhntjdh ndual fg kblg wjt`jh t`g pgbt fgtwggh b
lbrm frdwh adwgr pbrt wjt` rgndohjsbfag pabht rgkbjhs bhl
b fabnm uppgr pbrt wjt`dut rgndohjsbfag pabht rgkbjhs. \`g
ijhls irdk t`g adwgr bhl uppgr pbrts di Whjts wgrg ndaagntgl
sgpbrbtgay. Bt t`g hdrt`gbstgrh sadpg, t`g uppgr pbrt di Whjt >
js hbkgl Whjt >b, t`g adwgr pbrt js lgsjohbtgl Whjt >f, w`jag
bt t`g sdut`wgstgrh sadpg t`gsg pbrts brg lgsjohbtgl Whjt >n
bhl Whjt >l rgspgntjvgay.
\`g sbhl bfdvg t`g brgb w`grg t`g fabnm uppgr pbrt di t`g
pgbt abygr wglogl dut wbs basd fabnm= t`js ljsndadurbtjdh
gxtghlgl td 23 nghtjkgtrgs bfdvg t`g pgbt. Hd igbturgs
gxtghlgl t`rduo` Whjt >. B abkjhb di sbhl wjt` t`g sbkg
n`brbntgrjstjns bs t`g sgljkght di Whjt 6 wbs dfsgrvgl wjt`jh
Whjt > (sgg ijo. 6).
Whjt <, bh bpprdxjkbtgay >3-nk-t`jnm abygr di naby, aby dh
tdp di Whjt 6 bhl Whjt >. \d t`g gbst di t`g rjlog t`js naby
abygr wbs bt agbst 03 nk t`jnm (sgg ijo. 6). \`grg t`g fduhlbry
fgtwggh Whjts > bhl < wbs vgry s`brp.
Whjt 7 (b t`jh abygr di pgbt) bhl Whjt 9 (b ljsturfgl abygr
di naby) idrkgl t`g tdp di t`g sgqughng.
6.6. N@VDHDADOZ
Gjo`t 2<N sbkpags wgrg tbmgh jh drlgr td lbtg t`g sgljkghts
bhl t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. Ijourg > prgsghts t`g sbkpag
hukfgrs, 2<N bogs, OrH bhl OrB hukfgrs bhl nbaghlbr bog
rbhogs. ^bkpag VOL 2, w`jn` wbs tbmgh fy t`g VOL
(Ogdadojnba ^grvjng di t`g Hgt`grabhls), ndhsjstgl di s`gaas
di Kbndkb fbat`jnb. Bs jt wbs dftbjhgl irdk bfdut 93 nk
fghgbt` t`g tdp di Whjt 2 jt yjgalgl b lbtg idr t`g pgrjdl di
sgljkghtbtjdh di t`js uhjt.2
^bkpags 2, <, 7 bhl 9 wgrg tbmgh jh drlgr td lgrjvg lbtgs
idr t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. ^bkpags 2, 7 bhl 9, w`jn` wgrg
dftbjhgl irdk t`g ijaas di sdkg uhajhgl wgaas dh t`g iabhms bhl
tdp di t`g sbhl rjlog, ndhsjstgl di n`brndba. ^bkpag <, w`jn`
ndhsjstgl di fdhg, wbs dftbjhgl irdk t`g ijaa di b wbtgrjho
pabng jh t`g iabhm di t`g rjlog, fghgbt` t`g pgbt abygr.
^bkpags 6 bhl > nbkg irdk t`g fdttdk bhl tdp di t`g pgb
abygr, rgspgntjvgay.^bkpag VOL 6 wbs tbmgh idr t`g purpdsg di lbtjho Whjt <
\`g sbkpag wbs iduhl td ndhsjst di s`gaas di ^nrdfjnuabrjb
pabhb. ^jhng hd brn`bgdadojnba rgkbjhs wgrg ghnduhtgrgl
jh t`g sgljkghts hgxt td t`g rjlog, t`g sjtg kust `bvg fggh
bfbhldhgl fy t`g tjkg t`bt t`g sgljkghtbtjdh di Whjt < stbrtgl
\`g uhnbajfrbtgl 2<N lbtgs prgsghtgl sgvgrba jhtgrprgtbtjdh
prdfagks. Jh t`g ijrst pabng, t`g twd 2<N lbtgs dftbjhgl idr
2<7 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg >. \`g 2<N lbtgs di_btgrjhogh <. \`g sbkpag hukfgrs
rgigr td t`g hukfgrs jh t`g tgxt.
\`g nbajfrbtgl lbtgs brg ojvgh wjt`
2s (orgy ajhgs) bhl 6s (fabnm ajhgs)
rbhogs.
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Ijourg. <. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g n rdhdstrbtjorbp`y bhl
gvghts bt _btgrjhogh <.
t`g pgbt abygr bppgbrgl td fg jh rgvgrsg drlgr. ^gndhlay, t`g
lbtgs suoogstgl t`bt t`g sjtg wbs jh`bfjtgl fdt` fgidrg bhl
bitgr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g pgbt (sgg sbkpags 2 bhl <),
w`grgbs t`g brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng pdjhts td b sjhoag
`bfjtbtjdh p`bsg (sgg fgadw).
@dwgvgr, baa t`js n`bhogl w`gh t`g 2<N lbtgs wgrg
nbajfrbtgl wjt` t`g bjl di t`g NBA63 prdorbk (Ybh lgr Sajn`t 2::>) td dftbjh nbaghlbr bog rbhogs. \`g nbajfrbtjdh
nurvg wbs skddt`gl fy n`ddsjho b sbkpag tjkg wjlt` di
93 ygbrs idr n`brndba bhl pgbt (Kddm 2:0>)= t`g nurvg wbs
hdt skddt`gl idr kdaausns bhl fdhg. Jt wbs lgnjlgl td usg
t`g iuaa sgqughng di baa t`g nbajfrbtgl 2<N bogs bs b fbsjs idr
jhtgrprgtbtjdh jhstgbl di rgegntjho dhg dr kdrg lbtgs idr t`g
sbmg di brrjvjho bt b ‐ndhvjhnjho' jhtgrprgtbtjdh.
_`gh wg ndhsjlgr t`g iuaa nbaghlbr bog rbhogs di t`g
twd pgbt sbkpags, t`g 2<N bogs brg hdt hgngssbrjay rgvgrsgl.
\`g pgbt ordwt` kby `bvg stbrtgl s`drtay bitgr >973 FN6
bhl ghlgl fgidrg ><33 dr gvgh >733 FN (sgg t`g nbaghlbr
bog rbhog di sbkpag >) „ jh dt`gr wdrls, t`g pgrjdl di pgbt
ordwt` kby `bvg abstgl dhay 273 td 673 ygbrs. Jh t`gsgntjdh, t`g pgbt abygr wbs iduhl td wglog dut bhl ndkg td
bh ghl bt t`g pdjht w`grg jt kgt t`g ibjray stggp sadpgs di t`g
luhg (sgg ijo. 6). \`js jkpajgs t`bt t`g fbsg di t`g pgbt js
ljbn`rdhdus, w`jn` ndual kgbh t`bt dh t`g `jo`gr pbrts di
t`g luhg pgbt ordwt` stbrtgl gvgh abtgr t`bh >933 FN.
\`g nbaghlbr bog rbhog di sbkpag <, stbrtjho brduhl >933,
suppdrts t`js vjgw.
\`g 2<N lbtgs dftbjhgl idr sbkpags 2, 7, 9 bhl < suoogst
lbtgs di bfdut >?33 bhl >233 FN idr t`g fgojhhjho bhl ghl
di t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh, ji wg tbmg jhtd bnnduht t`g
gxtrgkg bogs di t`g rbhogs di 9 bhl <. \`g nbaghlbr bog
rbhogs di sbkpags > bhl VOL 6 `dwgvgr s`drtgh t`js tjkg
spbh td >?33-><33 FN (ijo. >).
Bh jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh irdk bh brn`bgdadojnba vjgwpdjht
js w`gt`gr t`g nbaghlbr bog rbhogs agbvg dpgh t`g pdssjfjajty
di b sjhoag dnnupbtjdh p`bsg di b s`drt lurbtjdh (sby 73 ygbrs).
Ji wg borgg t`bt t`js wdual kgbh t`bt t`g nbaghlbr bog rbhogs
di sbkpags 2, <, 7 bhl 9 wdual t`gh `bvg td s`dw dhay dhg
n`rdhdadojnba dvgrabp, t`gh t`g bhswgr js ygs5 t`g lbtg di
>967 FN ² 67 ibaas wjt`jh baa t`g rbhogs. Ji wg bnngpt t`bt b2<N lbtg dftbjhgl idr n`brndba prdvjlgs bh jhljnbtjdh hdt di
t`g tjkg w`gh t`g n`brndba wbs prdlungl (j.g. t`g tjkg di
dnnupbtjdh), fut di t`g tjkg w`gh t`g wddl stjaa idrkgl pbrt
di b trgg (w`jn` js bawbys bh uhmhdwh hukfgr di ygbrsgbrajgr), sun` b s`drt dnnupbtjdh p`bsg nbh fg pabngl
bhyw`grg fgtwggh >967 bhl ><33 FN.
6.>. \@G GYGH\^
\`g ajt`dstrbtjorbp`jn gvjlghng bhl t`g gjo`t 2<N lbtgs ghbfag
us td rgndhstrunt t`g gvghts t`bt tddm pabng fgidrg, lurjho
bhl bitgr t`g dnnupbtjdh di t`g sbhl rjlog (ijo. <).
2<9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Whjt 2 idrkgl brduhl <333 FN. ^jkjabr sgljkghts `bvg
fggh gxtghsjvgay stuljgl fy Ybh lgr Ybam (2::6) bt b
adnbtjdh dhay < mk td t`g gbst di _btgrjhogh < (Vjeswjem B<
tgkpdrbry gxpdsurg, Whjt >b). Ybh lgr Ybam jhtgrprgtgl t`dsgsgljkghts bs fgbn` fbrrjgr lgpdsjts.>
Adw luhg rjlogs wgrg abtgr idrkgl dh tdp di t`g fgbn`
fbrrjgr.< ^dkg sdja idrkbtjdh kust `bvg tbmgh pabng fgidrg
t`g luhg wbs dnnupjgl= sgg t`g lgsnrjptjdh di Whjt 6.
Brduhl >973 FN pgbt fgobh td ordw jh t`g lgprgssjdh
fgtwggh t`g twd luhg rjlogs. Brduhl t`js tjkg, dr bt t`g
vgry kdst 633 ygbrs abtgr, pgdpag sgttagl dh dhg di t`g luhg
rjlogs. Jh t`g sgntjdh, t`g fdttdk di t`g uhajhgl wgaa ajgs bt b
orgbtgr lgpt` t`bh t`g fbsg di t`g pgbt, w`jn` kgbhs t`bt t`g
wgaas kust `bvg ndhtbjhgl wbtgr. Ji wg ndhsjlgr t`g ibnt t`bt
wbtgr tbfags fghgbt` luhg rjlogs ajmg t`bt di _btgrjhogh <
brg ditgh ndhvgx, t`g wbtgr jh t`g wgaa kby `bvg fggh
<3-73 nk lggp. Jhtgrgstjho jh t`js ndhtgxt js t`bt t`grg wbs bskbaa kbrs` hgbr t`g luhg. Sgr`bps t`g prg`jstdrjn sgttagrs
wgrg bttrbntgl td t`js sjtg fgnbusg t`gy mhgw t`bt t`g kbrs`
jkpajgl t`g bvbjabfjajty di irgs` wbtgr jhsjlg t`g luhg.
Sgbt ordwt` ndhtjhugl t`rduo`dut t`g pgrjdl di
dnnupbtjdh. Bitgr t`g sjtg `bl fggh bfbhldhgl, pdssjfay
brduhl ><33 FN, b fabnm sdja lgvgadpgl jh t`g `jo`gr pbrts
di t`g luhg rjlog, bs b rgsuat di b rjsg jh t`g orduhlwbtgr
agvga. Brduhl >>73 FN pbrt di t`g gbstgrh `bai di t`g luhg
wbs biigntgl fy grdsjdh, bitgr w`jn` kbrjhg sgljkghts wgrg
lgpdsjtgl baa-dvgr t`g luhg rjlog.
>. Igbturgs L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs
>.2. SD^\@DAG^
B tdtba di :? pdst`dags wgrg rgndrlgl, t`g kbedrjty di
w`jn` aby dh tdp di t`g luhg (ijo. 7). Bs t`gsg igbturgs wgrg
ljsndvgrgl dhay bitgr t`g ijhl abygr `bl fggh rgkdvgl,
t`gjr gxbnt lgpt`s `bl td fg lgtgrkjhgl fy nbanuabtjho t`g
ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g `gjo`t di t`g luhg suribng bfdvg
t`g igbturgs bhl t`g fdttdk di t`g pdst`dag sgntjdhs. \`g
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2<? L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg 7. \`g gxnbvbtgl brgb di
_btgrjhogh <, t`g ljiigrght
nbtgodrjgs di igbturgs bhl t`g
ndhtdur ajhgs di t`g luhg jh nk
fgadw H.B.S. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g sjtg
jh t`g Lutn` hbtjdhba orjl js basd
jhljnbtgl.
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Ijourg 9. \`g lgpt s di t`g
pdst`dags. \`g pdst`dags bsnrjfgl tdt`g `dusg pabh brg jhljnbtgl
sgpbrbtgay.
Ijourg ?. \`g `dusg pabh. Jh t g tdppbrt di t`g lrbwjho t`g pdst`dags
bsnrjfgl td t`g `dusg pabh brg
s`dwh jh fabnm= t`g lgpt`s di t`g
pdst`dags brg jhljnbtgl jh t`g fdttdk
pbrt. \`g rgkbjhs di t`g wddlgh
pdsts brg jhljnbtgl jh w`jtg. \`g
orgy pbrts ndrrgspdhl td t`g
t`jnmhgss di t`g fabnm abygr (sgg t`g
tgxt). \`g pdst`dags bsnrjfgl td t`g
`dusg pabh brg dutajhgl jh fabnm.
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Ijourg 0. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di bh uhajhgl wgaa (WW22:).
kbxjkuk lgpt` di t`g pdst`dags wbs iduhl td `bvg fggh
03 nk (Abwghlg 2::7, 69-6:= sgg basd ijo. 9).
B ndhijourbtjdh di hjhgtggh pdst`dags dfsgrvgl dh tdp di
t`g luhg ndhstjtutgl t`g pabh di b twd-bjsagl `dusg wjt` b
aghot` di 23.: k bhl b wjlt` di <.2 k (ijo. ?). Bs pdst-
Fbhlmgrbkjm Hgdajt`jn `dusg pabhs brg vgry rbrg jh t`g
Hgt`grabhls, t`g `dusg pabh wjaa fg ljsnussgl jh lgtbjafgadw. \`g ndhijourbtjdh wbs jhtgrprgtgl bs t`g pabh di b
`dusg dh t`g fbsjs di t`g idaadwjho gvjlghng5
„ t`g usg di ljiigrght mjhls di wddl idr ljiigrght strunturba
pbrts, j.g. Bahus idr t`g nghtrba pdsts bhl Euhjpgrus idr t`g
wbaa pdsts (sgg sgntjdh 7)=
„ t`g dfsgrvbtjdh t`bt t`g nghtrba pdst`dags wgrg sdkgw`bt
frdblgr bhl lggpgr t`bh t`g wbaa pdst`dags. \`js suoogsts
t`bt t`g `dusg `bl b sbllag rddi (@ujets 2::65 62)=
„ t`g prgsghng di t`g twd bjsags bhl t`g sjzg di t`g pabh.
\`g igw dt`gr `dusg pabhs irdk t`js pgrjdl mhdwh jh t`g
Hgt`grabhls brg basd twd-bjsagl bhl di b sjkjabr sjzg.
Oddl gxbkpags brg t`g pabhs di t`g Yabbrljhogh Ordup bt
@bbkstglg-Frbfgrs (pabh 2 (:.23 ≀ >.73/>.03 k) bhl pabh
6 (?.73 ≀ >.:3 k)= Ygr`brt 2::6, ijos 23-2>), bhl t`g
`dusg pabh di Yabbrljhogh (wgstgrh agvgg (:.?3 ≀
7.>3/7.03 k)= Oabsfgrogh gt ba. 2:92, ijo. >2)=
„ t`g sjtubtjdh di t`g igbturgs dh tdp di t`g luhg. \`js wbs
t`g lrjgst pbrt di t`g luhg, w`jn` wjaa kdrgdvgr `bvg
biidrlgl b oddl vjgw dvgr t`g surrduhljho brgb=
„ t`g drjghtbtjdh di t`g pabh rgabtjvg td t`g luhg's ndhtdurs=
„ t`g dvgrabp wjt` t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ijhls (ijos 69, 6:, >>).
\`js suoogsts t`bt t`g strunturg wbs b nghtrg di bntjvjtjgs.
\`g kbedrjty di t`g pdst`dags t`bt stjaa ndhtbjhgl t`g rgkbjhs
di wddlgh pdsts idrk pbrt di t`g rgndhstruntgl `dusg pabh.
\`js suoogsts t`bt t`g bfsghng di wddl jh t`g dt`gr pdst`dags
dh tdp di t`g luhg js hdt bttrjfutbfag td prgsgrvbtjdh ndhljtjdhs.
Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`g pdsts t`bt dhng stddl jh t`dsg `dags
wgrg lgajfgrbtgay rgkdvgl, pdssjfay idr usg jh b abtgr strunturg.
\`bt wdual kgbh t`bt t`g pabh idrkgl fy t`g pdst`dags
ndhtbjhjho t`g rgkbjhs di wddlgh pdsts rgprgsghts t`g abst
strunturg td `bvg stddl dh t`g gxnbvbtgl pbrt di t`g luhg tdp.
_`gh t`g pdsts di t`g gbrajgr strunturgs wgrg rgkdvgl bhl
rgusgl dr furhgl, t`g gkpty pdst`dags wgrg ijaagl wjt` sbhl.
\`g ijaas di t`gsg `dags ndhsjstgl di `ukjn tdpsdja dr t`g
hdh-`ukjn sbhl t`bt surrduhlgl t`g pdst`dag. Jh t`g abttgr
nbsg jt wbs di ndursg jkpdssjfag td ljstjhoujs` vjsubaay
fgtwggh t`g ijaa di t`g pdst`dag bhl t`g surrduhljho sbhl.\`g abrog hukfgr di pdst`dags wjt`dut rgkbjhs di wddlgh
pdsts suoogst t`bt t`grg wgrg kdrg strunturgs dh tdp di t`g
luhg t`bh t`bt ljsnussgl bfdvg.
>.6. WHAJHGL _GAA^
Jh blljtjdh td t`g pdst`dags, t`g gxnbvbtdrs dfsgrvgl b
sgndhl ordup di igbturgs. \`js ordup ndhsjstgl di idurtggh
2<: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
sjkjabr igbturgs wjt` ljbkgtgrs fgtwggh <7 bhl 67? nk
(bvgrbog 276 nk), lgpt`s fgtwggh 70 bhl 23> nk (bvgrbog
?0 nk) bhl prjkbry ijaas ndhsjstjho di t`jh aghsgs di hdh-
`ukjn bhl sajo`tay `ukjn sbhl ndkfjhgl wjt` b igw aukps
di sbhl s`dwjho trbngs di sdja lgvgadpkght (sgg ijo. 0).
\`gsg igbturgs yjgalgl vgry igw ijhls.
Jh t`g luhg strbtjorbp`y gxpdsgl jh t`g sgntjdh t`g sdja
`drjzdh wbs dfsnurgl fy t`g fabnm ljsndadurbtjdh= jt wbs
bttgstgl dhay jh t`g ijaas di t`js sgndhl ordup di igbturgs bhl
fghgbt` t`g abygr di pgbt. Baa t`gsg igbturgs ndhtbjhgl aukps di
t`js sdja, w`jn` kgbhs t`bt t`g pjts kust baa `bvg fggh luo sdkg
tjkg bitgr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g luhg. \`js js iurt`gr suppdrtgl
fy t`g 2<N lbtgs idr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g luhg bhl t`g
dnnupbtjdh, w`jn` s`dw b nagbr `jbtus di sgvgrba `uhlrgl ygbrs
\`g ndkfjhbtjdh di vgry igw ijhls bhl b ijaa di sajo`tay
`ukjn bhl hdh-`ukjn sbhl jkpajgs t`bt t`g pjts fgnbkg
ijaagl wjt` sbhl s`drtay bitgr t`gy `bl fggh luo. \`js rbpjl
jhijaajho kbmgs jt ajmgay t`bt t`g igbturgs rgprgsght uhajhgl
pjts t`bt wgrg luo ldwh td fghgbt` t`g orduhlwbtgr agvga=
sun` pjts wjaa `bvg `bl uhstbfag wbaas, w`jn` wjaa `bvg
nbvgl jhtd t`g pjts wjt`jh b s`drt tjkg. \`bt wdual gxpabjh
t`g prgsghng di t`g sbhl aghsgs bhl t`g aukps di sbhl
s`dwjho trbngs di sdja lgvgadpkght. Jh sgntjdh 6 jt wbs
bargbly dfsgrvgl t`bt t`g pjts prdfbfay gxtghlgl td fghgbt`
t`g orduhlwbtgr agvga._g kby bssukg t`bt t`gsg pjts wgrg luo idr t`g purpdsg
di dftbjhjho wbtgr. Bh broukght ibvdurjho t`js jhtgrprgtbtjdh
js t`g bfsghng di jhtgrsgntjdhs, w`jn` wdual `bvg kblg t`g
wbaas di t`g uhajhgl wgaas gvgh agss stbfag, nbusjho t`gk td
nbvg jh bakdst jkkgljbtgay. Bitgr t`g uhajhgl wgaas `bl
ijaagl up, lgprgssjdhs rgkbjhgl jh t`g suribng di t`g luhg.
\`gsg lgprgssjdhs jhljnbtgl t`g pdsjtjdhs di gbrajgr wgaas bhl
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Ijourg 23. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di t`g gbrt` (A06).
Ijourg :. ^n`gkbtjn rgprgsghtbtjdh di b wbtgrjho pabng (PP??).
ndual fg bvdjlgl w`gh ljoojho hgw wgaas. Ndhnghtrbtjdhs di
n`brndba wgrg iduhl jh twd di t`gsg lgprgssjdhs (^^236 bhl
WW227= sgg ijo. 7).
\`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g uhajhgl wgaas js s`dwh jh ijourg 7.
\`g kbedrjty di t`g wgaas wgrg sjtubtgl hgbr t`g pgrjp`grjgs
di t`g sgttagkght brgb bs jhigrrgl irdk t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g
ijhls. Hjhg di t`g idurtggh wgaas wgrg ndhnghtrbtgl jh b skbaabrgb td t`g gbst di t`g tdp di t`g luhg. \`js brgb yjgalgl
igwgr ijhls t`bh wdual `bvg fggh gxpgntgl dh t`g fbsjs di
t`g batjtulg di t`g luhg suribng= ndkpbrg ijourgs 20, 69, 6:
bhl >>. Jt kby wgaa fg t`bt t`g dnnupbhts lgajfgrbtgay mgpt
t`js brgb irgg di rgiusg td bvdjl pdaautjho t`gjr lrjhmjho wbtgr.
\`g abrogst bhl lggpgst uhajhgl wgaa aby dh tdp di t`g
luhg, hgbr t`g `dusg pabh. Ji t`g prgvghtjdh di pdaautjdh wbs
jhlggl b ndhsjlgrbtjdh, jt js uhajmgay t`bt t`js wgaa wbs jh usg
bt t`g sbkg tjkg bs t`g `dusg, idr t`g abrog hukfgr di ijhls
ljsndvgrgl jh bhl brduhl t`g wgaa jkpajgs t`bt t`g wbtgr
wdual t`gh `bvg fggh pdaautgl. Jt js gqubaay uhajmgay t`bt
t`g wgaa wbs luo bt b abtgr lbtg, fgnbusg t`g pgrjdl di
dnnupbtjdh js fgajgvgl td `bvg ghlgl wjt` t`g bfbhldhkghtdi t`g abst `dusg ljsnussgl bfdvg. \`js js iurt`gr gvjlghng
suoogstjho t`bt t`g sjtg wbs bargbly dnnupjgl fgidrg t`g abttgr
`dusg wbs ndhstruntgl.
>.>. _B\GVJHO SABNG^
\`rgg igbturgs dfsgrvgl jh t`g pgbt-ndvgrgl hdrt`grh sadpg di
t`g luhg ljiigrgl irdk t`g bfdvg ordup di igbturgs jh tgrks
di t`gjr sjzgs (aghot`s di 293, 293 bhl >>7 nk), t`gjr lgpt`s
(9<, 72 bhl :3 nk, rgspgntjvgay), t`gjr pgbty ijaas bhl t`gjr
s`bpgs (aghot`-lgpt` rbtjds), sgg ijo. :. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g
igbturgs, jh t`g wgttgst (; lggpgst) pbrt di t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb,
suoogst t`bt t`g igbturgs rgprgsght wbtgrjho pabngs. \`g abrog
bkduhts di fdhg iduhl jh t`g igbturgs' ijaas jhljnbtg t`bt t`g
wbtgrjho pabngs wgrg abtgr usgl idr b ljiigrght purpdsg,
prdfbfay idr t`g lukpjho di rgiusg. \`g twd gbstgrhkdst
igbturgs yjgalgl t`g rgkbjhs di luho fggtags, w`jn` brg
oghgrbaay bssukgl td ndhstjtutg sduhl gvjlghng idr t`g
idrkgr prgsghng di bhjkba luho.
273 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
>.<. SJ\^
\`g sgndhl abrogst ordup di igbturgs ndkprjsgl t`g igbturgs
di hjhgtggh pjts wjt` ljbkgtgrs fgtwggh >: bhl :? nk
(bvgrbog 92 nk), lgpt`s fgtwggh >2 bhl 9? nk (bvgrbog
<6 nk) bhl uhjidrk ijaas di orgy, sajo`tay `ukjn sbhl. Ajmg
baa t`g dt`gr igbturgs, t`gsg pjts yjgalgl igw ijhls. \`g pjts
wgrg baa sjtubtgl hgbr t`g tdp di t`g luhg, jh ndhtrbst wjt` t`guhajhgl wgaas. \`g pjts' iuhntjdh js uhmhdwh.
>.7. \@G @GBV\@
^dkg sgvgh kgtrgs irdk t`g wgstgrh sjlg di t`g `dusg pabh
t`g gxnbvbtdrs iduhl b njrnuabr igbturg wjt` b ljbkgtgr di
273 nk bhl b lgpt` (rgndhstruntgl) di 79 nk. \`g igbturg's
iabt fdttdk wbs ndvgrgl wjt` b 7-nk-t`jnm abygr di abrog
irbokghts di n`brndba, idaadwgl fy b 23-nk-t`jnm abygr di
luhg sbhl (sgg ijo. 23). \`js igbturg wbs jhtgrprgtgl bs b
`gbrt`. \`g sbhl kby `bvg fggh usgl td gxtjhoujs` t`g ijrg
bitgr usg. \`js js t`g dhay trug igbturg di b `gbrt` iduhl bt
t`g sjtg. Jh blljtjdh, abygrs di n`brndba wgrg iduhl jh twd di
t`g lgprgssjdhs t`bt rgkbjhgl bitgr t`g ndaabpsg di t`guhajhgl wgaas.
>.9. NDHNAW^JDH^
\`g bhbaysjs di t`g igbturgs' s`bpgs, sjzgs, ijaas bhl spbtjba
ljstrjfutjdhs s`dwgl t`bt t`gy rgprgsght pdst`dags, uhajhgl
wgaas, wbtgrjho pabngs, pjts bhl b `gbrt`. \`g igbturgs'
ljstrjfutjdhs rgiagnt b spbtjba ljiigrghtjbtjdh di bntjvjtjgs5 t`g
kbedrjty di t`g pdst`dags, t`g pjts bhl t`g `gbrt` wgrg
ndhnghtrbtgl dh tdp di t`g luhg, w`grgbs t`g wgaas bhl t`g
wbtgrjho pabngs wgrg sjtubtgl kdstay dh t`g sadpgs.
\`g aghot` di t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh js prdfbfay fgst
gstjkbtgl dh t`g fbsjs di t`g gvjlghng prdvjlgl fy t`g
igbturgs. Baa t`g wgaas wgrg iduhl td ndhtbjh aukps di sbhl
kjxgl wjt` sdja. \`js kgbhs t`bt t`g ijrst dnnupbhts kust
`bvg brrjvgl b igw `uhlrgl ygbrs bitgr t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g
luhg. \`g bssukptjdh t`bt gbrajgr strunturgs stddl dh t`g
luhg fgidrg t`bt rgprgsghtgl fy t`g rgndhstruntgl `dusg pabh
jkpajgs t`bt t`g sjtg wbs dnnupjgl idr bt agbst twd `dusg
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oghgrbtjdhs. Bt agbst dhg di t`g wgaas js lbtbfag td t`js gbrajgr
dnnupbtjdh p`bsg.
<. Idrkgr vgogtbtjdh bhl iddl pabhts N.N. Fbmgas
<.2. KG\@DL^
Jt wbs lgnjlgl td rgndvgr t`g fdtbhjnba rgkbjhs irdk t`g
ijhl abygr fy kgbhs di jhtgrvba sbkpajho. Jhjtjbaay, 7-ajtrgsbkpags di fabnm sdja wgrg tbmgh irdk gvgry dt`gr squbrg
badho idur ajhgs ruhhjho pbrbaaga td t`g adho sjlgs di t`g kbjh
gxnbvbtjdh trghn`, bt jhtgrvbas di gjo`t, bhl jh dhg nbsg sjx,
kgtrgs (ni . ijos 22-29). Whidrtuhbtgay, t`g sdut`gbstgrh tjp di
t`g gxnbvbtjdh brgb wbs hdt sbkpagl. _`ghgvgr igbturgs
nbkg td ajo`t fghgbt` t`g fabnm abygr, t`gy wgrg sbkpagl tdd.
\`g sbkpags wgrg tbmgh irdk aukps di t`g dal abhl suribng
jhndrpdrbtgl jh t`g igbturgs, irdk t`g prjkbry bhl sgndhlbry
ijaas di vbrjdus igbturgs, irdk sdkg di t`g pdst`dags bhl irdk
t`g `gbrt`.
@dwgvgr, bitgr sdkg tjkg wg iduhl t`bt wg `bl ndaagntgl
sun` vbst qubhtjtjgs di sdja t`bt jt wdual fg jkpdssjfag td
bhbaysg baa di t`g sbkpags. Bs t`g sdja ndhtbjhgl fdt`nbrfdhjzgl bhl uhnbrfdhjzgl pabht rgkbjhs, abrog-snbag
iadtbtjdh wbs dut di t`g qugstjdh. Baa t`g sbkpags `bl td fg
`bhl-sjgvgl bhl `bhl-sdrtgl. \`g ijhgst kgs` usgl wbs
3.7 kk. \d ajkjt t`g bkduht di wdrm, t`g jhvgstjobtjdh wbs
t`grgidrg abrogay rgstrjntgl td squbrgs ayjho ijvg kgtrgs bpbrt
bhl t`g sbkpag sjzg wbs rglungl td t`rgg ajtrgs.
Jt wbs lgnjlgl basd td pgridrk sdkg pdaagh rgsgbrn`.
Idr t`g abttgr purpdsg b sgntjdh jh dhg di t`g trghn`gs wbs
sbkpagl (sgg ijo. 7). \`g sgntjdh s`dwgl b pgbty sgljkght
wjt` b t`jnmhgss di bfdut 23 nk, t`g abtgrba ndhtjhubtjdh di
t`g fabnm abygr kghtjdhgl bfdvg (Whjt >). \`g pgbt aby dh
tdp di t`g sbhly sufsdja bhl wbs ndvgrgl fy naby.
Brn`bgdadojnba ijhls s`dwgl t`bt t`g abygr lbtgl irdk t`g
pgrjdl di `ukbh dnnupbtjdh. \`g sbkpag wbs tbmgh irdk b
pdjht ayjho 73 k irdk t`g nghtrg di `ukbh bntjvjty5 t`g tdp
di t`g adw luhg. \wd pdaagh spgntrb wgrg nduhtgl, dhg irdk
t`g fdttdk bhl dhg irdk t`g tdp di t`g pgbt.
<.6. VGNDH^\VWN\JDH DI \@G IDVKGV YGOG\B\JDH
^dkg rgsuats di t`g jlghtjijnbtjdh bhl nduhtjho di t`g sggls
prgsgrvgl jh t`g sdja sbkpags brg prgsghtgl jh tbfag 2. \`gy
brg rgprgsghtbtjvg di baa t`g bhbaysgl sbkpags. \`g tbxb `bvg
fggh brrbhogl bnndrljho td t`g ghvjrdhkghts jh w`jn` t`gy
kdst prdfbfay orgw. \`g ijrst twd rdws jhljnbtg `dw t`gy
wgrg prgsgrvgl. Kdst di t`g uhnbrfdhjzgl rgkbjhs wgrgdi spgnjgs wjt` lgnby-rgsjstbht sggls. \`g drjojhba hukfgr di
pabht tbxb wjaa `ghng `bvg fggh orgbtgr. Hgvgrt`gagss, t`g
ghnduhtgrgl pabhts prdfbfay rgprgsght t`g idrkgr vgogtbtjdh
ibjray bnnurbtgay.
Bs nbrfdhjzgl rgkbjhs `bvg jh dhg wby dr bhdt`gr fggh
`bhlagl fy `ukbh fgjhos, jt js bawbys fgst td rgndhstrunt
idrkgr vgogtbtjdhs irdk t`g gvjlghng prdvjlgl fy
wbtgradoogl rgkbjhs. Di ndursg, t`grg js bawbys t`g
pdssjfjajty t`bt sdkg wbtgradoogl rgkbjhs sgagntgl idr
bhbaysjs `bvg fggh ljsadnbtgl fy `ukbh fgjhos, fut t`js js
bssukgl td fg di dhay kjhdr jhiaughng dh t`g rgsuats,
gspgnjbaay jh t`g nbsg di `grfs. Bs wjaa fg pdjhtgl dut fgadw
jt js vgry uhajmgay t`bt t`g rgkbjhs irdk t`g _btgrjhogh sjtg
`bl fggh ljsadnbtgl fy dt`gr boghts, sun` bs wbtgr.\`g fgst sdurngs idr t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g ghvjrdhkght
brg t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs. \`gy rgprgsght b
vgogtbtjdh jh sjtu.
\`g ijrst qugstjdh t`bt `bl td fg bhswgrgl wbs w`gt`gr
t`js vgogtbtjdh ndrrgspdhls td t`g vgogtbtjdh lurjho t`g
pgrjdl di `ukbh dnnupbtjdh. \`js wbs jhvgstjobtgl fy
ndkpbrjho t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g squbrgs wjt` jhidrkbtjdh
dftbjhgl irdk t`g aukps di dal abhl suribng iduhl bt t`g
fdttdk di sdkg di t`g uhajhgl wgaas. \`dsg aukps wgrg
iduhl td ndhtbjh rgkbjhs di t`g sbkg spgnjgs bs basd
ghnduhtgrgl jh t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs. \`g
ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g prjkbry bhl sgndhlbry ijaas di t`g pjts
s`dwgl t`bt t`g vgogtbtjdh uhlgrwght vgry igw, ji bhy,n`bhogs lurjho bhl bitgr t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. \`g sggl
fbhm kby t`gdrgtjnbaay `bvg ndhtrjfutgl ndkpdhghts di bh
dalgr, ljiigrght, vgogtbtjdh (Nbppgrs 2::7), fut hd nagbr
jhljnbtjdhs di t`js wgrg iduhl jh t`g bhbaysjs di t`g nduhts.
\`grgidrg t`g gvjlghng prdvjlgl fy t`g uhnbrfdhjzgl
rgkbjhs irdk t`g squbrgs wbs usgl td rgndhstrunt t`g idrkgr
ghvjrdhkght.
\`g ordups di pabhts prgsghtgl jh tbfag 2 wgrg ndkfjhgl
wjt` t`g luhg's idrkgr rgajgi, t`rgg gxngptgl. \`g rgkbjhs di
‐nuatjvbtgl pabhts' wgrg baa nbrfdhjzgl. \`g dhay trug
wbtgrpabht, Ngrbtdp`yaauk lgkgrsuk, wbs rgprgsghtgl
gxnausjvgay jh sbkpags irdk t`g igbturgs jhtgrprgtgl bs wgaas
jt wbs hdt ghnduhtgrgl jh t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs.
Sdtbkdogtdh sp. basd ordws jh kbrs`gs. \`g sbkpags irdk
t`g squbrgs kdrgdvgr ndhtbjhgl hd rgkbjhs di pabhts irdk
trdllgh orduhl, sun` bs pbt`s.
\`g ijrst ordup di pabhts w`jn` bppbrghtay ndvgrgl b ibjray
abrog brgb js t`bt di rjpbrjbh pabhts= sgg ijourg 22. \`g ijourg
js fbsgl dh t`g prgsghng/bfsghng di t`g tbxb, fgnbusg hd
blljtjdhba jhidrkbtjdh wbs dftbjhgl jh b qubhtjtbtjvg bhbaysj
di t`g lbtb. \`g pabht ndkkuhjtjgs jh qugstjdh ndvgrgl t`g
adwgr pbrt di t`g tgrrbjh, rduo`ay t`g pbrt fgadw t`g ·>03 nk
ndhtdur ajhg. \`js pbrt di t`g sgttagkght's surrduhljhos wbs
prdfbfay wgtabhl. \`grg wgrg hd abrog gxpbhsgs di dpgh
wbtgr.Ijourg 26 prgsghts t`g rgkbjhs di pabhts nabssjijgl bs
spgnjgs ibvdurjho kbrs`y brgbs. \`gy wgrg ghnduhtgrgl jh
t`g sbkg brgbs bs t`g rjpbrjbh pabhts, fut basd `jo`gr up t`g
luhg, up td t`g ·>93 nk ndhtdur ajhg. Dhg di t`g spgnjgs
ghnduhtgrgl kdst irgqughtay js Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk.
Bs bargbly pdjhtgl dut bfdvg, t`js ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay kgbh
t`bt t`js wbs b ldkjhbht spgnjgs, idr jt kby sjkpay fg t`g
272 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
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276 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag 2. \`g pabht spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh < bhl gxbkpags di t`g ndhtghts di jhljvjluba sbkpags. _;wbtgradoogl, N;n`brrgl= jh
jhljvjluba sbkpags, n`brrgl rgkbjhs brg jhljnbtgl fy bh *= t`g dt`gr rgkbjhs brg wbtgradoogl ijhls. +5 123, ++5 ≧23 fut 1273, +++5 ≧273.
2-9 brg sbkpags irdk igbturgs, ?-: brg sbkpags irdk squbrgs. 2;WW22:, 6;ZZ263, >;N00, <;WW227, 7;ZZ263, 9;N00, ?;O263, 0;O223, :;O?9.
Dal suribng Srjkbry ijaa ^gndhlbry ijaa ^qubrgs_ N
2 6 > < 7 9 ? 0 :
Nuatjvbtgl Sabhts@drlguk vuaobrg x 6* „ „ >* ?* <* „ 6* „
@. vuaobrg, jhtgrhdljb x „ „ „ „ „ :* „ „ 2*
\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk x „ „ „ 2* 6* „ „ „ „
\r. ljndnnuk, oaukg fbsgs x „ „ >* 2* 2* 0* „ „ „
@drlguk/\rjtjnuk x „ „ „ „ „ 23* „ „ „
Dpgh _btgr
Ngrbtdp`yaauk lgkgrsuk x x „ „ „ 2 6* „ „ „ „
Sdtbkdogtdh sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Vjpbrjbh Ygogtbtjdhs
Fgruab grgntb x „ „ „ „ 2* „ „ „ „
Nbrgx bnutjidrkjs x 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Nbrgx rjpbrjb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Jrjs psgulbndrus x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Ayndpus gurdpbgus x + „ „ „ „ „ 6 „ „
Kght`b bqubtjnb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^njrpus abnustrjs ssp tbf. x x „ „ „ 2 „ 2* „ „ „
^njrpus kbrjtjkus x x „ „ 2 „ „ 2* „ „ „
Kbrs`
Frbssjnb hjorb x x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk x x „ 6 2 „ „ 6 27 6 „
Gup`drfjb pbaustrjs x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2
Ayt`ruk sbajnbrjb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^dabhuk luanbkbrb x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^tbn`ys pbaustrjs x 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
\`bajntruk iabvuk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Vulgrba Brgbs, wgt
Badpgnurus oghjnuabtus x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
N`ghdpdljuk oabunuk/rufruk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Ayn`hjs iads-nunuaj x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Kydsdtdh bqubtjnuk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Sdayodhuk `ylrdpjpgr x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Sdayodhuk kjhus x x ++ „ „ „ „ 2* „ „ „
Sdtghtjaab rgptbhs x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Vbhuhnuaus sngagrbtus x + „ + „ „ „ „ „ „
Vulgrbas/_ggls, lry
Brntjuk sp. x „ „ 6 „ „ „ „ „ „
Btrjpagx pbtuab/prdstrbtb x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
N`ghdpdljuk bafuk x x „ „ ++ + ++ 7 2 „ „
N`ghdpdljuk ijnjidajuk x x „ „ „ „ + „ „ „ „
Sdayodhuk ndhvdavuaus x x „ „ + „ „ „ „ „ „
Sdayodhuk abpbt`jidajuk x x „ „ ++ „ „ 2* „ „ „
^dabhuk hjoruk x x „ „ 2 + „ „ „ „ „
^tgaabrjb kgljb x + „ ++ „ „ „ „ „ „
Wrtjnb ljdjnb x ++ 2 +++ +++ „ „ > „ 2
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27> L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
\bfag 2. (ndhtjhugl).
Dal suribng Srjkbry ijaa ^gndhlbry ijaa ^qubrgs_ N
2 6 > < 7 9 ? 0 :
Sbt`s
Sabhtbod kbedr x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Sdayodhuk bvjnuabrg x x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
_ddlgl Brgbs
Ndrhus sbhoujhgb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Ndryaus bvgaabhb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Obagdpsjs fjijlb/tgtrb`jt x „ „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ „
Oagn`dkb `glgrbngb x + „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 2
Abpsbhb ndkkuhjs x 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Kbaus syavgstrjs x x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Kdg`rjhojb trjhgrvjb x +++ 27 6 + ++ ? 2 ++ 6<
Sruhus spjhdsb x x 0->* „ „ „ >* <* „ „ „
Vdsb sp. x „ „ „ „ „ 2* „ „ „
Vufus nbgsjus x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^bkfunus hjorb x „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^bat Kbrs`
^ubglb kbrjtjkb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Dt`grs
Bahus oautjhdsb x x „ „ „ 2* „ „ „ „ „
Frbssjnb rbpb x „ „ ++ „ „ „ „ „ „
Frdkus sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Nbrgx sp. x x „ „ „ „ „ 6* 2 „ „
Obajuk bpbrjhg x „ „ „ 6* 2* <* „ „ „
Obajuk ni. kdaauod x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Orbkjhgbg x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
@ypgrjnuk sp. x „ „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ „
Euhnus sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
S`rbokjtgs/Sdb sp. x „ „ „ 2* „ „ „ „ „Sdb sp. x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Vukgx sp. x x ++ „ 6 „ „ „ „ „ „
^nrdp`uabrjb/Ygrfbsnuk x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^jaghg sp. x ++ 6 „ „ „ „ „ „ „
^tgaabrjb sp. x „ „ „ + „ „ „ „ „
Yjnjb `jrsutb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
Yjnjb `jrsutb/tgtrbspgrkb x „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
spgnjgs wjt` t`g kdst lgnby-rgsjstbht sggls. Jh t`js pbrtjnuabr
nbsg, `dwgvgr, t`js pabht kby jhlggl `bvg fggh t`g ldkjhbht
spgnjgs. \`g tbaa idrf Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk tghls td
ldkjhbtg jh ndkpbrbfag surrduhljhos. Bat`duo` jt js
ndkkdhay lgsnrjfgl bs b pabht ibvdurjho wgt ndhljtjdhs,
jt basd t`rjvgs jh lry brgbs, jh sdjas ndhtbjhjho lgndkpdsjho
`ukus, idr jhstbhng jh nbanbrgdus luhg ghvjrdhkghts. \`g
sbkg js trug di ^dabhuk luanbkbrb. \`g adwgr sadpgs di t`g
_btgrjhogh < luhg kby `ghng `bvg fggh agss ‐kbrs`y' t`bh
dhg wdual t`jhm.
B t`jrl nbtgodry ndhsjsts di pabhts w`jn` brg hdwblbys
iduhl kbjhay jh wgt rulgrba brgbs. Bs nbh fg sggh jh
ijourg 2>, t`gy s`dw t`g sbkg ljstrjfutjdh bs t`g kbrs`
pabhts. \`gsg pabhts ordw jh sdjas wjt` b `jo` hjtrdogh
ndhtght, w`jn` wjaa `bvg dnnurrgl hbturbaay jh t`js yduho
ghvjrdhkght.
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27< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 22. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng di
rgkbjhs di rjpbrjbh vgogtbtjdh jh t`g
sbkpagl squbrgs bhl t`g prjkbry
ijaas di t`g igbturgs. \`g abrog ldts
jhljnbtg t`g prgsghng, t`g skbaa ldts
t`g bfsghng di rgkbjhs jh t`g
sbkpags. \`g orgy brgb rgprgsghts
t`g `dusg pabh.
Ijourg 26. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng di
rgkbjhs di kbrs` vgogtbtjdh.^gg basd ijo. 22.
Ijourg 2>. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng
di rgkbjhs di wgtabhl rulgrba
vgogtbtjdh. ^gg basd ijo. 22.
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277 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg 29. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng dingrgba rgkbjhs. \`g abrog ldts
jhljnbtg kdrg t`bh 2 irbokght, t`g
kgljuk-sjzgl ldts 2 irbokght, w`jag
t`g skbaa ldts jhljnbtg t`g bfsghng
di rgkbjhs. ^gg basd ijo. 22.
Ijourg 2<. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng di
kbnrd-rgkbjhs di t`jnmgts. \`g abrog
ldts jhljnbtg kdrg t`bh 23 rgkbjhs,
t`g kgljuk-sjzgl ldts 2-23 rgkbjhs,
w`jag t`g skbaa ldts jhljnbtg t`g
bfsghng di rgkbjhs. ^gg basd
ijo. 22.
Ijourg 27. \`g prgsghng/bfsghng di
pabhts typjnba di sbat kbrs`gs.^gg basd ijo. 22.
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\`g rgsuats di t`g bhbaysjs s`dw t`bt t`g brgb surrduhljho
t`g luhg js fgst lgsnrjfgl bs b kbrs` wjt` b aus` vgogtbtjdh
di tbaa idrf spgnjgs. Bat`duo` t`g orduhlwbtgr rgbn`gl t`g
suribng jh t`g adwgst pbrts, bhl t`grg kust `ghng `bvg fggh
pbtn`gs di dpgh wbtgr (dt`grwjsg pabhts ajmg Sdtbkdogtdh sp.
wdual hdt `bvg ordwh `grg), t`grg ldgs hdt sggk td `bvg
fggh bh bntuba abmg jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos, bt agbsthdt wjt`jh t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb. \`g wbtgr wbs irgs`, bs
jhljnbtgl fy spgnjgs ajmg Ayt`ruk sbajnbrjb, w`jn` ld hdt
ordw jh sbajhg ghvjrdhkghts, fut t`js kby `bvg fggh b ibjray
rgnght ndhljtjdh fy t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh. Kdst di t`g
ghnduhtgrgl pabhts tdagrbtg sbajhg dr sajo`tay sbajhg
ndhljtjdhs. \`gdrgtjnbaay, t`g rgkbjhs di t`gsg spgnjgs kby
bntubaay lgrjvg irdk t`g sgglfbhm agit fy bh gbrajgr
vgogtbtjdh jh b frbnmjs` ghvjrdhkght, fut bs t`gy wgrg
ghnduhtgrgl jh sun` `jo` hukfgrs jh prdpdrtjdh td trug
irgs`wbtgr spgnjgs wg kby bssukg t`bt t`g spgnjgs jh
qugstjdh idrkgl pbrt di t`g ndhtgkpdrbry vgogtbtjdh. Baa
t`gsg spgnjgs nbh ordw pgrigntay uhlgr irgs`wbtgr ndhljtjdhs.
\`gy kby `bvg ndadhjzgl t`g brgb lurjho b p`bsg di frbnmjs`ndhljtjdhs bhl `bvg ndhtjhugl td ordw t`grg w`gh t`g
ghvjrdhkght uhlgrwght lgsbajhjsbtjdh.
Gagkghts bssdnjbtgl wjt` wddlgl brgbs brg prgsghtgl jh
ijourg 2<. \`gy ndkprjsg t`g rgkbjhs di irujts bhl sggls di
wddly pabhts (wjt` t`g gxnausjdh di balgr, Bahus oautjhdsb)
bhl t`g `grfs t`bt kby `bvg idrkgl pbrt di t`g uhlgrordwt`.
Bahus wbs gxnaulgl fgnbusg jts irujts bhl sggls wgrg
ghnduhtgrgl dhay jh t`g prjkbry ijaa di wbtgrjho pabng \\??.
\`gy kby `bvg fggh lukpgl jh t`g pjt fy `ukbh fgjhos.
Ji balgrs `bl ordwh jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos di t`g
sjtg, t`gjr sggls wdual `bvg fggh iduhl jh kbhy kdrg
sbkpags. \`g kdst ndkkdh s`rufs di w`jn` irujt bhl sggl
rgkbjhs `bl fggh prgsgrvgl wgrg galgr (^bkfunus hjorb) bhl
sadg ( Sruhus spjhdsb). Bat`duo` t`dsg irujts kby basd `bvg
fggh obt`grgl gasgw`grg, jt js vgry ajmgay t`bt t`g s`rufs
idrkgl pbrt di t`g adnba vgogtbtjdh. B s`ruf vgogtbtjdh js
bttgstgl fy t`g pabht w`dsg rgkbjhs wgrg kdst irgqughtay
ghnduhtgrgl5 Kdg`rjhojb trjhgrvjb= jts sggls wgrg gvgh t g
kdst hukgrdus di baa t`g _btgrjhogh < sggls. \`js `grf
t`rjvgs fghgbt` s`rufs jh rgabtjvgay dpgh stbhls, dh sbhly
sdjas wjt` `jo` ndhnghtrbtjdhs di lgndkpdsgl drobhjn kbttgr
t`bt brg hgjt`gr tdd lry hdr tdd wgt. \`g sgndhl kdst
ndkkdh `grf ghnduhtgrgl dh t`g luhg wbs Oagn`dkb
`glgrbngb, w`jn` ibvdurs t`g sbkg ndhljtjdhs. Hgjt gr pabht
ordws jh frbnmjs` ghvjrdhkghts.^dkg spgnjgs, jh pbrtjnuabr Kdg`rjhojb, wgrg ghnduhtgrgl
jh wjlgay vbryjho irgqughnjgs= t`bt js t`g rgbsdh w`y t`gjr
rgkbjhs brg gxprgssgl jh nabssgs jh ijourg 2<. Bs nbh fg sggh
jh t`js ijourg, t`g orgbtgst qubhtjtjgs wgrg iduhl jh t`g `jo`gr
pbrts di t`g abhlsnbpg. Irdk t`js wg kby jhigr t`bt t`g adw
luhg wbs drjojhbaay ndvgrgl wjt` bh dpgh s`ruf vgogtbtjdh
jhnauljho galgr bhl t`drhy gagkghts, w`jn` fdrg b nadsg
rgsgkfabhng td t`g typg di vgogtbtjdh ndkkdhay ghnduhtgrgl
dh yduho luhgs tdlby. B strjmjho ljiigrghng wjt` rgspgnt
td prgsght-lby luhg vgogtbtjdhs js `dwgvgr t`g bfsghng di
sgb funmt`drh ( @jppdp`bí r`bkhdjlgs) jh t`g Hgdajt`jn
vgogtbtjdh. \`g bfsghng di rgkbjhs di t`g irujts di t`js s`ruf
ndual fg bttrjfutbfag td prgsgrvbtjdh ndhljtjdhs, fut ji sgb
funmt`drh `bl jhlggl ordwh dh t`g luhg, jts pdaagh wdual`bvg fggh rgprgsghtgl jh t`g pdaagh spgntrb bhl, bs wg wjaa
sgg fgadw, t`js js hdt t`g nbsg.
Bhdt`gr adw trgg w`dsg irujt bhl pdaagh wgrg hdt
rgprgsghtgl jh t`g rgndrl js euhjpgr ( Euhjpgrus ndkkuhjs).
\`g irujt bhl pdaagh di t`js spgnjgs survjvg dhay rbrgay.
@dwgvgr, kbhy rgkbjhs di t`g wdrmgl bhl uhwdrmgl wddl
di euhjpgr trggs wgrg iduhl lurjho t`g gxnbvbtjdh. \`g dutgr
pdsts di t`g `dusg, idr gxbkpag, wgrg kblg di rgabtjvgay
stdut euhjpgr truhms (sgg sgntjdh 7). Euhjpgr kby `bvg ordwh
jh wgaa-lgvgadpgl stbhls dh t`g adw luhgs. Dhay igw
euhjpgrs brg td fg iduhl dh t`g Lutn` luhgs tdlby, fut jh t`g
pbst t`g spgnjgs wbs ibjray ndkkdh. Dh t`g jsabhl di \gxga,
idr jhstbhng, euhjpgrs wgrg td fg iduhl jh rgabtjvgay lghsgstbhls uhtja wgaa jhtd t`g hjhgtgght` nghtury.
\`g Hgdajt`jn dnnupbhts uhlduftglay `bl td nagbr bwby
sdkg di t`g t`jnmgt fgidrg t`gy wgrg bfag td sgttag dh t`g
luhg. \`g rgsuatbht nagbrbhng bhl jts usg wjaa `bvg stjkuabtgl
t`g ordwt` di rulgrba `grfs, kdst di w`jn` kby gvgh `bvg
fggh jhtrdlungl fy t`g dnnupbhts t`gksgavgs. Dhay Wrtjnb
ljdjnb kby `bvg fggh ibjray ndkkdh fgidrg t`gjr brrjvba.
\`g abst nbtgodry ndhsjsts di pabhts typjnba di sbat kbrs`gs.
Dhay dhg spgnjgs di t`js nbtgodry wbs bntubaay rgprgsghtgl,
hbkgay ^ubglb kbrjtjkb. Bs nbh fg sggh jh ijourg 27, t`g
kbedrjty di t`g sggls di t`js spgnjgs wgrg iduhl brduhl t`g
`dusg pabh. \`g pabht js vgry kun` dut di pabng jh t`g
rgndhstruntgl jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos5 t`g sbat kbrs`gs kust
`bvg abjh sdkg uhmhdwh ljstbhng bwby irdk t`g luhg. Dhg
gxpabhbtjdh idr t`g pabht's prgsghng jh t`g sjtg's fdtbhjnba
rgndrl ndual fg t`bt naby irdk t`g sbat kbrs`gs wbs usgl td
lbuf t`g wbaas di t`g `dusg, bat`duo` hd rgkbjhs di naby
wgrg iduhl lurjho t`g gxnbvbtjdh. Bhdt`gr pdssjfjajty js t`bt
t`g sggls wgrg jhtrdlungl fy bhjkbas bhl wgrg lgpdsjtgl jh
t`gjr luho= sbat kbrs`gs brg oddl pbsturgs.
\`g bhbaysjs di t`g pdaagh irdk t`g pgbt jh t`g trghn`
ndhtrjfutgl ajttag tdwbrls t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g
vgogtbtjdh. \`g kbnrdrgkbjhs iduhl jh t`g sgntjdh
( Gupbtdrjuk nbhhbfjhuk bhl Ayt`ruk sbajnbrjb) s`dw t`btt`g drobhjn lgpdsjt idrkgl jh t`g ghvjrdhkght lgsnrjfgl
bfdvg. \`g prgsghng di sdkg rgkbjhs di idrbkjhjigrbg
jh t`g adwgst spgntruk tgstjijgs td dnnbsjdhba iaddljho fy
sbat dr frbnmjs` wbtgr jh t`g gbray p`bsgs di t`g lgpdsjt's
idrkbtjdh. \`grg wgrg kbhy kdrg rgkbjhs di t`gsg
drobhjsks jh t`g tdp spgntruk, jhljnbtjho rghgwgl jhiaughng
di t`g sgb.
279 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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\`g pdaagh spgntrb di t`g fdttdk bhl tdp sbkpags brg vgry
sjkjabr. Sjhg ( Sjhus), prgsukbfay b adho-ljstbhng gagkght, js
t`g ldkjhbht trgg, w`jn` ndhijrks t`bt t`g abhlsnbpg wbs
jhlggl dpgh. Dbm (Rugrnus) js t`g kdst ndkkdh suf-
rgojdhba pdaagh typg, idaadwgl fy balgr ( Bahus). \`g dt`gr
trgg spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl brg ajkg (\jajb), bs` ( Irbxjhus),
fjrn` ( Fgtuab) bhl bzga (Ndryaus), fut bs t`gy wgrg baargprgsghtgl jh pgrnghtbogs di agss t`bh 7% t`gy nbhhdt `bvg
ordwh jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos.
\`g `grf spgntrb brg ldkjhbtgl fy Ndkpdsjtbg
tufuajiadrbg, bs wdual fg gxpgntgl wjt` Gupbtdrjuk fgjho b
prdkjhght adnba `grf. Orbkjhgbg ( S`rbokjtgs4) bhl
Nypgrbngbg (^njrpus4) brg basd wgaa rgprgsghtgl. \`g tdp
spgntruk s`dws `jo`gr irgqughnjgs di N`ghdpdljbngbg bhl
Ndkpdsjtbg ajouajiadrbg ( Bstgr trjpdajuk4), w`jn` kby fg
bttrjfutbfag td t`g ordwjho jhiaughng di t`g sgb. \`g spdrgs
di Kdhdagtbg psjabtbg kby `bvg ndkg irdk igrhs t`bt orgw
jh t`g adnba kbrs`. \`g dt`gr spgnjgs, w`jn` wgrg
rgprgsghtgl jh pgrnghtbogs di bt kdst 2%, brg Brtgkjsjb,
Sdaypdljuk, Gup`drfjb pbaustrjs, Ijajpghluab, Sdayodhuk pgrsjnbrjb-typg, Wrtjnb, ^pbrobhjuk grgntuk-typg bhl
Nbaystgojb / gpjuk. _jt` t`g gxngptjdh di t`g ijrst twd, t`gy
baa idrkgl pbrt di t`g adnba kbrs` iadrb.
Bs bargbly kghtjdhgl bfdvg, b ndhspjnudus igbturg di t`g
Hgdajt`jn rgndrl js t`g bfsghng di @jppdp`bí pdaagh. Basd
rgkbrmbfag js t`bt t`g spgntrb s`dw hd ldkjhbhng di balgr
( Bahus). \`js jkpajgs t`bt hd stbhls di balgr wgrg td fg iduhl
hgbrfy, w`jn` js rbt`gr surprjsjho fgnbusg, fgsjlgs euhjpgr
wddl, balgr wddl js t`g kdst ndkkdh typg di wddl iduhl
dh t`g sjtg (sgg sgntjdh 7). \`g jh`bfjtbhts kust `ghng `bvg
trbhspdrtgl t`g wddl dvgr sdkg ljstbhng. \`g sbkg `dals idr
t`g dt`gr rgsdurngs t`bt wgrg obt`grgl jh wddls. Fut t`g
gxbnt gxtght di t`g ljstbhng ndvgrgl js uhmhdwh.
<.>. NWA\JYB\GL BHL OB\@GVGL SABH\^
\`g rgkbjhs di nuatjvbtgl pabhts brg rgstrjntgl td hbmgl
fbragy ( @drlguk vuaobrg vbr. huluk) bhl gkkgr w gbt
(\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk), di w`jn` fdt` t`g mgrhgas bhl t`g n`bii
wgrg iduhl. \`gsg rgkbjhs, w`jn` wgrg baa nbrfdhjzgl, wgrg
ghnduhtgrgl hdt dhay jh t`g ijaas di vbrjdus igbturgs, fut basd
jh t`g sbkpags irdk t`g squbrgs. Bs nbh fg sggh jh tbfag 2,
t`gsg spgnjgs wgrg hdt rgprgsghtgl jh abrog qubhtjtjgs
bhyw`grg dh t`g sjtg, fut t`g sbkpags t`bt wgrg iduhl td
ndhtbjh kdrg t`bh dhg irbokght bakdst baa nbkg irdk t`g
jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos di t`g `dusg bhl t`g wgaas (ijo. 29).Jt s`dual fg fdrhg jh kjhl t`bt t`js n`brrgl kbtgrjba js vgry
ajo`t bhl js gbsjay fadwh bfdut fy wjhl. \`js gxpabjhs w`y
irbokghts di nuatjvbtgl pabhts wgrg iduhl gvgh jh t`g kbrs`.
\`g gvjlghng irdk _btgrjhogh < ndhijrks t`bt gkkgr
bhl hbmgl fbragy wgrg t`g kbjh ngrgbas ordwh jh t`g Kjllag
Hgdajt`jn. \`g sbkg spgnjgs wgrg basd iduhl bt t`g
ndhtgkpdrbry Lutn` sjtgs @bzghldhm > bhl S2< (Fbmgas
2:02= Og`bssg 2::7). \`g qugstjdh js w`gt`gr t`gsg ngrgbas
wgrg ordwh adnbaay. \`g adnba ndhljtjdhs ngrtbjhay baadwgl
t`gjr nuatjvbtjdh. \`g rgndhstruntgl adnba vgogtbtjdh js
jhljnbtjvg di rbt`gr rjn` bhl suiijnjghtay kdjst sbhly sdjas,
w`jn` brg vgry sujtbfag idr t`g nuatjvbtjdh di ngrgbas.
\`g dhay prdfagk kby `bvg fggh t`g wjhl.
\`g wggl iadrb bssdnjbtgl wjt` t`g ngrgbas kby fgrgprgsghtgl jh t`g ‐rulgrbas/wggls' nbtgodry. B strjmjho
bspgnt di t`js nbtgodry js t`g `jo` pgrnghtbog di nbrfdhjzgl
rgkbjhs. \`g pabhts kby `bvg fgndkg n`brrgl tdogt`gr wjt`
t`g orbjh. \`g wggls jh t`g ajst stbrtjho wjt` N`ghdpdljuk
bafuk bhl ghljho wjt` ^dabhuk hjoruk brg baa ndkkdh
Hgdajt`jn wggls. ^dkg di t`g pabhts ajstgl uhlgr ‐dt`grs',
ajmg Obajuk bpbrjhg, Yjnjb `jrsutb bhl Yjnjb
`jrsutb / tgtrbspgrkb, wgrg basd qujtg ndkkdh jh t`g
Hgdajt`jn. \dlby, kdst di t`gsg wggls brg bssdnjbtgl wjt`
sukkgr nrdps, gxngpt Yjnjb, w`jn` js bssdnjbtgl wjt` wjhtgr
nrdps. Fut wg s`dual fg nbrgiua jh lrbwjho bhy ndhnausjdhs
irdk t`js bs wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr wg kby bppay prgsght-
lby ndhljtjdhs td Hgdajt`jn ghvjrdhkghts.Bhdt`gr prdfagk jhvdavgs turhjp ( Frbssjnb rbpb). _g ld
hdt mhdw idr surg w`gt`gr jt wbs b wjal pabht dr b nrdp pabht
(Frjhmmgkpgr 2::2).
\`g dnnupbhts di t`g _btgrjhogh sjtg kby `bvg
suppagkghtgl t`gjr ljgt wjt` wjal irujts, huts bhl sggls
obt`grgl jh t`g surrduhljhos. Bs bt dt`gr prg`jstdrjn sjtgs,
rgkbjhs di `bzgahuts (Ndryaus bvgaabhb), bppags ( Kbaus
syavgstrjs), sadg pauks ( Sruhus spjhdsb), rdsg`jps ( Vdsb sp.),
ldowddl (Ndrhus sbhoujhgb) bhl, agss irgqughtay, lgw
fabnmfgrrjgs ( Vufus nbgsjus) wgrg ndkkdh ijhls (Fbmgas
2::2). Bs bargbly kghtjdhgl bfdvg, sdkg di t`g irujts
bhl huts, sun` bs t`g `bzgahuts bhl t`g bppag, nbhhdt `bvg
fggh obt`grgl jh t`g jkkgljbtg surrduhljhos. Fut t`gy brg
prdlunts t`bt nbh fg stdrgl, `bzgahuts bs sun` bhl bppags jh
lrjgl ndhljtjdh.
Hdh-iddl pabhts wgrg basd obt`grgl. \`g rgabtjvgay `jo`
prdpdrtjdh di n`brrgl rus` (^njrpus sp.) rgkbjhs pdjhts
td `ukbh usg. \`g sbkg `dals idr t`g rggl ( S`rbokjtgs
bustrbajs) rgkbjhs. \`g sggls di t`g abttgr pabht wgrg ljiijnua
td jlghtjiy, fut t`g nbrfdhjzgl stgks wgrg irgqughtay
ghnduhtgrgl. \`g pabhts kby `bvg fggh usgl idr fbsmgtry
bhl t`btn`jho. Bhy rgkbjhjho dr lgnbygl pbrts kby `bvg
fggh put dhtd ijrgs.
\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdhs di t`g nbrfdhjzgl bhl
uhnbrfdhjzgl rgkbjhs di t`g pabhts t`bt wgrg usgl fy t`gdnnupbhts ld hdt rgvgba bhy spgnjba bntjvjty brgbs. \`g
bssgkfabogs irdk t`g prjkbry bhl sgndhlbry ijaas di t`g pjts
bhl wgaas wgrg t`g sbkg bs t`dsg irdk t`g blebnght squbrgs,
gxngpt idr t`g ibnt t`bt t`gjr lghsjtjgs wgrg `jo`gr, pgr`bps
fgnbusg pabht rgkbjhs bnnukuabtgl t`grg, gjt`gr fy n`bhng d
fgnbusg t`g dnnupbhts usgl t`g pjts bhl wgaas idr lukpjho
t`g rgkbjhs jh qugstjdh. \`grg js dhay hgobtjvg gvjlghng
27? L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
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suoogstjho t`bt dhg di t`g igbturgs kby fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` b
spgnjba bntjvjty. \`g `gbrt` iduhl dutsjlg t`g `dusg
ndhtbjhgl hd sggls w`btsdgvgr, dhay b abrog bkduht di
n`brndba. Ji t`js `bl fggh b hdrkba ldkgstjn `gbrt`, jhtghlgl
idr t`g prgpbrbtjdh di iddl, jt wdual `bvg yjgalgl sdkg
n`brrgl sggls „ t`bt js bt agbst usubaay t`g nbsg wjt` ldkgstjn
`gbrt`s. \`g bfsghng di n`brrgl sggls kby jhljnbtg t`bt t`js
`gbrt` `bl b ljiigrght iuhntjdh.
7. _ddl M. @ìhhjhgh bhl N. Ygrkggrgh
Baa t`g wbtgradoogl wddl ghnduhtgrgl lurjho t`g gxnbvbtjdhwbs sbkpagl. N`brrgl wddl wbs iduhl jh t`g sbkpags
ndaagntgl idr sggl bhbaysjs bhl jh t`g igbturg jhtgrprgtgl bs b
`gbrt`. \`g wddl wbs bhbayzgl td dftbjh jhidrkbtjdh bfdut
t`g vgogtbtjdh jh t`g vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg bhl bfdut t`g
dnnupbhts' usg di wddl. \`g wddl wbs ljvjlgl jhtd idur
nbtgodrjgs5 wbtgradoogl/uhwdrmgl, wbtgradoogl/pdjhtgl,
wbtgradoogl/wdrmgl bhl n`brrgl wddl. \`g ijrst nbtgodry
prdvjlgl jhidrkbtjdh bfdut t`g vgogtbtjdh, t`g dt`gr t`rgg
s`gl ajo`t dh bspgnts di `ukbh fg`bvjdur. Baa t`g wdrmgl
wddl wbs jlghtjijgl. \`g dt`gr nbtgodrjgs wgrg jhvgstjobtgl
fy tbmjho sbkpags. \`g rgsuats brg s`dwh jh tbfag 6.
B abrog hukfgr di spgnjgs wgrg iduhl. \`js, bhl t`g gquba
ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ljiigrght spgnjgs dvgr t`g idur nbtgodrjgs,
suoogsts t`bt t`g trggs orgw jh brgbs hdt tdd ibr rgkdvgl irdk
t`g sjtg. Kdst wjaa `bvg ordwh jh skbaa wddls di trggs bhl
s`rufs dh lry luhgs. \`g balgr, wjaadw bhl funmt`drh wjaa
`bvg ordwh dh kdjstgr sdjas. Euhjpgr js b spgnjba nbsg. Jt wjaa
ogrkjhbtg dhay jh dpgh tgrrbjh, bhl dhay jh brgbs s`jgalgl irdkfadwjho sbhl. Jts stbhls wgrg kdst prdfbfay td fg iduhl dh t`g
wgstgrh fgbn` fbrrjgr. \`g ibnt t`bt t`g uhwdrmgl rgkbjhs di
wddl ndhsjstgl kbjhay di euhjpgr bhl balgr suoogsts t`bt
t`gsg twd trgg spgnjgs wgrg t`g kdst rgbljay bvbjabfag.
Ljiigrght typgs di wddl wgrg sgagntgl idr ljiigrght usgs.
\`g dutgr pdsts di t`g `dusg wgrg kblg irdk euhjpgr,
prdfbfay fgnbusg euhjpgr js b strdho typg di wddl. \`g
270 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 2?. \wd wddlgh brtgibnts
irdk _btgrjhogh <. Dhg di t`g
ghls di t`g pdst (2, irdk igbturg
L:2) `bl fggh s`brpghgl td b
pdjht. \`g tdp pbrt `bl fggh
biigntgl fy dxjlbtjdh. \`g wddlgh
pabhm (65 irdk igbturg \\?9) `bl
fggh nbrgiuaay ijhjs`gl= jts usg js
uhmhdwh. ^nbag5 25>.
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truhms wgrg rgkbrmbfay t`jnm. Balgr wbs usgl idr t`g jhhgr
pdsts (ijo. ?). Balgr wddl js sditgr, fut jt wbs rgbljay
bvbjabfag jh t`g vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg bhl bs balgrs brg tbaa trggs,
t`gjr truhms ndual fg usgl td kbmg adho pdsts.
Vgkbjhs di wdrmgl wddl wgrg iduhl jh ijvg igbturgs.
\`gy sggkgl td ndhsjst kbjhay di wbstg. Kun` usg `bl fggh
kblg di kbpag wddl, w`jn` js strdho bhl gbsy td wdrm. Kbpag
wddl `bl fggh usgl td kbmg b rgkbrmbfag brtgibnt (ijo. 2?5 6)
w`dsg iuhntjdh js uhmhdwh. Dt`gr brtgibnts wgrg kblg di balgr
wjaadw, bs` bhl euhjpgr. \`g pjgngs di wdrmgl wddl wgrg jh
vgry pddr ndhljtjdh= hd nutkbrms wgrg vjsjfag dh t`gk.
\`g n`brrgl wddl lgrjvgl irdk obt`grgl ijrg-wddl,
ljsnbrlgl wddlgh dfegnts bhl wbstg idrkgl jh wddl
wdrmjho. Sdkdjlgb, balgr, euhjpgr, pruhg, ldowddl, bs`, dbm
27: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
\bfag 6. _ddl spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <.
Whwdrmgl Sdjhtgl _drmgl N`brrgl
Kbpag < 0.3 „ „ < >>.> „ „ Bngr spg
Balgr 63 <3.3 ? <9.? 6 29.? ? 23.0 Bahus spg
Balgr4 „ „ „ „ „ „ > <.9 ni. Bahus spg
Ldowddl 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Ndrhus spg
@bzga 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ „ „ Ndryaus bvgaabh
Bs` „ „ „ „ 6 29.? 2 2.7 Irbxjhus gxngasjd
Euhjpgr 27 >3.3 ? <9.? 6 29.? 9 :.6 Euhjpgrus ndkkuh
Euhjpgr4 „ „ „ „ „ „ 6 >.2 ni. Euhjpgrus ndkkuh
Bppag/pgbr/`bwt`drh 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ 6: <<.9 Sdkdjl
^wggt n`grry „ „ „ „ „ „ 6 >.2 Sruhus bvju
Fjrln`grry4 < 0.3 „ „ „ „ „ „ Sruhus ni. pblu
^adg4 2 6.3 „ „ „ „ < 9.2 Sruhus ni.spjhd
^adg/fjrln`grry „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Sruhus pblus/spjhd
Sruhg „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Sruhus spg
Sruhg/fjrln`grry „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2.7 Sruhus/^drfu
Dbm > 9.3 2 9.9 „ „ 6 >.2 Rugrnus spg
Funmt`drh „ „ „ „ „ „ 6 >.2 V`bkhus nbt`brtjnu
_jaadw „ „ „ „ 6 29.? „ „ ^bajx spg
\dtba 73 233.3 27 ::.: 26 233.2 97 233.6
Jhlgt. 2< <
\bfag >. Kbkkba spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <. >b->l rgigr td t`g suf-uhjts di Whjt >.
\dtba % >b % >f % >n % >l % Igbturgs %
Nbttag 60< <>.6 63 >3.> >< 70.9 < 60.9 6 73.3 27 76.9 Fds tbur
Vgl lggr 277 6>.9 >> 73.3 0 26.2 2 ?.2 „ „ < 62.3 Ngrvus gabp`
Sjo (w/l) 27> 6>.> 22 29.? 29 6<.6 > 62.< 2 67.3 7 69.> ^us snrdib/ld
Ldo <3 9.2 2 2.7 „ „ 7 >7.? 2 67.3 „ „ Nbhjs ibkjajbr
Fgbvgr 23 2.7 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Nbstdr ijf
Dttgr ? 2.2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Autrb aut_jal nbt > 3.< 2 2.7 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Igajs sjavgstr
Kdag 6 3.> „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ \bapb gurdpbg
_btgr vdag 2 3.2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Brvjndab tgrrgstr
Orgy ^gba 2 3.2 „ „ „ „ 2 ?.2 „ „ „ „ @bajndgrus orypu
Nbrhjvdrg 2 3.2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „
\dtbas 97? ::.0 99 233.3 70 ::.: 2< ::.: < 233.3 2: ::.:
AK 223 7 7 2 > 2
KK 22 > „ 2 „ 2
^K 7 „ „ „ „ „
Jhlgt. 66?? 20: 2<: 2< 63 6
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293 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 20. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g fdhg rgkbjhs. \`g abrogst
ldts rgprgsght bt agbst 673 o pgr
squbrg.
Ijourg 2:. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g fdhgs di Fds tburus . \`g
abrogst ldts rgprgsght 0 fdhg
irbokghts pgr squbrg.
Ijourg 63. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g fdhgs di Ngrvus gabp`us .
\`g abrogst ldts rgprgsght bt agbst
7 fdhg irbokghts pgr squbrg.
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Ijourg 62. \rjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwjho t`g prdpdrtjdhs di fdhgs di
wjal bhl ldkgstjnbtgl bhjkbas bhl (wjal/ldkgstjnbtgl) pjo irdk 29
Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sjtgs (sgg tbfag <). \`g fdhg spgntruk di _btgrjhogh
< fgbrs t`g nadsgst rgsgkfabhng td t`g spgntrb di t`g ndbstbasgttagkghts irdk t`g Yabbrljhogh pgrjdl, w`grg t`g fdhgs wgrg
ndhnghtrbtgl jh naustgrs bssdnjbtgl wjt` ljiigrght ghvjrdhkghtba zdhgs
bhl funmt`drh wgrg jlghtjijgl. \`g n`brrgl wddl irdk t`g
`gbrt` ndhsjstgl gxnausjvgay di Sdkdjlgb, wddl t`bt furhs
gxtrgkgay wgaa.
9. Kbkkba fdhgs L. Sbbakbh
\bfag > prgsghts b survgy di t`g kbkkba fdhgs. Nbttag js
t`g kdst irgqughtay jlghtjijgl spgnjgs, idaadwgl fy pjo (wjaldr ldkgstjnbtgl) bhl rgl lggr. ^dkg fdhgs ndual hdt fg
jlghtjijgl td spgnjgs agvga. \`gy wgrg sufljvjlgl jhtd Abrog
Kbkkbas (nbttag dr rgl lggr), Kgljuk-^jzgl Kbkkbas
(pjo, ldo dr euvghjag abrog kbkkbas) bhl ^kbaa Kbkkbas
(fgbvgr, dttgr, wjal nbt dr euvghjag kgljuk-sjzgl kbkkbas)
dh t`g fbsjs di t`gjr sjzg.
\`g fdhgs irdk t`g uppgr bhl adwgr pbrt di t`g pgbt dh
t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg wgrg stuljgl sgpbrbtgay bs jt wbs
`dpgl t`bt bhy ljstjhntjvg ljiigrghngs dfsgrvbfag fgtwggh t`g
bssgkfabogs irdk t`dsg suf-uhjts wdual s`gl kdrg ajo`t dh
t`g n`rdhdadoy di t`g dnnupbtjdh. Whidrtuhbtgay, `dwgvgr,
t`g abygrs yjgalgl jhsuiijnjght ijhls td baadw bhy ndhnausjdhs.
\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fdhgs ljiigrs irdk t`gljstrjfutjdhs di t`g dt`gr nbtgodrjgs di ijhls (ndkpbrg ijo. 20
wjt` ijos 69, 6: bhl >>). \`g fdhgs wgrg iduhl prgldkj-
hbhtay dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg, w`grgbs t`g kbedrjty di t`g
dt`gr ijhls nbkg td ajo`t dh tdp di t`g luhg. \`js js
pbrtjnuabray bppbrght jh t`g ijourgs s`dwjho t`g hukfgrs di
jlghtjijgl fdhgs (ijos 2:, 63). \`g ljiigrghng jh t`g
ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fdhgs ndual fg bttrjfutbfag td gjt`gr
`ukbh bntjvjtjgs dr ljiigrghngs jh prgsgrvbtjdh ndhljtjdhs
fgtwggh t`g tdp di t`g luhg bhl t`g sadpgs. \`g ibnts t`bt
fdhgs wgrg basd iduhl dh tdp di t`g luhg bhl t`bt t`gy wgrg
di t`g sbkg qubajty bs t`dsg iduhl iurt`gr ldwh jkpajgs t`bt
t`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fdhgs js b ndhsgqughng di
`ukbh bntjvjtjgs. Ji, bs brougl jh sgntjdh >, t`g nghtrg di t`g
sgttagkght jhlggl aby dh tdp di t`g luhg, t`js kust kgbh t`bt
bhjkbas wgrg gjt`gr futn`grgl bwby irdk t`g nghtrg di t`g
sgttagkght, dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg, dr jh t`g nghtrg di t`g
sgttagkght, bitgr w`jn` t`gjr fdhgs wgrg tbmgh gasgw`grg.
\`grg js ajttag gvjlghng irdk w`jn` wg kby jhigr w`gt`gr
t`g sjtg wbs dnnupjgl dh b sgbsdhba dr b ygbr-rduhl fbsjs.
_`bt ndual fg bh jhljnbtjdh di sgbsdhba dnnupbtjdh js b
kbhljfag di b nbai di bfdut twd kdht`s dal. Ji wg bssukg
t`bt nbavgs wgrg fdrh brduhl Bprja (Idmmjhob 2:07), t`js
kbhljfag pdjhts td sukkgr `bfjtbtjdh. B sgndhl jhljnbtjdh
di dnnupbtjdh jh b spgnjijn sgbsdh js prdvjlgl fy t`g rgkbjhs
di t`rgg iuaa-ordwh bhtagrs bhl irbokghts di t`g smuaas di rgllggr. \`gy suoogst t`bt t`g lggr wgrg mjaagl sdkg tjkg
fgtwggh Dntdfgr bhl Igfrubry/Kbrn` (Sgatzgr 2::2, 26).
\`js agbvgs us wjt` jhljnbtjdhs di fdt` sukkgr bhl wjhtgr
bntjvjtjgs bt t`g sjtg.
\`g prdpdrtjdh di nbttag jh t`g ibuhba spgntruk di
_btgrjhogh js ndhsjlgrbfay `jo`gr t`bh t`bt iduhl bt S2< bhl
@bzghldhm >, t`g dhay twd ndhtgkpdrbry sjtgs jh t`g
292 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Hgt`grabhls td `bvg yjgalgl prgsgrvgl fdhgs, w`grgbs t`g
prdpdrtjdh di wjal kbkkbas js kun` adwgr (ijo. 62, tbfag <)
\`g fdhg bssgkfabog di _btgrjhogh fgbrs b nadsgr
rgsgkfabhng td t`g bssgkfabogs di t`g ndbstba sjtgs di t`g
Kjllag Hgdajt`jn F Yabbrljhogh Ordup t`bh td t`bt di
@bzghldhm >. Ijourg 62, jh w`jn` t`g fdhg spgntrb di
_btgrjhogh <, @bzghldhm > bhl S2< brg ndkpbrgl, suoogsts
t`bt t`g gndhdkjn ljvgrsjty n`brbntgrjstjn di t`g Yabbrljhogh
pgrjdl (ndhtrb Ygr`brt 2::65 :7) kby bargbly `bvg gxjstgl jh
t`g @bzghldhm > pgrjdl.
?. Fjrl fdhgs L. Sbbakb
Di t`g tdtba di ?06 fjrl fdhgs rgndvgrgl, <9> ndual fg
jlghtjijgl (tbf. 7). \`g `jo` prdpdrtjdh di uhjlghtjijbfag
fdhgs js bttrjfutbfag td ohbwjho fy ldos, w`jn` rgsuatgl jh b
abrog hukfgr di fdhgs wjt`dut ljstba bhl prdxjkba ghls.
\`g spgntruk js ldkjhbtgl fy kbaabrl ( Bhbs pabtyr`yh-
n`ds). \gba/obrobhgy ( Bhbs sp.) bhl wjlogdh ( Bhbs
pghgadpg) brg basd wgaa rgprgsghtgl. Whjts >b bhl >f yjgalgl
rgabtjvgay igw fjrl fdhgs, fut t`g rbhog di spgnjgs
rgprgsghtgl jh t`gsg abygrs bhl t`g prdpdrtjdhs di t`gjhljvjluba spgnjgs brg sjkjabr td t`dsg di t`g dvgrbaa
spgntruk. \`g rgprgsghtgl spgnjgs brg baa wbtgr fjrls, w`jn`
suoogsts t`bt t`g fjrls wgrg mjaagl jh bh ghvjrdhkght
bfduhljho jh wbtgr.
\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g fjrl fdhgs s`dws b igw
ljstjhntjvg ndhnghtrbtjdhs, w`jn` kby rgprgsght t`g rgkbjhs
di b skbaa hukfgr di idwajho gxpgljtjdhs (ijo. 66). Di t`g
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kdst irgqughtay ghnduhtgrgl spgnjgs, wjlogdh wbs
rgprgsghtgl dhay jh t`g ndhnghtrbtjdh iduhl dh tdp di t`g
luhg (ijo. 6>). \`g kbedrjty di t`g tgba/obrobhgy fdhgs, dh
t`g ndhtrbry, wgrg iduhl jh t`g ndhnghtrbtjdh brduhl ZZ22<.
\`g ljstrjfutjdh di kbaabrl fdhgs js vgry sjkjabr td t`bt di baa
t`g fjrl fdhgs ndaagntjvgay. Jt js tgkptjho td jhtgrprgt t`g
lgvjbtjho ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrhs di wjlogdh bhl tgba/obrobhgy
bs t`g rgsuats di idwajho gxpgljtjdhs t`bt idnusgl dh t`gsg
spgnjijn spgnjgs. Kbaabrls wgrg prgsukbfay mjaagl kdrg
ditgh, w`jn` wdual gxpabjh w`y t`gjr ljstrjfutjdh pbttgrh
ndrrgspdhls td t`bt di baa t`g fjrls ndaagntjvgay, di w`jn`
kbaabrl js t`g ldkjhbht ndkpdhght.
Fgsjlgs irdk t`g fdhgs di ngrtbjh kbkkba spgnjgs,
jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g sgbsdh di dnnupbtjdh nbh basd fg jhigrrgl
irdk t`g fdhgs di ngrtbjh fjrl spgnjgs. Dh t`g fbsjs di
prgsght-lby gvjlghng jt js bssukgl t`bt wjlogdh wbs nbuo`t
jh t`g wjhtgr `bai di t`g ygbr. Fut dt`gr wbtgr fjrls t`bt
wjhtgr jh t`g Hgt`grabhls hdwblbys „ sun` bs t`dsg
rgprgsghtgl bt Fgrosn`gh`dgm (Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:07, ??)
„ brg ndhspjnudusay bfsght jh t`g fjrl spgntruk. \`js js baa
t`g kdrg rgkbrmbfag jh vjgw di t`g rgabtjvgay `jo`
prdpdrtjdh di jlghtjijgl fjrl fdhgs. Baa t`g dt`gr fjrl
spgnjgs fgsjlgs wjlogdh wgrg prdfbfay bvbjabfag jh t`g
sukkgr `bai di t`g ygbr (tgba), dr t`rduo`dut t`g ygbr
296 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag <. \`g kbkkba fdhg spgntrb di 29 sjtgs. Hds 2-> brg di _btgrjhogh < bhl twd ndhtgkpdrbry sjtgs,
t`g dt`gr brg di t`g Yabbrljhogh Ordup. \`gsg lbtb wgrg usgl td ndhstrunt t`g trjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwh
jh ijo. 62. Bitgr Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.23.
Hd. sjtg ‐nuaturg'_jal
SjoLdkgstjnbtgl
Ajtgrbturgbhjkbas bhjkbas
2 _btgrjhogh < @bzghldhm > 6? 6> <:
6 @bzghldhm > @bzghldhm > 0> 23 ? Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag <> S2<, abygrs BFN ^wjitgrfbht 7? 6: 2< Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.>
< @bzghldhm Yabbrljhogh 2f 02 27 6 Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag 7
7 @bzghldhm Yabbrljhogh 6f ?? 26 22 jl., tbfag 9
9 Yabbrljhogh Yabbrljhogh <0 >? 27 Nabsdh 2:9?, tbfag 2
? @gmgajhogh J Yabbrljhogh 73 69 6< jl., tbfag >
0 @gmgajhogh JJJ-2 Yabbrljhogh <7 >9 63 Srukkga 2:0?, tbfag 6
: @gmgajhogh JJJ-6 Yabbrljhogh 70 20 6< jl.
23 @gmgajhogh JJJ-> Yabbrljhogh 92 67 2< jl.
22 Gwjem Yabbrljhogh < >3 7? Nabsdh 2::3, 600-60:
26 Ubhlwgrvgh Yabbrljhogh 6 6 :9 Nabsdh 2:9?, tbfag 7
2> Yddrsn`dtgh-L Yabbrljhogh > 72 <9 Lgnmgrs 2::2, tbfag 2
2< Yddrsn`dtgh-F Yabbrljhogh 2 2> 27 ?6 Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog
gt ba. 2:90, tbfag 2
27 Yddrsn`dtgh-F Yabbrljhogh 6 >6 0 93 jl.
29 Agjlsn`ghlbk Yabbrljhogh 26 >0 73 jl., tbfag 6
\bfag 7. \`g fjrl spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <.
\dtba % >b % >f %
Kbaabrl 6<3 72.0 2 26.7 6 67.3 Bhbs pabtyr`yhn`ds
Lunm 263 69.3 > >?.7 > >?.7 Bhbtjlbg
\gba/Obrobhgy 76 22.6 > >?.7 „ „ Bhbs spgn.
_jlogdh >0 0.6 „ „ „ „ Bhbs pghgadpg
Gjlgr 9 2.> 2 26.7 2 26.7 ^dkbtrjb kdaajssjkb
Oddsg < 3.: „ „ 2 26.7 Bhsgr spgn.Nddt 2 3.6 „ „ „ „ Iuajnb btrb
Orgy `grdh 2 3.6 „ „ 2 26.7 Brlgb njhgrgb
Sadvgr 2 3.6 „ „ „ „ N`brb spgn.
\dtbas <9> 233.3 0 233.3 0 233.3
Jhlgt. >2: 6 6
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29> L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
\bfag 9. \`g ijs` spgnjgs rgprgsghtgl bt _btgrjhogh <.
\dtbas _gaa 00N Dt`gr
^turogdh 6 3.0 „ „ 6 0.> Bnjpghsgr sturjd A
Gga 2>9 7<.3 2>9 7:.9 „ „ Bhoujaab bhoujaab (A
Nbrp ibkjay 29 9.> 27 9.9 2 <.6 Nyprjhjlb
Frgbk 6 3.0 2 3.< 2 <.6 Bfrbkjs frbkb (A
Sjmg ? 6.0 9 6.9 2 <.6 Gsdx aunjus A
^bakdh/^gb trdut > 2.6 > 2.> „ „ ^bakd spg
Sgrn` < 2.9 < 2.? „ „ Sgrnb iauvjbtjajs A
Kuaagt ibkjay 2? 9.? 2> 7.? < 29.? Kuojajlb
\`jh-ajppgl kuaagt 2< 7.7 7 6.6 : >?.7 Ajzb rbkblb (Vjss
Sabjng ibkjay <9 20.6 <2 20.3 7 63.0 Sagurdhgntjl
Iaduhlgr 7 6.3 < 2.? 2 <.6 Sabtjn`t`ys iagsus (A
\dtbas 676 ::.: 660 ::.0 6< 233.2
Jhlgt. >:0 >:9 6
Ijourg 66. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g fjrl fdhgs. \`g skbaagst ldts
rgprgsght 2-7 fdhg irbokghts pgr
squbrg, t`g kgljuk-sjzgl ldts 9->3
fdhgs bhl t`g abrogst ldts ?<-:>
fjrl fdhgs pgr squbrg.
Ijourg 6>. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g fdhgs di Bhbs pghgadpg . \`g
skbaagst ldts rgprgsght 2 fdhg
irbokght pgr squbrg, t`g kgljuk-
sjzgl ldts 6 fdhgs bhl t`g abrogst
ldts 0-2< fjrl fdhgs pgr squbrg.
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(kbaabrl, gjlgr, obrobhgy). Bs hd ljstjhntjdh wbs kblg
fgtwggh tgba bhl obrobhgy jh t`g bhbaysjs di t`g fjrl fdhgs
wg nbhhdt ndhnaulg irdk t`js t`bt t`g fjrls wgrg mjaagl dhay
jh t`g sukkgr.
0. Ijs` fdhgs F. Fggrgh`dut
Dwjho td t`g gkpadygl gxnbvbtjdh tgn`hjqugs, igw ijs`rgkbjhs wgrg rgndvgrgl bt _btgrjhogh. Dhay 69 irbokghts
wgrg ndaagntgl fy `bhl= >:9 dt`grs wgrg rgndvgrgl irdk b
sjgvgl sbkpag irdk wgaa N00. Bs nbh fg sggh jh tbfag 9, t`g
rgkbjhs rgprgsght gjo`t spgnjgs. \`gy jhnaulg irgs`wbtgr ijs`
(pjmg ( Gsdx aunjus A.) pgrn` ( Sgrnb iauvjbtjajs A.) bhl frgbk
( Bfrbkjs frbkb)), ijs` t`bt tdagrbtg irgs` wbtgr idr adho
pgrjdls (gga ( Bhoujaab bhoujaab), kuaagt (Kuojajlbg) bhl
iaduhlgr ( Sabtjn`t`us iagsus)) bhl ijs` t`bt tdagrbtg sbat wbtgr
idr adho pgrjdls (sturogdh ( Bnjpghsgr sturjd A.) bhl
sbakdh/sgb trdut (^bakd spgn.). _jt` t`g gxngptjdh di pgrn`,
baa t`gsg spgnjgs nbh fg iduhl jh frbnmjs` wbtgr, fut t`gy
spbwh gjt`gr jh irgs` wbtgr (pjmg, pgrn`, sbakdh/sgb trdut,
sturogdh, frgbk) dr jh sbat wbtgr (gga, kuaagt, iaduhlgr=Fdllgmg 2:?<= Hjessgh/Lg Orddt 2:0?). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho,
baa t`gsg spgnjgs tdagrbtg irgs` wbtgr idr vbryjho aghot`s di
tjkg, w`jn` suoogsts t`bt t`g sjtg wbs sjtubtgl jh b
irgs`wbtgr ghvjrdhkght (sgg basd t`g sgntjdh dh t`g idrkgr
vgogtbtjdh, <.6).
Bs t`g twd ijs` fdhg bssgkfabogs ljiigr ndhsjlgrbfay, t`gy
wjaa fg ljsnussgl sgpbrbtgay fgadw. 676 di t`g irbokghts
irdk wgaa N00 wgrg jlghtjijgl, >0 di w`jn` wgrg irbokghts
di ljstdrtgl vgrtgfrbg. Bnndrljho td Edhgs, t`g ljstdrtjdh js
n`brbntgrjstjn di vgrtgfrbg t`bt `bvg pbssgl t`rduo` b
kgtbfdajn systgk (2:0<5 92-97). ^jx vgrtgfrbg kdrgdvgr
s`dwgl sjohs di ohbwjho dr tddt` kbrms. \`g s`brp, pdjhtgl
tddt` kbrms nbhhdt `bvg fggh kblg fy `ukbh fgjhos dr
ldos. \`gsg rgkbjhs wgrg baa vgry irbokghtbry, t`gjr suribngs
pbrtay grdlgl. \`g nrbhjba smgagtdh wbs pddray rgprgsghtgl jh
ndkpbrjsdh wjt` t`g rgst di t`g smgagtdh. B ijhba ndhspjnudus
bspgnt di t`gsg rgkbjhs js t`bt t`gy jhnaulgl t`jrtggh furhgl
irbokghts, ijvg di w`jn` wgrg nbanjhgl. \`js suoogsts t`bt
t`g fdhgs wgrg hdt furhgl lurjho nddmjho, idr baa iddlstuiis
fgndkg jhgljfag bt t`g `jo` tgkpgrbturgs rgqujrgl idr
nbanjhbtjdh. Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`g irbokghts wgrg
sgndhlbrjay furhgl.
\`g n`brbntgrjstjns lgsnrjfgl bfdvg agbl td t`g ndhnausjdh
t`bt t`js bssgkfabog js hdt t`g rgsuat di `ukbh nddmjho
bntjvjtjgs, fut t`g ndhtghts di t`g stdkbn` di b ijs`-gbtjhokbkkba, prdfbfay bh dttgr. Bfdut :3% di bh dttgr's ljgt
ndhsjsts di ljiigrght mjhls di ijs`= t`g rgst ndkprjsgs skbaa
kbkkbas, fjrls, s`gaa-ijs` bhl jhsgnts (Kbsdh/Kbnldhbal
2:0<, ?-23). _`gh bh dttgr nbtn`gs b abrog ijs`, jt tbmgs t`g
ijs` bs`drg bhl gbts ngrtbjh pbrts di jt, jh pbrtjnuabr t`g sdit
pbrts fg`jhl t`g `gbl bhl t`g stdkbn` brgb= t`g rgst di t`g
ijs` js ditgh agit uhtdun`gl (Frdgm`ujzgh 2:07, :?-2:7). \`js
fg`bvjdur wdual qujtg pabusjfay bnnduht idr t`g ijs` rgkbjhs
iduhl jh wgaa N00.
Dttgrs gxpadjt hdt dhay irgs`wbtgr brgbs, fut basd frbnmjs`
gstubrjgs bhl kbrjhg ghvjrdhkghts (Orggh gt ba. 2:0<, 2<3).
\`gy ibvdur brgbs wjt` `jljho pabngs, w`grg t`g wbtgr js hdt
lggpgr t`bh ijvg kgtrgs. Dttgrs s`dw b prgigrghng idr gga,
gspgnjbaay jh t`g sukkgr, w`gh ggas brg bntjvg bhl `ghnggbsy td ijhl. Jh t`g wjhtgr, w`gh t`gy brg hdt bntjvg, ggas brg
`brlgr td ijhl (Kbsdh/Kbnldhbal 2:0<, ?). Jh gstubrjhg
ghvjrdhkghts, dttgrs basd ndkkdhay ndhsukg iabtijs`5 jh
Euhg bhl Euay t`gy ndhsukg gga bhl iabtijs` jh gquba
prdpdrtjdhs, jh Buoust t`gy ditgh ndhsukg kdrg iabtijs`
(@grist 2:0<, 99). \`gsg prgsght-lby lbtb ndhijrk t`g
jhtgrprgtbtjdh di t`js bssgkfabog bs t`g ndhtghts di t`g
stdkbn` di bh dttgr.
\`g ldkjhbhng di gga (bhl iabtijs`) suoogsts t`bt t`g dttgr
ndhsukgl `js abst kgba jh t`g sukkgr. \`g ibnt t`bt t`g
ndhtghts di t`g futn`grgl bhjkba's stdkbn` ghlgl up jh t`g
sgndhlbry ijaa di wgaa N00 suoogsts t`bt t`js wgaa wbs
sgndhlbrjay usgl bs b rgiusg pjt. \`g ijs` rgkbjhs prdvjlg bhjhljnbtjdh di t`g bqubtjn ndhljtjdhs wjt`jh b rbljus di
2.7-7 mk irdk t`g pabng w`grg t`g dttgr wbs mjaagl „ t`g sjzg
di t`g tgrrjtdry di b skbaa ordup di dttgrs (Yggh 2:?7, 62-
>?). Ji t`g dttgr wbs mjaagl hgbr t`g sgttagkght, t`gh wg kby
jhigr irdk t`g rgkbjhs t`bt t`g sgttagkght wbs sjtubtgl jh b
irgs`wbtgr ghvjrdhkght wjt` frbnmjs` wbtgr hgbrfy.
Dutsjlg wgaa N00 hd kdrg t`bh 69 irbokghts di ijs` fdhgs
wgrg iduhl. \`gy brg td fg jhtgrprgtgl bs b kjxgl
bssgkfabog spbhhjho t`g ghtjrg pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh.
\`g rgkbjhs di sturogdh bhl t`jh-ajppgl kuaagt, twd spgnjgs
w`jn` wgrg td fg iduhl hgbr t`g sjtg dhay jh t`g sukkgr
sgbsdh, brg jhljsputbfag gvjlghng idr dnnupbtjdh jh t`g
sukkgr (tbf. ?). Fut t`gy ld hdt jkpay t`bt t`g sjtg wbs
dnnupjgl dh b sgbsdhba fbsjs dhay, bs t`g rgkbjhs di t`g
dt`gr ijs` spgnjgs kby rgiagnt dnnupbtjdh jh t`g wjhtgr.
:. Sdttgry L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs
:.2. JH\VDLWN\JDH
Jh tdtba, t`g pdttgry s`grls rgndvgrgl jh t`g gxnbvbtjdh
wgjo`gl <:,09? o. Dhay b pdrtjdh di t`js pdttgry wbs
bhbayzgl, hbkgay t`g s`grls w`dsg tgkpgr wbs stjaa
jlghtjijbfag bhl w`dsg suribng `bl survjvgl suiijnjghtay
jhtbnt idr us td fg bfag td lgtgrkjhg w`gt`gr dr hdt t`g
pdttgry `bl fggh lgndrbtgl5 j.g. >39> s`grls wjt` b tdtba
wgjo`t di <3,>?2 o, 02% di t`g dvgrbaa wgjo`t di t`g pdttgry.\bfags 0 td 22 s`dw vbrjdus qubajtbtjvg bhl qubhtjtbtjvg
n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g pdttgry irdk idur ljiigrght strbtjorbp`jn
ndhtgxts. Bs hd ndhnausjdhs nbh fg lrbwh irdk t`g > bhl
6 s`grls t bt wgrg rgndvgrgl irdk Whjts >n bhl >l,
rgspgntjvgay, t`dsg s`grls `bvg hdt fggh jhnaulgl jh t`gsg
tbfags. Bs nbh fg sggh jh t`g tbfags, t`g bvgrbog tdtba wgjo`t
di t`g pdttgry irdk >f js ndhsjlgrbfay `jo`gr t`bh t`bt di t`g
29< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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pdttgry irdk t`g dvgrayjho >b. \`js js uhlduftglay lug td t`g
ibnt t`bt t`g pdttgry ndhtbjhgl jh >f fgnbkg furjgl fghgbt` b
abygr di pgbt rgabtjvgay qujnmay, w`jn` prdtgntgl jt irdk t`g
lgstruntjvg giignts di trbkpajho. \`g <9 s`grls t`bt wgrg
rgndvgrgl irdk t`g igbturgs brg dh bvgrbog b ajttag `gbvjgr bhl
t`jnmgr t`bh t`g s`grls di t`g bssgkfabog bs b w`dag bhl t`gy
brg basd tgkpgrgl wjt` kdrg ordo bhl s`dw agss lgndrbtjdh.\`g rgagvbhng di t`gsg ljiigrghngs js ljiijnuat td bssgs. Bh
bspgnt di t`g dvgrbaa _btgrjhogh pdttgry bssgkfabog t`bt
s`dual fg kghtjdhgl `grg js t`bt jt ndhtbjhgl hd s`grls di
typgs hdt ghnduhtgrgl bt t`g dt`gr sjtgs di t`g @bzghldhm >
Ordup. \`g ibnt t`bt b hukfgr di s`grls rgndvgrgl irdk
ljiigrght ndhtgxts ndual fg ijttgl tdogt`gr sggks td eustjiy
dur lgnjsjdh td trgbt t`g s`grls bs b sjhoag bssgkfabog.
:.6. LG^NVJS\JDH
Ijrst t`g n`brbntgrjstjns di t`g pdttgry wjaa fg ljsnussgl,
bh t`g gkpadygl vbrjbfags wjaa fg jhtrdlungl, bitgr w`jn` t`g
irbokghts s`dwh jh ijourgs 6< bhl 67 wjaa fg frjgiay
lgsnrjfgl. Ijhbaay, t`g kbjh igbturgs di t`g pdttgry wjaa fg
sukkbrjsgl bhl t`g pdttgry wjaa fg ndkpbrgl wjt` t`bt irdk
dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs.
:.6.2. \gkpgr
\`g bkduht bhl typg di tgkpgr usgl idr b pdt kby `bvg
fggh ljntbtgl fy ndhsjlgrbtjdhs rgabtjho td, idr gxbkpag, t`g
sjzg dr iuhntjdh t`g pdt, jts wbaa t`jnmhgss dr w`gt`gr dr hdt
t`g pdt wbs td fg lgndrbtgl, dr jt kby `bvg fggh nuaturbaay
lgtgrkjhgl, bs pgr`bps suoogstgl fy t`g n`rdhdadojnba
297 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
\bfag ?. \`g prdfbfag sgbsdhba prgsghng di ijs` spgnjgs jh t`g surrduhljhos di _btgrjhogh <.
kdht`5 2 6 * > < 7 * 9 ? 0 * : 23 22 * 26
sturogdh -------------------------------------------- -- -- -- --
gga --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
frgbk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pjmg --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sbakdh/sgb trdut -- ------------------ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
pgrn --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t`jh-ajppgl kuaagt -- -------------------- -- --
iaduhlgr -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\bfag 0. Rubhtjtbtjvg bhl qubajtbtjvg n`brbntgrjstjns di t g _btgrjhogh < pdttgry.
Baa s`grlsDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas
3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >
Hukfgr :>: :92 02: ><< 29>3 ?6? 92> :> >9? 239< 2302 772 >39>
Sgrnghtbog >3.9 >2.< 69.? 22.6 7>.6 6>.? 63.3 >.3 26.3 ><.? >7.> 20.3
_gjo`t (o) 23,?62 2>,<37 22,7?0 <,97> 63,<?6 :,:?> 0,076 2,>6: >,?:< 26,972 27,6<7 :,302 <3,><9
Sgrnghtbog 69.9 >>.6 60.? 22.7 73.? 6<.? 62.> >.> 0.< >2.> >?.0 66.7
Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) 22.< 2>.: 2<.2 2>.7 26.7 2>.? 2<.3 2<.> :.6 22.: 2<.2 29.7 2>.6
Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) 0.0 :.6 :.< :.? :.6 :.3 :.< :.? :.9 :.2 :.2 :.< :.6
\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 233 2<9 2?0 0< 62< 2>2 269 0 :7 632 263 7> 773
H-edjhs 6: ?3 << 2> :> >? 6> 6 2> 70 9< 62 27?
U-edjhs 23 22 7 6 20 < < 6 6 22 23 9 6:
^uribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 6:3 >90 >2? :7 732 693 697 << :: >92 >00 666 23?3
^kddt`gl 606 6:6 663 :> <96 67> 2<: 6> 262 ><? >9: 223 00?
Sdajs`gl 96 2> >3 >3 ?0 63 >9 2 <3 >3 7< 22 2>7
Fgsghstrjn` 2? 63 2? 9 >9 22 26 2 > 20 2: 63 93
^kgbrgl < 0 : 3 26 < 7 3 6 < 23 7 62
Jrrgouabr 297 263 :> <: 69< 90 06 2> >: 2>0 27> :? <6?
_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 72 ?2 <0 2< :3 >? 72 9 9 7: 02 >0 20<
@daadw jhstrukght >3 0 9 7 >< < 23 2 < 2< 66 : <:
^jhoag ijhogrtjp 26: 239 26< >> 209 262 ?2 2< 29 269 2<? 29> >:6
Ldufag ijhogrtjp 6> 27 2< ? >9 23 : < 6 2> >3 2< 7:
Vjk lgndrbtjdh5 Ijhogrtjp 6 7 2 2 ? 6 3 3 3 6 < > :
^pbtuab > 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 >
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vbrjbtjdhs dfsgrvbfag jh sdkg Kjllag Hgdajt`jn pdttgry
(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 677-603). \`g lgtgrkjhbtjdh di t`g
bkduht bhl typg di tgkpgr js t`grgidrg bh jkpdrtbht bspgnt
di pdttgry bhbaysjs.
B sgt di rgigrghng s`grls wbs usgl td lgtgrkjhg t`g
bkduhts di tgkpgr jh t`g s`grls. ^jx s`grls ndhtbjhjho
ljiigrght bkduhts di stdhg orjt, ordo bhl drobhjn tgkpgr
lgtgrkjhgl t`g ajkjts di t`rgg rbhogs rgprgsghtjho skbaa,
bvgrbog bhl abrog qubhtjtjgs di tgkpgr. \`g bvgrbog pbrtjnag
sjzg di t`g stdhg orjt bhl ordo wbs gstjkbtgl jh kk= t`g
bvgrbog pbrtjnag sjzg di t`g drobhjn tgkpgr wbs hdt
gstjkbtgl, bs t`bt wdual `bvg fggh tdd ljiijnuat jh kdst
nbsgs. \`g orjt ghnduhtgrgl jh kdst di t`g s`grls wbs
nrus`gl qubrtz= b igw s`grls ndhtbjhgl nrus`gl orbhjtjn rdnm.
Jh drlgr td fg bfag td stuly t`g rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g typgs bhl
bkduhts di tgkpgr dh t`g dhg `bhl bhl t`g dt`gr n`brbntgrjstjns
di t`g pdttgry dh t`g dt`gr, t`g s`grls wgrg sufljvjlgl dh t`g
fbsjs di t`g typg di tgkpgr ndhtbjhgl jh t`gk. \`g rgsuats brg
prgsghtgl jh tbfags 0 td 22. \`gsg tbfags wgrg usgl bs b fbsjs
idr stulyjho ljiigrghngs wjt`jh t`g bssgkfabog bhl fgtwggh
t`js bssgkfabog bhl dt`gr bssgkfabogs.
Bs nbh fg sggh jh tbfag 0, t`g kbedrjty di t`g s`grls brg
tgkpgrgl wjt` bvgrbog dr abrog qubhtjtjgs di orjt, fut kun`
usg wbs basd kblg di drobhjn tgkpgr bhl ordo. \`g bvgrbog
pbrtjnag sjzg di t`g orjt tgkpgr vbrjgs irdk 6.3 kk (skbaa
qubhtjty) td 6.? kk (abrog qubhtjty)= t`g bvgrbog pbrtjnag
sjzg di t`g ordo vbrjgs irdk 6.2 kk (skbaa qubhtjty) td
6.: kk (abrog qubhtjty).
299 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag :. ^bkg bs tbfag 0, hdw idr t`g s`grls irdk Whjt >b.
Whjt >bDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas
3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >
Hukfgr 0 0 7 2 2? 7 „ „ 2 7 : ? 66
Sgrnghtbog >9.< >9.< 66.? <.7 ??.> 66.? „ „ <.7 66.? <3.: >2.0
_gjo`t (o) 23: 266 9> 20 673 96 „ „ 7 ?: :6 2>9 >26Sgrnghtbog ><.: >:.2 63.6 7.0 03.2 2:.2 „ „ 2.9 67.> 6:.7 <>.9
Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) 2>.9 27.6 26.9 20.3 2<.? 26.< „ „ 7.3 27.0 23.6 2:.< 2<.6
Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) :.6 0.7 22.9 22.3 :.? :.6 „ „ 2>.3 :.6 23.> 0.< :.9
\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 2 2 3 3 2 2 „ „ 3 6 3 3 6
H-edjhs 3 2 2 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 6 3 6
^uribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 2 2 3 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 3 6 6
^kddt`gl > > 3 2 7 6 „ „ 3 < 6 2 ?
Fgsghstrjn` > 6 2 3 < 6 „ „ 2 3 2 < 9
Jrrgouabr 2 3 2 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 6 3 6
_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 2 3 2 3 6 3 „ „ 3 3 6 3 6
\bfag 23. ^bkg bs tbfag 0, hdw idr t`g s`grls irdk Whjt >f.
Whjt >fDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas
3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >
Hukfgr 6> 23 6 7 60 0 < „ > 22 2? : <3
Sgrnghtbog 7?.7 67.3 7.3 26.7 ?3.3 63.3 23.3 „ ?.7 6?.7 <6.7 66.7
_gjo`t (o) 7<2 62: 62 ?3 <:< 697 :6 „ <2 ><? 69> 633 072
Sgrnghtbog 9>.9 67.? 6.7 0.6 70.3 >2.2 23.0 „ <.0 <3.0 >3.: 6>.7
Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) 6>.7 62.: 23.7 2<.3 2?.9 >>.2 6>.3 „ 2>.? >2.7 27.7 66.6 62.>
Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) :.9 :.9 :.3 26.0 23.> 0.? 23.6 „ 2>.< :.: :.0 :.2 23.3
\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 2 2 3 > < 2 3 „ > 3 6 3 7
U-edjhs 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 „ 3 3 2 3 2
^uribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 6 3 3 3 6 3 3 „ 3 3 3 6 6
^kddt`gl ? 9 3 2 : > 6 „ 2 7 7 > 2<
Fgsghstrjn` < 2 6 > ? 6 2 „ 2 6 > < 23
Jrrgouabr ? > 3 2 0 6 2 „ 3 < ? 3 22
_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 „ 3 3 6 3 6
^jhoag ijhogrtjp < 3 3 3 6 6 3 „ 3 6 2 2 <
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:.6.6. Hukfgr bhl wgjo`t
Jhljnbtgl brg t`g hukfgrs di s`grls bhl t`gjr tdtba wgjo`ts.
Ndkpbrjsdh di t`g hukfgr bhl wgjo`t pgrnghtbogs di t`g
ljiigrght ordups di s`grls rgvgbas t`g rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g
typgs bhl bkduhts di tgkpgr dh t`g dhg `bhl bhl t`g lgorgg
di irbokghtbtjdh dh t`g dt`gr.
\`g bvgrbog wgjo`t di t`g >39> bhbayzgl s`grls js
2>.6 orbks. \`g hukfgr pgrnghtbogs bhl wgjo`t pgrnghtbogs
di t`g ljiigrght ordups brg sjkjabr, w`jn` suoogsts t`bt t`g
ibfrjns' strghot` wbs hdt jhiaughngl fy t`g bkduht bhl typgdi tgkpgr usgl. \`grg js dhg gxngptjdh5 t`g bvgrbog wgjo`t
di s`grls ndhtbjhjho abrog qubhtjtjgs di orjt js ndhsjlgrbfay
`jo`gr t`bh t`bt di s`grls ndhtbjhjho agss dr hd orjt. \`js
nbhhdt fg gxpabjhgl fy bssukjho t`bt b abrog qubhtjty di orjt
jkpajgs b strdhogr ibfrjn „ dh t`g ndhtrbry, abrog bkduhts di
orjt rgsuat jh pddrgr nd`gsjdh di t`g ibfrjn, w`jn` wdual
jkpay b `jo`gr lgorgg di irbokghtbtjdh. Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt,
jh dur bhbaysjs, wg dvgrgstjkbtgl t`g bkduht di orjt
ndhtbjhgl jh t`g abrogr (bhl `gbvjgr) s`grls.
:.6.>. _baa t`jnmhgss
\`g bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss js :.6 kk. \`grg sggks td fg hd
rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g wbaa t`jnmhgss bhl t`g typg bhl bkduht
di tgkpgr usgl.
:.6.<. Edjhs
\`g rgabtjvg jkpdrtbhng di t`g ljiigrght typgs di edjhs
kby fg rgobrlgl bs b tgn`hdadojnba n`brbntgrjstjn wjt`
n`rdhdadojnba jkpajnbtjdhs, idr jt `bs fggh iduhl t`bt @-edjhs
wgrg orblubaay rgpabngl fy H-edjhs bhl U-edjhs jh t`g Kjllag
bhl Abtg Hgdajt`jn (Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 677-609).
?>9 s`grls (6<%) s`dwgl sjohs di strjp fujaljho. @-edjhs
prgldkjhbtgl (?7%), idaadwgl fy H-edjhs (62%), bhl b skba
hukfgr di U-edjhs (<%). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho, @-edjhs wgrg
dfsgrvgl ndkpbrbtjvgay irgqughtay jh s`grls ndhtbjhjho
abrog qubhtjtjgs di drobhjn tgkpgr= t`gy wgrg dfsgrvgl
ndkpbrbtjvgay rbrgay jh s`grls ndhtbjhjho abrog qubhtjtjgs
di orjt tgkpgr. \`grg sggks td fg hd rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g
bkduht di ordo usgl bhl t`g typg di edjh.
:.6.7. Vjk lgndrbtjdh
Vjk lgndrbtjdh wbs vgry rbrg5 dhay 26 di t`g ?6> rjk s`grls
wgrg iduhl td fg lgndrbtgl (6%). \`g lgndrbtjdh, ndhsjstjho
di ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs (?7%) bhl spbtuab jkprgssjdhs
(67%), wbs bawbys dh t`g dutsjlg di t`g pdt.
:.6.9. _baa lgndrbtjdh
\`g tgn`hjqug usgl td lgndrbtg t`g wbaas ndual fg jlghtjijgl jh
t`g nbsg di baa t`g lgndrbtgl s`grls, jh ndhtrbst td t`g pdsjtjdhs
bhl pbttgrhs di t`g lgndrbtjdhs, w`jn` ndual fg jlghtjijgl dhay
dh t`g abrog irbokghts. \wd typgs di lgndrbtjvg tgn`hjqugs
wgrg ljstjhoujs`gl. \`g ijrst ghtbjagl kbmjho ldufag dr sjhoag
jkprgssjdhs jh t`g sdit naby wjt` t`g ijhogrhbjas dr ijhogrtjps. Bs
t`grg wbs hdt bawbys b nagbr-nut ljstjhntjdh fgtwggh ijhogrhbja
bhl ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs, dhay ldufag bhl sjhoag jkprgssjdhs
`bvg fggh ljstjhoujs`gl jh t`g tbfags. _`gt`gr t`g jkprgssjdhs
wgrg kblg wjt` t`g ijhogrhbjas dr ijhogrtjps js spgnjijgl jh
t`g lgsnrjptjdhs di t`g lgpjntgl irbokghts w`grg pdssjfag.
29? L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
\bfag 22. ^bkg bs tbfag 0, hdw idr t`g s`grls irdk t`g vbrjdus igbturgs.
IgbturgsDrobhjn tgkpgr Ordo ^tdhg orjt \dtbas
3 2 6 > 3 2 6 > 3 2 6 >
Hukfgr < ? 6< 22 26 22 62 6 < 6< 22 ? <9
Sgrnghtbog 0.? 27.6 76.6 6>.: 69.2 6>.: <7.9 <.> 0.? 76.6 6>.: 27.6
_gjo`t (o) >0 232 <72 2:< 27< 290 <>> 6: 6? <2? 2>: 632 ?0<Sgrnghtbog <.0 26.: 7?.7 6<.? 2:.9 62.< 77.6 >.? >.< 7>.6 2?.? 67.9
Bvgrbog wgjo`t (o) :.7 2<.< 20.0 2?.9 26.0 27.> 63.9 2<.7 9.? 2?.< 26.9 60.? 2?.3
Bvgrbog wbaa t`jnmhgss (kk) :.? 23.: 23.6 :.: :.0 :.0 23.7 23.7 :.? 23.6 :.9 22.2 23.6
\ypgs di edjhs5 @-edjhs 6 2 26 < 2 7 2> 3 > 26 6 6 2:
H-edjhs 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2
U-edjhs 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 6
^uribng ijhjs`5 Vduo`ghgl 2 2 7 2 > 6 2 6 3 > < 2 0
^kddt`gl 6 2 6 > > > 6 3 3 7 > 3 0
Fgsghstrjn` 3 3 6 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 3 6
^kgbrgl 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
Jrrgouabr 2 > 2> ? > 7 29 3 < 2< > > 6<
_baa lgndrbtjdh5 ^pbtuab 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 6
^jhoag ijhogrtjp 2 2 2 3 6 2 3 3 3 2 6 3 >
Ldufag ijhogrtjp 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 6
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\`g sgndhl typg di lgndrbtjvg tgn`hjqug ghtbjagl kbmjho
jkprgssjdhs wjt` t`g bjl di bh jhstrukght5 gjt`gr b skbaa
`daadw dfegnt, ajmg t`g fdhg di b fjrl dr pbrt di b rggl stgk,
dr b fauht spbtuab (sjkpay rgigrrgl td bs b spbtuab fgadw).
\`g tgrk ‐pjh prjnms' `bs jh t`g pbst fggh usgl td lgsnrjfg
sun` jkprgssjdhs kblg wjt` t`g bjl di b skbaa spbtuab
(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 67?).
Bfdut 66% di t`g s`grls brg lgndrbtgl. Ji wg ndhsjlgr
dhay t`g abrog s`grls, t`js ijourg jhnrgbsgs td bpprdx. >9-<6%
(ijo. 69). \`g pgrnghtbog di lgndrbtgl s`grls kby fg
rgobrlgl bs bh jhljnbtjdh di t`g pgrnghtbog di lgndrbtgl pdts.
\`g kdst ndkkdh idrk di lgndrbtjdh (99%) ndhsjsts di
sjhoag (7?%) bhl ldufag (:%) ijhogrtjp/ijhogrhbja
jkprgssjdhs. Jkprgssjdhs kblg wjt` t`g bjl di bh jhstrukght
(><%) brg di twd ljiigrght mjhls5 dhg mjhl wbs kblg wjt`
t`g bjl di b spbtuab (69%), t`g dt`gr wjt` t`g bjl di b `daadw
jhstrukght (?%). \`grg sggks td fg hd rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g
bkduht bhl typg di tgkpgr usgl bhl t`g typg di wbaa
lgndrbtjdh.
:.6.?. ^uribng trgbtkght
\`g suribng trgbtkght di 6933 s`grls wbs jlghtjijgl (07%).
Ybrjdus ijhjs`jho trgbtkghts wgrg ljstjhoujs`gl5 rduo`ghjho
(<2%), skddt`jho (><%), pdajs`jho (7%), Fgsghstrjn` (6%)
bhl skgbrjho (2%). \`g rgst di t`g jlghtjijgl s`grls (29%)
`bvg jrrgouabr suribngs.
Jh t`g nbtgodry di pdttgry wjt` b `jo` orjt dr ordo ndhtght
t`g pgrnghtbog di s`grls wjt` b rduo`ghgl suribng js kun`
`jo`gr t`bh t`bt di s`grls wjt` b skddt`gl suribng.
\`g pdttgry wjt` b `jo` orjt ndhtght basd jhnaulgs b `jo`
290 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
B
F
N
L
G I
O
Ijourg 6<. Abrog pdttgry irbokghts irdk _btgrjhogh <. Agttgrs B-O rgigr td t`g tgxt. ^nbag 25>.
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pgrnghtbog di s`grls wjt` bh jrrgouabr suribng. Hd rgabtjdh
wbs dfsgrvgl fgtwggh t`g bkduht di drobhjn tgkpgr bhl t`g
suribng trgbtkght.
\`g lgpjntgl pdttgry irbokghts (ijo. 6<)5
B. Irbokght di b fbrrga-s`bpgl pdt wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di
>6 nk. \`g naby wbs kjxgl wjt` t`rgg typgs di tgkpgr,
baa di w`jn` wgrg usgl jh skbaa qubhtjtjgs5 orjt (pbrtjnag
sjzg 6 kk), ordo (> kk) bhl drobhjn tgkpgr. \`g pdt
wbs fujat irdk strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl bh
jrrgouabr suribng. \`g wbaa lgndrbtjdh ndhsjsts di sjhoag
ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs t`bt ndvgrgl t`g ghtjrg suribng di
t`g pdt wjt` t`g gxngptjdh di t`g rjk. B fbhl wjt` b
wjlt` di 9 nk brduhl t`g tdp di t`g pdt wbs lgndrbtgl
wjt` b sgrjgs di `drjzdhtba s`baadw orddvgs lrbwh wjt`
t`g ijhogrtjps.
F. Irbokght di b iabt-fbsgl pdt tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog
qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk) bhl b skbaa
29: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg 67. Sdttgry irdk _btgrjhogh <. ^nbag 25>.
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qubhtjty di drobhjn kbttgr. \`g pdt wbs fujat irdk
strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl bh jrrgouabr suribng.
N. Irbokght di b funmgt-s`bpgl pdt wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di
6< nk. \`g naby wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog qubhtjty
di drobhjn kbttgr bhl b skbaa qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag
sjzg 6 kk). \`g pdt, w`jn` wbs fujat irdk strjps edjhgl
vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl bh jrrgouabr suribng, ndhtbjhgl twd
`dags, w`jn` wgrg bt sdkg tjkg rgpbjrgl.
L. Irbokght di b fbrrga-s`bpgl pdt wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di
<< nk. \`g naby wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` b skbaa qubhtjty di
orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk). \`g suribng di t`g pdt wbs
skddt`gl. \`g rjk di t`g pdt wbs lgndrbtgl wjt` b sjhoag
rdw di hbja jkprgssjdhs, t`g rgst di t`g pdt's suribng wjt`
sjhoag ijhogrtjp jkprgssjdhs.
G. Bh jhtbnt pjhn`gl fdwa wjt` b rjk ljbkgtgr di 22 nk bhl
b `gjo`t di 0 nk. \`g naby wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog
qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg 6 kk). \`g pdt's suribng
wbs skddt`gl.
I. Irbokght di b rduhl-fbsgl pdt tgkpgrgl wjt` b abrog
qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg 6 kk) bhl bh bvgrbog
qubhtjty di ordo (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk). \`g pdt, w`jn`
wbs fujat irdk strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs, wbs lgndrbtgl
wjt` rbhldkay brrbhogl hbja jkprgssjdhs.
O. Irbokght di b _bnmgafdlgh tgkpgrgl wjt` bh bvgrbog
qubhtjty di orjt (pbrtjnag sjzg 6 kk) bhl b skbaa
qubhtjty di ordo (pbrtjnag sjzg > kk). \`g pdt wbs fujat
irdk strjps edjhgl vjb @-edjhs bhl `bl b skddt`gl
suribng.
2?3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg 69. \`g pgrnghtbog di
lgndrbtgl wbaa s`grls jh rgabtjdh td
t`g s`grls' kjhjkuk wgjo`t jh
orbks. _`gh dhay t`g abrogst
s`grls brg ndhsjlgrgl, t`g
pgrnghtbog di lgndrbtgl wbaa
s`grls js bfdut >9-<>%.
Ijourg 6?. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g pdttgry. \`g abrogst ldts
rgprgsght bt agbst 673 o pgr squbrg.
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\d sukkbrjzg, t`g pdttgry irdk t`g _btgrjhogh sjtgndkprjsgs irbokghts di fbrrga- bhl funmgt-s`bpgl pdts bhl
dhg skbaa, rduhl-fbsgl pjhn`gl fdwa. \`g pdts `bl iabt dr
rduhl fbsgs dr b typg di fbsg mhdwh bs b _bnmgafdlgh. \`g
naby di t`g kbedrjty di t`g pdts wbs tgkpgrgl wjt` orjt, fut
drobhjn kbttgr bhl ordo wgrg basd ndkkdhay usgl bs tgkpgr.
Vjk lgndrbtjdh js vgry rbrg, fut bfdut <3% di t`g pdttgry
s`dws wbaa lgndrbtjdh, ndhsjstjho di jkprgssjdhs kblg wjt`
t`g ijhogrtjps/ijhogrhbjas dr sdkg jhstrukght. Kdst di t`gpdts `bl b rduo`ghgl dr skddt`gl suribng= sdkg `bl bh
jrrgouabr suribng.
Dh t`g fbsjs di t`g pdttgry n`brbntgrjstjns lgsnrjfgl bfdvg
t`g _btgrjhogh < sjtg kby fg nabssjijgl jh t`g @bzghldhm >
Ordup (Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:?9, 69?-6?9)5 jh tgn`hdadojnba
bhl kdrp`dadojnba tgrks t`g pdttgry irdk _btgrjhogh <
s`dws b nadsg rgsgkfabhng td t`g pdttgry irdk @bzghldhm
2?2 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
\bfag 26. Vbw kbtgrjba vgrsus ndrtgx gxtght.
bfsght ldrsba 1 73% ldrsba ≧ 73%tdtba
uhsurh %
tgrrbng iajht < 72 >9 :2 20.2 „
pgffag-Kgusg goos 23 :0 639 >2< 96.7 „
Vjenm`dat 29 2 3 2? >.< „
Ybamghfuro > 3 3 > 3.9 „
Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh 6< 6 3 69 7.6 „
Ugvghwgogh > > 2 ? 2.< „
bxg irbokghts << 3 3 << 0.0 „
\dtba h 23< 277 6<> 736 233.3 „
% 63.? >3.: <0.< 233.3
jhlgtgrkjhbfag >:> 2>7 >3 770 7
\bfag 2>. \ypdadoy vgrsus rbw kbtgrjba. 2;tgrrbng iajht= 6;pgffag-Kgusg goos= >;Vjenm`dat=
<;Ybamghfuro= 7;Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh= 9;Ugvghwgogh= ?;bxg irbokghts.
2 6 > < 7 9 ? uhsurg\dtba
h %
trjbhouabr pdjhts 6 < 6 „ 6 „ „ 26 66 6.
agbi„s`bpgl pdjhts „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 2 2 3.
trbhsvgrsg brrdw-`gbls „ „ „ „ „ „ „ < < 3.<
dt`gr pdjhts 2 2 „ „ „ „ „ 2 > 3.>
pdjhtgl fablgs „ „ „ „ „ 6 „ „ 6 3.6
fdrgrs / rgbkgrs 2 2 2 „ „ „ „ > 9 3.9
snrbpgrs < 9 2 2 < 2 „ 23 6? 6.7
iajht bxgs „ „ 6 „ „ „ „ 6 < 3.<
rgtdun`gl fablgs 6 2 2 „ 6 2 „ > 23 3.:
rgtdun`gl iabmgs < > 2 „ 6 2 „ : 63 2.:
rgtdun`gl wbstg „ 2 „ „ „ „ „ > < 3.<
dt`gr rgtdun`gl kbt. 6 2 6 „ „ „ „ : 2< 2.>uhrgtdun`gl iabmgs >9 2>: < 2 0 2 69 6<6 <7? <6.
uhrgtdun`gl fablgs 2 7 2 „ > „ „ „ 23 3.:
ndrgs 6 63 „ „ 6 „ „ < 60 6.9
uhrgtdun`gl wbstg 2? <2 6 „ 6 2 ? 99 2>9 26.
spajhtgrs < 2? „ 2 2 „ 7 29: 2:? 20.7
pdtajls 6 > „ „ „ „ 9 67 >9 >.<
pgffags 2> ?2 „ „ „ „ „ „ 0< ?.:
\dtba h :2 >2< 2? > 69 ? << 79> 2397 233.
% 0.7 6:.7 2.9 3.> 6.< 3.9 <.2 76.: ::.:
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2?> L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
B
F
N
L
ndkpbrjsdh wjt` dt`gr brgbs bt t`g sbkg batjtulg. \`js
suoogsts t`bt t`js brgb wbs lgajfgrbtgay mgpt nagbh td bvdjl
ndhtbkjhbtjdh di t`g lrjhmjho wbtgr. ^dkg di t`g strby ijhls
rgndvgrgl dh t`g sadpgs wgrg iduhl jh prjkbry ndhtgxts,
dt`grs jh sgndhlbry ndhtgxts. \`g abttgr js jaaustrbtgl fy t`g
ibnt t`bt kbtn`jho pdttgry irbokghts wgrg iduhl ayjho bt
ljstbhngs di up td <3 kgtrgs bpbrt. \`gy `bl fggh kdvglirdk t`gjr prjkbry ndhtgxts fy pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba prdngssgs
sun` bs trbkpajho bhl n`jalrgh's paby. Dhg ordup di
kbtn`jho s`grls ndkprjsgs s`grls irdk t`g ijhl abygr, b
igbturg bhl Whjt >f. \`js sggks td eustjiy dur lgnjsjdh td
rgobrl t`g pdttgry irdk t`g ljiigrght ndhtgxts bs b sjhoag
bssgkfabog jh t`g bhbaysjs.
23. Iajht B.A. vbh Ojeh
23.2. JH\VDLWN\JDH
Jh tdtba, t`g gxnbvbtdrs iduhl 2,397 iajht brtgibnts, wjt` bh
dvgrbaa wgjo`t di 7,>>7 o. \`g ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g
bssgkfabog js td sdkg gxtght t`g rgsuat di t`g rgndvgry
prdnglurg usgl jh t`g ijgal5 skbaa n`jps brg lgijhjtgayuhlgrrgprgsghtgl. Baa t`g iajht brtgibnts wgrg lgsnrjfgl jh
tgrks di t`gjr kgtrjnba ljkghsjdhs, wgjo`t, fbsjn tgn`hdadoy,
typdadoy, rbw kbtgrjba, orbjh sjzg, frgbmbog pbttgrhs, mjhl
bhl gxtght di ndrtgx, prgsghng di trbngs di furhjho,
pbtjhbtjdh, pdajs`gl ibngts bhl spbtjba ndhtgxt. Jh blljtjdh, b
sbkpag di 2?: jkpagkghts wbs sgagntgl idr kjnrdwgbr
bhbaysjs.
23.6. KDVS@DADOJNBA LG^NVJS\JDH
\`g _btgrjhogh < iajht bssgkfabog js t`g rgsuat di b iabmg
tgn`hdadoy, fablgs fgjho bakdst ndkpagtgay bfsght (7>.2%
vgrsus 6.?%). Fgsjlgs iabmgs bhl fablgs, t`g bssgkfabog basd
jhnaulgs b abrog bkduht di wbstg, j.g. brtgibnts wjt`dut
jhljnbtjdhs di iabmjho ljrgntjdh (<<.6%). B `jo` pgrnghtbog
(>:.6%) di t`g jkpagkghts s`dws trbngs di furhjho. Bs t`g
bssgkfabog ndhtbjhs sd igw fablgs, t`g lgorgg di
irbokghtbtjdh js vgry adw5 dhay 62 pjgngs wgrg iduhl td
`bvg frdmgh bhl t`grg wgrg hd jhljnbtjdhs di jhtghtjdhba
frgbmjho w`btsdgvgr. Iajht bxgs wgrg rgusgl bs ndrgs idr t`g
prdluntjdh di iabmgs5 ?.>% di t`g brtgibnts s`dw pdajs`gl
ibngts. ^un` rgusg wbs vgry ndkkdh jh t`g sufsgqught
Yabbrljhogh ordup (@ddjegr 2:92). \`g orgbtgr pbrt di t`g
Ijourg 6:. \ypjnba iajht tddas irdk _btgrjhogh <
(^nbag 252)5 B5 pdjhtgl fablg= F-L5 snrbpgrs.
Jhljnbtgl brg t`g wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g
tddal (sgg agoghl).
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2?< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
B F
L
N
I
G
@O
Ijourg >3. \ypjnba iajht tddas irdk _btgrjhogh < (^nbag 252)5 B-@5 rgtdun`gl iabmgs bhl fablgs. Jhljnbtgl brg t`g wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g
tddas (sgg agoghl).
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2?7 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
jlghtjijbfag rbw kbtgrjba jh t`g bssgkfabog ndhsjsts di iajht
irdk rjvgr orbvgas bhl w`bt brg mhdwh bs pgffag-Kgusg
goos, skbaa pgffags di rgabtjvgay ijhg-orbjhgl iajht di vbryjho
ndadurs. \`g jkpdrtgl iajht jhnaulgs Vjenm`dat (2.9%), Ajo`t-
orgy Fgaojbh (6.<%), Ybamghfuro (3.>%) bhl Ugvghwgogh
(3.?%) iajht. Kbhy brtgibnts s`dwgl ndrtgx td vbryjho gxtghts
(7>.>%), kdstay di b wgbt`grgl mjhl= 0< brtgibnts wgrgndkpagtgay ndvgrgl wjt` ndrtgx (t`g pgffag-Kgusg goos).
\`js `jo` pgrnghtbog js bttrjfutbfag td t`g typg di rbw
kbtgrjba sgagntgl5 abrogay rjvgr orbvgas, bakdst baa di w`jn`
(>:2 di t`g <37) s`dwgl ndrtgx. Kbhy di t`g jkpagkghts
prdlungl irdk jkpdrtgl iajht s`dwgl hd trbngs di ndrtgx,
w`jn` suoogsts t`bt t`gy ghtgrgl t`g sjtg jh ijhjs`gl idrk
(tbf. 26). \`g ibnt t`bt kdst di t`g ndrgs (H;6:) bhl ndrg
irbokghts bhl t`g orgbtgr pbrt di t`g wbstg ndhsjst di iajht
irdk t`g rjvgr orbvgas s`dws t`bt t`js iajht wbs mhbppgl dh
t`g spdt (tbf. 2>). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho, t`g brtgibnts brg rbt`gr
skbaa5 t`g bvgrbog aghot` di ndkpagtg fablgs js >.0 nk
(H;27), di iabmgs 6.0 nk (H;:<). \`js js gvjlghtay basd
bttrjfutbfag td t`g usg di skbaa rjvgr pgffags idr t`gprdluntjdh di jkpagkghts.
23.>. \DDA \ZSDADOZ
Di t`g tdtba di 2397 brtgibnts 22? pjgngs wgrg jhtghtjdhbaay
kdljijgl (22%) (tbf. 2>). \`g pdjhts (ijo. 605 B-@)
ndhstjtutg t`g abrogst nbtgodry di idrkba tddas (H;>3, j.g.
69% di t`g rgtdun`gl jkpagkghts)= t`js js bh gxngptjdhbaay
`jo` pgrnghtbog jh ndkpbrjsdh wjt` t`g ijourgs dftbjhgl idr
dt`gr ndhtgkpdrbry sjtgs. \`g kbedrjty di t`g pdjhts brg
trjbhouabr (H;66), ? `bvjho b strbjo`t fbsg, > b ndhnbvg fbsg
bhl 26 b ndhvgx fbsg. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g rgtdun` wbs iduhl
td vbry ndhsjlgrbfay= jh sdkg nbsgs jt wbs ndhijhgl td t`g
tdda's kbrojh, jh dt`grs jt gxtghlgl dvgr t`g ghtjrg suribng.
Jh blljtjdh td t`g trjbhouabr pdjhts, dhg agbi-s`bpgl, idur
trbhsvgrsg bhl t`rgg hdh-ljbohdstjn pdjhts wgrg rgndvgrgl.
\`g sgndhl abrogst nbtgodry (H;6?) (ijo. 6:5 F-L) ndhsjsts
di snrbpgrs, t`g kdst ndkkdh tdda typg jh kdst Hgdajt`jn
bssgkfabogs. \`grg js hd gvjlghng suoogstjho b prgigrghng
idr b snrbpgr di b spgnjijn s`bpg5 s`drt ghlsnrbpgrs, abtgrba
snrbpgrs bhl ldufag snrbpgrs brg rgprgsghtgl jh gquba
prdpdrtjdhs. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g snrbpgr `gbl wbs gvjlghtay
ljntbtgl fy t`g kdrp`dadoy di t`g iabmg, w`jn` jh kdst nbsgs
wbs qujtg jrrgouabr dwjho td t`g rgstrjntjdhs jkpdsgl fy t`g
pddr-qubajty rbw kbtgrjba. Dhg snrbpgr `gbl wbs dfsgrvgl dh
b ndrg.Fdrgrs brg hdt wgaa-rgprgsghtgl jh t`g bssgkfabog5 dhay sjx
wgrg jlghtjijgl, dhg di w`jn` kby fg b rgbkgr (ijo. >25 B-N).
Jh blljtjdh, twd pdjhtgl fablgs wgrg iduhl, ijourg 6:5 B.
Fgsjlgs t`g rgabtjvgay wgaa-lgijhgl tdda typgs, t`g
bssgkfabog jhnaulgs qujtg b igw rgtdun`gl iabmgs (H;63),
fablgs (H;23) bhl rgtdun`gl wbstg (H;<), ijourg >35 B-@.
\`jrtggh jkpagkghts kby fg tgrkgl kdljijgl fut t`gy
F
B
N
nbhhdt fg nabssjijgl jh b spgnjijn tdda nbtgodry. Ijhbaay, t`g
bssgkfabog basd jhnaulgs twd bxg irbokghts bhl b ndrg t`bt
wbs sgndhlbrjay usgl bs b `bkkgrstdhg.
23.<. KJNVD_GBV BHBAZ J^
23.<.2. Kgt`dls
Baa di t`g 22? kdljijgl jkpagkghts (bkdho w`jn` J jhnaulg
t`g tddas wjt` dhay b vgry skbaa bkduht di rgtdun`) bhl 96
uhkdljijgl brtgibnts wgrg gxbkjhgl idr t`g prgsghng di trbngs di usg= t`g uhkdljijgl brtgibnts wgrg sgagntgl dh t`g
fbsjs di t`g prgsghng di b rgouabr nrdss-sgntjdh di bt agbst dhg
nk (ni. Kdss 2:0>= Ybh Ojeh 2::3). Bs sdkg jkpagkghts
s`dwgl trbngs di rgsjlugs prgsgrvgl dh t`gjr suribngs, t`g
tddas wgrg gxbkjhgl idr t`g prgsghng di drobhjn rgkbjhs
wjt` t`g bjl di b stgrgdkjnrdsndpg fgidrg fgjho nagbhgl.
_`grg sun` rgkbjhs bppgbrgl td fg prgsght, sbkpags wgrg
Ijourg >2. \ypjnba iajht tddas irdk _btgrjhogh < (^nbag 252)5
B-N5 fdrgrs. Jhljnbtgl brg t`g wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g tddas(sgg agoghl).
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2?9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
tbmgh fy ljssdavjho t`g rgsjlug jh ljstjaagl wbtgr bhl
skgbrjho jt dh b oabss sajlg idr gxbkjhbtjdh fghgbt` b
trbhskjttgl ajo`t kjnrdsndpg. Bitgr t`js jhjtjba snrgghjho,
t`g jkpagkghts wgrg wbs`gl jh wbtgr ndhtbjhjho b lgtgroght
bhl wgrg rgouabray wjpgl wjt` b nadt` lrghn`gl jh band`da.
B skbaa hukfgr di jkpagkghts ljspabygl b ijak di `jo`ay
rgsjstbht ‐ljrt', w`jn` wbs rgkdvgl t`rduo` jkkgrsjdh jh bh
uatrbsdhjn nagbhjho tbhm. Hdhg di t`g jkpagkghts wgrg
n`gkjnbaay nagbhgl. \`g kjnrdwgbr bhbaysjs wbs nbrrjgl dut
wjt` t`g bjl di bh jhnjlght ajo`t kjnrdsndpg, bt kbohjijnb-
tjdhs rbhojho irdk 233 td 933≀.
23.<.6. Vgsuats
Dh t`g w`dag, t`g suribng di t`g jkpagkghts wbs rgbsdhbfay
wgaa-prgsgrvgl, pdst-lgpdsjtjdhba suribng kdljijnbtjdh
dnnurrjho dh dhay >< pjgngs= : jkpagkghts ndual hdt fg
stuljgl fgnbusg t`gy wgrg tdd sgvgrgay furht. Jh tdtba, 09 di
t`g 2?: brtgibnts stuljgl ljspabygl trbngs di usg, ditgh jh
sgvgrba zdhgs5 2> tddas ljspabygl twd zdhgs di usg, t`rgg
jkpagkghts gvgh s`dwgl t`rgg zdhgs di usg. Ijvg tddas
s`dwgl zdhgs di sgvgrba usgs, gjt`gr dh ljiigrght ndhtbnt
kbtgrjbas, dr jh ljiigrght kdtjdhs. \`g rgsjlugs, idr w`jn` t`g
tddas wgrg systgkbtjnbaay stuljgl, wgrg ajkjtgl td rgkhbhts
di fjrn` tbr, bssdnjbtgl wjt` `bitjho.
\`g ndhtbnt kbtgrjba kdst irgqughtay ghnduhtgrgl js pabht
(H;20, tbfag 2<). Jh kdst nbsgs t`g pabhts wgrg di sjajnjdus
spgnjgs sun` bs rggls dr orbssgs (ijo. >65 b-f). \`g pdajs` js
vgry frjo`t bhl skddt`, wjt` b iautgl tdpdorbp`y. \`g trbngs
brg wgaa-lgvgadpgl. Hdhg di t`g jkpagkghts ljspabygl pabht
rgsjlugs. Adhojtuljhba bhl trbhsvgrsg kdtjdhs brg rgprgsghtgl
Ijourg >6. Kjnrdorbp`s di wgbr trbngs. b5 pdajs` irdk ndhtbnt wjt` pabhts sggh dh tdda hd. 2> (ijo. >3O, 633x)= f5 pabht pdajs` dh tdda hd. 233
(ijo. >3I) usgl idr sjajnjdus pabhts (633x)= n5 trbngs irdk snrbpjho `jlg, sggh dh tdda hd. 9? (ijo. 6:F, 233x)= l5 sd-nbaagl pdajs` ‐23' wjt` b
pgrpghljnuabr ljrgntjdhbajty, dfsgrvgl dh tdda hd. <? (ijo. 6:L, 233x)= g5 sbkg tdda (633x)= i5 trbngs irdk fdrjho b kjhgrba sufstbhng, pgr`bps
pdttgry, sggh dh tdda hd. >7 (233x)= o5 rduo` pdajs` jhtgrprgtgl bs fgjho t`g rgsuat di snrbpjho b kjhgrba sufstbhng, sggh dh tdda hd. 23?
(ijo. >3@, 233x)= `5 irjntjdh-oadss irdk jkpbnt sggh dh t`g tjp di b pdjht usgl idr s`ddtjho (hd. 227, ijo. 60L, 633x).
b
n
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2?0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
(ijo. >65 l-g). Jh bppgbrbhng jt sdkgtjkgs rgsgkfags `jlgpdajs`, bt dt`gr tjkgs pabht pdajs`, fut jt js prdfbfay
bttrjfutbfag td hgjt`gr di t`dsg ndhtbnt kbtgrjbas. Jt `bs hdt
ygt fggh rgprdlungl gxpgrjkghtbaay. Sdajs` ‐23' wbs
dfsgrvgl dh twd tddas, dhg wjt` twd wdrmgl glogs. Fdt` di
t`g tddas wgrg di gxdtjn kbtgrjba. \`g jkpagkghts wgrg usgl
jh b trbhsvgrsg kdtjdh. \`g tddas t`bt wgrg jhtgrprgtgl bs
`bvjho fggh usgl dh sdkg uhmhdwh kjhgrba kbtgrjba brg
kdrg vbrjgl (ijo. >65 i-o). \`grg wbs gvjlghng idr nuttjho,
snrbpjho bhl fdrjho. \`g fdrjho jkpagkghts wgrg di adnba
iajht, t`g nuttjho bhl snrbpjho tddas di gxdtjn, Ajo`t-orgy
Fgaojbh iajht. \`g abttgr jkpagkghts brg qujtg rgkbrmbfag bs
t`gy wgrg iduhl td ljspaby pdajs` dvgr abrog pbrts di t`gjr
suribngs, fdt` t`gjr vghtrba bhl t`gjr ldrsba suribngs. \`g
jkpagkghts wgrg sufsgqughtay rgtdun`gl. \`g tddas kby
`bvg fggh usgl td snrbpg pdttgry, fut t`g trbngs ld hdt kbtn`
t`g gxpgrjkghtba gqujvbaghts suiijnjghtay td ndrrdfdrbtg sun`
bh jhtgrprgtbtjdh.
Ijhbaay, 60 jkpagkghts ljspabygl uhljbohdstjn trbngs di
usg, w`jn` ndual hdt fg iurt`gr spgnjijgl.
Rujtg b igw tddas s`dwgl trbngs di `bitjho, jh pbrtjnuabr t`g pdjhts. \`g trbngs ndkprjsgl rgkhbhts di fjrn` tbr
bhl kjnrdwgbr trbngs. B rgkbrmbfag tdda jh t`js rgspgnt
js dhg di Ugvghwgogh iajht (ijo. 6:5 B), w`jn` wbs usgl
dh `jlg bhl pabht bhl wbs `bitgl jh fjrn` tbr. \`grg
wbs hd nagbr gvjlghng suoogstjho t`bt tddas di jkpdrtgl
iajht wgrg kdrg irgqughtay `bitgl t`bh adnbaay kblg
jkpagkghts.
Hgjt`gr wbs t`grg bhy gvjlghng suoogstjho b prgigrghng
idr b spgnjijn rbw kbtgrjba idr b pbrtjnuabr ndhtbnt kbtgrjba,
gxngpt pgr`bps t`g trbngs di pdajs` ‐23' dfsgrvgl dh twd
tddas di Ugvghwgogh kbtgrjba. \`g jkpagkghts di jkpdrtgl
iajht `bl `dwgvgr fggh kdrg irgqughtay usgl t`bh t`dsg
kblg dh iajht irdk t`g adnba rjvgr orbvgas (tbfag 27). \`g
tddas di Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh iajht jh pbrtjnuabr s`dwgl nagbr
gvjlghng idr rgs`brpghjho5 jh idur di t`g gjo`t nbsgs t`g
trbngs di prjkbry usg `bl fggh rgkdvgl fy sufsgqught
rgtdun`. Bhdt`gr jhtgrgstjho igbturg di t`g jkpdrtgl tddas js
t`bt t`g kbedrjty wgrg usgl idr ljiigrght purpdsgs, bs
jhljnbtgl fy t`g trbngs di ljiigrght ndhtbnt kbtgrjbas bhl
\bfag 2<. Ndhtbnt kbtgrjba vgrsus kdtjdh. 2;adhojtuljhba= 6;trbhsvgrsg= >;fdrjho= <;ljbodhba=
7;n`dppjho/wglojho= 9;s`ddtjho.
2 6 > < 7 9 uhsurg\dtba
h %
pabht 9 0 6 „ „ „ 6 20 63.:
wddl „ 7 „ 2 2 „ „ ? 0.2
fdhg „ 7 2 „ „ „ „ 9 ?.3
`jlg 6 23 2 „ „ „ „ 2> 27.2
sdit bhjkba kbt. > „ „ „ „ „ 2 < <.9
kjhgrba > 2 > „ „ „ „ ? 0.2
pdajs` ‐23' „ > „ „ „ „ „ > >.7
uhsurg „ 6 7 „ 6 27 < 60 >6.7
\dtba h 2< >< 26 2 > 27 ? 09 ::.0
% 29.> >:.7 2>.: 2.6 >.7 2?.< 0.2 ::.:
\bfag 27. Vbw kbtgrjba vgrsus lgorgg di wgbr (dhay idr jkpagkghts s`dwjho trbngs di usg).
ajo`t kgljuk `gbvy uhsurg\dtba
h %
tgrrbng iajht + 63 : < „ >> >0.<
pgffag-Kgusg goos
jkpdrtgl iajht : < 9 „ 2: 66.2
uhsurg 62 < ? 6 >< >:.7
\dtba h 73 2? 2? 6 09 233.3
% 70.2 2:.0 2:.0 6.> 233.3
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ljiigrght kdtjdhs. \`g usg-wgbr trbngs brg kdrgdvgr fgttgr
lgvgadpgl bhl jhljnbtg kdrg gxtghsjvg usg._`gh wg gxbkjhg t`g rgabtjdhs`jp fgtwggh tdda usg bhl
tdda typdadoy wg ijhl t`bt t`g pdjhts wgrg bakdst jhvbrjbfay
usgl bs prdegntjags= sdkg s`dwgl sjohs di usg bs fdrgrs, fut
t`js kby `bvg fggh b sgndhlbry usg. \`g snrbpgrs wgrg
jhlggl usgl jh trbhsvgrsg kdtjdhs, usubaay dh `jlg, fut basd
dh fdhg.
23.7. ^SB\JBA LJ^\VJFW\JDH
\`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh di t`g iajht, fbsgl dh jts wgjo`t,
ndrrgspdhls rduo`ay td t`g lghsjty ljstrjfutjdh di t`g
pdttgry5 t`g lghsjty js `jo`gst brduhl t`g `dusg pabh
(ijo. >>). B ljiigrghng wjt` rgspgnt td t`g pdttgry ljstrjfutjdh
js `dwgvgr t`bt ndkpbrbtjvgay kdrg iajht wbs ljsnbrlgl dht`g sadpgs di t`g luhg, nadsg td t`g wbtgrjho pabngs. \`g
ljstrjfutjdh di t`g jkpagkghts di Ugvghwgogh bhl Vjenm`dat
iajht ljspabys b `jo`gr ndhnghtrbtjdh badho t`g njrnukigrghng
di t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb, fut t`js js prdfbfay lug td ibnt t`bt b
abrog pbrt di t`g iajht wbs iduhl bt t`g pgrjp`grjgs di t`g
jh`bfjtgl brgb. \`js kby fg bttrjfutbfag td b lgsjrg td mggp
t`g ajvjho brgb irgg di s`brp-glogl lgfrjs. \`js jhtghtjdhba
nagbrjho di t`g ajvjho brgb iurt`gr suppdrts t`g bssukptjdh
t`bt _btgrjhogh < wbs b pgrkbhghtay jh`bfjtgl sgttagkght.
\`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ljiigrght tdda typgs ldgs hdt s`dw
bhy pbrtjnuabr naustgrjho. Baa t`g typgs wgrg kdrg dr agss
gvghay ljstrjfutgl bnrdss t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb (ijo. ><). Dhay
t`g brrdw `gbls sggkgl td fg ndhnghtrbtgl jh t`g hdrt`grh pbrt,
brduhl t`g `dusg pabh. \`js kby fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` rgtddajho
bntjvjtjgs (Mggagy 2:06) bt t`g nghtrg di t`g ajvjho brgb.
Jh ndhsjlgrjho t`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g ljiigrght bntjvjtjgs
jhigrrgl irdk t`g wgbr trbngs dh t`g jkpagkghts (ijo. >7) wg
kust baadw idr t`g pdssjfjajty t`bt sdkg di t`g ijhls kby
`bvg fggh rgndvgrgl irdk sgndhlbry ndhtgxts. Jt js prdfbfay
sbig td bssukg t`bt t`g brtgibnts t`bt wgrg iduhl dh tdp di
t`g luhg wgrg ljsnbrlgl bt t`g sjtg di t`gjr abst bntjvg usg.\ddas s`dwjho trbngs di `jlg wdrmjho bppgbrgl td fg abrogay
ndhijhgl td t`g nghtrba ajvjho brgb. \`g gvjlghng idr t`g
nuttjho bhl fdrjho di `jlgs suoogsts t`bt t`g `jlgs wgrg
prdngssgl jhtd prdlunts ajmg obrkghts wjt`jh t`g nghtrba
ajvjho brgb. \`g prgsghng di `jlg snrbpgrs wjt`jh t`g ajvjho
brgb js rbt`gr rgkbrmbfag fgnbusg wg tghl td rgobrl `jlg
wdrmjho bs b rbt`gr skgaay, ljrty bntjvjty t`bt wjaa prgigrbfay
`bvg fggh nbrrjgl dut sdkg ljstbhng irdk t`g ajvjho brgb.
Jt js t`grgidrg kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`gjr prgsghng js bssdnjbtgl
wjt` rgtddajho bntjvjtjgs. \`g prgsghng di t`g pdjhts s`dwjho
trbngs di s`ddtjho dh tdp di t`g luhg js jh bnndrlbhng wjt`
dur vjgws dh t`g brgbs jh w`jn` spgnjijn bntjvjtjgs wgrg
nbrrjgl dut wjt`jh b sgttagkght5 brrdw s`bits kby `bvg fgghrgtddagl brduhl t`g `gbrt`.
\`g usgl jkpagkghts iduhl dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg brg
td fg ljiigrghtay jhtgrprgtgl. \`gsg jkpagkghts ndhsjst
prgldkjhbhtay di pabht-wdrmjho tddas bhl jkpagkghts
s`dwjho kjnrdwgbr pdajs` ‐23'. \`js kby jkpay t`bt t`gsg
tddas wgrg ljsnbrlgl dh ndkpagtjdh di t`g tbsm idr w`jn`
t`gy wgrg usgl, fut wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr t`bt tbsm wbs
pgridrkgl jh t`g ajvjho brgb dr dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg.
23.9. NDHNAW^JDH
\`g pjnturg t`bt gkgrogs irdk t`g gxbkjhbtjdh di t`g iajht
ndkpdhght di t`g _btgrjhogh < bssgkfabog js t`bt di b
pgrkbhghtay jh`bfjtgl sgttagkght, abrogay lgpghlght dh adnba
rbw kbtgrjbas. @dwgvgr, t`g prgsghng di jkpagkghts di
gxdtjn iajht t`bt wgrg frduo`t td t`g luhg jh ijhjs`gl idrk
bttgsts td ndhtbnt wjt` brgbs iurt`gr sdut`. \`gsg tddas wgrg
lgijhjtgay nurbtgl. B ndhspjnudus bspgnt di t`gsg tddas js t`bt
t`gy s`dwgl trbngs di ‐idrgjoh' ndhtbnt kbtgrjbas sun` bs lry
`jlg bhl t`g kbtgrjbas jkpajgl fy pdajs` ‐23'. ^jkjabr trbngs
2?: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg >>. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g iajht kbtgrjba. \`g abrogst
ldts rgprgsght bt agbst 233 o pgr
squbrg.
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202 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg >7. \`g spbtjba ljstjrfutjdh
di t`g iajht brtgibnts wjt` trbngs di
usg jh rgabtjdh td t`g gxnbvbtjdh
orjl bhl t`g `dusg pabh. Jhljnbtgl
js t`g ljstrjfutjdh di jhigrrgl
kbtgrjbas.
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206 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
wgrg basd dfsgrvgl dh b abrog rgtdun`gl iabmg di
Ugvghwgogh iajht irdk t`g ndhtgkpdrbry sjtg di Vjeswjem(but`dr's dfsgrvbtjdh). \`js jkpagkght s`dwgl gvjlghng idr
sgvgrba jhstbhngs di usg bhl jhtgrkgljbtg rgs`brpghjho.
\`g jh`bfjtbhts di _btgrjhogh < prbntjsgl b rbhog di
bntjvjtjgs, rgabtgl td fdt` sufsjstghng tbsms bhl t`g prdngssjho
di vbrjdus kbtgrjbas. Sabhts wgrg obt`grgl bhl prdngssgl=
t`dsg pabhts kby `bvg fggh rggls w`jn` wgrg kblg pajbfag
sd bs td fg sujtbfag idr t`g kbhuibnturg di kbts bhl t`g ajmg.
\`g kbhy brrdw pdjhts t`bt wgrg usgl idr `uhtjho jh t`g
vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg wgrg tbmgh fbnm td t`g ajvjho brgb td fg
rgpbjrgl bhl rg`bitgl. Fdhg dfegnts wgrg basd kblg, ji dh b
skbaa snbag. \`grg js gvjlghng idr `jlg wdrmjho. ^dkg di
t`g `jlgs kby `bvg fggh usgl td kbhuibnturg smjh prdlunts.
\`g ibnt t`bt hd sjnmag fablgs wgrg iduhl ldgs di ndursg hdtkgbh t`bt borjnuaturg wbs hdt prbntjsgl5 hgobtjvg gvjlghng di
t`js hbturg js hdt sjohjijnbht.
\`g rgsuats di t`g bhbaysjs di t`g _btgrjhogh < iajht
bssgkfabog nadsgay rgsgkfag t`dsg di t`g igw ndhtgkpdrbry
sjtgs t`bt `bvg fggh stuljgl. Bs ibr bs t`g usg di rbw kbtgrjba
js ndhngrhgl, t`g prdpdrtjdh di adnba iajht (pgffag-Kgusg
goos) js `jo`gr t`bh t`bt di jkpdrtgl kbtgrjba (Vjenm`dat,
Ajo`t-orgy Fgaojbh, Ybamghfuro, Ugvghwgogh). \`js wbs t`g
nbsg jh pbrtjnuabr bt @bzghldhm > (>6% jkpdrtgl iajht) bhl
Vjeswjem (26%= Vbgkbgmgrs, pgrs. ndkk.). Bt Obssga bhl
Mrbbjghfgro, w`jn` brg fdt` sjtubtgl nadsgr td t`g sdut`grh
iajht sdurngs, t`g pgrnghtbogs di jkpdrtgl iajht wgrg `jo`gr
(Aduwg Mddjekbhs / Ygr brt 2::3= Ygr`brt / Aduwg
Mddjekbhs 2:0:). \`g tgn`hdadoy wbs bjkgl abrogay bt t`g
prdluntjdh di iabmgs= fablgs brg rbrg. Baa idur sjtgs yjgalgl
rgabtjvgay igw kdljijgl tddas5 @bzghldhm > 26%, Obssga
29%, Mrbbjghfgro 2>% bhl _btgrjhogh < 22%. \`g usg-
wgbr trbngs dfsgrvgl dh t`g iajht rgprgsght ndkpbrbfag frdbl
spgntrb di bntjvjtjgs bt baa idur sjtgs (t`g Vjeswjem bssgkfabog
`bs hdt ygt fggh sufegntgl td iuhntjdhba bhbaysjs) (Fjghghigal
2:0:= ^n`rgurs jh prgp.). ‐Gxdtjn' trbngs, sun` bs pdajs` ‐23'bhl pdajs` ‐6>', wgrg iduhl kdstay dh sdut`grh, jkpdrtgl
iajht jkpagkghts (Ybh Ojeh 2::?). Oghgrbaay spgbmjho, t`g
gvjlghng pdjhts td pgrkbhghtay jh`bfjtgl sjtgs wjt`, idr
gxbkpag bt _btgrjhogh <, b strdho gkp`bsjs dh `uhtjho.
_btgrjhogh < yjgalgl gvjlghng idr t`g usg di pdajs`gl
bxgs bs ndrgs, bs basd bttgstgl bt t`g abtgr Yabbrljhogh sjtgs.
?.>% di t`g brtgibnts irdk _btgrjhogh < s`dwgl pdajs`gl
ibngts. \`g orgbtgst ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g _btgrjhogh <
bssgkfabog bhl t`g bssgkfabogs irdk t`g Yabbrljhogh sjtgs
jh tgrks di t`g rbhog di bntjvjtjgs rgprgsghtgl js t`g bakdst
ndkpagtg abnm di trbngs di fdhg wdrmjho jh t`g idrkgr (ni.
Ybh Ojeh 2::3).
22. ^tdhg ^. Kdaghbbr
22.2. VB_ KB\GVJBA^
<?2 pjgngs di stdhg wjt` b tdtba wgjo`t di ?,26:.6 o wgrg
ndaagntgl. \`gy rgprgsght tgh ljiigrght mjhls di stdhg
(tbfags 29, 2?). \`g twd kdst ndkkdh mjhls brg qubrtz bhl
qubrtzjtg, wjt` wgjo`t pgrnghtbogs di 7>.7% bhl 62.0%,
rgspgntjvgay. \`g abrog ljiigrghng jh pgrnghtbogs fgtwggh t`g
hukfgr di qubrtz irbokghts bhl t`gjr wgjo`t js lug td t`g
abrog hukfgr di skbaa irbokghts di t`js stdhg.
_`bt js pgr`bps t`g kdst rgkbrmbfag bspgnt di t`g ajt`jn
bssgkfabog js t`g prgsghng di kbrnbsjtg (Ig^6), bh jrdh
ndkpduhl w`jn` dnnurs bs aukps jh abygrs di n`bam. \`g hgbrgst
hbturba dnnurrghngs brg jh t`g Lgvdhjbh n`bams bhl sn`jsts di
t`g Brlghhgs (Aduwg Mddjekbhs, pgrs. ndkk.). Bkdho t`g
sgljkghtbry rdnms brg sgvgrba irbokghts di bh uhjlghtjijgl
rdnm. Bs t`gsg irbokghts jhnaulg ijvg brtgibnts t`gy wgrg
rgobrlgl bs b sgpbrbtg ordup di uhjlghtjijgl irbokghts.
\`g hukfgr bhl sjzg di t`g pgffags jhljnbtg t`bt t`g
orgbtgr pbrt di t`g ajt`jn kbtgrjba wbs prdfbfay dftbjhgl irdk
\bfag 29. \`g ljiigrght typgs di stdhg ghnduhtgrgl bt _btgrjhogh < bhl t`g prdpdrtjdhs jh w`jn` t`gy
wgrg iduhl fbsgl dh t`g hukfgr di irbokghts iduhl.
Hukfgr fadnms % pgffags % tddas % tdtba %
Rubrtz < ?.2 637 70.2 > <.0 626 <7.3
Rubrtzjtg 0 2<.> 26> ><.0 >2 73.3 296 ><.<
^bhlstdhg 9 23.? 66 9.6 ? 22.> >7 ?.<
Dt`gr kgtbkdrp`. 29 60.9 „ „ 7 0.2 62 <.7
Nrystbaajhg ? 26.7 „ „ 0 26.: 27 >.6
Rubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg < ?.2 6 3.9 ? 22.> 2> 6.?
Kbrnbsjtg 9 23.? „ „ „ „ 2 2.>
Egt 2 2.0 „ „ 2 2.9 6 3.<
^abtg 2 2.0 „ „ „ „ 2 3.6
Sdrp`yry „ „ 2 3.> „ „ 2 3.6
Jhlgtgrkjhbfag > 7.< „ „ „ „ > 3.9
\dtbas 79 233.3 >7> 233.3 96 233.3 <?2 ::.:
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Kgusg bhl V`jhg orbvgas. ^dkg di t`g stdhg kby `bvg fggh
pjnmgl up dh t`g fgbn`gs badho t`g Hdrt` ^gb ndbst. \`g
bssgkfabog basd jhnaulgs jkpdrtgl kbtgrjba. B egt fgbl iduhl
bt ^wjitgrfbht js t`duo`t td `bvg ndkg irdk hdrt`grh Irbhng
(Lgnmgrs gt ba. 2:03, ijo. 262). B sjkjabr sdurng kby pgr`bps
fg prdpdsgl idr t`g egt fgbl t`bt wbs iduhl bt _btgrjhogh <.
22.6. BV\GIBN\^
\bfag 20 prgsghts b survgy di baa t`g 96 irbokghts di stdhg
brtgibnts. Hdtgwdrt`y js b pjgng di b pdajs`gl egt stdhg wjt`
twd jhndkpagtg ndhjnba pgridrbtjdhs „ prdfbfay t`g rgsuat
di bh uhsunngssiua bttgkpt td prdlung b fgbl (ijo. >9.2).
B sjkjabr fgbl wbs iduhl bt Yabbrljhogh (Oabsfgrogh gt ba
2:9?5 ijo. 2:).
20> L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg >9. ^tdhg tddas irdk
_btgrjhogh <. 25 egt fgbl= 6-<5
irbokghts di pdajs`gl stdhg bxgs=
7-?5 stdhgs wjt` pdajs`gl suribngs.
Egt fgbl snbag 252, baa t`g dt`gr
irbokghts snbag 256.
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20< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag 2?. ^bkg bs tbfag 29, wjt` t`g prdpdrtjdhs fbsgl dh t`g wgjo`t di t`g irbokghts.
_gjo`t (o) fadnms % pgffags % tddas % tdtba %
Rubrtz :.< 6.> 2,6:9.7 >7.0 673.0 0.2 2,779.? 62.0
Rubrtzjtg >:.7 :.0 6,3?7.? 7?.> 2,?36.? 7<.: >,02?.: 7>.7
^bhlstdhg <:.: 26.> 62>.7 7.: >?>.6 26.3 9>9.9 0.:
Dt`gr kgtbkdrp`. 97.0 29.> „ „ 2>9.2 <.< 632.: 6.0
Nrystbaajhg <0.< 26.3 „ „ 69?.> 0.9 >27.? <.<
Rubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg 69.> 9.7 26.? 3.< >90.2 22.: <3?.2 7.?
Kbrnbsjtg 63.> 7.3 „ „ „ „ 63.> 3.>
Egt >.0 3.: „ „ 2.< 3.3 7.6 3.3
^abtg <>.3 23.9 „ „ „ „ <>.3 3.9
Sdrp`yry „ „ 6?.3 3.? „ „ 6?.3 3.<
Jhlgtgrkjhbfag :?.0 6<.6 „ „ „ „ :?.0 2.<
\dtbas <3<.6 ::.: >,967.< 233.2 >,3::9 ::.: ?,26:.6 ::.0
\bfag 20. \`g rgabtjdh fgtwggh t`g typgs di stdhg tddas bhl t`g rbw kbtgrjbas. 2;`bkkgrstdhg,6;orjhlstdhg, >;qugrh, <;bxg irbokght, 7;kdrtbr, 9;fgbl, bhl ?;jhlgtgrkjhbfag.
Brtgibnts 2 6 > < 7 9 ? \dtba
Rubrtzjtg 23 0 > > „ „ ? >2
Nrystbaajhg „ „ „ „ „ „ 0 0
^bhlstdhg „ „ 6 „ „ „ 7 ?
Rubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg „ 2 „ 2 2 „ < ?
Dt`gr sgljkghtbry „ „ „ „ „ „ 7 7
Rubrtz > „ „ „ „ „ „ >
Egt „ „ „ „ „ 2 „ 2
\dtbas 2> : 7 < 2 2 6: 96
Ijourg >?. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g stdhg kbtgrjba. \ g abrogst
ldts rgprgsght bt agbst 233 o pgr
squbrg.
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207 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
Ijourg >0. \`g spbtjba ljstrjfutjdh
di t`g stdhg tdda irbokghts jh
rgabtjdh td t`g gxnbvbtjdh orjl bhl
t`g `dusg pabh. Ijttjho irbokghts
brg edjhgl fy sdajl ajhgs.
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209 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\`rgg irbokghts di qubrtzjtg stdhg bxgs wgrg jlghtjijgl5
b iabmg, bh bakdst ndkpagtg glog bhl b tjp (ijo. >95 6, >).
Baa t`rgg s`dwgl trbngs di pduhljho. Jt ndual hdt fg jhigrrgl
irdk t`g irbokghts w`gt`gr t`gy `bl baa fgadhogl td t`g
sbkg bxg. \`g glog kby `bvg idrkgl pbrt di b Igas
Vgn`tgnmfgjag B, b typg di bxg mhdwh irdk vbrjdus Hgdajt jn
nuaturgs (Fgumgr gt ba. 2::6, 22?-263= ^n`ut 2::2, ?-67).
B idurt` irbokght di qubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg kby basd fg pbrt di
bh bxg, eulojho irdk jts t`rgg ibngttgl sjlgs, ijourg >95 <.
Abrog bhl rduhlgl pgffags wjt` rduo`ghgl suribngs kby
`bvg fggh usgl bs `bkkgrstdhgs, idr jhstbhng jh iajht
wdrmjho. Jh sdkg nbsgs b irbokght di t`g pgffag `bl fgghrgkdvgl jh t`g `bkkgrjho. \`g ajt`jn bssgkfabog basd
jhnaulgs ijvg irbokghts di qugrhs, di sbhlstdhg bhl qubrtzjtg.
^dkg di t`gsg irbokghts s`dw nagbr trbngs di t`g lgajfgrbtg
rduo`ghjho di t`g suribng. Dt`gr stdhgs s`dw pdajs`gl
suribngs (sgg ijo. >9, 7-?).
^tdhg tddas brg hdt gxtghsjvgay ljsnussgl jh t`g rgpdrts dh
t`g dt`gr sjtgs di t`g @bzghldhm > Ordup. _btgrjhogh <
yjgalgl ibr kdrg irbokghts di stdhg tddas t`bh t`g dt`gr sjtgs,
fut t`g kbedrjty di t`dsg irbokghts rgprgsght t`g sbkg typgs
di tddas bs basd ghnduhtgrgl bt kdst di t`g dt`gr sjtgs. \`grg
js t`grgidrg hd gvjlghng td suoogst b ljiigrghng jh iuhntjdh
fgtwggh _btgrjhogh < bhl t`g dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs.
22.>. ^SB\JBA LJ^\VJFW\JDH
\`g orgbtgr pbrt di t`g ajt`jn kbtgrjba wbs ndhnghtrbtgl dh
tdp di t`g luhg bhl dh t`g sdut`grh sadpg (sgg ijos >?, >0).
\wd naustgrs di brtgibnts wgrg ljstjhoujs`gl wjt`jh t`g dvgrbaa
ljstrjfutjdh5 b ijrst naustgr, w`jn` jhnaulgl `bkkgrstdhgs
bhl irbokghts di qubrtzjtjn sbhlstdhg bxgs, jh bhl brduhl t`g
`dusg pabh bhl b sgndhl, ndhsjstjho prgldkjhbhtay di
jhlgtgrkjhbfag brtgibnts, dh t`g sdut`grh sadpg.
26. ^yht`gsjs L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs
\`g ijrst dnnupbhts di t`g _btgrjhogh sjtg sgttagl dh b luhg
jh b hbturba ghvjrdhkght t`bt `bl dhay s`drtay fgidrg
lgvgadpgl irgs`wbtgr ndhljtjdhs. \`g luhg wbs surrduhlgl
fy b ljvgrsg abhlsnbpg wjt` kbrs`gs, nrggms bhl skbaa
wddls dh t`g hgbrfy skbaa luhgs. \`g pdtghtjba di t`js brgb
wbs gqubaay ljvgrsg5 nbttag ndual fg pbsturgl dh t`g hgbrfy
sbat kbrs`gs, t`grg wbs prdfbfay bh bfuhlbhng di wjal
bhjkbas bhl ngrgbas ndual fg nuatjvbtgl dh t`g luhgs.\`g sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs di t`g dnnupbhts di t`g
_btgrjhogh < sjtg jhnaulgl nrdp nuatjvbtjdh bhl bhjkba
`usfbhlry, `uhtjho bhl obt`grjho. Dt`gr bntjvjtjgs bttgstgl bt
t`g sjtg brg t`g prdngssjho di pabhts bhl t`g wdrmjho di
wddl, fdhg bhl `jlgs bhl t`g bntjvjtjgs rgprgsghtgl fy t`g
ghjokbtjn pdajs` ‐23' dfsgrvgl dh sdkg iajht brtgibnts.
\`g dnnupbhts luo vbrjdus mjhls di pjts, sdkg di w`jn` `bvg
fggh jhtgrprgtgl bs uhajhgl wgaas bhl wbtgrjho pabngs.
Kdrgdvgr, bt agbst dhg `dusg wbs ndhstruntgl.
Jt prdvgl pdssjfag td rgabtg sdkg di t`gsg bntjvjtjgs td
spgnjijn zdhgs di t`g gxnbvbtgl brgb (tbf. 2:). \`g kbedrjty
di t`g bntjvjtjgs bppgbr td `bvg tbmgh pabng prgldkjhbhtay jh
t`g nghtrba zdhg rbt`gr t`bh dh t`g sadpgs di t`g luhg. ^dkg
di t`g ijhls rgndvgrgl dh t`g sadpgs rgprgsght bntjvjtjgs,
dt`grs t`g ljsnbrljho di wbstg idrkgl jh t`g bntjvjtjgs dh tdp
di t`g luhg. \`g uhajhgl wgaas bhl wbtgrjho pabngs wgrg baa
sjtubtgl gxnausjvgay dh t`g sadpgs.
Bs ibr bs t`g sgbsdh/sgbsdhs di t`g dnnupbtjdh js
ndhngrhgl, t`g kbhljfag di b twd-kdht` dal nbai bhl t`g
\bfag 2:. \`g jhtrbsjtg ljstrjfutjdh di vbrjdus nbtgodrjgs di ijhls bhl dt`gr vbrjbfags.
^durng hdrt`grh sadpg nghtrba zdhg uhajhgl wgaas zdhg sdut`grh sadpg
ijo. 7 wbtgrjho pabngs pdst`dags / dusg pabh wgaas „
ijo. 27 „ sbat kbrs` pabhts „ „
ijo. 29 „ ngrgbas „ „
ijo. 20 fdhg „ fdhg fdhg
ijo. 2: nbttag „ „ „
ijo. 66 „ fjrls fjrls „
ijo. 6> „ wjlogdh „ „
ijo. 6? „ pdttgry „ „
ijo. >> „ iajht „ iajht
ijo. >< „ brrdw `gbls „ „
ijo. >7 pabht wdrmjho „ pabht wdrmjho pabht wdrmjho
pdajs` ‐23' „ pdajs` ‐23' pdajs` ‐23'
„ `jlg wdrmjho „ „
„ prdegntjags „ „
ijo. >? „ stdhg „ stdhg
ijo. >0 „ `bkkgrstdhg „ `bkkgrstdhg
„ kdrtbr „ „
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Ijourg >:. \rjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwjho t`g prdpdrtjdh di fdhgs di wjal
bhl ldkgstjnbtgl kbkkbas bhl (wjal/ldkgstjnbtgl) pjo irdk 0
Hgdajt`jn sjtgs, baa di w`jn` brg dalgr t`bh _btgrjhogh < (sgg ijo. 62).
\`g sjtgs kby fg jlghtjijgl dh t`g fbsjs di tbfag 63.
rgkbjhs di ijs` fdhgs irdk t`g stdkbn` di bh dttgr ndhstjtutg
gvjlghng idr dnnupbtjdh lurjho t`g sukkgr sgbsdh. _jhtgr
bntjvjtjgs brg rgprgsghtgl fy wjlogdh fdhgs bhl t`rgg iuaa-
ordwh bhtagrs.
Fut ldgs t`js kgbh t`bt t`g sjtg wbs dnnupjgl dh b
sgbsdhba fbsjs, jh t`g idrk di wjhtgr dnnupbtjdh jh sdkg
ygbrs bhl sukkgr dnnupbtjdh jh dt`grs, dr dh b ygbr-rduhlfbsjs4 Zgbr-rduhl `bfjtbtjdh sggks kdrg ajmgay, fgnbusg
2. t`g brgb sggks td `bvg fggh sujtbfag idr nrdp nuatjvbtjdh
bhl bhjkba `usfbhlry,
6. t`grg bppgbrs td `bvg fggh b nagbr ljiigrghng fgtwggh t`g
rgabtjvg jkpdrtbhng di t`g gndhdkjn bntjvjtjgs prbntjsgl bt
t`g ljiigrght sjtgs jh t`g @bzghldhm > pgrjdl. _btgrjhogh
wbs b kdrg pgrkbhghtay dnnupjgl sgttagkght (sgg ijo. 62),
>. t`g `dusg pabh jkpajgs b ndhsjlgrbfag jhvgstkght jh tjkg
bhl abfdur (ndhtrb Ygr`brt 2::6, :6-:<).
Jt js vgry ljiijnuat td ndkpbrg _btgrjhogh < wjt` t`g dt`gr
sjtgs di t`g @bzghldhm > Ordup dh bnnduht di t`g hbturg di
t`g abttgr sjtgs. Kdst di t`dsg dt`gr sjtgs wgrg iduhl td fgsuribng snbttgrs, w`grg baa zddadojnba bhl fdtbhjnba rgkbjhs
`bl ljsbppgbrgl lug td dxjlbtjdh. Kbhy `bl kdrgdvgr
rgkbjhgl dnnupjgl idr b adho pgrjdl di tjkg, bs b rgsuat di
w`jn` t`g rgkbjhs irdk ljiigrght p`bsgs `bl fgndkg kjxgl.
\`js orgbtay ndkpajnbtgs dr gvgh prgnaulgs ndkpbrjsdhs di
bspgnts ajmg sjtg ljkghsjdhs, sjtg strunturg bhl gndhdky.
@bzghldhm js t`g dhay pufajs`gl sjtg t`bt ldgs hdt prgsght
t`g bidrgkghtjdhgl ljiijnuatjgs. Jh sgvgrba rgspgnts
@bzghldhm ljiigrs ndhsjlgrbfay irdk _btgrjhogh <. Jh t`g
ijrst pabng jt js fgajgvgl t`bt t`g dnnupbhts di @bzghldhm,
w`jn` wbs sjtubtgl dh tdp di b skbaa rjvgr luhg jh bh ghtjrgay
ljiigrght hbturba ghvjrdhkght, nbhhdt `bvg prbntjsgl nrdp
nuatjvbtjdh, bs t`g brgb bvbjabfag dh t`g luhg wbs tdd skbaa
bhl t`grg wgrg hd brgbs sujtbfag idr nrdp nuatjvbtjdh jh t`g
vjnjhjty di t`g sjtg (Fbmgas 2:09). \`g @bzghldhm >
sufsjstghng lbtb rgiagnt t`g jkpdrtbhng di t`g `uhtjho di
dttgrs bhl fgbvgrs (Ugjagr 2::2, tbf. <).
\`g iajht brtgibnts irdk _btgrjhogh < nadsgay rgsgkfag
t`dsg iduhl bt t`g dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs jh tgn`hdadojnba
bhl typdadojnba rgspgnts. Kbrmgl ljiigrghngs brg dfsgrvbfag
jh t`g rbw kbtgrjbas usgl5 w`grgbs tgrrbng iajhts bhl pgffag-
Kgusg goos wgrg rbrg bt Obssga bhl Orbvg-Sbtgr Fgrt`jgr,
t`gy ndhstjtutgl bfdut ?3% di t`g rbw kbtgrjba usgl bt
Ydrkgr bhl @bzghldhm >. Bt _btgrjhogh < t`js pgrnghtbog
js gvgh `jo`gr. _btgrjhogh kdrgdvgr yjgalgl ibr kdrg iajhtbrtgibnts bhl tddas t`bh t`g dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs.
Bs idr t`g pdttgry, t`g typjnba funmgt- bhl fbrrga-s`bpgl
pdts wgrg iduhl bt baa t`g @bzghldhm > sjtgs. \`g sbkg `dals
idr t`g skbaa rduhl-fbsgl fdwas. \`g pdttgry irdk t`g
ljiigrght sjtgs js rgkbrmbfay uhjidrk jh kdrp`dadojnba bhl
tgn`hdadojnba tgrks. B ndhspjnudus igbturg di t`g
_btgrjhogh pdttgry js t`g bfsghng di t`g orddvg pbttgrhs
20? L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
w`jn` wgrg iduhl td fg t`g kbjh idrk di lgndrbtjdh bt t`g
dt`gr @bzghldhm > sjtgs. \`js kby suoogst nadsgr ajhms wjt`
t`g sdut` (Uggabhl bhl Iabhlgrs) t`bh wjt` t`g gbst.
B igw jkpdrtbht ndhnausjdhs nbh fg lrbwh irdk b
ndkpbrjsdh di t`g lbtb irdk _btgrjhogh < wjt` t`g gvjlghng
irdk t`g Kjllag Hgdajt`jn F Yabbrljhogh sgttagkghts jh t`g
ndbstba brgb. Jh t`g ijrst pabng, jh t`g nghturjgs fgtwggh t`g
bfbhldhkght di _btgrjhogh < bhl t`g brrjvba di t`g
Yabbrljhogh sgttagrs, t`g hbturba ghvjrdhkght n`bhogl
lrbstjnbaay irdk bh dpgh, hgway lgvgadpgl irgs`wbtgr
ghvjrdhkght td b rgabtjvgay kbturg lgnjludus idrgst
(Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog gt ba. 2:90). Jt js `dwgvgr
fgajgvgl t`bt fdt` ghvjrdhkghts wgrg sujtbfag idr borjnuaturg
^gndhlay, t`g rgsgkfabhng fgtwggh t`g fdhg spgntrb di t`g
@bzghldhm > pgrjdl bhl t`dsg di t`g Yabbrljhogh pgrjdl
suoogsts t`bt t`g gndhdkjn ljvgrsjty bttgstgl fy t`g gvjlghng
irdk t`g Yabbrljhogh pgrjdl kby `bvg gxjstgl bargbly jh t`g
@bzghldhm > pgrjdl. \d tbmg t`js broukght dhg stgp iurt`gr,
wg kby gvgh suoogst t`bt t`g sgttagkght systgk di t`g
@bzghldhm > pgrjdl rgsgkfagl t`g rgabtjvgay wgaa-mhdwh
Yabbrljhogh sgttagkght systgk.
Bt w`bt tjkg ljl t`g Hgdajt`jn dnnupbtjdh di t`g Lutn`
ndbstba brgb fgojh4 \`js qugstjdh nbh fg bpprdbn`gl irdk
twd ljiigrght stbrtjho pdjhts. \`g ijrst js t`g fgojhhjho di t`g
idrkbtjdh di t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs jh t`js brgb, w`jn` ndhstjtutgs
b sduhl tgrkjhus pdst qugk idr t`g pgrjdl di dnnupbtjdh.
Jt js t`duo`t t`bt t`js tddm pabng brduhl <073 FN (Ybh lgr
Ybam 2::6, 263-262). \`js wdual agbvg b pgrjdl di bfdut
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2667-2<33 ygbrs fgtwggh t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs
bhl t`g _btgrjhogh < dnnupbtjdh. Bat`duo` wg mhdw di hd
bntuba sgttagkghts irdk t`js pgrjdl, t`g Fgrosn`gh`dgm
idwajho nbkp (lbtgl brduhl <>33/<633 FN) jhljnbtgs t`bt
t`g rgsdurngs di t`g ndbstba brgb wgrg fgjho gxpadjtgl(Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:??, 6<7-6<0= 2:0?, 6>0-6<6).
Dur sgndhl stbrtjho pdjht js di bh brn`bgdadojnba hbturg.
_`grg ljl t`g ndadhjst di t`g ndbstba brgb ndkg irdk4 \`js
qugstjdh js di ndursg ljiijnuat td bhswgr, t`duo` jt js qujtg
tgkptjho td ndrrgabtg t`g lgnrgbsg jh sgttagkght lghsjty jh t`g
pgbt ljstrjnt di t`g V`jhg-Kgusg lgatb bttgstgl irdk t`g
@bzghldhm > pgrjdl dhwbrls wjt` t`g fgojhhjho di t`g
dnnupbtjdh di t`g ndbstba brgb. Fdt` t`g hukfgr di sjtgs jh
t`g pgbt ljstrjnt bhl t`gjr sjzgs lgnrgbsgl (Ygrfruoogh 2::>).
Jt kby wgaa fg t`bt t`g @bzghldhm > dnnupbhts di
_btgrjhogh (bhl t`dsg di Vjeswjem) nbkg irdk t`g pgbt
ljstrjnt. Brduhl t`js tjkg kbrmgl n`bhogs fgobh td tbmg
pabng jh t`g rgabtjvg jkpdrtbhng di t`g sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs,tdd5 t`g sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs bttgstgl bt t`g sjtgs irdk t`g
@bzghldhm > bhl Yabbrljhogh pgrjdls s`dws b wjlgr lgorgg
di ljiigrghtjbtjdh t`bh t`dsg di t`g prgngljho pgrjdl
(ndkpbrg ijos. >: bhl 62 dr tbfags 63 bhl <). \`js orgbtgr
ljvgrsjty jh sufsjstghng bntjvjtjgs kby rgiagnt b orgbtgr
ljvgrsjty jh sgttagkght typgs. Di ndursg, t`g dfsgrvgl
ljiigrghngs kby basd fg bttrjfutbfag td ljiigrghngs jh t`g
jhtghsjty di brn`bgdadojnba rgsgbrn`.
Irdk w`bt `bs fggh sbjl bfdvg jt kby fg ndhnaulgl t`bt
t`g ndbstba brgb wbs ijrst dnnupjgl gjt`gr jh t`g @bzghldhm >
pgrjdl dr b ajttag gbrajgr, fut hdt fgidrg bfdut <073 FN.
Ji t`g brgb wbs dnnupjgl fgidrg t`g @bzghldhm > pgrjdl, t`g
dnnupbtjdh wbs prdfbfay di b ljiigrght hbturg t`bh t`g
Yabbrljhogh-ajmg dnnupbtjdh di t`g @bzghldhm > sjtgs.
_g wdual ajmg td suoogst t`bt bhy gbrajgr dnnupbtjdh di t`g
Lutn` ndbstba brgb wjaa `bvg fggh di b pjdhggrjho hbturg, jh
sgbsdhbaay dnnupjgl idwajho dr `uhtjho nbkps w`dsg
dnnupbhts `gsjtbhtay gxpadrgl t`g pdssjfjajtjgs di t`g vjrojh
brgb. Abtgr, prdfbfay irdk t`g fgojhhjho di t`g @bzghldhm >
pgrjdl dhwbrls, t`g dnnupbtjdh orblubaay bnqujrgl b kdrg
pgrkbhght n`brbntgr.
Bnmhdwaglokghts
\`g hjhg but`drs w`d ndaagntjvgay wrdtg t`js brtjnag brgorgbtay jhlgftgl td t`g idaadwjho pgrsdhs idr prdvjljho t`gk
wjt` usgiua jhidrkbtjdh5 E. Odulzwbbrl, K. Mdhjho,
K. Abwghlg, @. Dulg Vghogrjhm bhl K. _bhsaggfgh.
Lurjho t`g ijgalwdrm, t`g ijrst but`dr rgngjvgl kun` suppdrt
irdk M. Ighhgkb, F. Igrkjh, I. Vjepkb bhl B. Vdfggrst,
w`d wgrg bt t`g tjkg baa stulghts bt t`g JSA. B.A. vbh Ojeh,
N._. Mddt bhl A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs rgbl bh gbrajgr lrbit
di t`g brtjnag. \`gjr ndkkghts wgrg `jo`ay bpprgnjbtgl.
^. Kgaadr ndrrgntgl t`g Gurd-Ghoajs`.
\`g lrbwjhos wgrg kblg fy S. vbh lgr Mrdit (ijo. 6?),
@. lg Adrk (ijos. >9, 67 B bhl 67 N), K. vbh _bvgrgh
(ijo. 2?), N. Kdstgrt (ijo. 69, gxngpt 67 B bhl 67 N) bhl
S. @gbvghs (baa t`g dt`gr ijos).
hdtgs
2 Vbljdnbrfdh lbtgs VOL 2 bhl VOL 6 wgrg ndrrgntgl idr t`gbog giignt di suribng dngbh wbtgr bhl t`g lgatb 2>N giignt, fut hdtidr t`g bog giignt di t`g blkjxturg di irgs` wbtgr. Ybh lgr Ybam(2::65 26?-26:) `bs suoogstgl t`bt rbljdnbrfdh lbtgs dftbjhgl idr kdaausn s`gaas kby fg >33 td <33 ygbrs tdd dal dwjho td t`gblkjxturg di irgs` wbtgr. \`js js prdfbfay basd t`g nbsg wjt` t`glbtgs dftbjhgl idr t`g s`gaas di _btgrjhogh <. \`js wdual hbrrdwt`g obp fgtwggh t`g idrkbtjdh di t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs bhl t`gjr dnnupbtjdh. ^uftrbntjdh di >73 ygbrs irdk t`g lbtg dftbjhgl idr t`g kdaausn s`gaas irdk Whjt <, w`jn` pdstlbtgs Whjt > (t`g pgbt
abygr), yjgals b lbtg di brduhl >>73 nba. FN. \`js wdual borggwjt` t`g bog di t`g pgbt abygr.\`g VOL lbtgs brg qudtgl `grg wjt` t`g mjhl pgrkjssjdh di t`gVOL.
6 Baa lbtgs FN ojvgh jh t`js brtjnag brg nbajfrbtgl lbtgs.
> Bnndrljho td Ybh lgr Ybam, t`g fgbn` fbrrjgrs di Vjeswjem brgbkdho t`g dalgst prgsgrvgl fbrrjgr n`bjhs. Brduhl <073 nba. FN
200 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag 63. \`g kbkkba fdhg spgntrb di 0 Kjllag Hgdajt`jn sjtgs, baa di w`jn` brg dalgr t`bh _btgrjhogh <.
\`gsg lbtb wgrg usgl td ndhstrunt t`g trjbhouabr ljborbk s`dwh jh ijo. >7. Bitgr Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.>.
Hd. sjtg ‐nuaturg' _jal Sjo Ldkgstjnbtgl Ajtgrbturg
bhjkbas bhjkbas
2 @bzghldhm 2/6 ^wjitgrfbht ?< 23 29 Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag >
6 ^wjitgrfbht > ^wjitgrfbht >7 77 23 Ugjagr 2::2, tbfag 2
> S2<, abygrs BFN ^wjitgrfbht 7? 6: 2< Og`bssg 2::7, tbfag :.>
< @ñlg J ^wjitgrfbht ?: 2: 6 @ñfhgrgt ba.2:00, tbfag 29
7 Frbhlwjem A>3 4 93 63 63 Vdfggrst 2::7
9 Frbhlwjem A73fbsg ^wjitgrfbht 9> >2 9 Vdfggrst 2::7
? Frbhlwjem a73tdp ^wjitgrfbht 7: >> 0 Vdfggrst 2::7
0 Frbhlwjem A93 ^wjitgrfbht 90 66 23 Vdfggrst 2::7
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(dr sgvgrba `uhlrgls di ygbrs abtgr ji t`g 2<N lbtgs brg ljiigrghtayjhtgrprgtgl) t`g fbrrjgrs fgobh td prdorblg hdrt`wbrls bt b `jo` rbtg.
< Whjt 6 js sjkjabr td Whjt >f di t`g Vjeswjem B< tgkpdrbrygxpdsurg= sgg Ybh lgr Ybam 2::6.
rgigrghngs
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:02. Hgdajt`jn Sabht Vgkbjhs irdk t`g @bzghldhm,
Srdvjhng di Uujl-@daabhl, \`g Hgt`grabhls, Ugjtsn`rjit iñr
Brn`ìdadojg 27, 2<2-2<0.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:09. Bmmgrfduw jh `gt kdgrbs4 Jh5 K.N. vbh \rjgruk
& @.G. @ghmgs (gls) Vdttgrlbk Sbpgrs Y, b ndhtrjfutjdh td
prg`jstdrjn, Vdkbh bhl kgljgvba brn`bgdadoy, Vdttgrlbk, 2-9.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2::2. _gstgrh Ndhtjhghtba Gurdpg. Jh5 _. vbh Ugjst,
M. _bsyajmdwb & M.-G. Fg`rg (gls) Srdorgss jh Dal _dral
Sbabgdgt`hdfdtbhy. B rgtrdspgntjvg vjgw dh t`g dnnbsjdh di 63
ygbrs di t`g jhtgrhbtjdhba wdrm ordup idr pbabgdgt`hdfdtbhy,Vdttgrlbk/Frddmijgal, 6?:-6:0.
Fgumgr, E.V., G. Lrght`, B.G. Abhtjho & B.S. ^n`ullgfgurs 2::6.
Lg stghgh fjeagh gh `bkgrfjeagh vbh `gt Lrghts kusguk5 ggh
dhlgrzdgm hbbr lg ogfrujmtg stgghsddrtgh, Hjguwg Lrghtsg
Ydamsbakbhbm 23:, 22?-263.
Fjghghigal, S. 2:0:. Wsg-_gbr Bhbaysjs di t`g Obssga Iajht
Bssgkfabog. Jh5 A.F.K. Ygr`brt & A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:0:.
Ggh Kjllgh-Hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjho fje Obssga, ogkgghtg Fggrs
(H.-Fr.) kgt ggh fjelrbog vbh Fjghghigal, S.I., Dul`gjlmuhljog
Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 9:,
222-22?.
Fdllgmg, V. 2:?<. Yjssgh & vjssgh. Grvbrjhogh vbh ggh vjssgrje-
fjdaddo gh spdrtvjssgr , Bkstgrlbk/Frussga.
Frjhmmgkpgr, D. 2::2. _gtabhl ibrkjho jh t`g brgb td t`g sdut` di
t`g Kgusg gstubry lurjho t`g Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh Sgrjdl.
Bh ghvjrdhkghtba bhl pbabgd-gndhdkjn rgndhstruntjdh, Bhbagntb
Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 6<.
Frdgm`ujzgh, ^. 2:07. Yjsvrbbt lddr dttgr ] Autrb autrb (A.)[ di
frujhg rbt ] Vbttus hdrvgojnus (Fgrmgh`dut)[, Autrb 60, :?-237.
Nbppgrs, V.\.E. 2::7. B pbabgdgndadojnba kdlga idr t`g jhtgrprgtbtjdh
di wjal pabht spgnjgs, Ygogtbtjdh @jstdry bhl Brn`bgdfdtbhy <,
6<:-67?.
Nabsdh, B.\. 2:9?. Bhjkba bhl Kbh jh @daabhl's Sbst. Bh
jhvgstjobtjdh di t`g bhjkba wdral surrduhljho kbh jh prg`jstdrjn
bhl gbray `jstdrjnba tjkgs jh t`g prdvjhngs di Hdrt` bhl ^dut`
@daabhl, Sbabgd`jstdrjb 2>.
Nabsdh, B.\. 2::3. Gwjem, bh jhabhl Yabbrljhogh sgttagkght.
Brn`bgdzddadoy bhl t`g bkbtgur brn`bgdadojst. Jh5 E. ^n`jfagr,
E. ^glagkgjgr & @. ^pyn`gr (gls) Igstsn`rjit iñr @.V. ^tìkpiaj.
Fgjtrìog zur Brn`ìdzddadojg, Brn`ìdadojg, Bht`rdpdadojg, Ogdadojg
uhl Sbaìdhtdadojg, @gafjho/Ajn`tgh b`h, 9>-?7.
Nrggkgrs, O. & S.K. Ygrkggrsn` 2:0:. Kgguwgh-Ldhlgrsabo`gjlg
b Kjllag Hgdajt`jn ^jtg dh t`g Ajkfuro Mgkpgh Sabtgbu (Fgaojuk)
@gajhjuk >:, 639-669.
Lgnmgrs, S.@. S. lg Vdgvgr & E.L. vbh lgr _bbas 2:03. Ebogrs,
vjssgrs gh fdgrgh jh ggh prg`jstdrjsn` ogtjelgogfjgl fje ^wjitgrfbht
Ebbrfdgm U._.D. 2:03, 222-2<7.
Lgnmgrs, K.E.N. 2::2. Agvgh dp ggh strbhlwba. Ggh zddbrn`gdad-
ojsn`g stuljg vbh lg Yabbrljhogh sjtg5 Yddrsn`dtgh-lg Ldhm , JSA
Jhtgrhba Vgpdrt.
Ijsn`gr, B., S.Y. @bhsgh & E.N. @boogrty 2:0<. Kbnrd bhl
kjnrdwgbr trbngs dh ajt`jn prdegntjag pdjhts. Gxpgrjkghtba rgsuats bh
prg`jstdrjn sbkpags, Edurhba di Lbhjs` Brn`bgdadoy >, 2:-<9.
Idmmjhob, B. 2:07. Mdgfdgm , Nuagkfdro.
Og`bssg, G.I. 2::7. Gndadojsn`-brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm vbh `gt
hgdajt`jnuk gh lg vrdgog Frdhstjel jh lg Hddrlddstpdalgr kgt lg
hblrum dp S2< ogvdaol lddr ggh dvgrzjn`t vbh lg fgwdhjhos-
ogsn`jglghjs gh fgstbbhsgndhdkjg fjhhgh lg @dadnghg lgatb, S .L.
t`gsjs, Whjvgrsjty di Bkstgrlbk.
Ojeh, B.A. vbh 2::3. \`g wgbr bhl tgbr di iajht5 prjhnjpags di
iuhntjdhba bhbaysjs bppajgl td Lutn` Hgdajt`jn bssgkfabogs,
Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 66.
Ojeh, B.A. vbh 2::?. Nrbit bntjvjtjgs jh t`g Lutn` Hgdajt`jn5 b ajt`jn
vjgwpdjht. Jh5 K. Glkdhls & N. Vjn`brls (gls) ^dnjba ajig bhl
sdnjba n`bhog5 t`g Hgdajt`jn di Hdrt`-_gstgrh Gurdpg, Oabsodw,
>>2->7>.
Oabsfgrogh, _., E.B. Fbmmgr, G.N.A. Lurjho Nbspgrs, _.B. Gttgkb
S.E. vbh lgr Yggh, N.V. @ddjegr, N.@. Ebpjho, @. lg _bbrl &
K.V. _bavjus 2:92. Lg hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjhogh tg Yabbrljhogh
(U.@.). Jh5 _. Oabsfgrogh & _. Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog (gls)
Jh `gt vdgtspddr vbh B.G. vbh Ojiigh, Ordhjhogh, <2-97.
Oabsfgrogh, _., _. Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog & O.K.
@brlghfgro-Kualgr 2:9?. ^gttagkghts di t`g Yabbrljhogh Nuaturg b
Yddrsn`dtgh bhl Agjlsn`ghlbk, @gajhjuk ?, >->2, :?-263.
Orggh, E., V. Orggh & L.E. Egiirjgs 2:0<. B rbljd-trbnmjho survgy
di dttgrs Autrb autrb dh b Sgrt`s`jrg Vjvgr systgk, Autrb 6?, 07-
2<7.
Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog, _., B. Yddrrjps & A.@. vbh
_jehobbrlgh-Fbmmgr 2:90. ^gttagkghts di t`g Yabbrljhogh Nuaturg
bt Yddrsn`dtgh bhl Agjlsn`ghlbk (Gndadoy), @gajhjuk 0, 237-2>3.
@grist, K.^. 2:0<. @bfjtbtjdh bhl iddl di t`g dttgr Autrb autrb jh
^`gtabhl, Autrb 6?, 07-2<7.
20: L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
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@gssjho, _.B.K. 2::<b. Vjeswjem5 @dgmpdalgr, Jh5 E.-M.B. @bogrs /
_.B.K. @gssjho (gls) Brn`gdadojsn`g Mrdhjgm vbh @daabhl 2::>,
@daabhl 69, <27.
@gssjho, _.B.K. 2::<f. _btgrjhogh5 trbnê Srdvjhnjbag wgo
^22/^7<. Jh5 E.-M.B. @bogrs & _.B.K. @gssjho (gls) Brn`gdadoj-
sn`g Mrdhjgm vbh @daabhl 2::>, @daabhl 69, <>?-<>0.
@ddjegr, N.V. 2:92. @gt ajt`jsn`g kbtgrjbba. Jh5 _. Oabsfgrogh,
E.B. Fbmmgr, G.N.A. Lurjho Nbspgrs, _.B. Gttgkb, S.E. vbh lgr
Yggh, N.V. @ddjegr, N.@. Ebpjho, @. lg _bbrl & K.V. _bavjus
2:92. Lg hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjhogh tg Yabbrljhogh (U.@.). Jh5
_. Oabsfgrogh & _. Ordghkbh-vbh _bbtgrjhog (gls) Jh `gt
vdgtspddr vbh B.G. vbh Ojiigh, Ordhjhogh, <0-72.
@ñfhgr, M.-D., V. ^bur & @. Vgjn`stgjh 2:00. Ljg ^ìuogtjgrmhdn`g
lgr hgdajt`jsn`gh ^gguigrsjglauho @ñlg J bk Lñkkgr, AMr.
Ljgp`daz, Hjglgrsbn`sgh. Jh5 O. Ebndf-Irjgsgh (gl.) Sbayhdadojsn`g
uhl sìuogtjgrmuhlajn`g Whtgrsun`uhogh zuk ^jglauhospabtz @ñlg J
bk Lñkkgr, AMr. Ljgp`daz, Oùttjhogr ^n`rjitgh zur Ydr- uhl
Irñ`ogsn`jn`tg 6>, >7-2>>.
@ujets, N.^.\.E. 2::6. Lg vddr-`jstdrjsn`g fdgrlgrjefduw jh
Lrght`g. Vgndhstruntjgkdlgaagh vbh 2>33 vþþr tdt 2>33 hb N`r.,
S`.L. t`gsjs Ordhjhogh Whjvgrsjty.
Edhgs, B.M.O. 2:0<. ^dkg giignts di t`g kbkkbajbh ljogstjvg
systgk dh ijs` fdhgs. Jh5 H. Lgssg-Fgrsgt (gl.) 6hl ijs`
dstgdbrn`bgdadoy kggtjho, NHV^, Hdtgs gt Kdhdorbp`jgs
\gn`hjqugs 29, 92-97.
Mggagy, A.@. 2:06. @bitjho bhl rgtddajho5 giignts dh t`g brn`bgd-
adojnba rgndrl, Bkgrjnbh Bhtjqujty <?, ?:0-03:.
Mdagh, E.N.B. & _. Fdskbh 2::6. _btgrjhogh, ^22-^77, ggh brn`gd-
adojsn`g mbrtgrjho, jhvghtbrjsbtjg gh wbbrlgrjho, VBBS-rbppdrt 7?.
Mddt, E.K. 2::<. Jh mbhhgh gh mrujmgh. Yggrtjo ebbr brn`gdadojsn`
dhlgrzdgm jh Vjeswjem, Vjeswjemsg @jstdrjsn`g Vggms 22.
Abwghlg, K. 2::7. _btgrjhogh-<. Ggh ggrstg jhtgrprgtbtjg vbh ggh
@bzghldhm-> vjhlpabbts jh `gt Hglgrabhlsg mustogfjgl , JSA Jhtgrhba
Vgpdrt.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:?<. \`g V`jhg/Kgusg Lgatb. Idur stuljgs
dh jts Srg`jstdrjn Dnnupbtjdh bhl @dadnghg Ogdadoy, Bhbagntb
Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb ?= Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt
Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 76-7<.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:?9. Adnba Lgvgadpkghts jh b Fdrlgrabhl.
B survgy di t`g Hgdajt`jn bt t`g Adwgr V`jhg,Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglg-lgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 7?, 66?-6:?.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:??. Fgrosn`gh`dgm. Jh5 @. ^bribtje (gl.)
Brn`gdadojsn`g mrdhjgm vbh Uujl-@daabhl dvgr 2:?9, @daabhl :,
6<7-6<0.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:03. Lg kjllgh-hgdajt`jsn`g vdhlstordgp
vbh `gt Ydrkgr fje _yn`gh gh `gt nuatuurpbtrddh rdhl lg zujlgajemg
Hddrlzgg njrnb >333 v. N`r., Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt
Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 92, 22>-630.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:07. ^pdrgh jh `gt abhl. Lg Hglgrabhlsg
lgatb jh lg prg`jstdrjg, Bkstgrlbk.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2:0?. Hgdajt`jn ^gttagkght bhl ^ufsjstghng
jh t`g _gtabhls di t`g V`jhg/Kgusg Lgatb di t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh5E.K. Ndags & B.E. Abwsdh (gls) Gurdpgbh _gtabhls jh Srg`jstdry,
Dxidrl, 66?-672.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. 2::>. _gtabhl Gxpadjtbtjdh bhl Wpabhl
Vgabtjdhs di Srg`jstdrjn Ndkkuhjtjgs jh t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh5
E. Obrljhgr (gl.) Iabtabhls & _gtabhls, nurrght t`gkgs jh Gbst
Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy, Gbst Bhoajbh Brn`bgdadoy 73, ?2-229.
Aduwg Mddjekbhs, A.S. & A.F.K. Ygr`brt 2::3. Ggh kjllgh-
hgdajt`jsn` hglgrzgttjhostgrrgjh gh ggh muja vbh lg ^tgjh-ordgp dp lg
vddrkbajog Mrbbjghfgro fje Ajhlgh, ogkgghtg Fggrs (H.-Fr.),
Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh
tg Agjlgh ?3, <:-230.
Kbsdh, N.I. & ^.K. Kbnldhbal 2:0<. Lg dttgr Autrb autrb (A.),
Autrb 6?, ?-23.
Kddm, _.O. 2:0>. 2<N nbajfrbtjdh nurvgs lgpghljho dh sbkpag
tjkg-wjlt`. Jh5 _.O. Kddm & @.\. _btgrfdam (gls) Srdnggljhos di
t`g 2st Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^ykpdsjuk 2<N bhl Brn`bgdadoy5 Ordhjhogh,
^trbssfduro5 Ndhsgja lg a'Gurdpg, Bssgkfagg pbragkghtbjrg (SBN\
0), 72?-767.
Kdss, G.@. 2:0>. \`g iuhntjdhba bhbaysjs di iajht jkpagkghts, FBV
Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs 2??.
Hjessgh, @. & ^.E lg Orddt 2:0?. Lg vjssgh vbh Hglgrabhl , Wtrgn t5
^tjn`tjho Wjtogvgrje Mdhjhmajemg Hglgrabhlsg Hbtuur`jstdrjsn`gYgrghjojho.
Dlgaa, O.@. & Ndwbh, I. 2:09. Gxpgrjkghts wjt` spgbrs bhl brrdws
dh bhjkba tbrogts. Edurhba di Ijgal Brn`bgdadoy 2>, 2:7-626.
Sgatzgr, [email protected]. 2::2. @gt glga`grt jh Gurdpb, Bpgalddrh.
Sajn`t, E. vbh lgr 2::>. \`g Ordhjhogh rbljdnbrfdh nbajfrbtjdh
prdorbk, Vbljdnbrfdh >7, 6>2-6>?.
Srukkga, _. 2:0?. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs irdk t`g hgdajt`jn sjtg di
@gmgajhogh JJJ, @gajhjuk >>, 2:3-670.
Vbgkbgmgrs, L.N.K. 2::?. Ybh `dutsmdda jh twgg frdjhogh tdt
Kjllgh-Hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjho _btgrjhogh <5 ggh rgndhstruntjg,
_gstgr`ggk <9, 23-26.
Vdfggrst, E.K.K. 2::7. Lg Hgdajt`jsn`g ibuhb vbh lg Ldhm @gt
Mgrm`di fje Frbhlwjem, Bafabssgrwbbrl , JSA Jhtgrhba Vgpdrt.
^n`rgurs, E. 2::>. \`g Kjn`gasfgro sjtg Kbbstrjn`t-Majhmgrs5 b iuhn-
tjdhba jhtgrprgtbtjdh, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, 26:-2?2.
2:3 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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^n`rgurs, K.E.N.B. jh prgp. Ggh iuhntjdhgag jhtgrprgtbtjg vbh ghmgag
Kjn`gasfgro-sjtgs, S`.L. t`gsjs Agjlgh Whjvgrsjty.
^n`ut, S., 2::2. Ggh jhvghtbrjsbtjg vbh hgdajt`jsn`g fjeagh ujt
Ogalgrabhl, tgh hddrlgh vbh lg Vjeh, Hglgrabhlsg Brn`gdadojsn`g
Vbppdrtgh 22.
Ybam, A. vbh lgr 2::6. Kjl- bhl Abtg-@dadnghg Ndbstba gvdautjdhjh t`g Fgbn`-Fbrrjgr brgb di t`g _gstgrh Hgt`grabhls, S`.L. t`gsjs,
Irgg Whjvgrsjty di Bkstgrlbk.
Yggh, E. 2:?7. @gt vddrmdkgh gh ghjog oglrbosvgrsn`jehsgagh vbh
lg vjsdttgr, Autrb autrb (A.) jh Hddrl-@daabhl, Autrb 2?, 2->.
Ygrfruoogh, K. 2::6. Ogdbrn`bgdadojnba prdspgntjdh di t`g
Vdkkgrtsldhm, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 67, 22?-260.
Ygr`brt, A.F.K. 2:0:. Hglgrzgttjhosspdrgh ujt `gt Kjllgh-
Hgdajt`jnuk abhos lg Sbtgr Fgrt`jgrstrbbt tg Orbvg, _gstgr`ggk >0,
2:3-2:?.
Ygr`brt, A.F.K. 2::6. ^gttajho dr trgmmjho4 \`g abtg hgdajt`jn `dusg
pabhs di @bbkstglg-Frbfgrs bhl t`gjr nduhtgrpbrts, Dul`gjlmuhljog
Kglglgajhogh ujt `gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh ?6, ?>-::.
Ygr`brt, A.F.K. & A.S. Aduwg Mddjekbhs 2:0:. Ggh Kjllgh-
Hgdajt`jsn`g hglgrzgttjho fje Obssga, ogkgghtg Fggrs (H.-Fr.) kgt
ggh fjelrbog vbh Fjghghigal, S.I, Dul`gjlmuhljog Kglglgajhogh ujt
`gt Vjemskusguk vbh Dul`glgh tg Agjlgh 9:, ?7-22?.
Ugjagr, E.\. 2::2. @uhtjho bhl Bhjkba @usfbhlry bt Hgdajt`jn ^jtgs
jh t`g _gstgrh bhl Nghtrba Hgt`grabhls= jhtgrbntjdh fgtwggh Kbh
bhl t`g Ghvjrdhkght, @gajhjuk >2, 93-267.
N.N. Fbmgas
B.A. vbh Ojeh
^. Kdaghbbr
L. Sbbakbh
L.N.K. Vbgkbgmgrs
Ibnuaty di Brn`bgdadoy
Sdstfus :7276>33 VB Agjlgh
\`g Hgt`grabhls
F. Fggrgh`dut
Jhstjtuut vddr Srg- gh Srdtd`jstdrjsn`g Brn`gdadojg Bafgrt
Googs vbh Ojiigh (J.S.S.)
Hjguwg Srjhsghorbn`t 2>3
2320 YU Bkstgrlbk
\`g Hgt`grabhls
M. @ìhhjhgh
N. Ygrkggrgh
FJBP NdhsuatVdgtgrstrbbt 0 `s
2320 _N Bkstgrlbk
\`g Hgt`grabhls
K. Ygrfruoogh
Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgkdhlgrzdgm
Sdstfus 2933
>033 FS Bkgrsiddrt
\`g Hgt`grabhls
2:2 L.N.K. VBGKBGMGV^ G\ BA. „ _B\GVJHOGH <
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\`g jhndrpdrbtjdh di t`g sdut`grh pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls
jhtd t`g Vdkbh Gkpjrg agl td t`g jhtrdluntjdh di nustdks,
kbhhgrs bhl jlgbs `jt`grtd uhmhdwh dr `brlay mhdwh td t`g
jhljoghdus sdnjgtjgs. Bkdho t`g hdvgatjgs wgrg iddls bhl
nuajhbry `bfjts. Bh jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh js `dw t`g adnba
rurba pdpuabtjdh rgbntgl td t`g wbvg di n`bhog. \`g
gxnbvbtjdhs t`bt wgrg nbrrjgl dut bt Dss-Wssgh prdvjlgl bh
dppdrtuhjty td stuly t`js sufegnt. B ndkfjhbtjdh di fdtbhjnba,
zddadojnba bhl dt`gr gvjlghng dh gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho s`dws
t`bt t`g nuajhbry `bfjts di t`g hbtjvg ibrkgrs jhlggl uhlgrwght sdkg n`bhogs, fut t`bt t`g hgw nustdks wgrg hdt
uhjidrkay bldptgl fy baa t`g `dusg`dals. Kdrgdvgr, t`g kbjh
pbrt di t`g lbjay ljgt rgkbjhgl uhn`bhogl. B rgiagntjdh dh
t`g rgbsdhs w`y pgdpag n`bhog t`gjr nuajhbry `bfjts sggms td
diigr bh gxpabhbtjdh idr t`js.
2. Jhtrdluntjdh
\`g ygbr 26 FN wbs bh jkpdrtbht ygbr jh t`g `jstdry di w`bt
js hdw t`g Hgt`grabhls. Jh t`bt ygbr t`g Vdkbh brky
jhvblgl t`g brgb bhl jhndrpdrbtgl pbrt di jt jhtd t`g Vdkbh
Gkpjrg. \`g pdsjtjdh di t`g fdrlgr fgtwggh dnnupjgl bhl
irgg tgrrjtdry iauntubtgl sdkgw`bt bt ijrst, fut brduhl BL <?
jt nbkg td fg ijxgl badho t`g ndursg di t`g rjvgr V`jhg. \`gVdkbh brky wbs idaadwgl fy t`g Vdkbh blkjhjstrbtjvg bhl
kbrmgtjho systgks bhl t`g brgb wbs ajhmgl up wjt` t`g Vdkbh
jhirbstrunturg. \`js rgsuatgl jh t`g jhtrdluntjdh di nustdks,
kbhhgrs bhl jlgbs `jt`grtd uhmhdwh dr `brlay mhdwh td t`g
jhljoghdus sdnjgtjgs. Bkdho t`g hdvgatjgs wgrg basd hgw
iddls, bs `bs fggh bkpay lgkdhstrbtgl jh t`g ajkgs brgb wjt`
jts Vdkbh nbstgaab bhl bssdnjbtgl sjtgs (Mhùrzgr 2::2b).
Bh jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh js `dw t`g adnba rurba pdpuabtjdh,
ajvjho jh kdrg dr agss fbnmwbrl brgbs, rgbntgl td t`g wbvg di
n`bhog. Ljl t`gjr kghu n`bhog bhl, ji sd, jh w`bt wbys4
Bhdt`gr jkpdrtbht jssug js t`g kgbhjho di n`bhogs jh gbtjho
bhl lrjhmjho `bfjts5 nuajhbry nustdks brg jhiaughngl fy kdrg
t`bh hutrjtjdhba vbaugs badhg.
\`g gxnbvbtjdhs t`bt wgrg ndhluntgl bt Dss-Wssgh
fgtwggh 2:?9 bhl 2:09 obvg us bh dppdrtuhjty td sgbrn` idr
bhswgrs td t`gsg qugstjdhs. Lurjho t`g abrog-snbag ijgalwdrm
nbrrjgl dut fy t`g Agjlgh Jhstjtutg di Srg`jstdry b kjnrd-
rgojdh di sdkg >3 `gntbrgs wbs uhndvgrgl, rgvgbajho b
ndhtjhudus `jstdry di dnnupbtjdh irdk t`g Frdhzg Bog,
t`rduo` t`g Jrdh Bog jhtd t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. ^jhng t`g
gxnbvbtjdhs, sgvgrba kbedr rgpdrts `bvg bppgbrgl bhl kdrg
wjaa fg pufajs`gl jh t`g hgbr iuturg (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh/Ybh
lgh Frdgmg 2:0?= Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00= ^n`jhmga 2::<=
Idmmghs 2::9= _gssgajho` idrt`ndkjho). \`gsg rgpdrts
ghbfagl us td ndhlunt t`g stuly w`dsg rgsuats brg prgsghtgl
dh t`g idaadwjho pbogs.
6. ^gttagkght bt Dss-Wssgh jh t`g Jrdh Bog bhl
t`g Vdkbh pgrjdlWssgh js t`g hbkg di bh brgb jh t`g hdrt`wgstgrh pbrt di t`g
kuhjnjpbajty di Dss. \`g brgb ajgs jh t`g trbhsjtjdhba zdhg
fgtwggh t`g Sagjstdnghg ndvgrsbhls di t`g prdvjhng di
Frbfbht bhl t`g wjlg vbaagy di t`g rjvgr Kgusg. \`g adnba
sufsdja js sbhl. Bt prgsght, t`g Kgusg iadws ijvg mjadkgtrgs
td t`g hdrt` di t`g sjtg, fut jt kby `bvg ruh nadsgr fy jh t`g
Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl (ijo. 2).
\`g `jstdry bhl hbturg di t`g `ukbh dnnupbtjdh `bvg fggh
bkpay lgsnrjfgl fy M. ^n`jhmga (2::<). Jh t`g Gbray Jrdh
Bog (033-733 FN) sgttagkght ndhsjstgl di sjhoag ibrks
snbttgrgl bnrdss t`g abhlsnbpg. \`g ibrks jhndrpdrbtgl ajvjho
brgbs bhl b fyrg fghgbt` b sjhoag rddi. Dhg dr kdrg
dutfujaljhos bhl wgaas wgrg td fg iduhl jh t`g ybrls.^dkgtjkgs t`grg wbs basd b wbtgrjho pabng idr ajvgstdnm.
_`gh b ibrk`dusg wbs bfbhldhgl, jt wbs hdt rgfujat bt t`g
sbkg spdt dr jh t`g sbkg ybrl. Ibrkstgbls wgrg s`jitgl
bfdut wjt`jh b „ t`gjr4 „ skbaa tgrrjtdry. \`g dnnupbhts di
t`g ibrks prbntjsgl fdt` brbfag ibrkjho bhl stdnm-frggljho.
\`g hbturg di sgttagkght ljl hdt n`bhog lurjho t`g Kjllag
Jrdh Bog (733-673 FN). Dhay irdk t`g Abtg Jrdh Bog
(673-26 FN) dhwbrls wgrg ibrks rgfujat bt kdrg dr agss t`g
sbkg spdt, bs tgstjijgl fy t`g naustgrjho di igbturgs uhndvgrgl
jh t`g gxnbvbtjdhs. \`js ldgs `dwgvgr hdt jkpay b kdrg
naustgrgl typg di sgttagkght, fgnbusg ndhtgkpdrbry ibrks
stjaa aby snbttgrgl bnrdss t`g abhlsnbpg. \`g gndhdky
rgkbjhgl t`g sbkg.
\`g lgvgadpkght dutajhgl bfdvg uatjkbtgay rgsuatgl jh
ijxgl sgttagkghts wjt` trug naustgrjho di pgrkbhght
ibrkstgbls jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl (26 FN - BL 633). Lurjho
t`g 2:?9-2:09 nbkpbjohs t`g rgkbjhs di t`rgg sun` `bkagts
wgrg ljsndvgrgl5 Yjevgr, Udkgr`di bhl _gstgrvgal. _jt` t`
gxngptjdh di Udkgr`di, w`dsg gbrajgst rgkbjhs wgrg lbtgl
Ndrrjg Fbmgas Bnqujrjho b tbstg5 t`g kghu di Jrdh Bog bhl Vdkbh-Ljgmg _gssgajho` pgrjdl ibrkgrs bt Dss-Wssgh, t`g Hgt`grabhlsJasg vbh Bkgh
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Ijourg 2. \`g adnbtjdh di Dss wjt` rgspgnt td t`g Vdkbh ajkgs. 2. iauvjbtjag lgpdsjts= 6. pgbt bhl naby= >. wbtgr= <. ndbstba fbrrjgrs bhlSagjstdnghg lgpdsjts= 7. kjajtbry nbkps.
brduhl BL ?3, t`g `bkagts nbh fg rgobrlgl bs t`g ljrgnt
sunngssdrs di t`g Jrdh Bog sgttagkghts jh t`js brgb. \`g
abrogst di t`g t`rgg, t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, aby wjt`jh b
rgntbhouabr ljtn`gl ghnadsurg. \`js sgttagkght wbs kdrgdvgr
iduhl td `bvg ndkprjsgl hgw typgs di `dusgs. Jh spjtg di
t`gsg ljiigrghngs, ibrkjho wbs t`g prjhnjpba bntjvjty di baa t`g
`bkagts' jh`bfjtbhts.
\`g lgngbsgl di Dss-Wssgh wgrg nrgkbtgl bhl t`gjr
bs`gs wgrg furjgl jh addsgay brrbhogl naustgrs di furjbas.
Dhay t`g abydut di t`g ngkgtgry irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl
s`dws sdkg lgorgg di pabhhjho. Jh blljtjdh td furjbas, dt`gr
rjtuba „ fut kdst ngrtbjhay hdh-iuhgrbry „ kdhukghts wgrg
ljsndvgrgl. \`gy jhnaulgl squbrg strunturgs, w`jn` wgrg
fujat irdk t`g Kjllag Jrdh Bog dhwbrls bhl wgrg jhtgrprgtgl
bs dpgh-bjr sbhntubrjgs (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2::<= ^adistrb/Ybh
lgr ^bhlgh 2:00).
>. Jhorgljghts di t`g ljgt, pabhts
\`g ljgt ndhsjstgl di jhorgljghts lgrjvgl irdk pabhts,
bhjkbas bhl kjhgrba sdurngs. Bspgnts ajmg `dw t`g iddl
wbs prgpbrgl bhl sgrvgl wjaa fg lgbat wjt` jh abtgr sgntjdhs.
_g wjaa ijrst tbmg b addm bt t`g iddl pabhts.
Dur kbjh sdurng di jhidrkbtjdh dh iddl pabhts ndhsjstgl
di sdja sbkpags. ^dja sbkpags wgrg dftbjhgl irdk fdt` lry
bhl wbtgradoogl ndhtgxts bt Dss-Wssgh. \`g idrkgr wgrg
iduhlbtjdh trghn`gs bhl pdst`dags, t`g abttgr wgaas bhl
wbtgrjho pabngs. Fdt` typgs di sgljkghts wgrg sjgvgl usjho
kgs` sjzgs up td bhl jhnauljho 3.67 kk. \`g lry sbkpags
ndual `bvg fggh sufegntgl td iadtbtjdh, fut bs t`gy wgrg irdk
hgngssjty skbaa fgnbusg t`g igbturgs wgrg skbaa, bhl bs t`g
wbtgradoogl sbkpags `bl td fg `bhl-sjgvgl bhy`dw, baa t`g
kbtgrjba wbs trgbtgl jh t`g sbkg wby. Iadtbtjdh wdual hdt
`bvg rglungl t`g dvgrbaa prdngssjho tjkg. B skbaa bkduht di
2:< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
3 73 mk
2 6 > < 7
3ss
^ n g
a l t K
g u s
g V `
j h g
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blljtjdhba jhidrkbtjdh dh iddl pabhts wbs dftbjhgl irdk
jkprgssjdhs jh pdttgry.
\`g Jrdh Bog rgkbjhs wgrg pufajs`gl fy N. Fbmgas (2::<)
bhl t`g sggls bhl irujts irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl wgrg
bhbaysgl fy J. vbh Bkgh (2::7). Kbhy di t`g rgkbjhs wgrg
di wjal pabhts w`jn`, wjt` t`g gxngptjdh di wjal irujts bhl
`bzgahuts, wjaa hdt fg ndhsjlgrgl fgadw. Dbts wjaa fg dkjttgl
`grg, tdd, fgnbusg dhay igw rgkbjhs di t`gsg pabhts wgrg
iduhl bhl t`g jlghtjijbfag n`bii fgadhogl td wjal dbts ( Bvghb
ibtub). Bhdt`gr uhngrtbjh ngrgba, ryg (^gnbag ngrgbag), kby
ajmgwjsg `bvg fggh b ijgal wggl, fut jt wbs hgvgrt`gagss
jhnaulgl jh t`g bhbaysjs fgnbusg ryg wbs fgojhhjho td fg
nuatjvbtgl jh t`g pgrjdl uhlgr ndhsjlgrbtjdh. Bat`duo` t`g
idajbog, sggls, tufgrs, gtn. di kbhy wjal pabhts wjaa `bvg
fggh ndhsukgl, wg lgnjlgl td rgstrjnt dursgavgs td nuatjvbtgl
pabhts bhl t`g bidrgkghtjdhgl irujts bhl huts bs t`g gvjlghng
dftbjhgl jh t`g gxnbvbtjdhs ljl hdt rgvgba bhy n`bhogs jh t`g
prgsghng di wjal pabhts dvgr t`g nghturjgs.
\bfags 2, 6 bhl > s`dw t`g ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g gvjlghng
pgr pgrjdl bhl sjtg. \bfag 2 prgsghts t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g
prjkbry ijaas di wbtgradoogl igbturgs. ^gndhlbry ijaas wgrg
hdt ndhsjlgrgl fgnbusg t`gjr lbtgs brg hdt ngrtbjh. Bat`duo`
sgvgrba sbkpags wgrg tbmgh irdk kbhy di t`g wgaas bhl
wbtgrjho `dags, gspgnjbaay t`dsg jh w`jn` ljiigrght abygrs
wgrg dfsgrvbfag, wg rgobrlgl t`g igbturg bs t`g uhjt di
bhbaysjs jhstgbl di t`g sbkpag. \`g vbrjdus abygrs di t`g
prjkbry ijaas di t`g jhljvjluba igbturgs fdrg b nadsg
rgsgkfabhng td dhg bhdt`gr jh tgrks di ndhtghts. \`grg wgrg
`dwgvgr ndhsjlgrbfag ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g jhljvjluba
igbturgs.
\bfag 2 s`dws t`g irgqughnjgs di t`g vbrjdus spgnjgs
jhstgbl di t`g hukfgrs di sggls rgndvgrgl. \`g irgqughnjgs
jhljnbtg t`g pgrnghtbogs di t`g igbturgs jh w`jn` rgkbjhs di
t`g pabht jh qugstjdh wgrg iduhl. Bt sjtgs ajmg Dss-Wssgh,
w`grg baa mjhls di wbstg `bvg fggh prgsgrvgl, irgqughnjgs
prdvjlg b fgttgr jkprgssjdh di t`g ndkkdhhgss di ljiigrght
2:7 N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
Ijourg 6. ^ggls di typjnba Vdkbh-
pgrjdl pabhts. 2. sbvdry, 6. ngagry,
>. ndrjbhlgr, <. fggt. ^nbag fbrs5
2 kk.
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2:9 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\ b f a g 2 .
S a b h t r g k b j h s i r d k
w b t g r a d o o g l i g b t u r g s , g x p r g s s g l j h i r g q u
g h n j g s .
^ j t g
D s s - W s s g h
D s s - J E s s g a s t r b b t
S g r j d l
G b r a y J r d h B o g
K j l l a g J r d h B o g
A b t g J r d h B o g
V d k b h p g r j d l
V d k b h p g r j d l
^ g t t a g k g h t
U d k g r ` d i
Y j e v g r
_ g s t g r v g a l 2
_ g s t g r v g a l 6
_ g s t g r v g a l 6 - S > 6 :
H u k f g r d i i g b t u r g s
7
:
0
?
0
9
6 6
6 2
>
n g r g b a s
@ d r l g u k v u a o b r g , ` u a a g l f b r a g y
< 3
9 ?
9 >
< >
9 >
9 ?
9 0
9 ?
2 3 3
S b h j n u k k j a j b n g u k , k j a a g
t
< 3
> >
9 >
6 :
2 3 3
0 >
9 0
9 ?
9 ?
^ g n b a g n g r g b a g , r y g
3
3
3
2 <
3
3
3
3
3
\ r j t j n u k l j n d n n u k , g k k g
r w ` g b t
6 3
< <
2 >
2 <
6 7
> >
2 <
2 <
> >
\ r j t j n u k s p g a t b , s p g a t w ` g b t
6 3
> >
2 >
3
3
> >
2 0
2 <
3
p u a s g s
Y j n j b i b f b , N g a t j n f g b h
3
2 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
d j a p a b h t s
F r b s s j n b r b p b , r b p g s g g l
3
3
6 7
3
3
3
:
2 3
3
N b k g a j h b s b t j v b , o d a l d i p
a g b s u r g
6 3
6 6
2 >
3
3
3
3
3
3
A j h u k u s j t b t j s s j k u k , a j h s g g l
6 3
> >
7 3
2 <
7 3
7 3
> 6
6 :
3
S b p b v g r s d k h j i g r u k , p d p p y
< 3
3
3
3
3
2 ?
7
3
3
m j t n ` g h ` g r f s g t n .
B h g t ` u k o r b v g d a g h s , l j a a
3
3
3
3
3
2 ?
7
3
3
B p j u k o r b v g d a g h s , n g a g r y
3
3
3
3
3
2 ?
7
7
3
F g t b v u a o b r j s , f g g t
3
3
3
6 :
6 7
2 ?
:
7
3
N d r j b h l r u k s b t j v u k , n d r j b h l g r
3
3
3
3
3
> >
2 <
2 3
3
^ b t u r g e b ` d r t g h s j s , s b v d r y
3
3
3
3
3
2 ?
7
3
3
i r u j t s b h l h u t s , w j a l d r n
u a t j v b t g l
N d r y a u s b v g a a b h b , ` b z g a h u t
6 3
3
3
3
6 7
2 ?
2 0
2 :
3
E u o a b h s r g o j b , w b a h u t
3
3
3
3
3
2 ?
7
3
3
K b a u s s p . , b p p a g
3
3
3
3
2 >
2 ?
2 <
2 <
3
S r u h u s j h s j t j t j b , p a u k
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
> >
S r u h u s s p j h d s b , s a d g p a u k
3
3
2 >
3
? 7
2 ?
2 0
2 <
9 ?
V u f u s i r u t j n d s u s , f a b n m f g r r y
3
3
3
7 ?
0 0
7 3
> 9
> >
3
V u f u s j l b g u s , r b s p f g r r y
3
3
3
2 <
2 >
> >
2 <
2 3
3
^ b k f u n u s h j o r b , g a l g r f g r r y
6 3
3
3
2 <
3
2 ?
2 <
2 <
3
Y b n n j h j u k k y r t j a a u s , f j a f g r r y
3
3
3
2 <
3
3
7
7
3
H u k f g r d i s p g n j g s
:
?
0
2 3
2 3
2 0
6 3
2 9
7
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spgnjgs t`bh t`g hukfgrs di prgsgrvgl rgkbjhs. ^dkg di t`g
rgkbjhs wjaa `bvg fggh lgpdsjtgl jh t`g ibrkybrls bs pbrt di
t`g ldkgstjn wbstg bhl wjaa `bvg fggh mjnmgl dr fadwh jhtd
t`g wgaas. Dt`grs kby `bvg fggh jhtghtjdhbaay lukpgl jhtd
bh bfbhldhgl wgaa. \`g ndkkdhgr t`g pabht, t`g orgbtgr t`g
n`bhng di jt dnnurrjho bkdho t`g prgsgrvgl rgkbjhs, dh t`g
ndhljtjdh, di ndursg, t`bt jt jhnaulgs pbrts t`bt survjvg wgaa jh
wbtgradoogl ndhtgxts. Gxbkpags di sun` pbrts brg ngrgba
n`bii, t`g sggls di dja pabhts bhl mjtn`gh `grfs, t`g pjps bhl
mgrhgas di irujt bhl huts`gaas. Suasgs brg rbrgay prgsgrvgl.
\`g Ngatjn fgbh ajstgl jh tbfag 2 `bl survjvgl fy n`bhng
fgnbusg sdkg nbrfdhjsgl fgbhs `bl ghlgl up jh b wgaa.
_jt`dut t`gsg rgkbjhs, t`g Ngatjn fgbh irgqughnjgs wdual
`bvg fggh zgrd gvgryw`grg. ^dkg di t`g ngrgba orbjhs wgrg
basd nbrfdhjsgl, fut t`js ldgs hdt biignt t`g irgqughnjgs.
\`g Gbray, Kjllag bhl Abtg Jrdh Bog brg rgprgsghtgl fy
hjhg, sgvgh bhl gjo`t spgnjgs, rgspgntjvgay. \`gy brg baa kdrg
dr agss t`g sbkg bhl t`gjr irgqughnjgs ld hdt ljiigr kun`.
Adnba nustdks ld hdt sggk td `bvg n`bhogl kun`
t`rduo`dut t`g Jrdh Bog. @uaagl fbragy, kjaagt, gkkgr w`gbt
bhl spgat w`gbt wgrg t`g kbjh ngrgbas, odal di pagbsurg bhl
ajhsggl t`g kbjh dja-sggl spgnjgs. \`g sbkpags ndhtbjhgl hd
rgkbjhs di mjtn`gh `grfs bhl irujts bhl huts wgrg rbrg. \`g
pdppy nbusgl sdkg surprjsg. ^dkg gxpgrts brg di t`g dpjhjdh
t`bt pdppy wbs jhtrdlungl fy t`g Vdkbhs (Ybh Ugjst 2:03).
_jt` t`gjr tgh spgnjgs gbn`, t`g ajsts di iddl pabhts
ghnduhtgrgl bt t`g Vdkbh sgttagkghts Udkgr`di bhl Yjevgr
brg hdt kun` adhogr. Jh t`g bhbaysjs di t`g rgkbjhs irdk sjx
rbhldkay sgagntgl wgaas bt _gstgrvgal gjo`tggh spgnjgs wgrg
ghnduhtgrgl (_gstgrvgal 2 jh tbf. 2). \`gy jhnaulgl ljaa,
2:? N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
\bfag 6. Sabht rgkbjhs irdk lry ndhtgxts, gxprgssgl jh irgqughnjgs.
^jtg Dss-Wssgh ^dh Ddstgr`dut
Sgrjdl Kjllag Jrdh Bog Abtg Jrdh Bog Vdkbh pgrjdl Kjllag Jrdh Bog Vdkbh pgrjd
^gttagkght Udkgr`di Yjevgr _gstgrvgal
Hukfgr di strunturgs ? ? 6 2 20 ? 66
Ngrgbas
@drlguk vuaobrg, `uaagl fbragy 7? 7? 3 233 79 233 233
Sbhjnuk kjajbnguk, kjaagt 6: 6: 3 3 22 233 233
\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk, gkkgr w`gbt <> <> 3 3 2< 7? 73
\rjtjnuk spgatb, spgat w`gbt 3 3 3 3 2< 09 73
Suasgs
Sjsuk sbtjvuk, pgb 3 3 3 3 3 2< 3
Yjnjb ibfb, Ngatjn fgbh 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Dja pabhts
Nbkgajhb sbtjvb, odal di pagbsurg 3 3 3 3 3 09 3
Ajhuk usjtbtjssjkuk, ajhsggl 3 3 3 3 6: 2< 73
Irujts bhl huts, wjal dr nuatjvbtgl
Ndryaus bvgaabhb, `bzgahut 3 3 3 3 9 2< 3
Vufus irutjndsus, fabnmfgrry 3 3 73 3 3 3 3
Vufus jlbgus, rbspfgrry 3 3 73 3 3 3 3
\bfag >. ^ggl jkprgssjdhs jh pdttgry irdk Dss-Wssgh jh bfsdautg hukfgrs.
Sgrjdl Gbray Jrdh Bog Kjllag Jrdh Bog Abtg Jrdh Bog Vdkbh pgrjdl
@drlguk vuaobrg, `uaagl fbragy ? ? > >
Sbhjnuk kjajbnguk, kjaagt „ 2 „ 2
\rjtjnuk ljndnnuk, gkkgr w`gbt 2 ? 2 „
\rjtjnuk spgatb, spgat w`gbt „ 6 „ „
Yjnjb ibfb, Ngatjn fgbh „ 2 2 „ Ajhuk usjtbtjssjkuk, ajhsggl „ 2 „ 2
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ngagry, ndrjbhlgr, sbvdry (ijo. 6) bhl wbahut „ pabhts w`jn`
brg bssdnjbtgl wjt` b Vdkbh wby di ajig.2 \`js rgsuat jhlungl
J. vbh Bkgh td bhbaysg sbkpags irdk kdrg wgaas bt t`js
sgttagkght. Bs _gstgrvgal wbs b abrog sgttagkght, t`g hukfgr
di bhbaysgl igbturgs ndual fg rbjsgl irdk sjx td 66. Fut dhay
twd blljtjdhba spgnjgs, rbpg bhl fjafgrry (tbf. 2, _gstgrvgal 6,
w`jn` jhnaulgs t`g rgkbjhs irdk t`g wgaas di _gstgrvgal 2),wgrg jlghtjijgl jh t`g sufsgqught bhbaysgs. Jt wbs kdrgdvgr
iduhl t`bt t`g rgkbjhs di ljaa, sbvdry bhl wbahut wgrg
rgstrjntgl td dhg wgaa, S>6:, w`jn` `bl fggh jhnaulgl jh t`g
ijrst bhbaysjs fy n`bhng. \`js wgaa basd ndhtbjhgl rgkbjhs di
ndrjbhlgr. Jt wbs nagbray b spgnjba nbsg. \`grgidrg, b t`jrl ajst
di spgnjgs wbs sgt up, jh w`jn` t`g rgkbjhs irdk S>6: wgrg
hdt jhnaulgl (_gstgrvgal 6 · >6:). \`js ajst stjaa ndhtbjhs
sjxtggh spgnjgs, w`jn` js kdrg t`bh t`g hukfgr di spgnjgs
ghnduhtgrgl jh t`g Jrdh Bog ibrkybrls bhl jh t`g Vdkbh-
pgrjdl sgttagkghts Udkgr`di bhl Yjevgr.
Bs ibr bs `uaagl fbragy, kjaagt, gkkgr w`gbt bhl ajhsggl
brg ndhngrhgl, t`g gvjlghng irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl s`dws
hd ljiigrghngs wjt` rgspgnt td t`g prgngljho pgrjdl. \`gjr irgqughnjgs s`dw t`bt t`gy wgrg baa stjaa ndkkdh iddl pabhts.
^pgat w`gbt sggks td `bvg fgndkg agss ndkkdh t`bh jh t`g
Jrdh Bog, w`jn` js surprjsjho, fgnbusg spgat js mhdwh td `bvg
fggh vgry pdpuabr jh Vdkbh njrnags (Mhùrzgr 2::2b, 2::=
Mddjstrb 2::9, :9/230). Vyg wbs iduhl dhay bt t`g Vdkbh-
pgrjdl `bkagt di Udkgr`di, jh vgry skbaa bkduhts. Jt wbs
pgr`bps hdt ygt fgjho nuatjvbtgl jh t`js brgb, bhl wjaa hdt fg
ndhsjlgrgl iurt`gr fgadw. \rug ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g
Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl brg dfsgrvbfag jh odal di
pagbsurg, w`jn` js rgstrjntgl td t`g idrkgr, bhl fggt, w`jn` js
rgstrjntgl td t`g abttgr. Odal di pagbsurg ljl bppbrghtay hdt
gvgh ordw bs b wggl jh iabx ijgals jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl.
\`bt iabx/ajhsggl wbs nuatjvbtgl adnbaay js bppbrght irdk t`g
rgpgbtgl dnnurrghng di t`g wggl Nusnutb gpjajhuk bssdnjbtgl
wjt` t`js spgnjgs. \`g dnnurrghng di fggt jh Vdkbh-pgrjdl
ndhtgxts dhay js jh borggkght wjt` nurrght vjgws dh jts
jhtrdluntjdh bs b iddl pabht (Mhùrzgr 2::2f, 293= Mddjstrb
2::9, 266).
Vgkbjhs di mjtn`gh `grfs wgrg ajmgwjsg ghnduhtgrgl jh
Vdkbh-pgrjdl ndhtgxts dhay, bhl dhay bt t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght. ^dkg irujt bhl hut spgnjgs wgrg basd rgprgsghtgl
bakdst gxnausjvgay jh Vdkbh ndhtgxts, idr gxbkpag wbahut.
\`g irgqughnjgs di fgrrjgs, w`jn` wgrg prgsukbfay obt`grgl
jh t`g wjal, brg nagbray `jo`gr t`bh jh t`g Jrdh Bog.
B skbaa bkduht di iurt`gr jhidrkbtjdh dh iddl pabhts wbs
dftbjhgl irdk nbrfdhjsgl rgkbjhs rgndvgrgl irdk t`g
pdst`dags bhl iduhlbtjdh trghn`gs di ibrk`dusgs bhl dt`gr
fujaljhos. Kdst di t`gsg igbturgs wgrg `dwgvgr tdd s`baadw
idr sbkpajho, sd dhay b igw, ibjray skbaa sbkpags ndual fg
tbmgh. Hd ndhnghtrbtjdhs di sggls wgrg iduhl. \`g dhay
sbkpag irdk t`g igbturgs di rjtuba strunturgs td ndhtbjh sggls
yjgalgl hdt`jho kdrg t`bh b igw strby rgkbjhs di wjal
pabhts.
\`g rgsuats brg prgsghtgl pgr fujaljho jh tbfag 6. ^gvgh
Kjllag Jrdh Bog fujaljhos, sgvgh Abtg Jrdh Bog dhgs, twd
fujaljhos ljsndvgrgl bt Udkgr`di, dhg bt Yjevgr bhl gjo`tggh
bt _gstgrvgal wgrg jhnaulgl jh t`g irgqughny bhbaysjs. Dhay
twd Gbray Jrdh Bog `dusgpabhs wgrg rgndrlgl bhl t`gy wgrghdt sbkpagl. Bs wbs td fg gxpgntgl, t`g spgnjgs ajst js kun`
s`drtgr t`bh t`bt prgsghtgl jh \bfag 2. \`g dhay hdtgwdrt`y
bspgnt js t`bt gvgh t`js skbaa bkduht di gvjlghng jhnaulgl
pjps di fabnmfgrry bhl rbspfgrry.
Dur t`jrl sdurng di jhidrkbtjdh ndhsjstgl di jkprgssjdhs jh
pdttgry. \`gy rgprgsght dhay t`dsg sggls w`jn` agbvg
jkprgssjdhs abrog ghduo` td fg dfsgrvgl lurjho t`g `bhlajho
di s`grls bhl sd t`g rbhog di spgnjgs jlghtjijgl jh pdttgry
jkprgssjdhs js bawbys sdkgw`bt rgstrjntgl. \`g sggls wgrg
jlghtjijgl jh nbsts. Dhg di t`g blvbhtbogs di bhbaysjho
jkprgssjdhs js t`bt t`grg js hd fjbs bobjhst puasgs. Dhay igw
jkprgssjdhs wgrg dfsgrvgl jh t`g pdttgry irdk Dss-Wssgh,fut bt agbst twd di t`g jkprgssjdhs uhkjstbmbfay rgprgsghtgl
Ngatjn fgbh (tbf. >), w`jn` s`dws t`bt puasgs wgrg
uhlgrrgprgsghtgl jh t`g dt`gr typgs di sbkpags.
\d sukkbrjsg t`g rgsuats di t`g irgqughny bhbaysgs, fggt,
wjal irujts, wbahut bhl mjtn`gh `grfs sggk td `bvg fggh
bllgl td t`g trbljtjdhba ljgt jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. \`g abttgr
sggk td `bvg fggh ndhsukgl dnnbsjdhbaay, bhl dhay bt t`g
abrogst bhl kdst lgvgadpgl `bkagt „ _gstgrvgal. Odal di
pagbsurg wght dut di usg.
_`gt`gr t`gsg ndhnausjdhs basd `dal idr dt`gr, ndkpbrbfag
rurba sjtgs jh t`g sbkg brgb js ljiijnuat td sby bs dhay ajttag
gvjlghng js bvbjabfag idr ndkpbrbfag sjtgs. \bfags 2 bhl 6
jhnaulg t`g gvjlghng irdk t`rgg wgaas irdk t`g Vdkbh
pgrjdl ljsndvgrgl bt Dss-JEssgastrbbt, sgvgh Kjllag Jrdh Bog
sjads ijaagl wjt` ldkgstjn ruffjs` gxnbvbtgl bt ^dh, bhl t`g
igbturgs di twd Vdkbh-pgrjdl ibrk`dusgs iduhl bt
Ddstgr`dut (Fbmgas 2:03= Fbmgas/Ybh lgr @bk 2:03=
Fuurkbh 2::3). \`g lbtb s`dw t`bt `uaagl fbragy, kjaagt,
gkkgr w`gbt, spgat w`gbt bhl ajhsggl wgrg ndkkdh iddl
pabhts jh fdt` pgrjdls, bs bt Dss-Wssgh. \`g gvjlghng irdk
^dh blls pgb td t`g ajst di Jrdh Bog spgnjgs. Odal di pagbsurg
wbs rgprgsghtgl dhay bt t`g Kjllag Jrdh Bog sgttagkght di
^dh. Mjtn`gh `grfs wgrg bfsght bt baa t`gsg sjtgs. Jh t`js
rgspgnt _gstgrvgal rgkbjhs b rgkbrmbfag `bkagt.
<. Jhorgljghts di t`g ljgt, bhjkbas
\`g sbhly sdja di Dss-Wssgh js ibr irdk jlgba idr t`g
prgsgrvbtjdh di ibuhba rgkbjhs. Hgvgrt`gagss, sdkg sjx t`dusbhl
fdhgs, fdhg irbokghts bhl gspgnjbaay tggt` wgrg rgndrlgl.
\`gy `bvg fggh lgsnrjfgl bhl pufajs`gl fy V. Abuwgrjgr
bhl O. JEzgrggi (2::<).
2:0 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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\`g rgkbjhs wgrg jh b pddr ndhljtjdh bhl rbt`gr
irbokghtgl. Abrogr bhjkbas kby t`grgidrg fg dvgrrgprg-
sghtgl, bhl t`g rgsuats di t`g jlghtjijnbtjdh kjo`t hdt rgiagnt
t`g drjojhba ldkgstjn rgiusg. \`js js gspgnjbaay trug w`grg t`g
hukfgrs di rgkbjhs brg ndhngrhgl. \`g fdhg wgjo`ts prgsght
b kdrg bnnurbtg jkprgssjdh di t`g rgiusg. \`g prdfagk di
prgsgrvbtjdh js `dwgvgr t`g sbkg idr baa t`g pgrjdls uhlgr
ndhsjlgrbtjdh bhl ndkpbrjsdhs fgtwggh t`g gvjlghng irdk
t`g Gbray, Kjllag bhl Abtg Jrdh Bog bhl t`bt irdk t`g
Vdkbh pgrjdl nbh stjaa fg kblg, gspgnjbaay w`grg abrog
bhjkbas brg ndhngrhgl. Jt js pdssjfag t`bt ljiigrghngs jh
skbaa bhl rbrg bhjkbas wgrg hdt lgtgntgl jh t`g bhbaysgs.
\`g rgsuats di t`g fdhg nduhts bhl t`g fdhg wgjo`ts brg
prgsghtgl jh \bfags < bhl 7.
B ndkpbrjsdh di t`g vbaugs idr t`g abrog kbkkbas rgvgbas
hgoajojfag ljiigrghngs fgtwggh t`g Gbray, Kjllag bhl Abtg
Jrdh Bog ibrks bhl t`g t`rgg `bkagts irdk t`g Vdkbh
pgrjdl.
2:: N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
\bfag <. Dss-Wssgh. \ g Jrdh Bog ibuhba rgkbjhs. \bfag bitgr Abuwgrjgr/JEzgrggi 2::<, tbfag 6>.
Gbray Jrdh Bog Kjllag Jrdh Bog Abtg Jrdh Bog
spgnjgs hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) %
nbttag <> 92 <3?.9 73 233 7: 670:.7 ?7 229 ?6 6796.: ?7
s`ggp/odbt 2 2 3.< 3 2 2 93.3 6 < 6 62.6 2
pjo 23 2< 73.< 9 0 7 >0.9 2 0 7 7>.7 6
`drsg 27 62 ><?.0 <> 7: >7 ?92.< 66 >3 2: 90>.3 63
ldo 2 2 7.3 2 3 „ 3.3 „ 2 2 27.3 3
rgl lggr 3 „ 3.3 „ 2 2 2>.7 3 > 6 96.? 6
tdtba jlghtjijgl ?3 <0 022.6 ?? 29: 76 ><9>.3 0> 296 >? >>:0.> 9:
nbttag-`drsg sjzg >7 <? 2?7.> ?3 :3 7? 923.2 07 667 0> 2<?:.0 :?
s`ggp-pjo sjzg 67 >> 7>.? 66 << 60 ?:.? 22 <7 2? 73.9 >
kbkkba 27 63 63.3 0 62 2> 6<.3 > 6 2 2.2 3
fjrl 3 „ 3.3 „ > 6 2.3 3 3 „ 3.3 „
tdtba uhjlghtjijgl ?7 76 6<:.3 6> 270 <0 ?2<.0 2? 6?6 9> 27>2.7 >2
\dtba 2<7 2393.6 >6? <2??.0 <>< <:6:,0
\bfag 7. Dss-Wssgh. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. \bfag bitgr Abuwgrjgr/JEzgrggi 2::<, tbfag 67.
Yjevgr _gstgrvgal Udkgr`di
spgnjgs hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) % hukfgr % wgjo`t (o) %
nbttag 2? ?? 6?:.< :2 72? 9? 9?72.6 ?> 0 9? 72.: 0<
s`ggp/odbt 3 „ 3.3 „ 67 > :0.3 2 3 „ 3.3 „
pjo > 2< >.: 2 >6 < 2:7.9 6 2 0 7.3 0
`drsg 3 „ 3.3 „ 202 6< 6620.? 6< > 67 7.3 0
ldo 2 7 3.> 3 26 6 <3.2 3 3 „ 3.3 „
rgl lggr 2 7 67.3 0 3 „ 3.3 „ 3 „ 3.3 „
ldkgstjn idwa 3 „ 3.3 „ 2 3 3.: 3
tdtba jlghtjijgl 66 02 >30.9 :? ?90 73 :>3<.7 99 26 9? 92.: :2
nbttag„`drsg sjzg > 93 7.? 7> 999 0? <9>3.9 :7 9 233 9.> 233
s`ggp„pjo sjzg 3 „ 3.3 „ 97 0 :6.> 6 3 „ 3.3 „
kbkkba 6 <3 7.3 <? >0 7 2?3.3 > 3 „ 3.3 „
tdtba uhjlghtjijgl 7 2: 23.? > ?9: 73 <0:6.: >< 9 >> 9.> :
\dtba 6? >2:.> 27>? 2<2:?.< 20 90.6
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@uhtjho, gxprgssgl bs pgrnghtbogs di rgl lggr, wbs hdt
jkpdrtbht jh bhy di t`g pgrjdls ndhsjlgrgl. \`g igw Jrdh
Bog rgkbjhs di rgl lggr jhnaulg fdhg, w`jn` jkpajgs t`bt
sdkg lggr wgrg jhlggl nbuo`t. \`g dhay rgl lggr irbokght
irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl, dh t`g ndhtrbry, js b pjgng di bhtagr,
w`jn` kby lgrjvg irdk b s`gl bhtagr dr jkpdrtgl kbtgrjba.
\`g ljiigrghng js `dwgvgr hdt sjohjijnbht ghduo` td baadwt`g ndhnausjdh t`bt t`g Jrdh Bog ibrkgrs `uhtgl kdrg lggr.
Hd dt`gr rgkbjhs di `uhtjho bhl ijs`jho wgrg iduhl. \`js
ndual fg bttrjfutbfag td t`g ibnt t`bt hdt baa t`g rgiusg wbs
sjgvgl, fut hd ijs` fdhgs wgrg iduhl bkdho t`g rgsjlugs
dftbjhgl jh t`g fdtbhjnba bhbaysjs gjt`gr. Bhdt`gr rgbsdh
ndual fg t`bt t`g skbaa fdhgs `bl hdt survjvgl. Bs b kbttgr
di ibnt, ndhtgkpdrbry hgt-sjhmgrs `bvg fggh iduhl 6.7 mk
irdk Dss-Wssgh, jh t`g brgb di b idrkgr frbhn` di t`g rjvgr
Kgusg (Ygrwgrs/Fggx 2:?0). Hgvgrt`gagss, Abuwgrjgr bhl
JEzgrggi brg di t`g dpjhjdh t`bt `uhtjho bhl ijs`jho nbhhdt
`bvg fggh di jkpdrtbhng idr t`g adnba ljgt.
Nbttag ndhstjtutgl t`g kdst jkpdrtbht sdurng di kgbt.
\`g pgrnghtbogs nbanuabtgl idr t`g Jrdh Bog, gspgnjbaay t`gGbray Jrdh Bog, brg adwgr t`bh t`dsg dftbjhgl idr t`g Vdkbh
pgrjdl, fut t`g ljiigrghng js bttrjfutbfag td ljiigrghngs jh
t`g hukfgrs di `drsg fdhgs. \`g `drsg js oghgrbaay hdt
ndhsjlgrgl td `bvg fggh b kgbt suppajgr (Obutjgr 2::3=
JEzgrggi/Abbrkbh/Abuwgrjgr 2:0:= Abuwgrjgr 2:00). _`gh
wg agbvg t`g `drsg fdhgs dut di ndhsjlgrbtjdh, t`g rgkbjhjho
nbttag fdhgs s`dw hd n`bhogs jh t`g ndhsukptjdh di fggi.
Jh t`gjr stuly di t`g ibuhba rgkbjhs, Abuwgrjgr bhl
JEzgrggi basd ndhsjlgrgl t`g pdssjfjajtjgs di n`bhogs jh
sabuo`tgrjho prbntjngs bhl t`g sjzg di t`g bhjkbas. \`gy
lgtgntgl hd ljiigrghngs jh sabuo`tgrjho prbntjngs, t`g bog bt
w`jn` t`g bhjkbas wgrg mjaagl dr t`gjr sgx, fut t`gy
gkp`bsjsgl t`bt t`gjr rgsuats wgrg fbsgl dh dhay b skbaa
hukfgr di kgbsurgkghts, dwjho td t`g irbokghtgl ndhljtjdh
di t`g gvjlghng.
\`g sbkg prdfagk di jhsuiijnjght gvjlghng ndkpajnbtgl
t`g rgndhstruntjdh di t`g bhjkbas' wjt`grs `gjo`ts. Jt js
wgaa-mhdwh t`bt t`g nbttag's sjzg n`bhogl uhlgr Vdkbh
jhiaughng. \`g wjt`grs `gjo`t jhnrgbsgl irdk 223 nk dr
agss jh t`g Jrdh Bog td 267 nk dr kdrg (Abuwgrjgr 2:00).
\wd rgndhstruntjdhs di nbttag irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl bt
Dss-Wssgh suoogst bhjkbas di Jrdh Bog sjzgs. \`g „ vgry
tghtbtjvg „ ndhnausjdh lrbwh fy Abuwgrjgr bhl JEzgrggi js
t`bt Vdkbh `usfbhlry prbntjngs `bl hd jhiaughng dh nbttag
rbjsjho bt Dss-Wssgh.^`ggp/odbt sggk td `bvg fggh di bakdst hgoajojfag
jkpdrtbhng, bat`duo` t`gjr fdhgs kby idrk pbrt di t`g
nbtgodry di uhjlghtjijgl fdhgs di s`ggp/pjo ljkghsjdhs.
Sjo sggks td `bvg fggh sajo`tay kdrg jkpdrtbht. Hd trug
ljiigrghngs brg dfsgrvbfag fgtwggh t`g vbrjdus pgrjdls dr
`bkagts. \`g `jo`gst pgrnghtbogs wgrg dftbjhgl idr t`g Gbray
Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl `bkagt di Udkgr`di. Fut jh
fdt` nbsgs t`g tdtba hukfgrs di fdhgs brg t`g adwgst jh t`gjr
sgrjgs, w`jn` kbmgs t`g pjo vbaugs suspjnjdus.
\`g Vdkbh jhvblgrs wgrg idhl di pdrm bhl t`g Vdkbh
brky agit bkpag gvjlghng di jts pdrm ndhsukptjdh, bat`duo`
nbttag wgrg jts kbjh sdurng di kgbt (Lbvjgs 2:?2= Abuwgrjgr
2:00, 292). \`g njvjajbh pbrt di t`g ‑Vdkbh" wdral bppgbrs
td `bvg ndhsukgl abrog bkduhts di pdrm, tdd. Yjgwgl jh t`jsndhtgxt, t`g bfsghng di nagbr ljiigrghngs jh t`g pjo fdhg
hukfgrs bhl wgjo`ts kgbhs t`bt t`g ibrkgrs di Dss-Wssgh
ljl hdt stbrt rbjsjho kdrg pjos uhlgr t`g jhiaughng di t`g
Vdkbhs.
\`grg brg kdrg bspgnts t`bt s`dual fg ndhsjlgrgl wjt`
rgspgnt td iddlstuiis fgsjlgs ldkgstjn ndhsukptjdh.
\`g ijhls irdk Dss-Wssgh suoogst t`bt pjo pabygl b ibjray
jkpdrtbht pbrt jh furjba prbntjngs jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl.
^dkg nrgkbtjdh furjbas wgrg iduhl td ndhtbjh pjo fdhgs jh
blljtjdh td `ukbh rgkbjhs (Abuwgrjgr 2:07). \`gy brg t`g
rgkbjhs di iddl jhtghlgl idr t`g lgngbsgl. \`g pjos wgrg
yduho jhljvjlubas dr sunmajho pjos. \`js nustdk js mhdwh
irdk dt`gr Vdkbh-pgrjdl ngkgtgrjgs, tdd (Abuwgrjgr 2:0>).\`g ibnt t`bt t`g lgngbsgl wgrg bnndkpbhjgl fy pjoagts ldgs
hdt jkpay t`bt pdrm wbs t`g kbjh iddl idr t`g lgbl, fgnbusg,
bs Abuwgrjgr `bs pdjhtgl dut, fggi wdual `bvg fggh
lgpdsjtgl jh t`g orbvg wjt`dut fdhgs bhl wdual `ghng `bvg
agit hd brn`bgdadojnbaay vjsjfag rgkbjhs. \`g gvjlghng irdk
Dss-Wssgh ldgs hdt jkpay t`bt t`g nustdk wbs bldptgl irdk
t`g Vdkbhs, fgnbusg t`g Jrdh Bog nrgkbtjdh orbvgs basd
yjgalgl fdhgs w`jn` kby `bvg fgadhogl td pjo, fut w`jn`
ndual hdt fg jlghtjijgl bhy iurt`gr t`bh bs rgkbjhs di pjo dr
s`ggp.
\`g abst bhjkba td fg kghtjdhgl js n`jnmgh. Bnndrljho td
_. Srukkga (2:0?, 20?), t`g n`jnmgh wbs jhtrdlungl fy t`g
Vdkbhs. \`g dnnurrghng di b n`jnmgh tjfjdtbrsus jh t`g `dag
di b rddi-fgbrjho pdst „ bh diigrjho4 „ jh t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght js bh jhljnbtjdh t`bt t`g fjrl wbs mhdwh bhl kby
`bvg fggh mgpt jh ibrkybrls jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. Bhdt`gr
fdhg irbokght di b n`jnmgh-ajmg fjrl wbs iduhl jh dhg di t`g
nrgkbtjdh furjbas. Jh blljtjdh td pjoagts, n`jnmghs wgrg
pdpuabr pbrts di t`g kgbas idr t`g lgbl.
\`g ndhsukptjdh di n`jnmgh kby `bvg fggh b auxury jh
ldkgstjn ndhtgxts. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs jlghtjijgl bs t`g fdhgs
di n`jnmgh kby fg t`g dhay trug jhljnbtjdhs di Vdkbh
jhiaughng bs ibr bs t`g bhjkba pbrt di t`g ljgt js ndhngrhgl.
_g s`dual `dwgvgr fg vgry nbrgiua jh lrbwjho sun`
ndhnausjdhs bs t`g ajst di Kjllag Jrdh Bog ibuhba rgkbjhsbasd jhnaulgs t`rgg fdhgs di fjrls, dhg di w`jn` wbs gvgh
spgnjijnbaay jlghtjijgl bs b fjrl rgsgkfajho b n`jnmgh dr b
p`gbsbht. \`gsg fdhgs wgrg `dwgvgr hdt iduhl jh b ldkgstjn
ndhtgxt, fut jh bssdnjbtjdh wjt` t`g igbturg di b rjtuba
strunturg bhl b orbvg. \`g ibuhba rgkbjhs t`bt wgrg iduhl jh
sun` ndhtgxts brg hdt ajstgl sgpbrbtgay jh \bfag 7, fut t`gy
ndhstjtutg dhay b vgry skbaa prdpdrtjdh di t`g dvgrbaa bkduht
633 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Ijourg >. _jhg nbsm, rgusgl bs b wgaa-ajhjho bt t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght (ljbkgtgr bpprdx. 97 nk, drjojhba `gjo`t bpprdx. :3 nk).
\`g strjps di spajt wjnmgr t`bt `gal t`g stbvgs tdogt`gr wgrg hdt
prgsgrvgl.
di rgkbjhs bhl ld hdt biignt t`g pgrnghtbogs. Jh t`g nbsg di
t`g fjrl fdhgs, `dwgvgr, t`g hdh-ldkgstjn ndhtgxt s`dual fg
kghtjdhgl. \`g nustdk di usjho fjrls jh rjtubas ldgs hdt
sggk td `bvg fggh jhtrdlungl fy t`g Vdkbhs bhl ji t`g fjrl
kghtjdhgl bfdvg wbs jhlggl b n`jnmgh dr b ljiigrght hgway
jhtrdlungl fjrl ajmg t`g p`gbsbht, t`js wdual kbmg t`g
ndhhgntjdh fgtwggh Vdkbh dnnupbtjdh bhl t`g ndhsukptjdhdi n`jnmgh agss dfvjdus t`bh prgvjdusay bssukgl.
7. Dt`gr jhorgljghts
\`g dhay kjhgrba jhorgljght idr w`jn` gvjlghng wbs iduhl bt
Dss-Wssgh js sgb sbat. \`g gvjlghng jh qugstjdh ndhsjsts di
kbhy irbokghts di b spgnjijn typg di pdttgry jlghtjijgl bs b
sbat ndhtbjhgr. \`gsg ndhtbjhgrs, w`jn` brg usubaay vgry
pdrdus bs b rgsuat di t`g usg di drobhjn tgkpgr, wgrg
lgsjohgl spgnjijnbaay idr t`g gxtrbntjdh bhl trbhspdrtbtjdh di
sbat irdk t`g Lutn`, Fgaojbh bhl Irghn` ndbsts (Ybh lgh
Frdgmg 2:09, 2:0?, 2::7b bhl 2::7f). ^bat wbs fgjho
trbhspdrtgl td t`g Wssgh sgttagkghts jh t`g Jrdh Bog bargbly
bhl t`js ndhtjhugl jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. Jh t`g Gbray JrdhBog, t`g sbat ndhtbjhgrs wgrg di b sgkj-nyajhlrjnba s`bpg, fut
dvgr t`g nghturjgs t`gjr s`bpg, bhl basd t`gjr ibfrjn,
uhlgrwght sgvgrba n`bhogs. Jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl b kdrg dr
agss stbhlbrljsgl typg wbs usgl5 b nyajhlrjnba ndhtbjhgr wjt`
b lgndrbtgl rjk, usubaay di b frjttag ibfrjn, wjt` b ygaadwjs`
td ajo`t drbhog suribng. \`grg wbs basd b ljiigrght typg di b
`brlgr ibfrjn bhl bh drbhogy-rgl ndadur, w`jn` `bl kun`
t`jhhgr wbaas. Jt `bs fggh brougl t`bt t`g twd typgs rgprgsght
twd ljiigrght sbat-prdluntjdh brgbs. \`g idrkgr kby `bvg
ndhtbjhgl sbat irdk t`g Lutn`/Fgaojbh ndbst, w`grg sbat js
mhdwh td `bvg fggh prdlungl irdk t`g Jrdh Bog dhwbrls.
\`g abttgr, t`jh-wbaagl typg kby `bvg fggh prdlungl jh t`g
brgb brduhl t`g ^trbjt di Ldvgr (Ybh lgh Frdgmg 2::7f). Bh
jhtgrgstjho qugstjdh rbjsgl fy t`js `ypdt`gsjs js w`gt`gr t`g
qubajty di t`g sbat irdk t`g ljiigrght ndbstba rgojdhs vbrjgl.
Jt kby wgaa fg t`bt jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl ljiigrght mjhls di sbat
wgrg usgl idr ndhsukptjdh bhl prgsgrvbtjdh dh t`g dhg `bhl
bhl dt`gr bntjvjtjgs sun` bs t`g tbhhjho di `jlgs dh t`g dt`gr.
Bhdt`gr prdlunt w`dsg prgsghng bt t`g sgttagkghts di Dss-
Wssgh kby pgr`bps fg jhigrrgl irdk jts ndhtbjhgr js wjhg.
Fut sjhng orbpgs brg hdt mhdwh irdk t`g brgb bhl t`g
prdlunt jtsgai `bs hdt fggh iduhl wg ld hdt mhdw idr ngrtbjh
w`gt`gr t`g sgttagkghts' jh`bfjtbhts gvgr tbstgl wjhg.
\`g sbat ndhtbjhgrs `bl td fg frdmgh td gxtrbnt t`gjr ndhtghts
bhl t`gy ndual `ghng hdt fg rgusgl, fut t`js wbs hdt t`g nbsgwjt` t`g twd wddlgh wjhg nbsms w`dsg rgkbjhs wgrg
iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, sd t`gy kby `bvg brrjvgl `grg gkpty.
\`g twd wjhg nbsms `bl fggh rgusgl td ajhg t`g jhsjlgs di
twd wgaas lbtjho irdk t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl, fdt` sjtubtgl jh t`g
_gstgrvgal sgttagkght (ijo. >). Bhbaysjs di t`g wddl bhl t`g
stbkps dfsgrvbfag dh dhg di t`g nbsms agl td t`g ndhnausjdh
t`bt t`g nbsm drjojhbtgl jh sdut`grh Irbhng dr hdrt`grh Jtbay,
632 N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
bs ljl t`g wjhg jt `bl bt sdkg tjkg `gal (Fdobgrs 2:0?). Ji t`g
twd nbsms brrjvgl iuaa di wjhg, t`g jh`bfjtbhts di t`g _gstgr-
vgal sgttagkght kby `bvg ghedygl dvgr 2733 ajtrgs di wjhg.
B sgt di frdhzg mjtn`gh utghsjas rgndvgrgl irdk b wgaa
sdkg 733 k hdrt`gbst di Wssgh (Ygrwgrs 2::2, 2>0) kby
basd fg bssdnjbtgl wjt` wjhg (ijo. <). \`g sgt, w`jn`
ndkprjsgl b fbsjh bhl b kbtn`jho snddp bhl strbjhgr t`bt
wgrg lbtgl td t`g sgndhl dr t`jrl nghtury BL, prdfbfay
fgadhogl td bh jh`bfjtbht di b ljiigrght (uhgxnbvbtgl)
sgttagkght. _g mhdw t`bt sjkjabr sgts di snddps bhl strbjhgrs
wgrg jhtghlgl idr ablajho bhl ijatgrjho nrulg wjhg, fut jt
`bs fggh suoogstgl t`bt t`gsg abtgr jkpagkghts kby `bvg
fggh usgl idr b ljiigrght purpdsg, sun` bs strbjhjho stdnm
(Mdstgr 2::>, >39). ^un` b sgt wdual `bvg fggh b prgnjdus
pdssgssjdh, gvgh ji jt wbs hdt usgl idr wjhg, sd jtsdnnurrghng bt Dss ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay jkpay t`g prgsghng di
wjhg bt t`g sgttagkght. Hd irbokghts di ngrtbjh typgs di
bkp`drbs t`bt brg mhdwh td `bvg fggh usgl prjkbrjay bs
wjhg ndhtbjhgrs (idr jhstbhng Lrgssga 6-7 bhl Sêajn`gt <?)
wgrg jlghtjijgl bt Dss-Wssgh. \`g dhay gvjlghng t`bt ndual
prdvg t`bt wjhg wbs ndhsukgl bt Dss-Wssgh wdual fg t`g
rgkbjhs di t`g nbsms jt brrjvgl jh.
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Dajvg dja js b t`jrl jhorgljght t`bt kby `bvg fggh jkpdrtgl
jhtd t`g Dss-Wssgh brgb. Bobjh hd rgkbjhs di t`g prdlunt
jtsgai wgrg iduhl, hdr di bhy dajvgs. \`g vgssgas jh w`jn`
dajvg dja kby `bvg fggh jkpdrtgl wgrg oadfuabr bkp`drbs di
t`g typg jlghtjijgl bs Lrgssga 63, w`jn` wgrg prdlungl jh
sdut`grh ^pbjh. ^gvgrba irbokghts di t`gsg t`jnm-wbaagl
vgssgas, w`jn` wgrg usgl td trbhspdrt dajvg dja irdk t`g
Oublbaqujvjr vbaagy, wgrg iduhl jh t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl sgttag-
kghts di Dss-Wssgh.6 Ajmg t`g wjhg nbsms, t`g dja bkp`drbs
wgrg stjaa sujtbfag idr usg bitgr t`gy `bl fggh gkptjgl di
t`gjr drjojhba ndhtghts, sd wg ld hdt mhdw idr surg w`gt`gr
t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh bntubaay ndhsukgl dajvg dja.
9. \`g prgpbrbtjdh, sgrvjho bhl ndhsukptjdh di
iddl
Dhay b igw ijhls yjgal ljrgnt jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g wbys jh
w`jn` iddl wbs prgpbrgl. Kbhy irbokghts di tgp`rjtg
qugrhs, usgl td orjhl ngrgbas jhtd iadur, wgrg iduhl jh
igbturgs irdk fdt` t`g Jrdh Bog bhl t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. Jh
t`g Jrdh Bog sbllag qugrhs wgrg usgl, fut t`g Abtg Jrdh Bog
(brduhl 633 FN) sbw t`g jhtrdluntjdh di t`g rdtbry qugrh,
w`jn` wbs td fgndkg t`g ndkkdh typg jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl.
\`js hgw typg wjaa `bvg sjkpajijgl t`g orjhljho prdngss, fut
t`g ghl prdlunt wbs t`g sbkg. Iadur ndual fg usgl td kbmg
frgbl dr pdrrjlog. Dhg di t`g sdja sbkpags, tbmgh irdk b
wgaa jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, ndhtbjhgl t`dusbhls di
frbh irbokghts, baa skbaagr t`bh 2 kk (Ybh Bkgh 2::7).
\`gy ndual fg t`g rgsuat di orjhljho, fut basd di n`gwjho.
B sgndhl _gstgrvgal sbkpag yjgalgl aukps di irbokghtgl
ngrgbas t`bt wgrg n`brrgl, bhl `ghng lgijhjtgay t`g rgsuat di
orjhljho bhl hdt n`gwjho.
Dfegnts pdjhtjho td t`g prgpbrbtjdh di lbjry prdlunts wgrg
iduhl dhay jh Jrdh Bog igbturgs. B abrog, balgr-wddl fbrrga
wjt` twd `bhlags, w`jn` `bl fggh rgusgl bs b wgaa-ajhjho,
wbs s`bpgl rbt`gr ajmg b n`urh (ijo. 7). _`gt`gr jt wbs
bntubaay usgl bs sun` nbhhdt fg prdvgl. B spgnjijn, iuhhga-
s`bpgl typg di pdttgry wjt`dut b fbsg kby `bvg fggh
usgl idr lbjryjho. Irbokghts di t`gsg vgssgas s`dw typjnba
wgbr pbttgrhs dh t`g dutsjlg di t`g rjk suoogstjho t`bt t`g
vgssgas wgrg usgl bs n`ggsg prgssgs (Ybh lgh Frdgmg 2:0?,
23<-237).
B typjnba Vdkbh wby di prgpbrjho iddl jhvdavgl t`g usg
di b kdrtbrjuk dr kdrtbr. ^un` w`gga-t`rdwh vgssgas, dvgr 673 irbokghts di w`jn` wgrg iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, wgrg
lgsjohgl idr kbmjho sbungs, kbrjhblgs dr dt`gr iaujls.
Irbokghts di qubrtz dh t`g jhsjlg di t`g fbsg sgrvgl td
nrgbtg b rduo` suribng dh w`jn` `grfs, sggls dr dt`gr
jhorgljghts ndual fg ruffgl bhl nrus`gl. Bitgr b iaujl `bl
fggh bllgl, t`g rgsuatjho kjxturg ndual fg pdurgl dut
t`rduo` b spdut. Bobjh t`grg js hd gvjlghng td s`dw w`gt`gr
t`g hbtjvg pdpuabtjdh bldptgl t`js prgpbrbtjdh kgt`dl irdk
t`g Vdkbhs.
B ijhba bspgnt di iddl prgpbrbtjdh js t`g wbys jh w`jn`
jhorgljghts wgrg ndkfjhgl5 w`jn` kgbts bhl ngrgbas
wgrg gbtgh tdogt`gr, w`bt wbs sbatgl bhl w`bt wbs
swggtghgl, w`jn` ljs`gs wgrg iabvdurgl wjt` ndhljkghts4
Whidrtuhbtgay wg `bvg vgry ajttag jhidrkbtjdh dh t`js jssug.
\`g bidrgkghtjdhgl sbkpag ndhtbjhjho frbh irbokghts basd
jhnaulgl b fabnmfgrry pjp wjt` orbjh irbokghts bl`grjho td
jt bhl pjgngs di bh bppag ndrg. _g wdual ajmg td fg bfag td
sby t`bt t`gsg brg t`g (ljogstgl) rgkbjhs di frgbl dr
pdrrjlog swggtghgl wjt` irujt, fut t`bt js fy hd kgbhs
636 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
Ijourg <. Frdhzg snddp bhl strbjhgr
iduhl jh b wgaa bt Dss-@drzbm
(aghot` ><.> nk). (p`dtd VDF).
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Ijourg 9. Sbrt di b kbpag-wddl fdwa (`gjo`t 2>.7 nk).
Ijourg ?. Kbpag-wddl fdwa ( gjo`t 9 nk).Ijourg 7. N`urh-s`bpgl fbrrga kblg di balgr wddl, rgusgl bs b
wgaa-ajhjho jh t`g Jrdh Bog (aghot` :3 nk).
ngrtbjh. Jt js kdrg ajmgay t`bt t`g ‐jhorgljghts' ghlgl up
tdogt`gr bs rgiusg.
\d sukkbrjsg, t`g gvjlghng suoogsts t`bt t`g wbys jh
w`jn` iddl wbs prgpbrgl uhlgrwght dhay igw n`bhogs dvgr t`g nghturjgs. Ji t`g kdrtbrs wgrg usgl jh t`g Vdkbh wby,
t`gy rgprgsght b sjohjijnbht n`bhog. Bhdt`gr n`bhog
jhvdavgl t`g ndkpagtg rgpabngkght di t`g sbllag qugrh fy
t`g rdtbry qugrh bhl jt wdual sggk t`bt lbjryjho fgnbkg
agss jkpdrtbht.
Sdttgry js dur dhay sdurng di jhidrkbtjdh dh t`g wbys jh
w`jn` t`g iddlstuiis wgrg sgrvgl bhl ndhsukgl. \`g typgs
di ljs`gs t`bt wgrg usgl nbh tgaa us sdkgt`jho bfdut
ndkkuhba vs jhljvjluba ljhjho `bfjts (@bwt`drhg 2::9, <).
Jh t`g nbsg di Jrdh Bog pdttgry jt js bakdst jkpdssjfag td
rgabtg spgnjijn typgs td spgnjijn iuhntjdhs, sun` bs sgrvjho
bhl gbtjho (Ybh lgh Frdgmg 2:0?, 23>). \`g dhay
uhgxpgntgl lgvgadpkght rgprgsghtgl fy t`g pdttgry js b
lgnrgbsg bitgr t`g Kjllag Jrdh Bog jh t`g rgabtjvg irgqughny
di dpgh ljs`gs bhl fdwas. \`gsg typgs brg bssukgl td `bvg
fggh t`g kdst sujtbfag idr sgrvjho bhl gbtjho. @dwgvgr,
wddlgh pabtgs, fdwas bhl ljs`gs wjaa `bvg sgrvgl t`g sbkg
iuhntjdhs gqubaay wgaa, fut t`gy brg dhay rbrgay prgsgrvgl.
\wd kbpag-wddl fdwas, di ljiigrght s`bpgs bhl sjzgs, wgrg
iduhl jh Vdkbh-pgrjdl wgaas jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght
(ijos 9 bhl ?).
Jh t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl, t`g usg di w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgryjhnrgbsgl, t`duo` jt wdual sggk t`bt `bhl-kblg pdttgry
hgvgr wght dut di usg ghtjrgay (_gssgajho` idrt`ndkjho).
Vdkbh w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry s`dws b wjlg rbhog di s`bpgs
bhl sjzgs, irdk w`jn` wg nbh jhigr sdkg iuhntjdhs. Fgsjlgs
t`g bidrgkghtjdhgl typgs usgl idr trbhspdrt, stdrbog bhl iddl
prgpbrbtjdh t`grg wgrg b hukfgr di vgssgas t`bt wgrg
spgnjijnbaay jhtghlgl idr sgrvjho bhl ndhsukjho iddl bhl
lrjhm. \`js sd-nbaagl tbfagwbrg jhnaulgs fdwas, pabtgs, nups
bhl fgbmgrs, usubaay kblg di rgabtjvgay t`jh-wbaagl pdttgry.
\`g ibfrjns jhnaulg tgrrb sjojaabtb, Fgaojn wbrgs, ndadur-
ndbtgl pdttgry bhl b igw gxbkpags di skddt`-wbaagl wbrg.
\bfagwbrg wbs iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, tdd, fut jh adw rgabtjvg
irgqughnjgs (tbf. 9). \`g gbrajgst typgs wgrg ghnduhtgrgl jh
t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght. ^pgnjba bttghtjdh s`dual fg
pbjl td t`g ndadur-ndbtgl nups bhl pabtgs. \`g prdpdrtjdh di
pabtgs js t`duo`t td fg bh jhljnbtjdh di t`g lgorgg di
Vdkbhjsbtjdh5 gbtjho irdk b pabtg wbs b Vdkbh jhhdvbtjdh
(Ybh Ghnmgvdrt/@ujskbh 2::7, >7). \bfag ? s`dws b adw
pgrnghtbog di pabtg irbokghts. Whidrtuhbtgay t`g s`grls
63> N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
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nbhhdt fg bnnurbtgay lbtgl, sd wg ld hdt mhdw w`gt`gr t`g
hukfgr (dr t`g usg) di pabtgs jhnrgbsgl.
Bhdt`gr auxurjdus Vdkbh jkpdrt t`bt kby `bvg fggh usgl
idr sgrvjho js t`g oabss vgssga. ^gvgrba irbokghts di oabss
wgrg iduhl bt Dss-Wssgh, kdst di w`jn` `bl fgadhogl tdfdwas bhl fdttags, twd td b nup dr fgbmgr. \`g kbedrjty di
t`g oabss irbokghts wgrg iduhl jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght.
?. Gagkghts bnqujrgl bitgr t`g Vdkbh
dnnupbtjdh
\`g bfdvg survgy di t`g vbrjdus gagkghts di t`g kghu agbls
td t`g ndhnausjdh t`bt t`g jhndrpdrbtjdh di Dss-Wssgh jhtd t`g
Vdkbh wdral jhlggl frduo`t bfdut n`bhogs, hdtbfay jh t`g
idrk di blljtjdhs td t`g Jrdh Bog ljgt. Dhay igw gagkghts
ljsbppgbrgl. Odal di pagbsurg sggks td `bvg odhg dut di usg,
igwgr lggr kby `bvg fggh `uhtgl, bat`duo` t`js js fy hd
kgbhs ngrtbjh, bhl lbjryjho kby `bvg fgndkg agss jkpdrtbht.
Dhay t`g abttgr wdual bntubaay rgprgsght bh jkpdrtbht n`bhog.
Hgw gagkghts brg t`g kdrg irgqught usg di wjal irujts bhl
t`g jhtrdluntjdh di fggt, wbahut, mjtn`gh `grfs, wjhg, dajvg
dja bhl n`jnmgh, bhl t`g usg di kdrtbrs bhl hgw idrks di
tbfagwbrg. _jt` t`g gxngptjdh di t`g wjal irujts, w`dsg
jhndrpdrbtjdh jhtd t`g ljgt js pddray uhlgrstddl, t`g hgw
prdlunts kust `bvg fggh dftbjhgl t`rduo` ndhtbnts wjt` t`g
‑Vdkbh njvjajzbtjdh", kdst prdfbfay t`g brky bhl jts
surrduhljhos. Bt ijrst, baa di t`g hgw prdlunts wgrg pdssjfay
jkpdrtgl jhtd Dss-Wssgh, fut bt b abtgr stbog sdkg di t`gk
kby `bvg fggh prdlungl adnbaay. \`g dnnupbhts di t`g
sgttagkghts kby `bvg stbrtgl td ordw fggt bhl t`g mjtn`gh`grfs jh t`gjr ibrk obrlghs, fut t`js nbhhdt fg prdvgl dh t`g
fbsjs di t`g snbrng gvjlghng. \`g sbkg `dals idr t`g wbahut.
\`g trgg js mhdwh td `bvg fggh jhtrdlungl jhtd t`g sdut`grh
pbrt di t`g Hgt`grabhls jh t`js pgrjdl (Fbmgas 2::9, 2<2), fut
b sjhoag s`gaa irbokght ldgs hdt ndhstjtutg suiijnjght gvjlghng
idr us td bssukg t`bt b wbahut trgg bntubaay orgw jh dr hgbr
t`g sgttagkghts.
\`g sjhoag n`jnmgh fdhg rgprgsghts b sjkjabr nbsg=
wg mhdw t`bt t`g idwa wbs fgjho mgpt bt t`g tjkg, fut t`g
fdhg rgndvgrgl jh t`g gxnbvbtjdhs kby lgrjvg irdk bh
jkpdrtgl fjrl.
\`g wjhg bhl dajvg dja wgrg lgijhjtgay jkpdrtgl irdk
dutsjlg. Bs idr t`g w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry bhl t`g oabss
vgssgas, t`gy wgrg hdt kblg bt Dss-Wssgh jtsgai. \`g gbray
typgs nbkg irdk ljstbht sdurngs bhl sdkg di t`g abtgr typgs
wgrg prdlungl jh spgnjbajsgl nghtrgs jh t`g brgb.
Jhtgrgstjho qugstjdhs brg w`gh bhl jh w`bt qubhtjtjgs t`g
hgw prdlunts brrjvgl jh t`g vbrjdus sgttagkghts. \`g lbtgs di
63< BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
\bfag 9. _`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry irdk t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl sgttagkghts bt Dss-Wssgh (hukfgr di irbokghts
bhl rgabtjvg irgqughnjgs).
Yjevgr Udkgr`di _gstgrvgal
tgrrb sjojaabtb 7: 6 62 6 >96 <
Fgaojn wbrg 2<3 7 << > 7<< 7
ndadur-ndbtgl wbrg 273 7 <9 < ><: >
skddt`-wbaagl pdttgry 9>: 62 602 66 29?? 2?
kdrtbrjb <7 6 >7 > 2?0 6
ldajb >62 23 2>2 23 73 +
bkp`drbg 93 6 63 6 <07 7
t`jnm-wbaagl jhlgt. „ „ „ „ <63 <
ndbrsg wbrg 29>< 7> 9?9 7< 6<:7 67
dt`gr 22 + 7 + >723 >7
tdtba >37: 233% 267: 233% 233?3 233%
\bfag ?. Ndadur-ndbtgl nups bhl pabtgs irdk t`g Vdkbh-pgrjdl sgttagkghts bt Dss-Wssgh (hukfgr di
irbokghts bhl rgabtjvg irgqughnjgs).
Yjevgr Udkgr`di _gstgrvgal
nups 2<6 :7 << :9 ><9 ::
pabtgs 0 7 6 < > 2
tdtba 273 233% <9 233% ><: 233%
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Ijourg 0. Sabh di t`g Yjevgr sgttagkght s`dwjho t`g hgw jhorgljghts (bppag, fabnmfgrry, rbspfgrry bhl fggt).
t`g igbturgs t`bt yjgalgl t`g rgkbjhs di t`g hgw prdlunts nbh
fg usgl td bhswgr t`gsg qugstjdhs. Whidrtuhbtgay, ijhls irdk
pjts bhl wgaas brg prdfagkbtjn jh t`js rgspgnt. \`g kbedrjty
di t`g hdh-fdtbhjnba ijhls wgrg hdt ndaagntgl irdk spgnjijn
strbtjorbp`jn ndhtgxts, bs b rgsuat di w`jn` t`g bssgkfabogs
irdk w`jn` t`g lbtgs di t`g igbturgs `bl td fg jhigrrgl wgrg
kjxgl bhl spbhhgl adho pgrjdls di tjkg. Bt fgst, t`g lbtgs
kby fg rgobrlgl bs tgrkjhj bhtg qugk, bs t`g ijhba lbtgs brg
kdstay fbsgl dh t`g yduhogst pdttgry. Lug baadwbhng s`dual
fg kblg idr t`js jh ndhsjlgrjho t`g lbtgs kghtjdhgl fgadw.
Iurt`gr baadwbhng kust fg kblg idr t`g tjkgspbhs di t`g
sgttagkghts t`gksgavgs5 t`g gbrajgst rgkbjhs di t`g Udkgr`di
sgttagkght brg di b abtgr lbtg t`bh t`dsg di t`g dt`gr twd
sgttagkghts (sgg pbog 2:>). \`g lbtgs dftbjhgl idr t`g wjhg,
w`jn` brg fbsgl dh t`g nbsms t`bt wgrg rgusgl bs wgaa
ajhjhos, s`dual di ndursg basd fg ndhsjlgrgl wjt` lug
nbutjdh= wg kust hdt idrogt t`bt b ngrtbjh aghot` di tjkg wjaa
`bvg gabpsgl fgtwggh t`g gkptyjho di t`g nbsm bhl jts
sgndhlbry usg. \`g dajvg dja ndhtbjhgrs basd jhvdavg
prdfagks, fgnbusg tdd ajttag js ygt mhdwh bfdut t`gjr
dnnurrghng bt Dss-Wssgh.>
Idrgst irujts sggk td `bvg fgndkg kdrg jkpdrtbht irdk
t`g fgojhhjho di t`g ijrst nghtury dhwbrls, pgr`bps b ajttag
abtgr jh t`g twd skbaagr sgttagkghts. Fggt wbs prgsght jh t`g
Udkgr`di sgttagkght jh t`g ijrst nghtury, bhl jh t`g dt`gr twd
jh t`g sgndhl nghtury. Bs idr t`g dt`gr jhorgljghts t`bt wgrg
iduhl dhay bt t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, ngagry, wjhg bhl
n`jnmgh wgrg prgsght jh t`g sgndhl `bai di t`g ijrst nghtury,
wbahut, ndrjbhlgr, ljaa bhl sbvdry jh t`g sgndhl nghtury.
\`g gbrajgst lbtgs di sdkg di t`g dt`gr bspgnts di t`g
nuajhbry `bfjts nbh basd fg ojvgh. Oabss vgssgas kblg t`gjr
bppgbrbhng jh t`g gbray ijrst nghtury BL jh t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght, bhl tdwbrls t`g ghl di t`bt nghtury jh t`g skbaagr
sgttagkghts. \`g gbray usg di oabss jh t`g abrog sgttagkght, bt
b tjkg w`gh t`g hgw iddlstuiis `bl hdt ygt brrjvgl, jhljnbtg
t`bt oabss wbs hdt hgngssbrjay bssdnjbtgl wjt` b ljiigrght ljgt
637 N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
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Ijourg :. Sabh di t`g Udkgr`di sgttagkght s`dwjho t`g hgw
jhorgljghts (fabnmfgrry, rbspfgrry, fjafgrry bhl fggt).
Kdrtbrjb (typg Fruhstjho >9) wgrg usgl irdk t`g kjllag
di t`g ijrst nghtury dhwbrls. Bs idr t`g sbat ndhtbjhgrs, b wgaa
jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght yjgalgl dhg di t`g gbrajgst
irbokghts di t`g t`jh-wbaagl, drbhogy-rgl wbrg gvgr iduhl bt
rurba sgttagkghts= jt js pdssjfay di prg-Iabvjbh lbtg (Ybh lgh
Frdgmg 2::7f, 2:9).
Baa jh baa, t`js kgbhs t`bt kdst di t`g hgw gagkghts wgrgjhtrdlungl bhl/dr usgl bt Dss-Wssgh fgtwggh BL 73 bhl
BL 633. \`grg js hd gvjlghng idr t`g jkpdrt di iddlstuiis jh
t`g Buoustbh/\jfgrjbh pgrjdl= t`g idrgst irujts t`bt wgrg
ndhsukgl jh t`js pgrjdl wgrg hdt jkpdrtgl. \`g t`rgg truay
gxdtjn mjtn`gh `grfs sggk td `bvg fggh usgl irdk t`g sgndhl
nghtury BL dhwbrls.< \`g twd nbtgodrjgs di iddlstuiis t`bt
baadw ndkpbrjsdhs fgtwggh t`g sgttagkghts, j.g. wjal irujts
bhl fggt, s`dw hd ljiigrghngs jh tgrks di lbtgs. Irujts stbrtgl
td fg ndhsukgl sajo`tay gbrajgr bt t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght,
w`jag t`g Udkgr`di sgttagkght yjgalgl t`g gbrajgst gvjlghng
idr fggt.
Jh bh bttgkpt td objh b fgttgr uhlgrstbhljho di nuajhbryprbntjngs dh b `dusg`dal agvga, wg padttgl sdkg di t`g hgw
jhorgljghts dh t`g sgttagkghts' pabhs (ijos 0, :, bhl 23).
Jh t`g nbsg di t`g Yjevgr sgttagkght, kdst di t`g rgkbjhs di
t`g hgw iddls sggk td `bvg ndkg irdk b naustgr di pjts hgbr
dhg di t`g `dusgpabhs (@72), fut bs dhay pbrt di t`js
sgttagkght wbs uhgbrt`gl, wg nbhhdt ndhnaulg t`bt t`js wbs
t`g dhay `dusg`dal td `bvg bldptgl t`g hgw nustdks. \`g
sbkpags ndhtbjhjho rgkbjhs di wjal irujt t`bt wgrg ndaagntgl
bt t`g Udkgr`di sgttagkght, di w`jn` b abrogr prdpdrtjdh wbs
gxnbvbtgl, nbkg irdk baa dvgr t`g sgttagkght sjtg, fut fggt
wbs ghnduhtgrgl dhay jh t`g gbstgrhkdst ibrkybrl
(@</@7/@9).
\`g ljstrjfutjdh di t`g hgw gagkghts bt t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght js rbt`gr jhtgrgstjho, s`dwjho w`bt bppgbr td fg
twd ljstjhnt ndhnghtrbtjdhs. \`g sdut`wgstgrh ndhnghtrbtjdh
ajgs wjt`jh b abrog ibrkybrl ghnadsgl fy b sgrjgs di ljtn`gs.
_jt`jh t`js ghnadsurg wgrg sgvgrba `dusgpabhs, dhg wjt` bh
gxngptjdhba abydut pdssjfay jhljnbtjho Vdkbh jhiaughng
(@?0). ^gvgrba dt`gr uhusuba dfegnts wgrg iduhl `grg, tdd.
\`g sgndhl ndhnghtrbtjdh gssghtjbaay ndkprjsgs t`g
ndhtghts di b sjhoag wgaa (S>6:), jh t`g hdrt`wgst di t`g
gxnbvbtgl brgb, hgbr bhdt`gr naustgr di `dusgpabhs w`jn`
jhnaulgs @237. B tghtbtjvg ndhnausjdh ndual fg t`bt bt
agbst twd _gstgrvgal `dusg`dals trjgl t`g hgw iddls.
\d sukkbrjsg, jt wdual sggk t`bt hdt baa t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh bnqujrgl b tbstg idr t`g hgw iddls bhl t`bt b
skbaa hukfgr di `dusg`dals tddm t`g agbl jh sbkpajho t`g
hdvgatjgs.
0. Bh bnqujrgl tbstg
B ndkfjhbtjdh di fdtbhjnba bhl zddadojnba gvjlghng bhl
dt`gr jhidrkbtjdh dh gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho `bs s`dwh t`bt t`g
639 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
nuajhbry `bfjts di t`g hbtjvg ibrkgrs di Dss-Wssgh uhlgrwght
vbrjdus n`bhogs lurjho t`g Vdkbh pgrjdl. \d rgobrl t`js
‐nuajhbry Vdkbhjsbtjdh' kgrgay bs bh bspgnt di dvgrbaa
Vdkbh jhiaughng wdual fg dvgrsjkpajiyjho kbttgrs. Fgadw,
wg wjaa try td bhswgr twd kbjh qugstjdhs bfdut t`g dfsgrvgl
n`bhogs, bhl broug t`bt b n`bhog jh ljgt rgiagnts kdrg t`bh b
kdrg vbrjgl suppay badhg. _`y ld pgdpag n`bhog t`gjr
nuajhbry `bfjts4 Bhl w`jn` di t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh
(ijrst) bldptgl t`g hgw gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho `bfjts4
Dh t`g bssukptjdh t`bt t`g ljgt di bt agbst sdkg di t`g
ibrkgrs di Dss-Wssgh n`bhogl, b igw rgkbrms nbh fg kblg
bfdut t`g pdssjfag kdtjvgs idr sun` b n`bhog. Ojvgh t`bt
iddl js nghtrba td t`g sghsg di jlghtjty, wg kby agojtjkbtgay
bsm w`y, bhl uhlgr w`bt njrnukstbhngs, pgdpag tghl td rgtbjh
dr n`bhog t`gjr nuajhbry `bfjts. Jlghtjty bhl sdnjba ajigstyag
kby fg kdrg jkpdrtbht nrjtgrjb lgtgrkjhjho w`bt pgdpag gbt
bhl lrjhm t`bh t`g sjkpag kbttgr di tbstg5 pgdpag wjaa
ndhsukg ngrtbjh ljs`gs jh drlgr td gxprgss b wjs` td fgadho,
dr td gkp`bsjsg t`gjr jlghtjty (‐ydu brg w`bt ydu gbt').7
Jh t`js rgspgnt, fbsjn bht`rdpdadojnba nbtgodrjgs ajmg bog,
sgx, rbng bhl nabss brg baa jkpdrtbht. Ygry igw pgdpag ghedy
t`gjr ijrst tbstg di ndiigg dr fggr „ twd lrjhms wjt` jkpdrtbht
sdnjba jkpajnbtjdhs. Fut kdst wjaa qujnmay bnqujrg b tbstgidr t`gsg fgvgrbogs td s`dw t`bt t`gy brg bh bluat, dr dhg di
t`g ‐abls'. Ajmgwjsg, stbtus, rbt`gr t`bh tbstg, nbh sdkgtjkgs
fg t`g kbjh rgbsdh idr gbtjho dr sgrvjho ljs`gs ajmg dystgrs
dr nbvjbr.
Bluats nbh fg gxtrgkgay ndhsgrvbtjvg bfdut w`bt t`gy gbt
„ bh bttjtulg mhdwh bs hgdp`dfjb. \`g ndkpagtg dppdsjtg di
t`js ‐igbr di t`g hgw' js bh bttjtulg tdwbrls iddl jhvdavjho b
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ndhstbht sgbrn` idr vbrjgty (hgdp`jajb). @ukbhs s`dw fdt`
tghlghnjgs (Yjssgr 2::2, <6-<>). Ndhtbnt wjt` dt`gr nuaturgs,
gjt`gr t`rduo` trbvga dr fgnbusg dhg's dwh surrduhljhos brgfgjho jhiaughngl, js t`duo`t td ghndurbog t`g wjaajhohgss td
try sdkgt`jho hgw. @dwgvgr, t`js wjaa lgpghl strdhoay dh
pgdpag's bttjtulg tdwbrls t`g hgw nuaturg5 t`g Frjtjs` w`d
ndadhjsgl Jhljb rgiusgl td gbt ‐hbtjvg' iddl bhl `bl t`gjr
dwh ndrhgl fggi bhl tgb s`jppgl jh. Gbtjho nbh t`us fg usgl
bs b wby di rgsjstjho dr gkfrbnjho bhdt`gr jhiaughng. Jh t`js
rgspgnt, t`g ljiigrght kghu di t`g Dss-Wssgh ibrkgrs sggks
td fg b nagbr rgbntjdh td Vdkbh jhiaughng. Fut w`jn`
jh`bfjtbhts n`bhogl t`gjr `bfjts4
^dkg di t`g hgw iddls bhl iddl-rgabtgl jkpagkghts wgrg
ghnduhtgrgl baa dvgr t`g Dss-Wssgh brgb, fut b hukfgr di
jhorgljghts wgrg nagbray rgstrjntgl td t`g abrog _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght. Ldgs t`js uhgvgh ljstrjfutjdh pgr`bps rgiagnt b
sdnjba ljiigrghng4 Jh blljtjdh td rgkbjhs prdvjljho
jhidrkbtjdh dh bspgnts di t`g ljgt, t`g _gstgrvgal gvjlghng
jhnaulgs sgvgrba dt`gr ljstjhnt gagkghts, bkdho w`jn` js bh
gxngptjdhba `dusgpabh (@?0), t`duo`t td rgprgsght b fujaljho
wjt` b Vdkbh-styag tjkfgr pdrtjnus. Jt `bs ditgh fggh
suoogstgl t`bt b trjfba gajtg t`bt ndhtrdaagl t`g dt`gr
jh`bfjtbhts di t`g Dss-Wssgh brgb rgsjlgl jh t`js `dusg.
Yjb ndhtbnts wjt` t`g Vdkbh brky t`gy kby `bvg rgngjvgl
‐ljpadkbtjn ojits' dr gxn`bhogl (surpaus) prdlunts idr auxuryoddls (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00, 220). \bfagwbrg, wjhg bhl
mjtn`gh `grfs kby wgaa `bvg fggh bkdho t`gsg auxury oddls
Gxdtjn ndhljkghts wgrg ndhsjlgrgl ‐prjkbrjay idr t`g rjn`
kbh's tbfag' (Kjaagr 2:9:, 23). \`js wdual ijt jh wjt` t`g
jlgb t`bt jhhdvbtjdhs jh ljgt, jhnauljho bspgnts di kbtgrjba
nuaturg bssdnjbtgl wjt` iddl bhl lrjhm, ld hdt biignt bh
ghtjrg sdnjgty bt dhng (^`grrbtt 2::2, 66:). \`g hgw `bfjts
kby `bvg stbrtgl dut bs sdkgt`jho gxnausjvg, rgstrjntgl td
t`g ‐uppgr nabssgs', jh t`js nbsg t`g adnba gajtg ajvjho jh t`g
_gstgrvgal sgttagkght.
Ji t`js wbs jhlggl t`g nbsg, wg brg agit wjt` b igw
qugstjdhs. Ijrstay, t`g gxdtjn iddls wgrg hdt ndhnghtrbtgl
gxnausjvgay brduhl t`g suppdsgl gajtg rgsjlghng. ^dkg di
t`gk wgrg iduhl jh b wgaa (S>6:) hgbr bhdt`gr naustgr
di ibrk`dusgs (ijo. 23). \`js kby fg t`g rgsuat di t`g usg
di ljiigrght brgbs idr stdrjho, nddmjho, sgrvjho bhl wbstg
ljspdsba. Jh nbsgs jh w`jn` bh gajtg bhl kgkfgrs di b
adwgr nabss ajvgl nadsg tdogt`gr jt nbh sdkgtjkgs fg
ljiijnuat td jhigr spbtjba ljvjsjdhs w`grg iddl js ndhngrhgl
63? N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
Ijourg 23. Sabh di t g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght s`dwjho t`g hgw
jhorgljghts (bppag, fabnmfgrry,
rbspfgrry, fjafgrry, fggt, ljaa, ngagry,
ndrjbhlgr, sbvdry, wbahut, n`jnmgh,
wjhg bhl dajvg dja, rgprgsghtgl fy
827 irbokghts di Lrgssga 63).
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(Lg @jho`/Fbmgas 2::9, 263). Jh t`g nbsg di t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght jt js qugstjdhbfag w`gt`gr t`grg wbs jhlggl sun` b
ljvjsjdh fgtwggh t`g uppgr bhl adwgr nabssgs (_gssgajho`
idrt`ndkjho). @dwgvgr, w`gh wg agbvg t`g dhg wgaa dut di
ndhsjlgrbtjdh, bs `bs fggh ldhg jh tbfag 2, wg ld jh ibnt
dfsgrvg b kbrmgl naustgrjho di ijhls brduhl t`g `dusg wjt`
t`g pdrtjnus. ^dkgt`jho gasg t`bt s`dual fg ndhsjlgrgl js t`btt`g uhgxnbvbtgl pbrts di t`g sgttagkght, sun` bs t`g brgb
jkkgljbtgay td t`g gbst di S>6:, kby `bvg ndhtbjhgl bhdt`gr
‐gajtg' fujaljho.
\`g sgndhl qugstjdh td fg bhswgrgl js w`y, bitgr t`gjr
jhtrdluntjdh bs bh gajtg prjvjagog, t`g hgw iddlstuiis hgvgr
nbkg td fg wjlgay usgl bt Dss-Wssgh. Fy t`g ghl di t`g
dnnupbtjdh pgrjdl, brduhl BL 633, dt`gr jhhdvbtjdhs t`bt
`bl basd fggh auxurjgs bt ijrst, sun` bs w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry,
wgrg jh ndkkdh usg bt baa t`rgg sgttagkghts. @grfs, n`jnmgh,
wbahuts bhl wjhg bppbrghtay rgkbjhgl rbrg oddls. \`js
wdual ijt jh wjt` t`g oghgrba jkprgssjdh t`bt t`g _gstgrvgal
sgttagkght hgvgr iuaay gvdavgl jhtd b wgbat`y vjaab-ajmg
ndkpagx (Ybh lgr ^bhlgh 2:00, 22:). Jt ndual fg t`bt t`ggajtg's wjs` td rgtbjh t`g gxnausjvg rjo`t di usjho t`g auxury
jhorgljghts prgvghtgl t`gjr ljiiusjdh bkdho t`g rgst di
sdnjgty, gvgh ji t`g iddlstuiis jh qugstjdh wgrg wjlgay
bvbjabfag.
\`g hbturg di t`g gajtg kby prdvjlg b ljiigrght bhswgr td
t`g qugstjdh di t`g hgw iddls' rgstrjntgl bnngptbhng. \`g
adnba gajtg nbkg jhtd ndhtbnt wjt` Vdkbh nuaturg w`gh jt
‐jhvblgl' t`gjr surrduhljhos. Fut w`bt ji bh jh`bfjtbht di t`g
_gstgrvgal sgttagkght agbrhgl td bpprgnjbtg Vdkbh nujsjhg
ajtgrbaay fy frdblghjho `js `drjzdhs4 \`g njvjtbs Fbtbvdruk,
jh w`jn` Dss wbs sjtubtgl, js mhdwh td `bvg suppajgl abrog
hukfgrs di sdaljgrs idr t`g Vdkbh brky. Ji jt js trug t`bt b
kgkfgr di bakdst gvgry Fbtbvjbh `dusg`dal sgrvgl jh t`g
Vdkbh brky (Vdykbhs 2::>, <3), jt js ajmgay t`bt t`g
_gstgrvgal sgttagkght basd suppajgl dhg dr kdrg wbrrjdrs.
Dh t`gjr rgturh td Dss, t`gsg kgh kby `bvg jhtrdlungl
Vdkbh ljs`gs dr tbfag kbhhgrs idr w`jn` t`gy `bl bnqujrgl
b tbstg lurjho t`gjr tjkg jh t`g brky. \`js snghbrjd t`rdws
bh ghtjrgay ljiigrght ajo`t dh t`g bnngptbhng di hdvga
nuajhbry `bfjts, sjhng t`dsg `bfjts wdual t`gh `bvg fggh
jhtrdlungl fy ‐ndhvgrtgl' adnbas. Fgsjlgs t`g bttjtulg
tdwbrls Vdkbh nuaturg, t`g gstggk di t`g vgtgrbhs
t`gksgavgs wjaa jh t`js nbsg `bvg pabygl b rdag jh n`bhojho
t`g nuajhbry `bfjts.
Bh batgrhbtjvg td t`g bfdvg `ypdt`gsjs fbsgl dh bh gajtgnujsjhg, w`gt`gr jhtrdlungl fy ajhgbog `gbls dr brky
vgtgrbhs, js b vbrjbtjdh dh t`g jlgb t`bt jhhdvbtjdhs jh ljgt ld
hdt biignt bh ghtjrg sdnjgty bt dhng. Jt ndual wgaa fg t`bt,
rbt`gr t`bh fgjho gxnausjvg jh b sdnjba rgspgnt, t`g hgw iddls
wgrg usgl dhay dh spgnjba dnnbsjdhs, idr gxbkpag jh
ngrgkdhjba dr rgajojdus ndhtgxts.9 \`g bntjvjtjgs jhvdavgl
kby `bvg fggh bnngssjfag td gvgrydhg, bhl kby wgaa `bvg
tbmgh pabng bt t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght. Fut kby wg
stjaa spgbm di b trug n`bhog jh ljgt ji ndrjbhlgr wbs gbtgh
(dr sbnrjijngl) fy b prjgst twjng b ygbr4
_`btgvgr snghbrjd wg n`ddsg, t`g n`bhojho ljgt rgiagnts
sdkg di t`g n`bhogs frduo`t bfdut fy t`g brrjvba di Vdkbh
nuaturg. Jt js jkpdrtbht td hdtg t`bt wg brg `grg rgigrrjho hdt
td t`g kgrg jhtrdluntjdh di hgw jhorgljghts bhl hgw wbys di prgpbrjho iddl, fut td t`g hbtjvg jh`bfjtbhts' bnngptbhng di
baa t`gsg hdvgatjgs bs pbrt di b hgw ajigstyag. \`gy ljl hdt
kgrgay tbmg w`bt wbs bvbjabfag td t`gk, fut ndhsnjdusay
sgagntgl t`g gagkghts t`gy wbhtgl, rglgijhjho t`gk bhl
ndkfjhjho t`gk wjt` gagkghts bargbly prgsght. Jt js prgnjsgay
t`js faghl di t`g dal bhl t`g hgw bhl t`g bpprdprjbtjdh di
Vdkbh gagkghts t`bt js gssghtjba td Vdkbhjsbtjdh jh oghgrba
(Lgrms 2::9, 0-2>). Jh t`g nbsg di ljgt, dhay t`g iuaa rbhog di
nuajhbry `bfjts, irdk prgpbrbtjdh td sgrvjho bhl ndhsukptjdh
bhl gvgh ljspdsba, nbh tgaa us w`bt t`g hbtjvg pdpuabtjdh
ndhsjlgrgl wdrt` mggpjho bhl w`bt wdrt` tryjho. Jh b
sjtubtjdh jh w`jn` b ordup di hbtjvg ibrkgrs wbs jhiaughngl
fy b hgw, Vdkbh nuaturg, sun` n`djngs wgrg di nrunjbajkpdrtbhng. Gbtjho bhl lrjhmjho sgrvgl bs wbys di
ndkkuhjnbtjho (Lduoabs 2:0<, 9= @bstdri 2::2, 2>7), bhl
jlghtjty kby `bvg fggh dhg di t`g kgssbogs td fg ndhvgygl
(Kgbldws 2::<, 2>7).
Jt js nagbr t`bt kbhy (sdnjba) bspgnts di ndhsukptjdh
nbhhdt fg jhigrrgl irdk brn`bgdadojnba gvjlghng. ^dnjba bhl
jlgdadojnba ibntdrs kust td b orgbt gxtght `bvg lgtgrkjhgl
w`jn` jhljvjlubas (kgh, wdkgh, n`jalrgh, ibkjajgs,
jhljvjlubas di b pbrtjnuabr stbtus) btg w`grg, jh w`bt wby bhl
gspgnjbaay wjt` w`dk. Whidrtuhbtgay, dur mhdwaglog bfdut
lgtbjas di t`g kghu js vgry pddr dwjho td t`g s`drtbog di
rgagvbht gvjlghng. Ghtjrg sgttagkghts wgrg sbkpagl bt Dss-
Wssgh, fut kdst di t`g gvjlghng wbs rgndvgrgl irdk pjts bhl
wgaas bhl kust `ghng fg rgobrlgl bs rgiusg. Jt js bakdst
jkpdssjfag td sby bhyt`jho bfdut iddl dh b `dusg`dal agvga.
Kdrgdvgr, jt js ljiijnuat td lgijhg w`bt pgdpag n`dsg td
ndhsukg ji wg ld hdt mhdw w`bt wbs bvbjabfag.? Idr
jhstbhng, t`grg brg hd jhljnbtjdhs t`bt obruk, t`g ibkdus
Vdkbh ijs` sbung, wbs prgsght bt Dss-Wssgh. Ljl jt hgvgr
rgbn` t`g rgojdh, dr ljl t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-Wssgh lgnjlg
hdt td jhnaulg jt jh t`gjr ljgt4 Bhl ji hdt, wbs t`js fgnbusg di
t`g sbung's sbaty tbstg, dr ljl t`g sbung hdt borgg wjt` t`g
hbtjvg ndkkuhjty's (nuajhbry) jlghtjty4 ^dkgt`jho gasg t`bt
wg s`dual fgbr jh kjhl js t`bt t`g prgsghng di Vdkbh
jhorgljghts ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay jkpay bh ghtjrgay Vdkbhjsglnujsjhg. Fggt, `grfs bhl n`jnmgh kby `bvg fggh ndkfjhgl
wjt` gxjstjho iddls sun` bs ngrgbas, puasgs bhl fggi. \`gy
kby `bvg fggh prgpbrgl, sgrvgl bhl ndhsukgl jh t`g
trbljtjdhba wby. ^d b sgagntjdh di hgw jhorgljghts hggl hdt
rgiagnt b n`bhog jh tbstg5 hgw iddlstuiis kby `bvg fggh
‐hbtjvjzgl' dr gvgh pgrngjvgl bs trbljtjdhba (Lduoabs 2:0<,
60-6:). Dh t`g dt`gr `bhl, t`g bfsghng di hgw jhorgljghts
630 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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ldgs hdt hgngssbrjay jkpay b ‐hgdp`dfjn' bttjtulg tdwbrls
iddl bhl gbtjho. Adnba iddlstuiis kby `bvg fggh prgpbrgl,
sgrvgl dr ndhsukgl jh b Vdkbh wby, gvgh wjt`dut usjho
Vdkbh vgssgas (Kgbldws 2::<, 2>?). Jh fdt` nbsgs,
gvgh jh t`g bfsghng di gvjlghng idr ‐hbtjvg ndhtjhujty',
‐Vdkbhjsbtjdh' js hdt t`g bpprdprjbtg tgrk idr lgsnrjfjho
t`g sdnjba n`bhog. Jt js jkpdssjfag td kbmg b nagbr ljstjhntjdhfgtwggh Vdkbh bhl hdh-Vdkbh gagkghts (Kgbldws jh
prgss).
Dhay b igw prgajkjhbry ndhnausjdhs nbh fg lrbwh irdk t`g
gvjlghng bvbjabfag dh nuajhbry `bfjts. _jt`dut mhdwjho w`bt
hgw iddls wgrg bvbjabfag, dr t`g gxbnt ndkpdsjtjdh di t`g
kgbas, wg nbh sby t`bt (sdkg di) t`g jh`bfjtbhts di Dss-
Wssgh n`dsg td ghrjn` t`gjr kghu wjt` vbrjdus hgw gagkghts
prdvjlgl fy Vdkbh nuaturg. \`js kby `bvg fggh ldhg fy b
sgagnt ordup di pgdpag bt ijrst, dr t`g iddls bhl jkpagkghts
kby `bvg fggh usgl idr spgnjba dnnbsjdhs. Bppbrghtay
nuajhbry jhhdvbtjdhs, ajmg kbhy dt`gr bspgnts di nuaturg, ljl
hdt biignt t`g ghtjrg sdnjgty bt dhng. Jh t`g nbsg di Dss-Wssgh
jt sggks t`bt sdkg di t`g hgw gagkghts hgvgr pghgtrbtgl tdbaa t`g kgkfgrs di t`g ndkkuhjty, gjt`gr lug td ajkjtgl
bvbjabfjajty dr ajkjtgl bnngss dr fy n`djng. Ji t`g hgw nujsjhg
rgiagnts t`g jlghtjty di t`js skbaa ordup di ibrkgrs ajvjho eust
wjt`jh t`g fdrlgrs di t`g Vdkbh Gkpjrg, jt wbs bh jlghtjty
jh w`jn` trbljtjdhba bspgnts wgrg stjaa vbaugl. Hgw gagkghts
wgrg jhndrpdrbtgl irdk tjkg td tjkg, fut t`gjr hutrjtjdhba
vbaug wbs adw. \`g kbjh pbrt di t`g lbjay ljgt ndhtjhugl td
ndhsjst di trbljtjdhba ngrgbas bhl kgbts. \`g ibnt t`bt t`g
blljtjdhs td t`gsg ljs`gs ndhsjstgl di iabvdurjhos js `dwgvgr
sjohjijnbht.0 Bat`duo` t`g iddl rgkbjhgl ‐hbtjvg' jh gssghng,
t`g hgw iabvdurjhos kust `bvg ojvgh jt b ljiigrght
bppgbrbhng bhl irborbhng= t`g wby t`g iddl addmgl bhl
skgaagl, jts pufajn jkpbnt, wbs dfvjdusay jkpdrtbht. Jh t`js
rgspgnt t`g jhhdvbtjdhs wgrg ngrtbjhay jhtghlgl td gxprgss b
n`bhogl jlghtjty, w`gt`gr t`js kgssbog wbs jhtghlgl idr
igaadw-jh`bfjtbhts, ibrkgrs di hgbrfy sgttagkghts dr gvgh t`g
dnnbsjdhba Vdkbh. Jrrgspgntjvg di baa t`g pdajtjnba, sdnjba bhl
jlgdadojnba ndhsjlgrbtjdhs t`bt kby uhlgrajg b ljgt, b
prgigrghng idr b pbrtjnuabr iddlstuii js td sdkg gxtght basd
lgpghlght dh jhljvjluba ajmgs bhl ljsajmgs. Fut ndhsjlgrjho
t`g sdnjba bhl jlgdadojnba jkpajnbtjdhs di iddl, tbstjhgss js
vgry ditgh t`g rgsuat rbt`gr t`bh t`g nbusg di b prgigrghng idr
b pbrtjnuabr iddlstuii. Bsmjho w`gt`gr t`g ibrkgrs di Dss-
Wssgh truay bnqujrgl b tbstg idr t`g Vdkbh nujsjhg js `ghng
bs kgbhjhoagss bs bsmjho w`gt`gr fggr js ‐rgbaay' tbsty.
Bnmhdwaglogkghts
\`g sgndhl but`dr's wdrm wbs nbrrjgl dut bs pbrt di b
rgsgbrn` prdegnt suppdrtgl fy t`g Iduhlbtjdh idr @jstdry,
Brn`bgdadoy bhl Brt @jstdry, w`jn` js sufsjljsgl fy t`g
Hgt`grabhls Drobhjzbtjdh idr ^njghtjijn Vgsgbrn` (H_D).
\`g lrbwjhos wgrg kblg fy S. @gbvghs (ijos 0, :, 23) bhl
_. Mujepgr (ijo. 6). E. Sbuptjt (ijos >, 7, 9, ?) bhl t`g
Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgkdhlgrzdgm
(ijo. <) prdvjlgl t`g p`dtdorbp`s. \`g Ghoajs` tgxt wbs
ndrrgntgl fy ^. Kgaadr.
hdtgs
2 Jh t`g idaadwjho ljsnussjdh wg wjaa bssukg t`bt t`g `grfsghnduhtgrgl bt Dss-Wssgh wgrg usgl bs ndhljkghts. ^dkg di t`g`grfs brg `dwgvgr mhdwh td `bvg fggh usgl fy t`g Vdkbhs idr ljiigrght purpdsgs, tdd. Fgsjlgs bs b iabvdurjho, ljaa wbs basd usglbs bh jhorgljght jh djhtkghts, bhl ndrjbhlgr bhl ljaa kby `bvg fgghusgl bs brdkbtb jh pgriukgs (Kjaagr 2:9:, 9-?).
6 Ybrjdus spgnjbajsts bhbaysgl t`g w`gga-t`rdwh pdttgry irdk t`gWssgh sgttagkghts. \`g kbtgrjba irdk t`g Yjevgr bhl Udkgr`di sgttagkghts wbs stuljgl fy _.E.@. Ygrwgrs. Bkp`drb s`grls wgrgjlghtjijgl, fut hdt bsnrjfgl td spgnjijn typgs. K. Frduwgr stuljgl t`pdttgry irdk t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght. ^`g lgsnrjfgl sgvgrbas`grls bs pbrts di ‐^pbhjs` bkp`drbs' (; Lrgssga 63), fut t`bt wbs
t`g dhay typg di bkp`drb s`g ljstjhoujs`gl. ^dkg di t`g s`grlsrgndvgrgl bt t`g twd skbaagr sgttakghts kby basd `bvg fgadhogl tdLrgssga 63 bkp`drbs, fut t`gy wgrg hdt jlghtjijgl bs sun`.
> ^gg basd hdtg 6. Irbokghts di Lrgssga 63 wbrg `bvg sd ibr fgghjlghtjijgl dhay jh t`g _gstgrvgal sgttagkght, bhl dhay ldnukghtglidr t`g `dusgpabhs. \`g dhay twd strunturgs td `bvg yjgalgl kdrgt`bh ijvg irbokghts di Lrgssga 63 wbrg brg twd `dusgpabhs iduhlwjt`jh t`g brgbs w`grg t`g hgw iddls ndhnghtrbtg. @237, lbtglJl(/JJB), yjgalgl 20 irbokghts, @?0, lbtgl J(n)l/JJB, >0 irbokghts.
< \`g idurt` `grf, ngagry, js b wjal pabht w`jn` ordws jh ndbstbabrgbs, basd badho t`g Hdrt` ^gb ndbst. \`g pabht js `dwgvgr bssukgtd `bvg fggh ldkgstjnbtgl jh t`g Kgljtgrrbhgbh brgb.
7 ‑\`g dal sbw bfdut fgjho w bt wg gbt, w jn` turhs up jh b ldzgljiigrght abhoubogs bhl hukgrdus kgtbp`drs, jkprgssgs fy jts vgryfbhbajty5 bhyt`jho t`bt gvgrylby kust fg qujtg spgnjba. Dur tbstgsbhl `bfjts jh dt`gr sp`grgs di ndhsukptjdh ]...[ ld hdt bpprdbn`iddl jh sjohjijnbhng.‛ (Kjhtz 2::>, 696).
9 Jh bh bfstrbnt di b agnturg ojvgh bt t`g Jhtgrhbtjdhba VdkbhBrn`bgdadoy Ndhigrghng 2::?, K. Aduo`tdh wrjtgs t`bt ‐jhjtjbaayt`g ndhsukptjdh di wjhg wbs ndhtrdaagl fy rjtubas ]...[, abtgr t`gndhsukptjdh di wjhg wbs agss strunturgl bhl lgtgrkjhgl fy hgwfgajgis bhl rjtubas. ]...[ \`g n`bhojho vbaugs ojvgh td jkpdrtgl wjhgbrg ajhmgl wjt` dt`gr pjvdtba n`bhogs]...[' (Aduo`tdh 2::?).
? B rgojdhba bhbaysjs dr b ndkpbrjsdh wjt` gvjlghng irdk dt gr rurba sgttagkghts ndual s`gl kdrg ajo`t dh t`js qugstjdh.
Whidrtuhbtgay t`g fdtbhjnba bhl zddadojnba lbtb di kbhy gxnbvbtglsjtgs `bvg hdt ygt fggh pufajs`gl. Bh gxngptjdh js _jem fjeLuurstglg „ lg @drlgh, w`jn` s`dws b rgkbrmbfay sjkjabr ajst di Vdkbh jhorgljghts. Jh blljtjdh td wjhg (nbsms), fggt bhl n`jnmgh jtjhnaulgs t`g `grfs ndrjbhlgr, ljaa bhl ngagry. Hd rgkbjhs di wbahutwgrg rgndvgrgl, fut bkp`drbs usgl idr t`g trbhspdrtbtjdh diobrukwgrg iduhl (Mddjstrb 2::9= Ybh lgr _gri 2:0?). Bt t`js sjtg t`gprdxjkjty di b nbstgaauk wjaa `bvg orgbtay jhiaughngl t`gbvbjabfjajty, bhl pdssjfay basd t`g bnngptbhng, di hgw iddls.
63: N. FBMGA^, L. _G^^GAJHO@ BHL J. YBH BKGH „ BNRWJVJHO B \B^\G
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0 ‑_`bt wg ld hdt ditgh rgbajzg js `dw pdwgriuaay t`gsg iabvdr kbrmgrs s`bpg dur hdtjdh di w`bt b nujsjhg js. Ndvgr bhy iddl,hd kbttgr w`bt, wjt` b sbung kblg di tdkbtdgs, dajvg dja, obrajn bhl`grfs, bhl wg jlghtjiy jt bs Jtbajbh5 w`bt js kdrg, Jtbajbhs wjaajlghtjiy jt bs Jtbajbh. Fg jt lrdkglbry `ukp dr bndrh, jts nuajhbryjlghtjijnbtjdhs wjaa uatjkbtgay fg lgtgrkjhgl fy t`g wby jh w`jn` jsiabvdrgl (Vdzjh 2:06, 2:?).
rgigrghngs
Bkgh, J. vbh 2::7. @gt fdtbhjsn` dhlgrzdgm vbh lrjg jh`ggks
Vdkgjhsg hglgrzgttjhogh jh Dss-Wssgh, Agjlgh, (KB t`gsjs JSA).
Fbmgas, N.N. 2:03b. Lg fgwdhjhosogsn`jglghjs vbh lg Kbbsmbht J5
pabhtghrgstgh ujt lg Frdhstjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel ogvdhlgh tg Dss-
JEssgastrbbt, prdv. Hddrl-Frbfbht, Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb
2>, 227-2>2.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2::<. Gndadojg5 vrun`tgh gh zblgh. Jh5 M. ^n`jhmga, Uwgrvghlg grvgh. Fgwdhjhosspdrgh jh Dss-Wssgh ujt frdhstjel,
jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh 2:?9-2:09 , Agjlgh (S`.L
ljssgrtbtjdh), pbrt J, 62:-6<>.
Fbmgas, N.N. 2::9. \`g pdaagh ljborbk Ydgrghlbba-?. Jh5 A.J.
Mddjstrb, Fdrlgrabhl ibrkjho. Sdssjfjajtjgs bhl ajkjtbtjdhs di
ibrkjho jh t`g Vdkbh Sgrjdl bhl Gbray Kjllag Bogs fgtwggh t`g
V`jhg bhl Kgusg, Odulb, 2>:-2<9.
Fbmgas, N.N. & V._.E.K. vbh lgr @bk 2:03. Ygrmddal bivba ujt ggh
Kjllgh-Frdhstjel gh ggh Kjllgh-JEzgrtjel hglgrzgttjho dp lg
@ddjldhmsg Bmmgrs, ogk. ^dh gh Frguoga, prdv. Hddrl-Frbfbht,
Bhbagntb Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 2>, 02-:2.
Fdobgrs, E.G. 2:0?. Ybh puttgh jh Wssgh. Jh5 _.B.F. vbh lgr ^bhlgh
& S._. vbh lgh Frdgmg (rgl.), Ogtgmghl Ubhl. \jgh ebbr
brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm jh Dss-Wssgh, _bbarg, (Fjelrbogh tdt lg
stuljg vbh `gt Frbfbhtsg `ggk, >2), 277-293.
Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2:09. Uggzdut5 ggh sn`bmga tussgh _gst- gh
Uujl-Hglgrabhl jh lg JEzgrtjel gh lg Vdkgjhsg tjel, Vdttgrlbk
Sbpgrs Y, :2-22<.
Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2:0?. Dss-Wssgh5 @gt `bhlogkbbmtg bbrlgwgrm.
Jh5 _.B.F. vbh lgr ^bhlgh/S._. vbh lgh Frdgmg (rgl.), Ogtgmghl
Ubhl. \jgh ebbr brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm jh Dss-Wssgh, _bbarg,
(Fjelrbogh tdt lg stuljg vbh `gt Frbfbhtsg `ggk, >2), 232-22:.
Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2::7b. Jrdh Bog sgb sbat trblg jh t`g Adwgr
V`jhg brgb. Jh5 E.L. @jaa/N.O. Nukfgrpbtn` (gls), Ljiigrght Jrdh
Bogs= stuljgs dh t`g Jrdh Bog jh tgkpgrbtg Gurdpg , Dxidrl, (FBV
Jhtgrhbtjdhba ^grjgs, 936), 2<:-296.
Frdgmg, S._. vbh lgh 2::7f. ^dut`grh sgb sbat jh t`g Adw Nduhtrjgs.
B rgndhhbjssbhng jhtd t`g abhl di t`g Kdrjhj. Jh5 K. Adlgwjenmx
(gl), Brn`bgdadojnba bhl `jstdrjnba bspgnts di _gst-Gurdpgbh
sdnjgtjgs. Bafuk bkjndruk Bhlrê Ybh Lddrsgabgr , Aguvgh, (Bntb
Brn`bgdadojnb Advbhjghsjb, Kdhdorbp`jbg 0), 2:>-637.
Fuurkbh, E. 2::3. Nbrfdhjsgl pabht rgkbjhs bhl p`dsp`btg bhbaysjs
di twd Vdkbh pgrjdl `dusg pabhs wjt` suhmgh fyrgs, Fgrjn`tgh vbh
lg Vjemsljghst vddr `gt Dul`gjlmuhljo Fdlgkdhlgrzdgm <3, 607-
6:9.
Lbvjgs, V._. 2:?2. \`g Vdkbh kjajtbry ljgt, Frjttbhhjb 6, 266-2<6.
Lgrms, B.K.E. 2::9. Odlgh, tgkpgas gh rjtugag prbmtjemgh. Lg
trbhsidrkbtjg vbh rgajojguzg jlggíh gh wbbrlgh jh Vdkgjhs Obaají ,
Bkstgrlbk (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh).
Lduoabs, K. 2:0<. ^tbhlbrl sdnjba usgs di iddl5 jhtrdluntjdh. Jh5
K. Lduoabs (gl), Iddl jh t`g sdnjba drlgr. ^tuljgs di iddl bhl
igstjvjtjgs jh t`rgg Bkgrjnbh ndkkuhjtjgs, Hgw Zdrm, 2->:.
Ghnmgvdrt, @. vbh & K. @ujskbh 2::7. Vdkgjhs bbrlgwgrm vbh
lg hglgrzgttjho bbh lg Abbrlgrwgo. Jh5 H. Vdykbhs (rgl.),
Dporbvjhogh jh lg Kdaghbmmgr tg _ggrt, nbkpbohg 2::< ,
Bkstgrlbk, (Uujlhglgrabhlsg Brn`gdadojsn`g Vbppdrtgh, 2), 6:-<3.
Idmmghs, @. 2::9. \`g Kbbsmbht prdegnt5 ndhtjhujty bhl n`bhog di b
rgojdhba rgsgbrn` prdegnt, Brn`bgdadojnba Ljbadougs, vda. >, 2:9-627.
Obutjgr, B. 2::3. @dkkgs gt bhjkbux pghlbht a'Bog lu Igr. Jh5
O. Agkbh-Lgagrjvg (gl), Ags Ngatgs gh Irbhng lu Hdrl gt Fgaojqug5
YJ-Jgr sjànag bvbht E.-N., Ybaghnjghhgs, 2:7-623.
@bstdri, N.B. 2::2. Oghlgr, spbng bhl iddl jh prg`jstdry. Jh5
E.K. Ogrd & K._. Ndhmgy (gls), Ghoghlgrjho Brn`bgdadoy5
_dkgh bhl Srg`jstdry, Dxidrl, 2>6-27:.
@bwt`drhg, E.E. 2::9. Ndkkghsbajsk bhl ndkkdh sghsg5 b hgw
bpprdbn` td brn`bgdadojnba ngrbkjns, Bssgkfabog 2 ]Dhajhg[.
Bvbjabfag ttp5/www/s`gi.bn.um/u.../susdn/bssgk/`bwt`.`tka
@jho`, lg B.G. & N.N. Fbmgas 2::9. Sbabgdfdtbhjnba gvjlghng idr
sdnjba ljiigrghng4 \`g gxbkpag di t`g gbray kgljgvba ldkbjh di
^grrjs-Ags Vugaags, Irbhng, Ygogtbtjdh @jstdry bhl Brn`bgdfdtbhy
7, 22?-263.
Mhùrzgr, M.@. 2::2b. Lgutsn`abhl hùrlajn` lgr Ldhbu. Jh5 _. vbh
Ugjst/M._bsjaymdwb/M.G. Fg`rg (gls), Srdorgss jh Dal _dral
Sbagdgt`hdfdtbhy, Vdttgrlbk, 20:-639.
Mhùrzgr, M.@. 2::2f. Ogsn`jn`tg lgr Vñfg (Fgtb vuaobrjs A.) kjt
Fgjtrìogh lurn` Ordssrgstiuhlg vdk Hjglgrr`gjh, Bntb
Jhtgrljsnjpajhbrjb Brn`gdadojnb ?, 27:-29<.
Mddjstrb, A.J. 2::9. Fdrlgrabhl ibrkjho. Sdssjfjajtjgs bhl
ajkjtbtjdhs di ibrkjho jh t`g Vdkbh Sgrjdl bhl Gbray Kjllag Bogs
fgtwggh t`g V`jhg bhl Kgusg, Odulb.
Mdstgr, B. 2::>. Vdkgjhs frdhs ujt `gt ddstgajem rjvjgrghogfjgl5
Dss, _gstgr`ggk <6, >3<->39.
623 BHBAGN\B SVBG@J^\DVJNB AGJLGH^JB 6:
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Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. 2:0>. B kgba idr t`g lgbl= bhjkba fdhg ijhls
jh Vdkbh orbvgs , Sbabgd`jstdrjb 67, 20>-2:>.
Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. 2:07. Orbivgal Dss-Wssgh5 ognrgkggrlg
ljgrajemg rgstgh, Ordhjhogh, (uhpufajs`gl rgpdrt FBJ, 66-0-2:07).
Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. 2:00. Bhjkbas jh Vdkbh tjkgs jh t`g Lutn`
gbstgrh rjvgr brgb, ‐s-Orbvgh`bog/Bkgrsiddrt, (HglgrabhlsgDul`glgh, 26).
Abuwgrjgr, V.N.O.K. & O.I. JEzgrggi 2::<. Ygg gh vaggs jh lg
hglgrzgttjhogh jh Dss-Wssgh (033 v.N`r „ 673 hb N`r.). Jh5
M. ^n`jhmga, Uwgrvghlg grvgh. Fgwdhjhosspdrgh jh Dss-Wssgh ujt
frdhstjel, jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh 2:?9-2:09 ,
Agjlgh (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh), pbrt J, 6>>-6<>.
Aduo`tdh, K. 2::?. N`bhogs jh hbtjvg nuaturba bttjtulgs td jkpdrtgl
wjhg lurjho t`g Abtg Ab \àhg bhl t`g Obaad-Vdkbh trbhsjtjdh,
(bfstrbnt idr t`g ^gndhl Jhtgrhbtjdhba Vdkbh Brn`bgdadoy
Dss-Wssgh ujt frdhstjel, jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh
2:?9-2:09 , Agjlgh (S`.L ljssgrtbtjdh), pbrt J, 2::-620.
^bhlgh, _.B.F. vbh lgr & S._. vbh lgh Frdgmg (rgl.) 2:0?.
Ogtgmghl Ubhl.\jgh ebbr brn`gdadojsn` dhlgrzdgm jh Dss-Wssgh,
_bbarg, (Fjelrbogh tdt lg stuljg vbh `gt Frbfbhtsg `ggk, >2).
^n`jhmga, M. 2::<. Uwgrvghlg grvgh. Fgwdhjhosspdrgh jh Dss-Wssgh ujt frdhstjel, jezgrtjel gh Vdkgjhsg tjel. Dporbvjhogh 2:?9-
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Srbg`jstdrjnb Agjlghsjb 63, 267-290.
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