Idiopathy and Cancer

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Idiopathy

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An idiopathyis any diseaseith unknonpathogenesisor apparently spontaneousorigin!"#$From %reek &' idios*one+s on* and -.pathos*suffering*, idiopathymeansappro/imately *a disease of its on kind*! For some medical conditions, one or more causes aresomehat understood, 0ut in a certain percentage of people ith the condition, the cause maynot 0e readily apparent or characteri1ed! In these cases, the origin of the condition is said to 0eidiopathic! With some other medical conditions, the root cause for a large percentage of all caseshave not 0een esta0lished2for e/ample,focal segmental glomerulosclerosisor ankylosingspondylitis3 the ma4ority of these cases are deemed idiopathic!"5$With other conditions, idiopathic

cases account for only a small percentage (for e/ample,pulmonary fi0rosis)!"6$

Advances in medical scienceimprove etiology(the study of causes of diseases) and nosology(the classification of diseases)3 thus, regarding any particular condition or disease, as more rootcauses are discovered, and as events that seemed spontaneous have their origins revealed, thepercentage of cases designated as idiopathic decreases!

7he ord essentialis sometimes synonymousith idiopathic(as in essential proteinuriaoressential thrombocythemia), and the same is true of primary(as inprimary biliary cirrhosisorprimary amenorrhea), ith the latter term 0eing used in such cases to contrast ithsecondaryinthe sense of *secondary to "i.e., caused 0y$ some other condition!* Another, less commonsynonym is agnogenic(

agno-, *unknon* 8

-gen, *cause* 8

-ic)! 7he ord

cryptogenic(

crypto-,

*hidden* 8 -gen, *cause* 8 -ic) has a sensethat is synonymous ith idiopathic"9$and a sense thatis contradistinguished from it!

ome congenital conditionsare idiopathic, and sometimes the ord congenitalis usedsynonymously ith idiopathic3 0ut careful usage prefers to reserve the ord congenitalforconditions to hich the literal sense of the ord applies (that is, those hose pathophysiologyhas e/isted since the neonatalperiod)!

See also[edit]

;ook upidiopathyin Wiktionary, the free dictionary!


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Idiosyncratic drug reaction

Functional disorder

References[edit]

#! Jump up ^"Oxford Reference".Concise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.. Retrie!ed #$%-#$-$8.

5! Jump up ^Das&ala&is ' )inn M (##*. "+ocal and segmental glomerulosclerosis". Cell Mol,ife ci 63($ /#*0$$. doi$#.$##12s###$8-##*-*$1$-y.3M4D$*5/#/%.

6! Jump up ^"Medical 6ncyclopedia 4diopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Medline3lus. Retrie!ed##1-#-$7.

9! Jump up ^6lse!ierDorlands 4llustrated Medical Dictionary 6lse!ier.

>img src?*@@en!ikipedia!org@iki@pecial:


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A coronal


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Canceris a group of diseases involving a0normal cell grothith the potential to invade orspread to other parts of the 0ody!"#$"5$Hot all tumors are cancerous30enign tumorsdo not spread toother parts of the 0ody!"5$Qossi0le signs and symptomsinclude a lump, a0normal 0leeding,prolonged cough, une/plained eight lossand a change in0oel movements!"6$While thesesymptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes!"6$Over #PP cancers affect humans!"5$

7o0accouse is the cause of a0out 55 of cancer deaths! "#$Another #P is due to o0esity, poordiet, lack of physical activityand drinking alcohol!"#$"9$Other factors include certain infections,e/posure to ioni1ing radiationand environmental pollutants!"K$In the developing orldnearly5P of cancers are due to infections such ashepatitis S,hepatitis


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5 igns and symptoms

o 5!# ;ocal symptoms

o 5!5 ystemic symptoms

o 5!6 Getastasis

6


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o E!6 Uaccination

D creening

o D!# Recommendations

D!#!# Z!! Qreventive ervices 7ask Force

D!#!5 Japan

o D!5 %enetic testing

Ganagement

o !#


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#D Further reading

# X/ternal links

Definitions


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ymptoms of cancer metastasisdepend on the location of the tumor!

When cancer 0egins, it produces no symptoms! igns and symptoms appear as the mass gros orulcerates! 7he findings that result depend on the cancer+s type and location! Fe symptoms arespecific!Gany freVuently occur in individuals ho have other conditions!


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"etastasis

Main articleMetastasis


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7he incidence oflung canceris highly correlated ith smoking!

X/posure to particular su0stances have 0een linked to specific types of cancer! 7hese su0stancesare called carcinogens!

7o0acco smoke, for e/ample, causes LP of lung cancer!"6P$It also causes cancer in the laryn/,head, neck, stomach, 0ladder, kidney, esophagusandpancreas!"6#$7o0acco smoke contains overfifty knon carcinogens, including nitrosaminesandpolycyclic aromatic hydrocar0ons!"65$

7o0acco is responsi0le a0out one in five cancer deaths orldide"65$and a0out one in three in thedeveloped orld"66$;ung cancerdeath rates in the Znited tates have mirrored smokingpatterns,ith increases in smoking folloed 0y dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, morerecently, decreases in smoking rates since the #LKPs folloed 0y decreases in lung cancer deathrates in men since #LLP!"69$"6K$

In Western Xurope, #P of cancers in males and 6 of cancers in females are attri0uted to

alcohol e/posure, especially liver and digestive tract cancers! "6E$


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ome specific foods are linked to specific cancers! A highYsaltdiet is linked to gastric cancer!"9#$Aflato/in S#, a freVuent food contaminant, causes liver cancer!"9#$Setel nutcheing can causeoral cancer!"9#$Hational differences in dietary practices may partly e/plain differences in cancerincidence! For e/ample, gastric canceris more common in Japan due to its highYsalt diet "95$hilecolon canceris more common in the Znited tates! Immigrant cancer profiles develop mirror

that of their ne country, often ithin one generation!"96$

Infection

Main article4nfectious causes of cancer

Worldide appro/imately # of cancer deaths are related to infectious diseases!"K$7hisproportion ranges from a high of 5K in Africa to less than #P in the developed orld!"K$Uirusesare the usual infectious agents that cause cancer 0ut cancer 0acteriaandparasitesmayalso play a role!

Onco!iruses (viruses that can cause cancer) include human papillomavirus(cervical cancer),XpsteinSarr virus(SYcell lymphoproliferative diseaseandnasopharyngeal carcinoma), \aposi+ssarcoma herpesvirus(\aposi+s sarcomaand primary effusion lymphomas),hepatitis Sandhepatitis


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Qrolonged e/posure to ultraviolet radiationfrom the suncan lead tomelanomaand other skinmalignancies!"9L$


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;argeYscale mutations involve the deletion or gain of a portion of a chromosome! %enomicamplificationoccurs hen a cell gains copies (often 5P or more) of a small chromosomal locus,usually containing one or more oncogenes and ad4acent genetic material! 7ranslocationoccurshen to separate chromosomal regions 0ecome a0normally fused, often at a characteristiclocation! A ellYknon e/ample of this is the Qhiladelphia chromosome, or translocation of

chromosomes L and 55, hich occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemiaand results in productionof the S


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alterations are thought to occur early in progression to cancer and to 0e a likely cause of thegeneticinsta0ility characteristic of cancers!"DP$"D#$"D5$"D6$

Reduced e/pression of =HA repair genes disrupts =HA repair! 7his is shon in the figure at the9th level from the top! (In the figure, red ording indicates the central role of =HA damage and

defects in =HA repair in progression to cancer!) When =HA repair is deficient =HA damageremains in cells at a higher than usual level (Kth level) and cause increased freVuencies ofmutation and@or epimutation (Eth level)! Gutation rates increase su0stantially in cells defective in=HA mismatch repair"D9$"DK$or inhomologous recom0inationalrepair (TRR)!"DE$


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Getastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the 0lood or the lymphaticsystemor 0oth! 7he typical steps in metastasis are local invasion, intravasationinto the 0lood orlymph, circulation through the 0ody, e/travasationinto the ne tissue, proliferation andangiogenesis! =ifferent types of cancers tend to metastasi1e to particular organs, 0ut overall themost common places for metastases to occur are the lungs, liver,0rainand the0ones!"6$

Dia%nosis


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;ymphomaand leukemia: 7hese to classes arise from hematopoietic (0loodYforming)cells that leave the marro and tend to mature in the lymph nodes and 0lood,respectively!"E$

%erm cell tumor:


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An invasive colorectal carcinoma(top center) in a colectomyspecimen

AsVuamousYcell carcinoma(the hitish tumor) near the0ronchiin a lung specimen

A large invasive ductal carcinomain a mastectomyspecimen

Pre)ention

Main article Cancer pre!ention


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While many dietary recommendations have 0een proposed to reduce cancer risks, the evidence tosupport them is not definitive!"L$"L#$7he primary dietary factors that increase risk are o0esityandalcoholconsumption! =iets lo in fruits and vegeta0les and high in red meat have 0eenimplicated 0ut revies and metaYanalyses do not come to a consistent conclusion! "L5$"L6$A 5P#9metaYanalysis find no relationship 0eteen fruits and vegeta0les and cancer!"L9$


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Znlike diagnostic efforts prompted 0y symptomsand medical signs, cancer screening involvesefforts to detect cancer after it has formed, 0ut 0efore any noticea0le symptoms appear! "##K$7hismay involvephysical e/amination,0loodor urine testsor medical imaging!"##K$


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Routine screening is not recommended for0ladder cancer,"#56$testicular cancer,"#59$ovariancancer,"#5K$pancreatic cancer,"#5E$orprostate cancer!"#5D$

Recommends mammographyfor0reast cancerscreening every to years from ages KPD9! =o not recommend either0reast selfYe/aminationor clinical 0reast e/amination!"#5$(A

5P##


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therapies e/ist for0reast cancer, multiple myeloma,lymphoma,prostate cancer,melanomaandother cancers!"#66$

7he efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage! In com0ination ithsurgery, chemotherapy has proven useful in cancer types including0reast cancer, colorectal

cancer,pancreatic cancer,osteogenic sarcoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and certain lungcancers!"#69$


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Qeople at all stages of cancer treatment typically receive some kind of palliative care! In somecases, medical specialtyprofessional organi1ationsrecommend that patients and physiciansrespond to cancer only ith palliative care!"#99$7his applies to patients ho: "#9K$

#! display loperformance status, implying limited a0ility to care for themselves"#99$

5! received no 0enefit from priorevidenceY0ased treatments"#99$

6! are not eligi0le to participate in any appropriate clinical trial"#99$

9! no strong evidence implies that treatment ould 0e effective"#99$

Qalliative care may 0e confused ith hospiceand therefore only indicated hen people approachend of life!;ike hospice care, palliative care attempts to help the patient cope ith theirimmediate needs and to increase comfort! Znlike hospice care, palliative care does not reVuirepeople to stop treatment aimed!

Gultiple national medical guidelinesrecommend early palliative care for patients hose cancerhas produced distressing symptoms or ho need help coping ith their illness! In patients firstdiagnosed ith metastatic disease, palliative care may 0e immediately indicated! Qalliative careis indicated for patients ith a prognosis of less than #5 months of life even given aggressivetreatment!"#9E$"#9D$"#9$

Immunotherapy

Main article Cancer immunotherapy

A variety of therapies using immunotherapy, stimulating or helping the immune systemto fightcancer, have come into use since #LLD! Approaches include anti0odies, checkpoint therapy andadoptive cell transfer!"#9L$

0lternati)e medicine


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urvival rates vary 0y cancer type and 0y the stage at hich it is diagnosed, ranging fromma4ority survival to complete mortality five years after diagnosis! Once a cancer hasmetastasi1ed, prognosis normally 0ecomes much orse!A0out half of patients receivingtreatment for invasive cancer (e/cluding carcinoma in situand nonYmelanoma skin cancers) diefrom that cancer or its treatment!"#L$

urvival is orse in the developing orld,"#L$partly 0ecause the types of cancer that are mostcommon there are harder to treat than those associated ith developed countries! "#K6$

7hose ho survive cancer develop a second primary cancer at a0out tice the rate of those neverdiagnosed!"#K9$7he increased risk is 0elieved to 0e primarily due to the same risk factors thatproduced the first cancer, partly due to treatment of the first cancer and to 0etter compliance ithscreening!"#K9$

Qredicting shortY or longYterm survival depends on many factors! 7he most important are thecancer type and the patient+s age and overall health! 7hose ho are frailith other health

pro0lems have loer survival rates than otherise healthy people!


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In 5PP, appro/imately #5!D million cancers ere diagnosed(e/cluding nonYmelanoma skincancersand other nonYinvasive cancers)"#L$and in 5P#P nearly D!L million people died!"#K$


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the %reekord`b`&ar&inos(cra0or crayfish)!"#D#$7his name comes from the appearance ofthe cut surface of a solid malignant tumor, ith *the veins stretched on all sides as the animal thecra0 has its feet, hence it derives its name*! "#D5$%alenstated that *cancer of the 0reast is socalled 0ecause of the fancied resem0lance to a cra0 given 0y the lateral prolongations of thetumor and the ad4acent distended veins*!"#D6$:D6


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*anting* it) or having prevented its cure (0y not 0ecoming a sufficiently happy, fearless andloving person)!"#K$It also increased patients+ an/iety, as they incorrectly 0elieved that naturalemotions of sadness, anger or fear shorten their lives!"#K$7he idea as ridiculed 0yusan ontag,ho pu0lished4llness as Metaphorhile recovering from treatment for0reast cancerin #LD!"#9$Although the original idea is no generally regarded as nonsense, the idea partly persists in a

reduced form ith a idespread, 0ut incorrect, 0elief that deli0erately cultivating a ha0it ofpositive thinkingill increase survival!"#K$7his notion is particularly strong in0reast cancerculture!"#K$

One idea a0out hy people ith cancer are 0lamed or stigmati1ed, called the4ustYorldhypothesis, is that 0laming cancer on the patient+s actions or attitudes allos the 0lamers toregain a sense of control! 7his is 0ased upon the 0lamers+ 0elief that the orld is fundamentally4ust and so any dangerous illness, like cancer, must 0e a type of punishment for 0ad choices,0ecause in a 4ust orld, 0ad things ould not happen to good people!"#E$

(conomic effect

In 5PPD, the overall costs of cancer in the Z2including treatment and indirect mortalitye/penses (such as lost productivity in the orkplace) 2 as estimated to 0e [55E! 0illion! In5PPL, 65 of Tispanics and #P of children #D years old or younger lacked health insurance3*uninsured patients and those from ethnic minorities are su0stantially more likely to 0ediagnosed ith cancer at a later stage, hen treatment can 0e more e/tensive and morecostly!*"#D$

Research

Main article Cancer research

Zniversity of Florida


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other types!"#L6$=iagnostic tests are under development to 0etter target the right therapies to theright patients, 0ased on their individual 0iology!"#L9$


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treatments, especially certain chemotherapy drugs given during the first trimester, increase therisk of0irth defectsandpregnancy loss(spontaneous a0ortions and still0irths)!"5PP$

Xlective a0ortionsare not reVuired and, for the most common forms and stages of cancer, do notimprove the mother+s survival! In a fe instances, such as advanced uterine cancer, the

pregnancy cannot 0e continued and in others, the patient may end the pregnancy so that she can0egin aggressive chemotherapy!"5PP$

ome treatments can interfere ith the mother+s a0ility to give 0irth vaginally or to 0reastfeed! "5PP$ation. #$%. pp. Chapter$.$.4;'587#%58.

D! Jump up ^":eredity and Cancer".9merican Cancer ociety.Retrie!ed ?uly #$7.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_trimesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_losshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_sectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastitishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-201https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-201https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissible_cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticker's_sarcomahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-pmid16901782-202https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-7http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-3http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancerhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-1http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-4http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet#q3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-6https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11095-008-9661-9https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11095-008-9661-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18626751https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9283204298https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ACS-heredity_7-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ACS-heredity_7-0http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancerhttp://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_trimesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_losshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_sectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastitishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-yarbro-200https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-201https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissible_cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticker's_sarcomahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note-pmid16901782-202https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-7http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NCI2014_2-3http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-NHS2012_3-1http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-4http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet#q3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Enviro2008_5-6https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11095-008-9661-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18626751https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_6-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9283204298https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ACS-heredity_7-0http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society


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! Jump up ^":oB is cancer diagnosedE".9merican Cancer ociety. #$7-#$-5. Retrie!ed $#?une #$%.

L! Jump up to: abc@ushi ,: Doyle C McCullough M et al. (#$. "9merican Cancer ocietyFuidelines on nutrition and physical acti!ity for cancer pre!ention reducing the ris& of cancer Bithhealthy food choices and physical acti!ity". C9 Cancer ? Clin 62($ 7#0*1.doi$#.772caac.#$%#.

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#P! Jump up ^3ar&in DMG ;oyd ,G )al&er ,C (* December #$$. "$*. Ahe fraction of cancerattributable to lifestyle and en!ironmental factors in the


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59! Jump up to: abc:anahan DouglasG)einberg Robert 9.(?anuary 1 ###. "Ahe hallmar&s ofcancer". Cell 100($ /101#.doi$#.$#$*2##5-8*1%(##8$*87-5.3M4D$#*%157$.

5K! Jump up to: ab:anahan DouglasG )einberg Robert 9. (#$$. ":allmar&s of Cancer Ahe 'extFeneration". Cell 144(/ *%*01%. doi$#.$#$*2.cell.#$$.#.#$7 .3M4D$71*7#.

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6D! Jump up ^4rigaray 3 'eBby ?9 Clapp R :ardell , :oBard Montagnier , 6pstein ;elpomme D (December ##1. ",ifestyle-related factors and en!ironmental agents causing cancer ano!er!ieB". ;iomed. 3harmacother. 61($# *%#0/8.doi$#.$#$*2.biopha.##1.$#.##*.3M4D$8#//$*#.

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6L! Jump up to: abc@ushi ,: ;yers A Doyle C ;andera 6 McCullough M McAiernan 9Fansler A 9ndreBs @ Ahun M? (##*. "9merican Cancer ociety Fuidelines on 'utrition and 3hysical

9cti!ity for cancer pre!ention reducing the ris& of cancer Bith healthy food choices and physical acti!ity".C9 Cancer ? Clin 56(/ /%08$G ui> 7$70%. doi$#.772canclin./*././%.3M4D$1##//5*.

9P! Jump up ^;has&aran @ (#$%. ";ody mass index and ris& of specific cancers". ,ancet 384(55%/ 1//01*/.doi$#.$#$*2#$%#-*17*($%*#85-8.3M4D/$578.

9#! Jump up to: abc3ar& ;ae ? 'am ;: Joo @J (##8. "9etiology of cancer in 9sia"(3D+.9sian 3ac. ?. Cancer 3re!. 9(7 71$08#.3M4D$855###/.

95! Jump up ^;renner : Rothenbacher D 9rndt (##5. "6pidemiology of stomach cancer".Methods Mol. ;iol. Methods in Molecular ;iology 472 %*1011.doi$#.$##12518-$-*#71-%5-#Q7.4;'518-$-*#71-%5$-7.3M4D$5$#1%%5.

96! Jump up ^;uell 3 Dunn ?6 (May $5*/. "Cancer mortality among ?apanese 4ssei and 'isei ofCalifornia". Cancer 18(/ */*0*%. doi$#.$##2$#51-#$%($5*/#/$8/*/*94D-C'CR8#$8#/$/S7.#.COG-7.3M4D$%18855.

99! Jump up ^3agano ? ;laser M ;uendia M9 Damania ; @halili @ Raab-Araub ' Roi>man ;(December ##%. "4nfectious agents and cancer criteria for a causal relation". emin. Cancer ;iol. 14(* %/701$.doi$#.$#$*2.semcancer.##%.#*.##5 .3M4D$/%85$75.

9K! Jump up ^,uboe!ic u>anaG &erle! Mihael (#$%. ":3-associated diseases". Clinics in

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9E! Jump up ^amaras Rafailidis 34 Mourt>ou&ou 6F 3eppas F +alagas M6 (May #$#."Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer a re!ieB"(3D+. ? 4nfect De! Ctries 4(/ *108$.doi$#.78//2idc.8$5.3M4D#/75#/5.

9D! Jump up to: abcde,ittle ?; (###. "Chapter $% 4oni>ing Radiation". 4n @ufe D) 3olloc& R6)eichselbaum RR ;ast RC Fansler A :olland ?+ +rei 6. Cancer medicine(*th ed.. :amilton Ont

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9! Jump up ^;renner D? :all 6? ('o!ember ##1. "Computed tomographyUan increasingsource of radiation exposure". '. 6ngl. ?. Med. 357( 1108%.doi$#.$#/*2'6?Mra#1$%5.3M4D$8#%*#7$.

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K6! Jump up ^Cunningham D 9t&in ) ,en> :? ,ynch :A Mins&y ; 'ordlinger ; tarling '(March #$#. "Colorectal cancer". ,ancet 375(51$5 $#7#0%1. doi$#.$#$*2#$%#-*17*($#*#7/7-%.

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KE! Jump up ^Colotta +.G 9lla!ena 3.G ica 9.G Farlanda C.G Manto!ani 9. (##5. "Cancer-related inflammation the se!enth hallmar& of cancer lin&s to genetic instability". Carcinogenesis (re!ieB30(1 $#170$#8$. doi$#.$#572carcin2bgp$1.4'#$%7-777%.3M4D$5%*8#*#.

KD! Jump up ^:endri& iaG Degl4nnocenti DeboraG 3ierotti Marco 9. (##8."4nflammation and cancer Ahe oncogene-dri!en connection". Cancer ,etters (re!ieB 267( *01#.doi$#.$#$*2.canlet.##8.#7.#*#.4'#7#%-787/.3M4D$8/##7/.

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E#! Jump up ^RoBlands Mari-9nneG Funnell Da!idG :arris RossG atten ,ars ?G :olly ?eff M3GMartin Richard M (May $/ ##5. "Circulating insulin-li&e groBth factor peptides and prostate cancerris& a systematic re!ieB and meta-analysis".4nt ? Cancer. 124($# %$*05.doi$#.$##2ic.%#.

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E5! Jump up ^Croce CM (?anuary ##8. "Oncogenes and cancer". '. 6ngl. ?. Med. 358(/ /#0$$.doi$#.$#/*2'6?Mra#17*1.3M4D$87%1/%.

E6! Jump up ^@nudson 9F ('o!ember ##$. "ABo genetic hits (more or less to cancer". 'atureRe!ieBs Cancer 1( $/10*.doi$#.$#7827/$#$#7$.3M4D$$5#/8#1.

E9! Jump up ^'elson D9 Aan AA Rabson 9; 9nderson D Degenhardt @ )hite 6 (eptember##%.":ypoxia and defecti!e apoptosis dri!e genomic instability and tumorigenesis". Fenes V

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-51http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphoneshttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Expert09_52-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Expert09_52-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Expert09_52-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Expert09_52-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Expert09_52-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1586%2Fera.09.12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374592https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374592https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374592https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Lancet10_53-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Lancet10_53-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(10)60353-4https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(10)60353-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304247https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304247https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304247https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20770/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20770/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20770/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20784/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20784/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20784/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ColottaAllavena2009_56-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ColottaAllavena2009_56-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgp127https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgp127https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-3334https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-3334https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468060https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-57http://www.biosignaling.com/content/9/1/18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1478-811X-9-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F156652410791316968https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F156652410791316968https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455855https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455855https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455855https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2008.03.060https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_S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t10_53-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(10)60353-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20304247https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Maltoni_54-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20770/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Gaeta_55-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20784/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ColottaAllavena2009_56-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgp127https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-3334https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468060https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-57http://www.biosignaling.com/content/9/1/18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1478-811X-9-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F156652410791316968https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455855https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2008.03.060https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3835https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502035https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Henderson_60-9http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20759/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55009-113-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-61https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743036https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743036https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24202https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743036https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142965https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-pmid18234754_62-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra072367https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234754https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-pmid11905807_63-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35101031https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11905807https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-64https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515288https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.1204904https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515288https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15314031


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EK! Jump up ^Merlo ,M 3epper ?) Reid ;? Maley CC (December ##*. "Cancer as ane!olutionary and ecological process". 'ature Re!ieBs Cancer 6($ 5%07/.doi$#.$#782nrc#$7.

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EE! Jump up ^;aylin ; Ohm ?6 (+ebruary ##*. "6pigenetic gene silencing in cancer - amechanism for early oncogenic pathBay addictionE". 'ature Re!ieBs Cancer 6( $#10$*.

doi$#.$#782nrc$155.3M4D$*%5$#1#.

ED! Jump up ^@anBal RG Fupta (#$. "6pigenetic modifications in cancer". Clinical Fenetics81(% 7#70$$.doi$#.$$$$2.$755-###%.#$$.#$8#5.x.3MC7/5#8#.3M4D#87%8.

E! Jump up ^;aldassarre FG ;attista G ;elletti ;G Aha&ur G 3entimalli +G Arapasso +G +edeleMG 3ierantoni FG Croce CMG +usco 9 (##7. "'egati!e regulation of ;RC9$ gene expression by:MF9$ proteins accounts for the reduced ;RC9$ protein le!els in sporadic breast carcinoma". Molecularand Cellular ;iology 23(1 /078. doi$#.$$82MC;.7.1./-78.##7.3MC$/#17%.

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#$$*->.3MC7111#5.3M4D785*75.

DP! Jump up ^?acinto + 6steller M (?uly ##1. "Mutator pathBays unleashed by epigeneticsilencing in human cancer". Mutagenesis 22(% %10/7. doi$#.$#572mutage2gem##5.3M4D$1%$1$.

D#! Jump up ^,aht> C 3feifer F3 (+ebruary #$$. "6pigenetic changes of D'9 repair genes incancer".? Mol Cell ;iol 3($ /$08.doi$#.$#572mcb2m#/7.3MC7#7#517.3M4D$18%/.

D5! Jump up ^;ernstein C 'fonsam 3rasad 9R ;ernstein : (March #$7."6pigenetic fielddefects in progression to cancer". )orld ? Fastrointest Oncol 5(7 %705. doi$#.%/$2Bgo.!/.i7.%7.

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D6! Jump up ^;ernstein CarolG 3rasad 9nil R.G 'fonsam alentineG ;ernstein :arris (#$7."D'9 Damage D'9 Repair and Cancer". 4n Clar& Chen.'eB Research Directions in D'9 Repair.4nAech. doi$#./112/75$5.4;'518-5/7-/$-$$$%-*.

D9! Jump up ^'arayanan ,G +rit>ell ?9G ;a&er MG ,is&ay RMG Fla>er 3M ($551."6le!atedle!els of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the D'9 mismatch repair gene 3ms".

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D! Jump up Ô:agan :MG Mohammad :3G ;aylin ; (##8. ,ee ?eannie A ed."Doublestrand brea&s can initiate gene silencing and 4RA$-dependent onset of D'9 methylation in an exogenouspromoter CpF island".3,O Fenetics 4(8 e$###$//. doi$#.$71$2ournal.pgen.$###$//.3MC%5$17.3M4D$81#%$/5.

DL! Jump up ^Cuo>>o CG 3orcellini 9G 9ngrisano AG Morano 9G ,ee ;G Di 3ardo 9G Messina G

4uliano RG +usco 9G antillo MRG Muller MAG Chiariotti ,G Fottesman M6G 9!!edimento 6 (##1."D'9 damage homology-directed repair and D'9 methylation".3,O Fenetics 3(1 e$$#.doi$#.$71$2ournal.pgen.##7#$$# .3MC$5$7$##.3M4D$1*$*518.

P! Jump up ^Mal&in D (#$$. ",i-fraumeni syndrome". Fenes V cancer 2(% %1/08%.doi$#.$$112$5%1*#$5$$%$7%**.3MC7$7/*%5.3M4D$115/$/.

#! Jump up ^+earon 6R ($551. ":uman cancer syndromes Clues to the origin and nature ofcancer". cience 278(/7%# $#%70/#.doi$#.$$*2science.18./7%#.$#%7.3M4D57/7$11.

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6! Jump up to: ab"Metastatic Cancer Wuestions and 9nsBers".'ational Cancer 4nstitute.Retrie!ed ##8-#8-8.

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K! Jump up ^9nguiano , Mayer D@ 3i!en M, Rosenstein D (?ul09ug #$. "9 literature re!ieBof suicide in cancer patients". Cancer 'ursing 35(% 6$%0*. doi$#.$#512'CC.#b#$7e7$8fc1*c.

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D! Jump up ^"Cancer pre!ention 1 steps to reduce your ris&".Mayo Clinic.1 eptember ##8.Retrie!ed 7# ?anuary #$#.

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LP! Jump up ^"Cancer". )orld :ealth Organi>ation. Retrie!ed 5 ?anuary #$$.

L#! Jump up to: ab)ic&i 9 :agmann ? (eptember #$$. "Diet and cancer". Biss medical Bee&ly141 B$7/#.doi$#.%%$%2smB.#$$.$7/#.3M4D$5#%55.

L5! Jump up ^Cappellani 9 Di ita M Nanghi 9 Ca!allaro 9 3iccolo F eroux M ;erretta MMalaguarnera M Can>onieri ,o Men>o 6 (#$. "Diet obesity and breast cancer an update". +ront;iosci (chol 6d 4 5#0$#8.3M4D##%/.
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tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946906https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-86https://books.google.com/books?id=jkqdgZcF9qcC&pg=PA229https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7637-3276-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-87http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cancer-prevention/CA00024https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Danaei_88-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736(05)67725-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16298215https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16166https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675728https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Cancer_Cancer_90-0http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Diet11_91-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Diet11_91-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2011.13250https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21904992https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-pmid22202045_92-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202045


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L9! Jump up ^)ang TG Ouyang JG ,iu ?G Nhu MG Nhao FG ;ao )G :u +; (5 ?uly #$%. "+ruitand !egetable consumption and mortality from all causes cardio!ascular disease and cancer systematicre!ieB and dose-response meta-analysis of prospecti!e cohort studies.".;M? (Clinical research ed. 349

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#PL! Jump up ^chBart> FF ;lot )? (9pril ##*. "itamin D status and cancer incidence andmortality something neB under the sun". ?. 'atl. Cancer 4nst. 98(1 %807#. doi$#.$#572nci2d$1.

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##P! Jump up ^+rit> : @ennedy D +ergusson D +ernandes R Doucette Cooley @ eely 9agar )ong R eely D (#$$. Minna ?D ed."itamin 9 and retinoid deri!ati!es for lung cancer a

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###! Jump up ^Cole ;+ ;aron ?9 andler R :aile R) 9hnen D? ;resalier R Mc@eoBn-6yssenF ummers R) Rothstein R4 ;ur&e C9 no!er DC Church AR 9llen ?4 Robertson D? ;ec& F? ;ond

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#59! Jump up ^"creening for Aesticular Cancer".


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#95! Jump up ^:ill RG :ealy ;G :olloBay ,G @uncic NG AhBaites DG ;aldoc& C ($ March #$%."9d!ances in &ilo!oltage x-ray beam dosimetry.". 3hysics in medicine and biology 59(* R$8707$.doi$#.$#882##7$-5$//2/52*2r$87.3M4D%/8%$87.

#96! Jump up to: abTolland oli CFG Aemin G 9liff AG ;a&er G ;rahmer ?G ?ohnson D:G,as&in ?,G Masters FG Milton DG 'orduist ,G 3ao )G 3fister DFG 3iantadosi G chiller ?:Gmith RG mith A?G traBn ?RG Arent DG Fiaccone FG 9merican ociety of Clinical Oncology(#$$. "#$$ +ocused ed Care for 3atients Bith 9d!anced Cancer". ?ournal of ClinicalOncology 29(* 1//0*#.doi$#.$##2?CO.#$#.77.$1%%.3M4D$*7#8*.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-142https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-142https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9155%2F59%2F6%2Fr183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584183https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584183https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-145https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-145https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2010.34.2774https://dx.doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2010.34.2774https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900105https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900105https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679538https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679538https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679538https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200416https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200416https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200416https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755046https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755046https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755046https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsb1013826https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612477https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612477https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612477https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2010.33.1744https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263086https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263086https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263086https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-142https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9155%2F59%2F6%2Fr183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24584183https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-H41_143-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-ASCOfive_144-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-145https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttp://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Soc_Clin_Onc.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncologyhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2010.34.2774https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675703https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679538https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200416https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755046https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsb1013826https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612477https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2010.33.1744https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21263086


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#9E! Jump up ^"'CC' Fuidelines".

#9D! Jump up ^"Clinical 3ractice Fuidelines for Wuality 3alliati!e Care"(3D+. Ahe 'ationalConsensus 3roect for Wuality 3alliati!e Care ('C3.

#9! Jump up ^,e!y M: ;ac& 9 ;a>argan ;enedetti C ;illings ?9 ;loc& ;ruera 6 Carducci

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?G 9dair AG 9ggarBal RG 9hn JG 9lMa>roa M9G 9l!arado MG 9nderson :RG 9nderson ,MG 9ndreBs@FG 9t&inson CG ;addour ,MG ;ar&er-Collo G ;artels D:G ;ell M,G ;enamin 6?G ;ennett DG;halla @G ;i&bo! ;G ;in 9bdulha& 9G ;irbec& FG ;lyth +G ;olliger 4G ;oufous G ;ucello C (Dec $/#$. "Flobal and regional mortality from 7/ causes of death for # age groups in $55# and #$# a

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#KL! Jump up ^):O(October #$#. "Cancer". )orld :ealth Organi>ation. Retrie!ed / ?anuary#$$.
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#EP! Jump up to: abColeman )illiam ;.G Rubinas Aara C. (##5. "%". 4n Asongalis Fregory ?.GColeman )illiam ,. Molecular 3athology Ahe Molecular ;asis of :uman Disease. 9msterdam 6lse!ier

9cademic 3ress. p. **.4;'#-$-71%%$5-5.

#E#! Jump up ^?ohnson Feorge (8 December #$#. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Coleman_160-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Coleman_160-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Coleman_160-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Coleman_160-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Coleman_160-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-374419-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-374419-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-374419-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Weinberg_161-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-Weinberg_161-0http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-162https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-162https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2010.06.012https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656212https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656212https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656212https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-163https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-163http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4072-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-164https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-164https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10522-008-9209-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156531https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156531https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156531https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-165https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-165https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc3497https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc3497https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612461https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-166https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-166https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514961-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514961-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514961-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-167https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_ref-167https://en.wikipedia.o

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Idiopathy and Cancer

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