IE496IE496Industrial Engineering Industrial Engineering

InternshipInternship

Dr. BarnesDr. Barnes

October 30, 2006October 30, 2006

Lecture # 8Lecture # 8

Ethics – Part 2Ethics – Part 2

Review of EthicsReview of Ethics

Last week we looked briefly at –Last week we looked briefly at – The origins of ethics The origins of ethics Theories of ethics (Utilitarianism, Theories of ethics (Utilitarianism,

Duty Ethics, Rights Ethics, Virtue Duty Ethics, Rights Ethics, Virtue Ethics)Ethics)

Engineering as a professionEngineering as a profession Codes of ethics (IIE, NSPE, Order of Codes of ethics (IIE, NSPE, Order of

an Engineer)an Engineer) Ethics cases (e.g., space shuttles)Ethics cases (e.g., space shuttles)

This weekThis week

Show how to analyze Show how to analyze problems from an ethical problems from an ethical

viewpoint.viewpoint.

Analyzing Ethical ProblemsAnalyzing Ethical Problems

11stst Step – completely understand all Step – completely understand all issues involved and enumerate them.issues involved and enumerate them.

Three categories of issues –Three categories of issues –• Factual – what is actually known about a Factual – what is actually known about a

case.case.• Conceptual – the meaning or Conceptual – the meaning or

applicability of an idea.applicability of an idea.• Moral – which moral principle is Moral – which moral principle is

applicable to the situation.applicable to the situation.

Two analysis techniquesTwo analysis techniques

Line DrawingLine Drawing

Flow ChartingFlow Charting

Line DrawingLine Drawing Useful for situations in which the applicable Useful for situations in which the applicable

moral principles are clear, but there seems to be moral principles are clear, but there seems to be a great deal of “gray area” about which ethical a great deal of “gray area” about which ethical principle applies.principle applies.

Polar opposites are established.Polar opposites are established.• Positive paradigm (example, pattern).Positive paradigm (example, pattern).• Negative paradigm.Negative paradigm.

Moral problems are placed along line in Moral problems are placed along line in accordance with where each fall on a continuum.accordance with where each fall on a continuum.

““P” is placed where you believe problem fits P” is placed where you believe problem fits relative to entries.relative to entries.

Elementary line-drawing techniqueElementary line-drawing technique

Negative paradigm Negative paradigm Positive paradigm Positive paradigm    (NP)(NP) (PP) (PP)

  

Example - Problem 1Example - Problem 1

Dispose of slightly hazardous waste into Dispose of slightly hazardous waste into lake.lake.

Water source for nearby town.Water source for nearby town. EPA limit 10 ppm.EPA limit 10 ppm. Average concentration of disposal – 5 Average concentration of disposal – 5

ppm –ppm –• Expect no health problems.Expect no health problems.• Person not able to detect (taste) compound.Person not able to detect (taste) compound.

Problem 1 – hypothetical considerationsProblem 1 – hypothetical considerations

1.1. Dump 5 ppm waste in lake; harmless, but Dump 5 ppm waste in lake; harmless, but unusual taste.unusual taste.

2.2. Town’s water-treatment system can effectively Town’s water-treatment system can effectively remove waste.remove waste.

3.3. Town can remove waste with company-Town can remove waste with company-purchased equipment.purchased equipment.

4.4. Town can remove waste with taxpayer-Town can remove waste with taxpayer-purchased equipment.purchased equipment.

5.5. Occasional (rare) illness, lasts for an hour.Occasional (rare) illness, lasts for an hour.6.6. At 5 ppm people get fairly sick, lasts one week, At 5 ppm people get fairly sick, lasts one week,

no long term effect.no long term effect.7.7. Special equipment can reduce ppm to “1.”Special equipment can reduce ppm to “1.”

Hypotheticals on line and Hypotheticals on line and “problem” estimate“problem” estimate

Negative paradigm Negative paradigm Positive paradigm Positive paradigm   

(NP)(NP) (PP) (PP)

   6 5 4 1 6 5 4 1 PP 7 2,3 7 2,3

Flow ChartingFlow Charting

Helpful when there is a sequence of Helpful when there is a sequence of events or a series of consequences events or a series of consequences that flows from each decision.that flows from each decision.

Gives a visual picture and readily Gives a visual picture and readily allows one to see results of each allows one to see results of each decision.decision.

Elementary flow chartElementary flow chart

Operation

Decision

Example - Problem 2Example - Problem 2

Should Union Carbide build a plant at Should Union Carbide build a plant at Bhophal? Investigate –Bhophal? Investigate –

Laws.Laws. Safety standards.Safety standards. Cost considerations.Cost considerations.

Union CarbideUnion Carbide -Flow Chart -Flow Chart

Please read –Please read –

Section 4.5: Conflict ProblemsSection 4.5: Conflict Problems• 11stst - Conflicting moral choices, but one is - Conflicting moral choices, but one is

obviously more significant than the other.obviously more significant than the other.• 22ndnd – “Creative Middle Way,” an attempt at a – “Creative Middle Way,” an attempt at a

compromise that will work for everyone.compromise that will work for everyone.• 33rdrd – When 1 and 2 don’t work, bite the bullet, – When 1 and 2 don’t work, bite the bullet,

use your “gut feelings” and make best possible use your “gut feelings” and make best possible choice from information available.choice from information available.

Section 4.6: Bribery/Acceptance of GiftsSection 4.6: Bribery/Acceptance of Gifts• Bribery never acceptable.Bribery never acceptable.

Info sourceInfo source

Engineering EthicsEngineering Ethics, 2, 2ndnd Edition, Charles Edition, Charles B. Fleddermann, Chapter 4, Pearson B. Fleddermann, Chapter 4, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Prentice Hall, 2004.

Ethical Problem Solving Ethical Problem Solving Techniques:Techniques:

Addressing Airbus 330-300 Addressing Airbus 330-300 Case StudyCase Study

By:By:Joe MathewJoe Mathew

IE 491IE 491University at BuffaloUniversity at Buffalo

April 22, 2005April 22, 2005

Incident SummaryIncident Summary

Airbus A330-300 departed Vancouver Airbus A330-300 departed Vancouver Substantial amount of smoke and Substantial amount of smoke and

vapor seen emitting from Engine 2vapor seen emitting from Engine 2 Emergency landing in Vancouver Emergency landing in Vancouver Engine 2 shut downEngine 2 shut down Inspection showed fuel was leakingInspection showed fuel was leaking

Causal FactorsCausal Factors

1. Incorrect entry on maintenance office duty board1. Incorrect entry on maintenance office duty board• Did not follow trouble shooting manual (TSM)Did not follow trouble shooting manual (TSM)• Unnecessarily removed LP fuel line from fuel/oil Unnecessarily removed LP fuel line from fuel/oil

heat exchangerheat exchanger2. Unfamiliarity with Equipment2. Unfamiliarity with Equipment

• Retainer hidden from viewRetainer hidden from view• Did not use Aircraft Maintenance Manual Did not use Aircraft Maintenance Manual

(AMM)(AMM)3. Engine vibration caused detachment of fuel/oil 3. Engine vibration caused detachment of fuel/oil

heat exchanger LP fuel lineheat exchanger LP fuel line• Substantial leak from Engine 2Substantial leak from Engine 2

Line Drawing – Causal Factor 1, 2Line Drawing – Causal Factor 1, 2

Negative ParadigmNegative Paradigm Positive ParadigmPositive Paradigm

Compliance with TSM and AMM was not achieved.

Compliance with TSM and AMM was achieved.

Negative Paradigm: The workers do not follow the Trouble Shooting Manual and the Aircraft Maintenance Manual resulting in troubleshooting and performing maintenance without reference

Positive Paradigm: The workers followed the Trouble Shooting Manual and Aircraft Maintenance Manual so that all troubleshooting and maintenance is performed with proper reference and guidance.

P

Flow Charting – Causal Factor 3Flow Charting – Causal Factor 3

Preventive fuel leak inspection needed on aircraft

Proper inspection with use of elevated platform?

High-Power Engine Run Performed?

Fuel Leak Detection Implemented?

Perform High-Power Engine Run

Implement Fuel LeakDetection

Perform inspection with use of elevated platform

Preventive Fuel Leak Inspection Performed

YesYes Yes

NoNoNo

Dharmy BhattDharmy BhattIE 491: Ethics PresentationIE 491: Ethics Presentation

April 22, 2005April 22, 2005

Bell’s Amusement ParkBell’s Amusement Park

Tulsa, OklahomaTulsa, Oklahoma

Accident SummaryAccident Summary April 20, 1997 – Two roller coaster cars collided April 20, 1997 – Two roller coaster cars collided

on the Wildcat roller coasteron the Wildcat roller coaster The two cars were going up a hill and an anti-The two cars were going up a hill and an anti-

rollback device failed to keep the first car on the rollback device failed to keep the first car on the track and it slipped back and crashed into the car track and it slipped back and crashed into the car behind it.behind it.

The roller coaster was inspected two weeks The roller coaster was inspected two weeks before this accident.before this accident.

One person was killed and five others were One person was killed and five others were injured.injured.

Causal FactorsCausal Factors

1. The “chain dog” was riding up on the 1. The “chain dog” was riding up on the edge of the chain trough.edge of the chain trough.• If the chain rides up the side of the car and If the chain rides up the side of the car and

onto the left leg of the chain near the top of onto the left leg of the chain near the top of the hill, the chain can disengage and the car the hill, the chain can disengage and the car could slip.could slip.

2. Maintenance records/maintenance of the 2. Maintenance records/maintenance of the roller coaster.roller coaster.• There was no documentation for scheduled or There was no documentation for scheduled or

nonscheduled maintenance of The Wildcat, or nonscheduled maintenance of The Wildcat, or for operating procedures.for operating procedures.

Flowchart – The “chain dog” FactorFlowchart – The “chain dog” Factor

The Wildcat can operate.

Has the chain dog been changed?

No

Has someone inspected the changes?

A maintenance worker must inspect the

changes.

No

Yes

Is the “chain log” at the proper height?

Fix the height of the “chain dog” and inspect again.

The Wildcat can operate properly.

No

Yes

Yes

Line Drawing-- MaintenanceLine Drawing-- Maintenance

Negative ParadigmNegative Paradigm Positive ParadigmPositive Paradigm

Documentation hinders the performance of each car.

Proper documentation exists and the roller coaster is acceptable.

P

1.1. Every time The Wildcat breaks down, it is documented.Every time The Wildcat breaks down, it is documented.2.2. Operating procedure are followed for the most part.Operating procedure are followed for the most part.3.3. Operators haven’t been trained at all.Operators haven’t been trained at all.4.4. Changes made to the car don’t need to be written down.Changes made to the car don’t need to be written down.5.5. Proper part replacements should be followed.Proper part replacements should be followed.

123 54

Ethics Problem Solving:Ethics Problem Solving:Whiteshell Air Service Ltd. Whiteshell Air Service Ltd.

Airplane Engine FailureAirplane Engine Failure

Theresa J MoehleIE 491

April 22, 2005

Accident Summary:Accident Summary:

Airplane departed Lac du Bonnet, Airplane departed Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba without incidentManitoba without incident

After plane was leveled in air, large After plane was leveled in air, large backfire heard and loss of engine backfire heard and loss of engine powerpower

Pilot landed plane in swampy area Pilot landed plane in swampy area with minor and severe injuries to with minor and severe injuries to passengerspassengers

Casual FactorsCasual Factors

Incorrect installation of airplane partsIncorrect installation of airplane parts• Cylinder push rod tubeCylinder push rod tube• Valve adjustment screw protrusion beyond Valve adjustment screw protrusion beyond

limitslimits• Caused damage to valve train – exhaust valve Caused damage to valve train – exhaust valve

would not open overtimewould not open overtime Failure to properly inspect airplaneFailure to properly inspect airplane

• Field Barometric Power Reference CheckField Barometric Power Reference Check• Valve clearance checks on 400-hr scheduleValve clearance checks on 400-hr schedule

Line Drawing:Line Drawing: Incorrect Installation of PartsIncorrect Installation of Parts

NP PP

Airplane parts are installed incorrectly causing immediate,

fatal damage

Airplane parts are installed

correctly

1. Parts are installed incorrectly, but corrected immediately

2. Parts are installed incorrectly, and cause minor damage overtime

3. Parts are installed incorrectly, but cause no damage overtime

12 3P

Flow Chart:Flow Chart: Failure to Properly Inspect PlaneFailure to Properly Inspect Plane

Should plane be inspected?

Have parts been

replaced?

No

Yes

Inspect plane before flying

Had last Check within

400 hrs?

Yes

Inspect planebefore flying

Has pilot noticed Irregular

Sounds?

Inspectionis not needed

Inspect plane before flying

No No

Yes

AssignmentAssignment

Work in group to –Work in group to – choose problem and get my permission choose problem and get my permission

beforebefore you start – sources of info on you start – sources of info on original class schedule and syllabus original class schedule and syllabus document.document.

analyze problem using analyze problem using bothboth techniques techniques shown today.shown today.

present your analysis in class using PPT.present your analysis in class using PPT. send me one copy of your electronic file send me one copy of your electronic file

via e-mail.via e-mail.Due November 27Due November 27thth..

Groups 1 - 4Groups 1 - 4

Group 1 – Abdella, AppeltGroup 1 – Abdella, Appelt

Group 2 – Cheng Y, Condro, TarrienGroup 2 – Cheng Y, Condro, Tarrien

Group 3 – Cordova, Dimattina, DruckerGroup 3 – Cordova, Dimattina, Drucker

Group 4 – Hanif, Jankowski, KaczamrskiGroup 4 – Hanif, Jankowski, Kaczamrski

Groups 5 - 7Groups 5 - 7

Group 5 – Kotarski, Lee, LiongGroup 5 – Kotarski, Lee, Liong

Group 6 – Nasradinaj, Skerker, Group 6 – Nasradinaj, Skerker, StrassheimStrassheim

Group 7 – Trifunouski, Vaidya, WidjajaGroup 7 – Trifunouski, Vaidya, Widjaja

Presentation order will be randomly Presentation order will be randomly drawn and announced on Nov. 27drawn and announced on Nov. 27thth..

The EndThe End

Questions??Questions??