IELTS Writing Task 1 Tips (P3)

7/25/2019 IELTS Writing Task 1 Tips (P3)

1/27

C` wm wratm gh ahtr`cudta`h0 [mbb, wm c` h`t wratm gh mssgy-stybm ahtr`cudta`h. Semrm as h`

ngdlkrùhc `r `paha`h t` wratm sahdm tem tgsl as h`t gh mssgy nut ahstmgc g suoo ry ` fgdts .

T`, gkgah, c` wm wratm gh ahtr`cudta`h0 Sem ghswmr as pr`ngnby yms nmdgusm ny kavahk tem sunjmdt

ghc rghkm

`

tem krgpe, tgnbm, degrt, ogp `r cagkrgo, at dgh

7.

d`hhmdt

tem cmsdrapt a`h t` tem rmgb atmo tem Sgsl @hm) `r tem tgsl

d`hdmpt

ny g

suoogry).

embp us gvàc rmpmtata`h

`f

b`hk hùh pergsms, taom rmfmrmhdms, `r `temr pgrgomtmrs.

Semsm b`hk hùh pergsms ghc tem taom pmra`c wabb egvm t` nm wrattmh gt sòm stgkm ah tem ghswmr,

s` at as b`kadgb t` mstgnbase temo gbb gt tem nmkahhahk. Bmt us mxpb`rm teas.

, Mxmrdasm 75

Ygrt

hm

Sap 5 Mxmrdasm 7> Sgsl M as g ngr degrt, se`wahk tem pradms ` eghckuhs, rafbms, sbuk kuhs, ghc

se`tkuhs `vmr tem pmra`c >996 t` >979. f temsm grm ogcm dbmgr ah tem ahtr`cudta`h, temh wm dgh

usm syh`hyos w`rcs wate tem sgom omghahk), pgrgpergsms, `r pr`hùhs t` rmfmr t` temo o`rm

mffadamhtby, weade kavms us krmgtmr vgramty ah ùr v`dgnubgry. Fabb ah tem kgps.

Sem pgrgomtmrs

eghckuhs, rafbms,

sbuk kuhs, ghc

se`tkuhs

>996 t` >979

>996

>979

... omhta`hmc

h

tem ahtr`cudta`h

dgh b tmr nm

rmfmrrmc

t` ah tem

`cy `f

tem

hswmr

wate

tmros

sude gs ...

Tyh`hyos/Ygrgpergsms


2/27

Ygrt Sw`

Bmt us b``l gt tem ahtr`cudta`h wm egvm f`r ùr 'f``tngbb dbuns' krgpe cmsdrapta`h.

t as

h`w o`rm

f`rogb ah krgoogr ghc w`rcs, nut temrm as stabb g pr`nbmo. Dòpgrm ùr ahtr`cudta`h (se`wh

hmxt) wate tem gdtugb ahtr`cudta`h

usmc

h

tem qumsta`h pgpmr

(se`wh gt tem nmkahhahk

`

Sap 3).

[egt as tem pr`nbmo wate ùrs

Ygrt Sermm

As teas ahtr`cudta`h nmttmr0

G quadl kbghdm gt tem rghkm ghc mxtmht `f gbb tem ahf`rogta`h suppbamc ny tem krgpeadgb

cgtg rmvmgbs tegt temrm grm termm dbuns ahv`bvmc ah tem peysadgb kgom `f f``tngbb , ghc

tem pr`fat tegt temy oghgkm t` gdquarm as gbs` rmprmsmhtmc `h tem vmrtadgb gxas

ah

tem

uhats

`f

teùsghcs `f c`bbgrs `vmr tem dùrsm `f g we`bm ymgr. Seas ymgr as se`wh `h

tem e`raz`htgb gxas, weade as cavacmc aht` fùr qugrtmrs, nmahk tem farst , smd`hc, tearc,

ghc fùrte.

Ygrt ùr

Ghc h`w f`r sòm krgoogr. Fabb

ah

tem tw` tgnbms.

dòpgrm

fbudtugtm

Ygrt avm

7 Dgh yù ghgbysm tem pgrt `f spmmde ah tem hùh pergsm:

tem pr`fat fakurms `f termm f``tngbb dbuns .

> Ah e`w oghy caffmrmht wgys dgh yù rmwratm teas0

Sry t` teahl `f sòm rmgb-w`rbc v`dgnubgry.

9

u

d

r

..

d


3/27

b

òm ssums

Ah Mxmrdasm

75

, Ygrt @hm, wm dgh rmfmr

t`:

eg

hckuhs, rafbms, sbuk

kuhs, ghc se`tkuhs

>996 t` >979

>996

>979

gs

tem fùr typms

`f

wmgp`hry

AA

temsm sogbb gros

AA

temsm cmvadms AA temsm fùr cmfmhsavm atmos

A tem pmra`c

temsm

ymgrs AA tem kavmh taom AA tem taom frgom

A tem nmkahhahk AA tem stgrt AA ahatagbby AA `rakahgbby

A tem fahase AA tem mhc AA fahgbby AA ubtaogtmby

T`, usahk ahtr`cudta`hs gbb`ws o`rm vgramty ah tem v`dgnubgry, nut temrm

as

`hm nak assum gnùt

temo. Semy hmmc t` egvm `rakah b w`rcs. Sem ahtr`cudta`h wm egvm usmc ah Ygrt Sw`

`f

tem

prmvaùs mxmrdasm

as

mx dtby tem s om gs tem ahtr`cudta`h usmc ah tem qumsta`h pgpmr. Seas as ngc

sodm

7

tem w`rcs grm h`t d`hsacmrmc pgrt `f

y ur

ghswmr

gs g rmsubt `f teas , yù oust b`kadgbby

nm

pmhgbasmc

C`ms teas omgh tem ahtr`cudta`h ah Mxmrdasm

75

, Ygrt Sermm

as

nmttmr0 H` At as 59 w`rcs, `vmr `hm

egbf

`f

gh ghswmr ^momonmr, tem ahtr`cudta`h as rmpm tahk ahf`rogta`h gbrmgcy dbm rby kavmh ny

tem tgsl. Sem ahtr`cudta`h

as

tem bm st ahtmrmstahk pgrt

`f

ghy ghswmr ghc gccs tem bm st t`wgrcs

Sgsl Gdeamvmomht ghc yùr `vmrgbb sd`rm.

At

as

gbs` ' `pmh' f`r oude fbuff.

C` h`t wgstm t`` oghy w`rcs `h gh ahtr`cudta`h. O`vm

t`

tem pàht

gs

quadlby ghc saopby

gs

yù dgh \Tmm gbs` Sap

6

Mxmrdasm 6, Ghswmr 3_. Sem mxgopbm ahtr`cudta`h as oude nmttmr wrattmh

ah 76

w`rcs:

G quadl kbghdm gt tem rghkm ghc mxtmht `f gbb tem ahf`rogta`h suppbamc ny tem krgpebmgf

cgtg rmvmgbs tegt temrm grm termm f``tngbb) dbuns ahv`bvmc

ah

tem peysadgb kgom

`f

f``tngbb, ghc tem temar) pr`fat tegt temy oghgkm t` gdquarm

as

gbs` rmprmsmhtmc

`h

tem

vmrtadgb gxas ah tem uhats `f teùsghcs `f c`bbgrs `vmr tem dùrsm `f g wftmfm ymgr. FG s-

ymgr as

se`Hh `h

tem e`raz`htgb gxas,

v77eade as

cavacmc aht` fùr qugrtmrs, nmahk tem farst ,

smd`hc, tearc, ghc fùrte .

Hùh Yergsms

\ _

@f

dùrsm, wm `ftmh e vm t` usm tem lmy hùhs (f`r mxgopbm: 'f``tngbb dbuns'), nut wm seùbc h`t

usm tem b`hk hùh pergsms tegt grm rmfbmdtmc `h tem Q gxas \Q_ w`rc f`r w`rc.

[m

oust deghkm


4/27

tem w`rc `rcmr, krgoogr, ghc

af

wm dgh) ahtr`cudm sòm hmw v`dgnubgry, ah `rcmr

t`

oglm tem

wratahk

ùrs

Seas pr`dmss as dgbbmc pgrgpergsahk .

Hùh pergsms grm just b`hk hùhs ghc dgh tglm termm ngsad f`ros.

A.

>

4g

-

n

t

'

~ 7 ~ r , ~ ~

b 7 f

, ,,

Tunj. mrn

F`r mxgopbm. Qù grm

7.

oy (AMBST/k``c) stucmhts. stuc

mh

ts `f oahm ah AMBST)_

dòpgrms \Qs_

H`t Omhta`hahk tem Sgsl

Gh`temr acmg as t`

h`t

omhta`h tem tgsl atmo. ^momonmr, gs tem fahgb pgrt

`f

Sap 6 mxpbgahs, tem

tgsl as ahf`rogta`h trghsfmr : just trghsfmrrahk tem ahf`rogta`h frò tem atmo t` tem pgpmr. [m

dùbc temrmf`rm oglm tem stybastad deàdm t` dòpbmtmby rmo`vm gbb rmfmrmhdm t` tem gdtugb atmo

atsmbf. Emrm grm sòm o`cmbs t` c` teas, usahk Ygttmrhs 7 ghc >

9

u

+-

(_.)

8


7/27

Ygttmrh

- deghkm(s)

A Se

m - vgragta`h(s)

ah

\Q

+ats

pgrgomtmrs_

-as grm)

gs f`bb`ws.

R

A -

fbudtugta`h(s)

Ygttmrh >

- [egt f`bb`ws

- Emrm

as

g suoogry

`f

- Sem f`bb`wahk suoograsms

. Mxmrdasm 1

- dgh

nm

suoograsmc

- deghkms

e`w

\Q_ - vgrams \Ygrgomtmrs_

- tem o hhmr h weade

- fbudtugtms

7

^mwra tm tem f` bb wahk hùh pergsms ah gt bmgst tw` caffmrmht wgys. B``l gt Gppmhcax 3 t` smm

oy ghswmrs.

7

Nrmglc`wh `f Mcudgta`h Bmvmbs `f GGG Mbmdtr`hads Mopb`ymms

> Gvmrgkm Yradms `f Kuhs gt Jèhs`h s Kuh Te`ps

4 Tùrdms `f [`rbc Hmws f`r Ogbms ghc Fmogbms ah Nratgah

3 [gtmr Tuppby ghc Tghatgta`h ah ]rngh ghc ûrgb Grmgs

=

Cmvmb`pomht `f tem S`wh

`f

[gbkmtt

6

Yr`dmss `f [gtmr Yurafadgta`h

;

]hats `f Mbmdtradaty ny Fumb Sypm

ah

Jgpgh ghc Deahg

> K` ngdl

t`

Sap ; Mxmrdasm 79 wemrm temrm grm termm saopbafamc Sgsl @hms - G N ghc D - ghc

try wratahk sòm ahtr`cudta`hs t` temsm. B``l gt Gppmhcax 3 t` smm oy ghswmrs .


8/27

Ttrgaket aht` gh mxmrdasm

B P

2

Mxmrdasm >

Ygrt hm

Grm

tem

f`bb`wahk - At dgh nm smmh frò tem krgpe tegt. ..

k``c gccata`hs t` gh - At as mvacmht frò tem krgpe tegt.

..

ghswmr0

- Sem ahf`rogta`h ah tem krgpe gbs` rmvmgbs tegt. ..

- ]p`h db`smr mxgoahgta`h `f tem krgpe, at as dbmgrby `nvaùs tegt.

..

Ygrt Sw`

D`hsacmr: 7. [egt as wr`hk wate tem f`bb`wahk termm sgopbm ghswmrs0

>. E`w dùbc yù fax temo0

Tgopbm Ghswmr 7 \Ygrt_

Sem krgpe se`ws e`w tem pr`fat vgrams f`r Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun

ah

`hm ymgr ah

teùsghcs `f c`bbgrs.

Ah

tem farst qugrtmr tem pr`fat f`r Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun kr`ws frò

4= t` 39.

Ah

tem smd`hc qugrtmr tem pr`fat f`r Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun d`htahums t` kr`w.

Ah tem tearc qugrtmr Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun s pr`fat cmdrmgsms temh tem f``tngbb dbuns

pr`fat ahdrmgsms gkgah.

Tgopbm Ghswmr > \Ygrt_

Sem pr`fat wgs =9

teùsghc c`bbgrs.

Ah tem farst qugrtmr at r`sm t` 6=

teùsghc c`bbgrs

nut temh fmbb t` >9

teùsghc c`bbgrs.

Ah tem bgst tw` qugrtmrs at krgcugbby cmdbahmc t` favm

teùsghc c`bbgrs.

9

u

DJ

:8

2


9/27

A


Sem pr`fat f`r Cghcmh`hk ahdrmgsms. h tem bgst pmra`c, at d`htahums teas ahdrmgsm gt

tem sgom rgtm. Sem pr`fat f`r H`nbm Ygrl cmdrmgsms

ah

tem farst qugrtmr. h tem smd`hc

qugrtmr, at cmdrmgsms gkgah, d`htahuahk teas cmdrmgsahk trmhc f`r tem we`bm pmra`c .


Thgzzbm ahdrmgsms, Thatde gbs` rasms, To``teb`w kr`ws, Tatn`y se`ws g p`satavm trmhc,

nut Tpmrbzg cmdrmgsms.

Sem smhtmhdms

ah

Ygrt @hm grm vmry

vmry

dòo`h. ^momonmr, tem ahtr`cudta`h

`

ùr ghswmr egs

gbrmgcy ogcm at dbmgr tegt wm grm b``lahk gt g krgpe (`r pam/ngr degrt, tgnbm

`

fakurms, ogp `r

cagkrgo), ghc gs

Sap

79

tmbbs us, tem purp`sm

`

teas ahtr`cudta`h

as t gvàc rmpmtata`h

T`,

gs

tem mxpbghgta`h t` Sap

6

Mxmrdasm

6

Ghswmr = tmbbs us, ghy furtemr omhta`h

`

tem krgpe

as g f`ro

`

rmpmtata`h. Gt ats w`rst, at as just uhhmdmssgry fbuff, fabbahk ùr ghswmr wate w`rcs ghc

tglahk us h`wemrm. Gvàc teas .

Mbaoahgtahk ^mpmtata`h

[mbb, af wm wght g

rghkm `

w`rcs, wm seùbc h`t rmpmgt temo. Ah Mxmrdasm >9, Ygrt Sw`, Tgopbm

Ghswmr

7

tem bmgcahk hùh Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun as rmpmgtmc. Ah Tgopbm Ghswmr >, teùsghc

c`bbgrs

as

rmpmgtmc.

Ah

Tgopbm Ghswmr 4, tem vmrns ahdrmgsm ghc cmdrmgsm grm rmpmgtmc.

Tude rmpmtata`h gbs` gffmdts Dèmrmhdm Dèmsa`h (sahdm tem pgrts c` h`t fat wmbb t`kmtemr) ghc

gffmdts Sgsl Gdeamvmomht (sahdm wm grm wgstahk w`rcs tegt wm hmmc t` rmgbby c` tem tgsl). Gs

wm bmgrht frò tem prmvaùs tap, gxms ahf`rogta`h sude gs f``tngbb dbun `r teùsghc c`bbgrs

dùbc gbwgys nm put ah tem ahtr`cudta`h.

- Seas pr`fat as se`wh ah teùsghcs

`

c`bbgrs.

- ... se`ws tem pr`fat (ah teùsghcs

`

c`bbgrs ...

Seas wùbc gbb`w just tem fakurms

t`

nm usmc, pmregps wate just `hm rmoahcmr

`

temsm uhats wemh

yù kavm tem farst fakurm:

Cghcmh`hk's pr`fat nmkahs gt =9 (teùsghc c`bbgrs).

... `r yù dùbc usm tem kmhmrgb tmro uhats .

Cghcmh`hk's pr`fat nmkahs gt =9 uhats.


10/27

Ah Mxmrdasm >9, Ygrt Sw`,

Tgopbm Ghswmr 3

h` w`rcs grm rmpmgtmc, nut tem smhtmhdm as gh

`vmrwrattmh bast. Gvàc bastahk Sry t` nm d`hdasm (kavahk tem omssgkm ah gs fmw w`rcs gs p`ssanbm),

t` gbb`w yù t` wratm o`rm bgtmr. Seas pgssgkm (g f`rmst-vamw) dùbc nm oude nmttmr wrattmh gs:

bb de`d`bgtm ngrs p rt frò Tpmrbzg ahdrmgsm.

Surhahk ngdl t` rmpmgtmc hùhs ghc vmrns, wm gbs` hmmc t`

deghkm

temo aht` `temr w`rcs wate R

tem sgom `r saoabgr omghahk. Seas as sòmtaoms lh`wh gs bmxadgb degahahk , wemrm tem caffmrmht

w`rcs f`ro g degah ( Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun - tem dbun - teas tmgo - at ),

gbb d`hhmdtahk

t`kmtemr terùke tem tmxt ghc rmfmrrahk ngdl t` tem farst hùh.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P j

Tyh`hyos

ghc

Ygrgpergsahk f`r Ttybm

Sap 7 se`wmc tegt tem ngsad pgrgomtmrs (Q fmgturm, taom frgom, stgrt ghc mhc cgtms), `hdm temy

grm mstgnbasemc ah tem Sgsl @hm ahtr`cudta`h, seùbc h`t nm rmpmgtmc. Segt as `hm `f tem purp`sms

`f

tem ahtr`cudta`h.

Taoabgrby, try t` usm syh`hyos (w`rcs wate tem sgom omghahk) wemh wratahk tem lmy hùhs

ah yùr ghswmr. Ygrgpergsahk (usahk g fmw w`rcs kavahk tem sgom omghahk) dgh se`w tem

nmkahhahks

`f

d`bb`dgta`h ghc stybm (? AMBST Tmvmh). Sem se`rt fgdtugb hgturm `f Sgsl @hm

baoats tem deghdms t` c` teas, s` at as aop`rtght t` tglm tem `pp`rtuhaty af p`ssanbm.

F`r mxgopbm, ah oy sgopbm ghswmrs ah teas n``l, yù wabb h`tadm sude bmxadgb degahs gs:

ah tem d`htmxt

`f

dgr gddacmhts

xmrdasm >

Ygrt

hm

Dòpbmtm tem tw` f`bb`wahk tgnbms ny oglahk bmxadgb degahs.

M

9

u


11/27

egah @hm egah Sw` egah Sermm egah Fùr egah Favm

Frò \U

7_

t` \U>_,

Kmmb`hks

\U4_ t` \U3_,

[`rcs `f

Tpmdafad Saom

Ygrt Sw`

Kmmb`hk s pr`fat

pr`fat

ahdrmgsms

egah Tmvmh egah Maket

cmdrmgsms

sbaketby.

g krmgt cmgb.

egah Hahm

... stgys tem

sgom.

Oglahk bmxadgb degahs as gh aop`rtght wgy t` gcc vgramty t` yùr wratahk, s` bmt us egvm g b`hk

prgdtadm mxmrdasm.

Sry

dòpbmtahk tem f`bb`wahk tgnbms drmgtahk 49 se`rt bmxadgb degahs f`r tem

lmy hùhs kavmh).

Sry

t` pgrgpergsm f`r stybm wemrm p`ssanbm.

7.

grmg

>

dòpghy

77

tùrast cmstahgta`hs

+

4.

mxp`rts

7>.

trghsp`rt

3.

pr`cudta`h

74.

farahk `f stgff

=.

dustòmrs 73.

earahk `f stgff

6.

mbmdtradaty cmoghc

7=.

egvahk deabcrmh

;.

bmvmb `f mcudgta`h

76.

Jgpgh

5.

ahtmrhgta`hgb tùrasts

7;.

pmtr`b

1.

uhmopb`yomht rgtm

75.

omcadgb dòpbgahts


12/27

71. deghkahk

>=.

gddòo`cgta`h

sde``b sunjmdts

+

>9. bmasurm taom

>6. tem ]TG ghc Mur`pm

>7. eùsme`bc k``cs >;. oghgkmomht stybms

S

>>. vasats gnr`gc

A

>5. stucy eùrs

A

+

>4. aopras`homht

>1. oakrgta`h

>3. rmgs`hs f`r dòpbgaht

49.

de`rms

Tgopbm ghswmrs t` temsm tw` mxmrdasms grm ah Gppmhcax =. Gbs` stucy tem sgopbm wratahk ghswmrs

ah teas n``l

t`

bmgrh o`rm gnùt teas.

Mxmrdasm >>

B``l gt ùr f``tngbb dbuns ghswmr. Sem wratahk

as

o`rm f`rogb, egs h` `paha`h `r fbuff, ghc

as

t` tem pàht. Sem ahtr`cudta`h as `rakahgb, ghc tem f`rmst-vamw ghc trmm-vamw `rkghasgta`h oglm

tem ghswmr dbmgrmr ghc mgsamr t` f`bb`w. E`wmvmr temrm as g krmgt cmgb ` rmpmtata`h ` w`rcs ghc

krgoogr.

Sem krgpe oglms g dòpgras`h

`f

tem pr`fat kgahmc f`r H`nbm Ygrl, Cghcmh`hk, ghc Kmmb`hk f``tngbb

dbuns `vmr g dgbmhcgr ymgr.

B``lahk farst gs g we`bm, Cghcmh`hk

s

pr`fat as eakemr tegh tem pr`fat `f ats tw` ravgbs. .. _ At as h`t

eakemr ah tem

nmkahhahk

\ ... _

ghcmh`hk f``tngbb dbun kmhmrgtms ahdrmgsahkby eakemr mgrhahks

terùkeùt tem ymgr. Seas oglms Cghcmh`hk f``tngbb dbun tem o`st fahghdagbby suddmssfub dbun.

H`w

d`hsacmrahk ghcmh`hk ah o`rm cmtgab, temar pr`fat nmkahs gt

gnùt

3= teùsghc c`bbgrs.

Cghcmh`hk s pr`fat rasms str`hkby t` 69 teùsghc c`bbgrs ah tem farst qugrtmr. ^mkgrcahk Cghcmh`hk

f``tngbb dbun, .. _ Cghcmh`hk f``tngbb dbun d`htahums t` gsdmhc. Cghcmh`hk ahdrmgsms

- ~ ~ : ~ b } P k P ' : b P 2 : 8 P b } P ] ~ ~

~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ q u g r t m r s .

Cghcmh`hk fahasemc h`tadmgnby eake, ghc at o`rm tegh cùnbmc t` 799 teùsghc

c`bbgrs.

Gs f`r

H`nbm Ygrl f``tngbb dbun

H`nbm Ygrl f``tngbb dbun s

pr`fat fgbbs

fgarby mvmhby terùkeùt tem

ymgr. Sem pr`fat fmbb frò just `vmr =9 teùsghc c`bbgrs . H`nbm Ygrl fahasemc gt just uhcmr 79 teùsghc

c`bbgrs.

O`vahk t` Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun kr`ws ah teas farst qugrtmr. Kmmb`hk kr`ws. \ .. _

Kmmb`hk fgbbs. Kmmb`hk f``tngbb dbun kr`ws. \ _Sem pr`fat f`r Kmmb`hk mhcmc

gt

69 teùsghc c`bbgrs

M

9

u

DJ.

8

57


13/27

d

9

u

bJ

8

5>

7. Nmkah vgryahk tem w`rcs (t` gvàc rmpmtata`h) ny rmo`vahk r deghkahk tem at ba-

dasmc w`rcs aht` te`sm egvahk g saoabgr `r tem sgom omghahk gs tem `rakahgb `hm

(se`wh

ah n`bc

- tegt as, f`ro sòm bmxadgb degahs

ah

tem wratahk , gs wm cac

ah

Mx

mrdasm

>7

.

> Yut tem farst omhta`h `f teùsghc c`bbgrs ah nrgdlmts, teus gbb`wahk us t` rmo`vm

gbb furtemr rmpmtata`h `f temsm w`rcs.

4. Taoabgrby, sahdm tem fgdt tegt wm grm cmgbahk wate g f``tngbb dbuns ghc n temar pr`fat,

as dbmgr

ah

tem ahtr`cudta`h, rmo`vm gbb furtemr rmpmtata`h `f temsm w`rcs frò tem

rmst `f tem ghswmr.

3. Nmkah vgryahk tem kr oo r (t` gvàc rmpmtata`h) ny dònahahk tem uhcmrbahmc

pgrts.

=. Gbs` dònahm smhtmhdms ny puttahk ah saopbm d`hjuhdta`hs `r smqumhdmrs ah tem

squgrm nrgdlmts ( \ . .. ).

6. Deghkm tem M 0 ~ pergsm wate g o`rm `rakahgb tmro.

Sem ghswmr

as

se`wh ah Sap 7> Ygrt Tmvmh Mxmrdasm >; Ygrt Sw`.


14/27

5


15/27

Yrmbaoahgry

r

[m egvm b``lmc gt vgryahk tem w`rcs, nut wm stabb hmmc t` b``l o`rm gt vgryahk tem

krgoogr

Sem AMBST nghc cmsdrapt`rs grm quatm dbmgr

`h

teas.

Sem

punbad vmrsa`h rmgcs:

Krgoogtadgb ^ghkm Gddurgdy 7. ]sms g rghkm

`

krgoogr

Mxtrgdtmc frò tem dòpbmtm AMBST [ratahk Sgsl @hm Nghc Cmsdrapt`rs punbad vmrsa`h).

Seas

omghs

tegt af yùr

ghswmr

as g bast

`f saopbm

smhtmhdms

`hby

\Tunjmdt Vmrn @njmdt_,

yùr krgoogr

sd`rm

dgh h`t

nm eakemr tegh AMBST =.

B``l

gkgah gt ùr ghswmr gt tem mhc

`f

tem

prmvaùs tap, ghc

yù

wabb smm tegt at egs teas pr`nbmo.

E`wmvmr

, af

wm

grm

kàhk

t`

vgry

tem

krgoogr

o`rm,

wm hmmc

t`

lh`w o`rm gnùt krgoogr

atsmbf. Seas tap as b`hk

ghc

egs smvmh pgrts.

At

wabb b``l gt sòm spmdafad krgoogrs, temh tem usm

`f

prmp`sata`hs , temh krgpe fmgturms, tmhsms, rmbgtavm dbgusms, krgoogr `f dòpgras`h, ghc fahgbby tem

usm `f pgrtadapagb pergsms.

Bmt

us nmkah wate sòm spmdafad krgoogr.

Ygrt @hm w` Krgoogrs

[emh

cmsdranahk trmhcs, temrm grm tw`

ogah

krgoogrs tegt

wm dgh

usm. Semsm grm 7 tem vmrn

krgoogr ghc

>. tem

hùh

krgoogr. Gbteùke A dgbb tem smd`hc `hm tem

hùh

krgoogr, wm stabb

hmmc g vmrn t` oglm g smhtmhdm,

nut

teas vmrn just ahtr`cudms tem hùh pergsm.

M 7. \Tòmteahk_ vmrn gcvmrn ...

9

-

W . .. `r ..

8

>g. \Tòmteahk_ egs/se`ws/mxpmramhdms g gcjmdtavm hùh.

.. .

`r

. .

>n. Semrm s g gcjmdtavm hùh h \sòmteahk_.

53


16/27

Semsm krgoogrs, 7 ghc >, grm tem sgom ah omghahk ghc dgh nm deghkmc grùhc. F`r mxgopbm:

7. Sem pr`fat ahdrmgsms segrpby.

>g. Sem pr`fat se`ws g segrp ahdrmgsm.

... `r ...

>n. Semrm as g segrp ahdrmgsm h tem pr`fat.

Krgoogr >g ogy `ftmh nm nmttmr tegh >n nmdgusm >g puts tem sunjmdt nmf`rm tem trmhc, gbb`wahk

us

t`

f`bb`w Sap

1

Ygrt Sw , Eaht

3.

Tahdm wm lh`w tegt wm seùbc vgry tem krgoogr, temh gftmr usahk tem vmrn krgoogr f`r `hm `r

tw` smhtmhdms, tem hmxt smhtmhdm dùbc usm tem hùh krgoogr, nut temy mgde egvm temar `wh usm

`f prmp`sata`hs. ^mgc `h.

Ygrt Sw` Yrmp`sata`hs

Yrmp`sata`hs dgh nm caffadubt. S` rmomonmr e`w t` usm temo d`rrmdtby, f`bb`w temsm fùr rubm

s.

Semy cmgb wate gbb tem prmp`sata`hs tegt yù wabb hmmc

t`

usm.

ûbm

Gftmr n`te Krgoogr 7 (vmrns/vmrn pergsms) ghc Krgoogr > (hùhs/hùh pergsms), yù dgh usm:

frò (stgrt pàht)

t`

(mhcahk pàht) .

Sem pr`fat r`sm

rò

33

t`

6= .

Sem pr`fat se`wmc g rasm

rò

33

t`

6= .

@ftmh tem prmp`sata`h frò

as

h`t wrattmh, bmgvahk just tem prmp`sata`h

t` .

F`r mxgopbm:

\Saom ^mfmrmhdm_, tem pr`fat stgrtmc

t

=9 . \Saom Ymra`c_, at r`sm

t`

6= , temh \Saom

Ymra`c_ fmbb t` >= .

ûbm

Gftmr gbb vmrns `f deghkm, yù dgh usm

ny

(fakurm) . Emrm tem fakurm se`ws tem goùht

`f

deghkm.

Vmrn

r`sm

Sem pr`fat

fmbb

y (fakurm) \?goùht_

7

krmw

M

9

u

....

W.J

8


17/27

^momonmr teas ny teahlahk

ny

tegt oude wate tem eghc kmsturm se`wh.

ûbm

Gbo`st gbb hùhs/hùh pergsms dgh nm f`bb`wmc ny

`f

(fakurm) . Emrm, tem

`f

(fakurm) pergsm

gdts ah tem sgom wgy gs gh gcjmdtavm - tegt as, at as gcjmdtavgb. F`r mxgopbm, ahstmgc

`f

sgyahk

\Gcjmdtavm_ + \Hùh_ , gs ah Jgpghmsm pr`cudt , nmgutafub wògh , `r ahtmbbakmht ogh , wm dgh

sgy pr`cudt `f

Jgpgh ,

wògh `f

nmguty ,

`r

ogh

`f

ahtmbbakmhdm

rmspmdtavmby. Taoabgrby, ah

ùr ghswmr,

g 4=-c`bbgr

ahdrmgsm nmdòms gh ahdrmgsm

`f4= (c`bbgrs) ,=99-uhat

b`w pàht

nmdòms g b`w pàht

`f>,=99 (uhats) .

Sem fakurm as, b`kadgbby, matemr gh goùht

`f

deghkm (wemh

usmc wate g deghkm hùh) `r g bmvmb (wemh usmc wate g pàht `h tem krgpe).

ùh

Sem pr`fat se`wmc g

rasm

cmdrmgsm

kr`wte

`

fakurm)

\weade b`kadgbby oust

b

m h

goùht_

j

` fakurm)

\weade b`kadgbby

oust nm g bmvmb_

PPPP

em pr`fat wmht t`

g pmgl

g b`w pàht

tem eakemst pàht

m

dgh usm `temr gcjmdtavgb pergsms wate lmy hùhs, f`bb`wahk tem o`cmb \hùh_

`f\hùh_ .

F`r

mxgopbm:

Semrm wgs g

ùh

`hm-ymgr pmra`c

rasm

cmdgcm

`

ùh

ah )stgnabaty

sòm sakhafadghdm

fbudtugta`hs

A

Seas rubm as h`t gbwgys f`bb`wmc f`r g hùh/hùh pergsm

ahtr`cudahk

tem Q gxas. Ah teas dgsm, tem

A prmp`sata`h

ah as

`ftmh nmttmr. F`r mxgopbm,

Sem krgpe caspbgys tem kr`wte ah tem huonmr ` o`nabm pe`hm usmrs.

Sem ngr degrt rmvmgbs tem deghkm

ah

tem pr`fat ` termm f``tngbb dbuns.

Sem prmp`sata`h

`f dgh

nm usmc emrm, nut sùhcs bmss hgturgb.

ûbm 3

[emh tem vmrns usmc grm h`t gnùt `vmrgbb deghkm, wm rmfmr

t`

tem bmvmbs usahk tem prmp`sata`h gt .


18/27

Sem pr`fat stgrtmc

3= uhats.

At rmogahmc bmvmb

gnùt 69.

Sem huonmr pmglmc t 51.

em fakurm fbudtugtmc grùhc =9.

Sem pr`fat fahasemc 39.

^momonmr ûbm A, ghc usm t` (h`t gt ) wemh tem vmrn s gnùt `vmrgbb deghkm, gs ah Sem pr`fat

r`sm

t`

;6 ghc temh fmbb

t`

39. Gs ûbm A mxpbgahm

c,

teas as gdtugbby g

frò ... t` ...

strudturm

wateùt tem frò pgrt. Sem vmrn fbudtugtm ahv`bvms deghkm, nut h`t `vmrgbb deghkm, s` at, t``,

f`bb`ws ûbm

3.

Mxmrdasm 4

Ny dòpgrahk tem smhtmhdms 7 t` A, > t` >, ghc s` `h) ghc deghkahk tem krgoogr, dòpbmtm tem

spgdms ah tem f`bb`wahk tgnbms. Sem ghswmrs grm ah Gppmhcax

6.

Vmrn

rgoogr

Vmrn

7

ahdrmgsms

\Q_

>

4.

rasms

Sem huonmr

3

= gsdmhcs

Sem fakurm

6.

\ghy

`f

tem gn`vm

;.

Sem goùht

5.

1.

cmdrmgsms

79.

At

77

cr`ps

7>.

cvmrn

rgpacby

o`cmrgtmby

f`bc

stmmpby

sunstghtagbby

krgcugbby

sbaketby

69

59/

>9

>99= >979

\Saom pmra`c `ftmh

nmst put farst_

M

9

u

W.J

8


19/27

Hùh Krgoogr

Gcjmdtavm

Hùh

Semrm as

7 crgogtad

>

kr`wte

\Saom

smms

7

4. segrp

pmra`c_

wathmssms

7

3.

dbaon

\Q_

=.

ogrkahgb

\ghy `f tem gn`vm

]hats

g b

6.

f`bc

7

:6 A

N@

avm hùhs_

egs

>

A

;.

se`ws

fgbb

5.

>9

uhcmrk`ms

1. stmgcy

>979

mxpmramhdms

A

79.

cmsdmht

77 .

sb`w

7> .

cmdbahm

7

Semsm dghh`t

nm

usmc wate taom pmra`cs cmfahmc wate g prmp`sata`h

Frò ...

t`

.. .

`r

h

7159',

weade oust ahstmgc nm f`bb`wmc ny g dòog, temh g dbgusm \Tunjmdt + Vmrn_ . F`r mxgopbm,

' 7159 t` 7119 sgw g stmgcy kr`wte' nut Frò 7159 t` 7119, temrm wgs g stmgcy kr`wte.'

>

Seas as nmst usmc wate \Qs_ weade dgh se`w p`ssmssa`h - f`r mxgopbm, dùhtrams ('Jgpgh') ghc

`rkghasgta`hs ('Deuhly De`d`bgtm ' ), rgtemr tegh d`hdmpts ('huonmr ', 'pr`fat', ghc `temrs).

Ygrt Sermm

Krgpe

Fmgturms

Krgpe bahms egvm oghy spmdafad fmgturms, ghc yù hmmc t` lh`w tem w`rcs t` cmsdranm temo. Semy

dgh rasm t` pmgls, fgbb t` b`w pàhts, fbudtugtm, ghc rmogah stgnbm. Sry tem hmxt mxmrdasm.

7

Mxmrdasm 3

Demdl tegt yù lh`w temsm krgpe fmgturms gs wmbb gs ùr tw` krgoogrs ny fabbahk tem kgps

(wate Krgoogr 7 \vmrn_ ghc > \hùh_ se`wh ny ' 7 ghc

> )

. Sem ghswmrs grm se`wh ah

Gppmhcax ;


20/27

/ , /-77tR ::

A

.

,....

R Sem

7

sgbms

R...... / RR

(v)

dgg r

a v`

uom

..

>

At

' .

a

( t

8 ............ g/R(t ,

: ...

Sem

v.........

gxas

(

At

-... . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .

94 93 9= 96 9; .............


21/27

h`w fakurm as,

`f

dùrsm, ah Yrmsmht Taopbm tmhsm, ghc tem futurm hmmcs prmcadtavm bghkugkm. Ah

tem ahtr`cudta`h, teas futurm dgh nm rmfmrrmc t`

gs

g pr`jmdta`h/f`rmdgst/mstaogta`h `r tem hmxt

ymgrs

^mprmsmhtahk gbb teas `h g krgpe kavms:

Sem Y`pubgta`h ` [gbkmtt

@@@s)

~

:

Ygst Taopbm Yrms Ymrf Futurm Yrmcadtavm

Sem huonmr ... fmbb.

@temr mxgopbms grm:

Frò >999 t` >99= tem huonmr fmbb99= temrm

wgs

g supmrogrlmt99= t`

h`w

- sahdm tegt taom at egs rasmh.

-

ah

tem bgst pmra`c

- tem fakurm fahasems gt 49 uhats.

- at egs sahdm nmmh rmpbgdmc wate gpgrtomhts .

- gpgrtomhts

egvm nmmh

nuabt

`h

tegt satm .

- gpgrtomhts

h`w stghc ah

ats pbgdm.

Sem hmxt qumsta`h as weade tmhsm wm seùbc usm f`r g krgpe tem taom gxas `f weade as ah tem pgst

(f`r mxgopbm, >99= t` >979). Tòm AMBST n``ls wabb sgy yù oust usm pgst tmhsm < e`wmvmr

temsm n``ls grm nmahk sgfm , cmdacahk h`t t` teahl gnùt stybm Bmt us b``l gt gh mxgopbm `f n`te

tmhsms: Yrmsmht Taopbm ghc Ygst Taopbm.

]sahk tem vmrn krgoogr:

Frò >99= t >979 tem sgbms v`buom ahdrmgsms AA ahdrmgsmc segrpby

. . . `r tem hùh krgoogr:

Frò >99= t >979 tem sgbms v`buom se`ws

AA

se`wmc g segrp ahdrmgsm.


22/27

Emrm, tem usm `f Yrmsmht Taopbm tmhsm cmsdranms tem krgpe gs wm f`bb`w at raket h`w saoabgr t` tem

'sp`rts dòomhtgt`r' usm wemh cmsdranahk g f``tngbb ogtde. Ah `temr w`rcs, tem tmhsm as o`rm g

ogttmr

`f

ùr gttatucm t` tem krgpe (ghc h`t sòmteahk cmdacmc ny krgoogr n``ls). Ygst Taopbm

tmhsm dgh kavm f`rogbaty< Yrmsmht Taopbm tmhsm dgh kavm aoomcagdy< e`wmvmr, nmahk stucmhts

`f

Mhkbase, yù oaket cmdacm at as saopbmr ghc sgfmr t` wratm gbb pgst taom gxms ah pgst tmhsm.

Sem o`rm aop`rtght pàht as t` nm d`hsastmht ah tem usm

`f

tmhsms. Ah `temr w`rcs, af wm usm pgst

saopbm tmhsm t` cmsdranm `hm

pgrt `f

tem krgpe bahm, temh

wm

seùbc d`htahum wate tegt tmhsm

f`r tem rmst `f tegt bahm. Oglm surm yù c` lh`w tem d`rrmdt pgst tmhsm f`ros (V>) ghc tem pgst

pgrtadapbms (V4) `f tem

krgpe

vmrns. Tòm `f temo grm arrmkubgr. Fabb ah tem f`bb`wahk tgnbm f`r

rmv7s79h

Ngsm F`ro Ygst F`ro Ygst Ygrtadapbm Ygst F`ro Ygst Ygrtadapbm

V7) V>) V4) V>) V4)

ahdrmgsm

cmdrmgsm

kr`w cr`p

rasm fgbb

dbaon cmdbahm

gsdmhc cmsdmhc

Semrm dgh stabb nm g oaxturm `f tmhsms ah ùr ghswmr. F`r mxgopbm, af wm grm usahk Ygst Taopbm,

wm dùbc stabb usm Yrmsmht Taopbm f`r ahtr`cudta`hs `r t`pad smhtmhdms \ Sem krgpe se`ws ...

,

'Kmmb`hk egs g caffmrmht trmhc', `r ' ... weade as aoprmssavm dòpgrmc t` '_.

H`w, at as p`ssanbm t` oax g battbm Ygst Taopbm hgrrgtavm tmhsm wate tem Yrmsmht Taopbm

sp`rts

dòomhtgt`r' usm, sude gs

Tahdm

d`gb r`sm t` sude g còahght p`sata`h, temrm as g cmdrmgsm ah

o`st `temr pr`cudts' . E`wmvmr, teas nmdòms g 'stybastad' assum, ghc gs g stucmht

`f

Mhkbase, yù

seùbc pmregps f`bb`w tem rubm

`f

usahk d`hsastmht tmhsms.

Tahdm wm seùbc try t` usm ogturm krgoogr, g vmry k``c acmg as t` usm tem Ygst Ymrfmdt tmhsm ah g

smhtmhdm, weade as vmry `ftmh p`ssanbm. [m dgh usm teas tmhsm ny f`bb`wahk tem o`cmb:

h \pgst taom rmfmrmhdm), at wgs \fakurm_.

Ny g bgtmr pgst taom rmfmrmhdm_, at e c \V4_ t` \fakurm_.

F`r mxgopbm:

9

u

W

h

711=, tem sgbms v`buom wgs 39 ,

nu

t

ny

>99=, at e c rasmh t` =1 .

..

Seas krgoogr strudturm as k``c sahdm Ygst Ymrfmdt as gh uhdòo`h ghc caffadubt tmhsm. f wm grm d

cmsdranahk tem krgpe ah Yrmsmht Taopbm tmhsm, tem o`cmb seafts `hm tmhsm f`rwgrc'. F`r mxgopbm:


23/27

h

Juby, tem rgahfgbb as 39, nut yGukust, at e s rasmh t` =1 .

b

tucy e`w temsm tmhsms grm usmc ah mvmry sgopbm ghswmr kavmh ah tem gppmhcadms ` teas n``l.

Ygrt Favm: ^mbgtavm Dbgusms

Ttrgaket aht` gh mxmrdasm. J

Mxmrdasm 6

Dònahm tem f`bb`wahk pgars

`

smhtmhdms (usahk rmbgtavm dbgusms).

Dònahahk temsm pgars ` smhtmhdms usahk rmbgtavm dbgusms kavms tem so``te ghc wmbb-wrattmh tmxt:

H`tadm tegt tem mxtrg pgrts (uhcmrbahmc) grm smpgrgtmc frò tem ogah pgrts usahk dòogs. Gs g

kmhmrgb rub

m

yù wabb gbo`st

bw ys

hmmc dòogs f`r yùr rmbgtavm dbgusms

ah

[ratahk Sgsl @hm.

Seas

as

`hby g nramf ahtr`cudta`h

t`

tem sunjmdt.

Qù

hmmc t`

c`

g krmgt cmgb o`rm krgoogr stucy

ghc prgdtadm, nut wm

wabb

b``l gt rmbgtavm dbgusms ah o`rm cmtgab ah Sap

74.

Ygrt

Tax

rgoogr `f Dòpgras`h

Qù

hmmc

t`

oglm dòpgras`hs ah Sgsl @hm sahdm tem tgsl ahstrudta`hs spmdafadgbby gsl f`r teas.

Emrm grm sòm krgoogr pgttmrhs tegt yù dùbc usm.


24/27

Kmhmrgb Dòpgras`hs

sbaketby

ogrkahgbby

sòmwegt

\G_

as

krmgtmr

castahdtby

fakurm

eakemr

sakhafadghtby

Sem huonmr

`f

\G_

as

sogbbmr

goùht

sunstghtagbby

bmss

oude

vmry oude

fgr

Tpmdafad Dòpgras`hs [ate Eakemr Goùhts

\ _

as

fakurm

Sem huonmr

`f \ _

as

goùht

o`rm tegh

`vmr

tw`

termm

fùr

favm

\ghc s` `h_

Tpmdafad Dòpgras`hs [ate B`wmr Goùhts

egbf

\ J as

just qugrtmr

fakurm

`hby

`hm fafte

Sem

huonmr

`f

\ J

as

omrmby

saxte

goùht

bmss tegh

\ghc s` `h_

\spmdafad frgdta`h_

Tòm mxgopbm smhtmhdms grm:

tegh

eakemr)

taoms

o`rm) tegh)

-f`bc

krmgtmr)

`f \G_.

tegt * `f \G_ .

\NJ

tegt

`f \NJ

*

usmc t` gvàc

rmpmgtahk

pgrts ` tem

hùh pergsm

`

\G_

*

usmc t` gvàc rmpmgtahk pgrts

` tem hùh pergsm ` \N_

Gt tem nmkahhahk, H`nbm Ygrl as sbaketby eakemr tegh tem `temrs.

f

9

v

W

8

14


25/27

Gt tem mhc `f tem ymgr, tem pr`fat `f Cghcmh`hk

as

gnùt hahm taoms tegt `f H`nbm Ygrl.

Kmmb`hk's pr`fat

as

`hby tw`-tearcs tem goùht `f Cghcmh`hk.

Oahahk as bmss tegh g egbf tem fakurm `f gkradubturm.

Ygrt Tmvmh Ygrtadapagb Yergsms

Semsm grm db`smby rmbgtmc t` rmbgtavm dbgusms ghc k``c dòpbmx strudturms , ghc tem d`hdmpt dgh

`ftmh nm usmc ah [ratahk Sgsl @hm. Seus, at as w`rte tryahk

t`

usm temsm. D`hsacmr tem smhtmhdms:

7

Sem pr`fat sghl t` 69, ghc at rmogahmc gt tegt bmvmb f`r tem hmxt fùr ymgrs.

>. Sem fakurm rasms t` 799. At se`ws h` c`whturhs gt gbb.

4

At as

ny fgr tem eakemst pàht. At

as

6; .

Ah tem farst smhtmhdm, temsm tw` ahdacmhts ( sahlahk t` 69 ghc rmogahahk gt tegt bmvmb ) egppmh

`hm gftmr tem `temr t` tem sgom sunjmdt. Ah tem rmst

`f

tem smhtmhdms, tem tw` ahdacmhts egppmh gt

tem sgom taom, ghc gbs` t tem sgom sunjmdt. [emh tw` `ddurrmhdms egppmh `hm gftmr tem `temr

wate tem smd`hc f`roahk p rt `f tem farst, `r nmahk g rmsubt `f tem farst, `r egppmhahk gt tem sgom

taom, tem smhtmhdm(s) dgh nm o`rm so``teby wrattmh usahk tem prmsmht pgrtadapbm ( ahk f`ro)

t`

rmpbgdm `hm

`f

tem dbgusms /smhtmhdms. Tahdm teas ahk f`ro as h` b`hkmr g dbgusm/smhtmhdm (teus

nmahk g

pergsm),

teas krgoogr strudturm dgh nm dgbbmc g

prmsmht pgrtadapagb pergsm.

At

usugbby

f`b b`ws tem o`cmb:

Tunjmdt Vmrn + @njmdt, \Vmrn_ahk ...

... k7vok:

7

Sem pr`fat sghl t` 69, rmogahahk gt tegt bmvmb f`r tem hmxt fùr ymgrs.

>. Sem fakurm rasms t` 799, se`wahk h` c`whturhs gt gbb.

4. At

as

ny fgr tem eakemst pàht,

nmahk

6; .

Sem ghswmr t` Mxmrdasm >6 usms teas smd`hc smhtmhdm, t`kmtemr wate rmbgtavm dbgusms. Seas as g

k``c krgoogr strudturm, nut

af

temrm grm taom pmra`cs wate tem pgrtadapagb pergsm (tem smd`hc

pgrt), yù dghh`t gbwgys usm tem (TY)QS rubm emrm \Sap

1

Ygrt Sw`, Eaht 3_ sahdm at as gwlwgrc

t` nrmgl up tem pgrtadapagb pergsm. Sem taom pmra`c as usugbby nmttmr

gt tem mhc

`f tem smhtmhdm.

Seus

7. Sem pr`fat r`sm t` 69, f`r tem hmxt fùr ym rs rmogahahk gt tegt bmvmb.

... c`ms h`t sùhc

gs

hgturgb

gs

wemh puttahk tem taom pmra`c gt tem mhc

`f

tem smhtmhdm. Sem taom

pmra`c, e`wmvmr, dgh nm put aht` tem dbgusm tem.farst pgrt).

Sem pr`fat rmogahmc d`hstght f`r termm ymgrs, fgbbahk `hby gt tem mhc.


26/27

@hm fahgb assum as tegt yù dgh wratm ahvmrtmc pgrtadapagb pergsms f`r o`rm stybm ghc `rakahgbaty,

nut `hby af tem tw` fgdts `ddur gt tem sgom taom `r tem ahk pergsm kavms tem rmgs`h f`r tem dbgusm

weade f`bb`ws (ah weade dgsm, at as `ftmh o`rm hgturgbby pbgdmc farst). F`r mxgopbm:

>.

Te`wahk

h`

c`whturhs

gt

gbb, tem fakurm rasms t` 799.

4.

mahk

6; , at as

ny

fgr

tem

eakemst pàht.

^mgs`h)

...

s`

... (^msubt)

S`

rmpmgt, [ratahk Sgsl @hm `ftmh ahv`bvms cmsdranahk tem rmbgtmc `ddurrmhdms tegt egppmh t` tem

sgom sunjmdt, omghahk tegt pgrtadapagb pergsms dgh `ftmh nm usmc.

xmrdasm

;

Ygrt

@hm

Ah tem f`bb`wahk smhtmhdms, tw` fgdts /mvmhts/gdta`hs rmbgtm t` tem sgom sunjmdt. Seus , tem

smhtmhdms dgh nm nmttmr wrattmh usahk pgrtadapagb pergsms. Sry teas, temh dòpgrm yùr ghswmrs t`

te`sm ah Gppmhcax ; [eade smhtmhdms dgh nm ahvmrtmc0

7

>.

4.

3.

=

6.

;

5.

1

79.

Ygrt Sw`

Sem

huonmr

cr`ppmc

stmgcaby,

ghc

at_

fahasemc

gt

=9.

Sem pr`fat r`sm quadlby, ghc temh rmgdemc ats eakemst pàht.

At

fmbb t` 79, ghc

teus

b`st

tem

eakemst pbgdm.

Sem goùht

se`ws gh ahdrmgsm, ghc

\at_

pmgls

gt

gnùt 69.

Sem fakurm

rasms

`vmr tem we`bm

pmra`c, ghc

at_ mxpmramhdms

h`

c`whturhs gt

gbb.

At

r`sm, ghc stgrtmc

gt

4; ah 7119.

At

fahasemc

gt

59.

Seas

còahgtms

mxp`rts.

At

as

`vmr egbf

`f

tem

t`tgb goùht.

T[

gdeamvms

battbm.

At

as

tem b`wmst

ah n`te ymgrs.

Seas fakurm rasms

quadlby

t` 59. At nmdòms tem eakemst.

Sem pmrdmhtgkm

as

omrmby

73.

At

as

teus

tem b`wmst.

H`w b``l gt ùr f``tngbb dbuns ghswmr. [m egvm tglmh ùt oude `f tem rmpmtata`h `f w`rcs ghc

krgoogr, nut wm dgh c` teas mvmh o`rm ghc gbs` d`rrmdt tem rmogahahk mrr`rs ah krgoogr ghc

tmhsm.

M

9

u

+-

(J)

8


27/27

7. Ahtr`cudm o`rm krgoogtadgb vgramty ny deghkahk tem at badasmc vmrn krgoogr aht` hùh

krgoogr, ghc tem

r : a j ~ ~ b ~ f _ f 0 ~

dbgusms aht` pgrtadapagb pergsms.

>. Taoabgrby, nmkah gccahk rmbgtavm dbgusms `r pgrtadapagb pergsms, dònahahk tem bgst

smhtmhdm ah tem f`rmst-vamw wate tem prmvaùs smhtmhdm.

4. Oglm tem tmhsms d`hsastmht, deghkahk tem `bc vmrns aht` Yrmsmht Taopbm tmhsm (`r

rmo`vahk tem d`hjukgtmc tmhsm f`ro terùke g pgrtadapagb pergsm) .

Ah

tem H`nbm Ygrl

trmm-pgrgkrgpe, wm dgh gdtugbby dònahm tem tw` smhtmhdms.

3. F`bb`wahk ùr (TY)QS rubm, put tem uhcmrbahmc taom pmra`cs farst \Tmm Sap 1 Ygrt Sw`,

Eaht 3_.

Sem aopr`vmc vmrsa`h

as

se`wh gt tem nmkahhahk ` tem hmxt tap

Date post:	26-Feb-2018
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